Los Radares 909 Durante La Guerra De Malvinas

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Los Radares 909 Durante La Guerra De Malvinas BCN 832 9 El Capitán de Navío (R) Néstor Antonio Domínguez egresó de la ENM en 1956 (Promoción 83) y pasó a retiro voluntario en 1983. Estudió Ingeniería Electromecánica (orientación Electrónica) en la Facultad de Ingeniería de la UBA y posee el título de Ingeniero de la Armada. Es estudiante avanzado de la Carre- ra de Filosofía de dicha Universidad. LOS RADARES 909 DURANTE Fue Asesor del Estado Mayor General de la Armada en Materia LA GUERRA DE MALVINAS Satelital; Consejero Especial en Ciencia y Tecnología y Coordinador HMS Sheffield. Académico en Cursos de Capaci- IMAGEN: WWW.BASENAVAL.COM Néstor A. Domínguez tación Universitaria, en Intereses Marítimos y Derecho del Mar y Marítimo, del Centro de Estudios Es- tratégicos de la Armada; y profesor, Postulado de Horner: “La experiencia aumenta directamente investigador y tutor de proyectos de investigación en la Maestría en según la maquinaria destrozada”. Defensa Nacional de la Escuela de Defensa Nacional. Es Académico Fundador y Presi- “La tecnología está dominada por dos tipos de personas: dente de la Academia del Mar y miembro del Grupo de Estudios de • Aquellos que entienden lo que no manejan. Sistemas Integrados en la USAL. • Aquellos que manejan lo que no entienden”. Ha sido miembro de las Comisiones para la Redacción de los Pliegos y De las Leyes de Murphy. (1) la Adjudicación para el concurso in- ternacional por el Sistema Satelital Nacional de Telecomunicaciones por omo lo he expresado en un artículo anterior referido a esta Satélite Nahuel y para la redacción historia (Boletín Nº830), al regreso al país con el destructor inicial del Plan Espacial Nacional. Es autor de Satélites (en dos ARA Santísima Trinidad, yo seguía teniendo mis reservas tomos), Hacia un pensamiento respecto al adecuado funcionamiento de los radares 909; y ecológicamente sustentable, Un faltaban tan sólo cinco Cmeses para que comenzara la Guerra de Malvinas. enfoque Sistémico de la Defensa (en tres tomos) y de Una Imagen espacio-política del Mundo, junto Cabe consignar aquí dos aspectos: uno interno, relacionado con la disponibilidad (ver cuadro con numerosos ensayos sobre 1) de dicho radar (porcentaje de probabilidad de funcionar correctamente cuando se lo temas del mar, electrónica, espacio ultraterrestre, ecología y filosofía requiera) y otro externo, relacionado con las capacidades operativas del sistema al que publicados en revistas del país y pertenece el radar para obtener información del blanco, guiar el misil Sea Dart hacia el del extranjero. objetivo y desde el buque destruir al agresor. Boletín del Centro Naval Hércules Número 832 Además, en tiempos de recapitulación de lo ocurrido con el destructor ARA , yo había ENE / ABR 2011 hecho un estudio respecto a lo que podría pasar con la disponibilidad del buque para cumplir 10 LOS RADARES 909 DURANTE LA GUERRA DE MALVINAS con su misión de defensa antiaérea de área luego de un año de Cuadro 1 estar con apoyo logístico de la Base Naval de Puerto Belgrano, La disponibilidad se calcula sin apoyo directo de los ingenieros de diseño y mantenimiento de según la siguiente fórmula: base, del Trials Group (Grupo de pruebas) de la Royal Navy y de las fábricas proveedoras del mantenimiento de fábrica, los manuales D % = TMEF/TMEF + TMPR actualizados y los repuestos (todas ellas subcontratistas de la empresa Vickers). Por supuesto que no imaginaba que le haríamos En la que: la guerra a Gran Bretaña. Lo que de por sí era muy difícil se hacía TMEF: es el Tiempo Medio Entre Fallas (ligado con casi imposible pese a que nos empeñáramos con “sangre, sudor problemas del diseño, mantenimiento y soporte y lágrimas” para lograrlo (como el pueblo inglés de la Segunda logístico del radar) y, Guerra Mundial bajo la influencia de Wiston Churchill). TMPR: es el Tiempo Medio Para Reparar (ligado básicamente con el conocimiento del equipo, la Es así como, teniendo a los británicos como enemigos, en vez de documentación técnica, la pericia del personal pacíficos e interesados proveedores, debíamos ver qué buques de de mantenimiento y el soporte logístico de su Fuerza de Tareas usaban los sistemas GWS-30 (del misil Sea direcciones técnicas, fábricas, talleres de Dart) y/o GSA-1 (del cañón Vickers de 4,5”) y las posibilidades de mantenimiento y provisión de repuestos). atacarlos teniendo en cuenta los defectos técnicos y operativos conocidos en base a nuestras adquisiciones. Por supuesto que Por otra parte, siendo nosotros enemigos de ellos debíamos tener en cuenta que no sólo no imaginaba que le conocían las debilidades de operación de los dos buques nuestros sino que, además, haríamos la guerra a sabían las frecuencias de detección y control de nuestros radares 909 y podían anular Gran Bretaña. su operación mediante interferencias propias de la guerra electrónica. Estando en Gran Bretaña en 1977 yo había sondado la posibilidad de adquirir los bancos para resintonizar los radares y los misiles en otras frecuencias (no conocidas por los británicos), pero esa posibilidad nos fue negada porque