THE , RECL ATION ·ERA

VOL. 25, NO. 12 0ECEMBER 1935

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COLUMBIA BASIN PROJECT, WASHINGTON

GRAND COULEE WORKINGS ALIGHT, W ITH ELECTRIFIED MASON CITY I N BACKGROUND COLUMBIA BASIN PROJECT, WASHINGTON-GRAND COULEE DAM 1, Excavation area on east side, including conveyor carrying the spoil across Co.lumbia River to the main line going to the waste pile,in Rattlesnake Canyon. 2, Some of the forty 4-yard concrete buckets. 3, Jackhammers on west bedrock. THE RECLAMATION ERA Issued monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, D. C. Price 75 cents a year HAROLD L. ICKES ELWOOD MEAD Secretary of the Interior Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation

Vol. 25, No. 12 December 1935

Land Planning in Relation to Western Reclamation

Address Delivered on October 24, 1935, Over Station KDYL, Salt Lake City, Utah, on Farm and Home Hour 1

LANNING for wise use of land in the land is tillable and the farmer thinks provided an insecure water source for the P arid West presents a problem that about his water supply only when rain irrigators, who had found to their sorrow does not exist in any other section of the fails his growing corn. that many of the western streams carried country. It arises from the fact that the All the implications of this problem an overabundance of water in the spring natural rainfall in this region is not were not recognized at once by the west­ but were nearly dry soon after the floods enough to sustain a stable and intensive ern pioneers. Early irrigation develop­ had passed. Storage dams provided the agriculture. The natural water supply ments sprang up in the flats wherever only means of regulating the rivers, and must be supplemented by irrigation. water could be found close to mining of these the Bureau has built 68 and now Land is plentiful in the 11 Western camps and villages. Little thought was has 11 more under construction. Most States, but water is scarce. As a conse­ given to a planned development of the of these dams were built to rescue exist­ quence, the title to the use of water has limited and extremely valuable water ing irrigation districts from floods and become more valuable than the land it­ supply. drought. Established communities were self. The individual farmer, whether he thus assured an adequate water supply operates under an irrigation canal or BUREAU OF RECLAMATION ESTABLISHED throughout the year. otherwise, is deeply concerned with the It was not until 1902 that Congress The Bureau has, however, undertaken proper method of tilling his soil, of rotat­ recognized the necessity of sponsoring a few new developments, and in these ing his crops and of caring for his live­ western reclamation development and cases an earnest attempt has been made to stock, but the welfare of the whole of bringing some semblance of order out plan them so that they will return maxi­ western community is dependent upon of the conditions that arose from hap­ mum benefits to the West. intelligent application of its meager hazard appropriation of water for irri­ The Bureau believes firmly that experi­ water supply. gation. ence has shown that best results are ob­ The welfare of the entire West is bound In that year the Bureau of Reclama­ tained from irrigation when farms are of a up with sound, long-range planning for tion was established. Funds from the size .that can be managed by one farm the most advantageous use of its water sale of public lands in the Western States family. It has discovered that one family on its best lands. Without such plan­ were set aside for the irrigation of their cannot manage as large an area of in­ ning the economy of the area never can valleys. The need was apparent for a tensively cultivated irrigated land as the reach its most efficient stage. Federal agency to correlate the diverse same family might crop in an area where If a stream carries enough water to interests that were pulling and hauling irrigation is not required. At the same irrigate only 100,000 acres, and 1,000,000 at their water resources. Local jealous­ time, it has been shown conclusively that acres are available along its course, grave ies and petty differences were delaying the fertile lands of the irrigated West consequences depend upon the choice of desirable developments. will produce more, acre for acre, than the tract to which the water shall be Interstate streams especially needed will the lands of other regions. Thus, applied. It would be wasteful in such attention. A higher authority was re­ while the reclamation farmer is generally case to turn the water onto poor or quired to mediate differences among limited to 40 acres, this 40, through its mediocre land when excellent soil thus those with a claim to their waters. The fertility and the long growing season, will would be consigned forever to the desert. solution was found in interstate com­ give him a return comparable to that If the quality of all the land were the pacts that have permitted orderly devel­ offarmers anywhere. same, it would be improvident to irrigate opment. Of these the Colorado River a section far removed from markets when Compact, ratified by 6 of the 7 States INTELLIGENT WATER PLANNING ESSENTIAL a site for a development might be found in the Colorado Basin, is the most TO WESTERN DEVELOPMENT nearer at hand. important. Without the compact, The western problem is not generally Boulder Dam never could have been The West is destined to have a large understood in sections where all good constructed and the Colorado River population. Its growth will be limited today would remain the outlaw it once only by its water supply. Any waste of Paper read by E. 0 . Larson, engineer, Salt Lake was, ready to destroy those who dared water makes more restricted the limita­ City, in the absence of Walker R. Young, formerly supervising engineer in charge of the Boulder Canyon try to use it. tions already fixed by nature. In an project, and now construction engineer in charge of Officials of the Bureau of Reclamation area where water is the principal natural the Central Valley project, Calif. quickly realized that an uncontrolled river resource, failure to use any that can be 30884-35-1 229 230 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935