ellos sabían que era un dato clave para quitarnos autonomía tecnológica. Una de las cuestiones pendientes de los destructores tipo Hércules que me tenía preocupado desde la recepción de ambos buques era un problema detectado durante su recepción y que se llamaba de “degradación del doppler propio”. Para saber si realmente era así, se necesitaba probar con los dos buques lo que pasaba con el efecto doppler que captaban los radares 909 para determinar la velocidad de los aviones atacantes cuando estos superaban cierto rango de velocidad en vuelo rasante sobre el mar. Cuando en 1980 yo era Jefe del Departamento Técnico de la Dirección Programa Nuevas Unidades Navales, elevé una nota al respecto y los únicos aviones que superaban dicha velocidad eran de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina, fue difícil conseguirlos para la prueba, pero al final se hizo con resultados favorables como para eliminar nuestras preocupaciones. Por otro lado, esas mismas inquietudes resurgían si los atacantes éramos nosotros, como ocurrió en la Guerra de Malvinas. Nuestros pilotos de los aviones volando a baja cota ya no podrían contar con dicha falla en los buques británicos que atacaban. Para el mes de abril, cuando comenzó la Guerra de Malvinas, tuve la oportunidad de hacer algunos aportes tanto a la Armada como a la Fuerza Aérea ya que yo conocía muy bien las capacidades y las dificultades del sistema misilístico y del sistema del cañón automático que poseían muchos de los buques de la Fuerza de Tareas británica (portaaviones HMS Invincible, destructores HMS Sheffield, Coventry, etc. que luego considero en particular) que serían tanto blancos de nuestros buques y aviones como de los aviones de la Fuerza Aérea. A poco de comenzar la guerra vino a verme el Vice Comodoro (RE) Hugo Weskamp, amigo y relacionado conmigo desde mucho tiempo a través de lazos familiares. Pienso que, el General Colin Powell, no incluye en su definición (ver cuadro 2) lo que considero como más importante y que denomino “interoperabilidad intrínseca” de una unidad operativa. En este caso, la parte fundamental en la configuración e integración de un buque de guerra con su dotación. Aquí está la raíz de la cuestión, es como la familia en la sociedad, se trata de la “célula BCN 832 11 viva” de cualquier interoperabilidad posible durante el combate. La “sociedad patriótica” de cada unidad que se asocie en los Cuadro 2 hechos bélicos con todas y cada una de las sociedades similares Interoperabilidad de su fuerza y otras fuerzas formando sistemas es lo que en Es “la habilidad de los sistemas, unidades o fuerzas definitiva cuenta para una real interoperabilidad conjunta. para proveer servicios a y recibir servicios de otros sistemas, unidades o fuerzas, y de usar los servicios Weskamp me pidió un plano de los destructores Tipo 42 y le intercambiados para operar efectivamente juntos”. mostré el del destructor ARA Hércules. Me preguntó cuales eran (General Colin Powell) los puntos más vulnerables del buque para dejarlo inoperante, Esta interoperabilidad es conjunta cuando el intercambio y se los dije (sala de operaciones y cuarto de computadoras mencionado se produce, en este caso, entre dos fuerzas debajo de ella). También le dije que podría agregarle información de una misma nación (en este caso la Aviación Naval de respecto a cómo los destructores Tipo 42 podrían ser atacados la Armada y la Fuerza Aérea Argentina). por aviones volando a baja cota para vulnerar las capacidades de sus sistemas antiaéreos y poder alcanzarlos con misiles, cohetes, bombas o ametralladores que portara el avión. Weskamp me expresó que el Jefe del Estado Mayor General de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina, el Brigadier General Teodoro Waldner, le pidió ver la documentación que avalara mis afirmaciones, y le envié fotocopias a través de él. Pienso que, el General La desconfianza del brigadier lo llevó a pedirme los originales y se los presté por 24 horas Colin Powell, no para que viera que lo que yo afirmaba era cierto. Me llamó la atención que, aparentemente, incluye en su definición dicha información no le hubiera sido suministrada oficialmente por la Armada para lo que considero fortalecer la interoperabilidad conjunta (ver cuadro 2) (1) ante la posibilidad de un combate real más importante contra un enemigo común. Lo hice como patriota y desafiando las consecuencias que ello y que denomino pudiera ocasionarme en el futuro. Es aquí donde expreso esto con claridad y por primera “interoperabilidad vez en mi vida. Deseo que si existe algún lector que no hubiera hecho lo mismo me lo diga intrínseca” de una y lo justifique según su escala de valores para la defensa de nuestro país. unidad operativa. De todas maneras, como lo aclara el Capitán de Fragata Eduardo José Costa (7, pág. 213): “(…) los pilotos de la Aviación Naval Argentina tuvieron que enseñar, durante el conflicto, a los pilotos de la Fuerza Aérea sus técnicas de vuelo y experiencias en “raids” (aéreos) a baja cota y los métodos de ataque a unidades de superficie, pues nunca habían recibido este tipo de adiestramiento”.
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