utilized is waste just as surely as is its Only long experience and careful plan­ Dam of the Casper-Alcova project; on misapplication. ning made it possible for the smooth­ November 30,t at Vale, Oreg., for con­ It is evident that an exact knowledge working machine that is the Denver struction of tlie Unity Dam on the Burnt of the potential resources of the streams engineering, designing, and drafting sec­ River project; .and on December 2, at in the arid regions is necessary for their tions to prepare the necessary specifica­ Ontario, Oreg., for construction of 4 tun­ well-planned use. .Probably nowhere in tions. Seemingly an endless number of nels on the Black Canyon Canal to serve the world has the water supply been obstacles arose from the necessity of the Payette division of the Boise project; studied as carefully as in the West. A establishing rules and regulations which on December 3, at Yakima, Wash., for 3 great city like Los Angeles, for example, will govern the construction of these tunneis on Yakima Ridge Canal to serve could not have developed without intelli­ projects, but they were overcome. Roza division of Yakima project; on gent water planning. Just as the people The 13 jobs put on the block signalize December 4, at Yuma for construction of Los Angeles have proved themselves the commencement of construction on of gravity main canal of Gila project; to be farsighted in the utilization of their virtually the entire program. Together on December 5, at Cody, Wyo., for 3 available water resources, so must all with work already begun, they represent tunnels on the Shoshone Conduit Canal, of the West, .whether urban or rural, the Bureau's largest undertaking. Heart Mountain division, Shoshone proj­ plan today for what tomorrow may bring. Under these advertisements, bids were ect; on December 7, at Riverton, Wyo., The western cities ne·ed farm areas opened at Yuma, Ariz., November 21 for for Bull Lake Dam; and at Fairfield, from which to draw their food supplies. the Imperial Dam and desilting works; Mont., for construction of wasteways It is as important to the urban centers on November 23, at Yuma, for a sec­ and laterals on the Sun River project. that their back country be developed tion, from station 50 to 245, of the Thus, a great program gets under way wisely as it is to the farmers themselves. All-American Canal; on November 25, and records are established. Additional Inability to find provisions within the at Yuma for construction of 4 siphons specifications were nearing completion radius of cheap transportation will retard on the All-American Canal; at Casper, at the time this article was written, and the growth of cities as effectively as Wyo., for construction of 4 tunnels other jobs will be on the block before it nature has restricted western agriculture on the Alcova Canal; and at Phoenix is published, but this recapitulation serves through her niggardly water supply. for construction of the Stewart Mountain to illustrate the efforts of the Bureau to Already the western cities are finding it Dam spillway; on November 26, at put thousands in the West to work on necessary to reach beyond the Rocky Casper, for construction of the Seminoe projects which are of enduring worth. Mountains for certain of their staple foods. During the past 5 years it has been evident to students of traffic that Report of Special Committee on Reclamation Policy the point of division between west- and At the conference in Yakima, Wash., self-liquidating and solvent instituion. east-bound shipments of ·thegreat staple on October 12 of the National Reclama­ We recommend the continuance of such food crops on western railroads is being tion Association, the following report policy through most energetic effort of pushed farther east as Pacific coast was made by the Special Committee on every community where reclamation demands ' expand. Western cities now Reclamation Policy: development is in progress or contem­ are reaching into the Mississippi Valley 1. The committee commends the work plated. It is the opinion of the com­ for pork and pork products, butter, done by the officers and directors of the mittee that if the reclamation of arid wheat, and potatoes. This means an National Reclamation · Association since lands by the Federal Government is .to increase in price to the consumer due to its organization. be continued to its fullest fruition this long and expensive hauls. It places the 2. We believe the time has now arrived end can be accomplished only by meet­ western city at a disadvantage that can when the cause of arid land reclamation ing obligations when they fall due. The be overcome only through the develop­ must be put on a more vigorous and sanctity of contract performance is a ment of agriculture near at hand. aggressive basis. In order to accom­ vital feature in reclamation's future. It Few streams in the West remain wholly plish this, increased finances must be is the belief of the committee that in undeveloped. Fortunately, there still provided. order to meet the present conditions remains surplus water in many of them. 3. We recommend that the National that are now confronting us and to The use to which their waters will be Reclamation Association formulate and assure the future of further reclamation put is of paramount importance to city promulgate all general reclamation pol­ development, each State and each com­ and farm folk, to the counties, the States, icies and that each project's program and munity should form active local organ­ and the Nation, for the welfare of all is activities be conducted in. harmony with izations to be affiliatedwith and cooperate involved. the policies of the national association. in carrying out its policies. 4. We recommend that the national 7. The committee is firmly convinced association, by means of bulletins, letters, that a careful budget of proposed ex­ Major 'Jobs Are Put or other methods, keep in touch fre­ penditures should be worked out. This on Market by Bureau quently with State, local, and com­ budget must then be allocated to the . Bids were called late in October and mercial organizations, advising as to several western States according to their early in November on thirteen major methods and plans in successful use in interest in the program and their ability jobs as the Bureau of Reclamation swung other areas and suggesting ways and to contribute, and that State or local into action on its new construction means of carrying. on educational work affiliates must actively assume the re­ program. in the general interest of reclamation. quired responsibility. Cooperating with the President, who, 5. We recommend that a general cam­ JOHN HAW, Chairman, desired that work on projects financed paign of education be inaugurated and JAMES A. FORD by allocations from the 1935 relief funds vigorously pursued in eastern and mid­ J. J. UNDERWOOD be begun as soon as possible, in order central States, and within the western w. D. B. DODSON that men could be transferred from relief States directly affected. THOMAS B. HILL roils to pay rolls, the Bureau bent every 6. We commend the activity of the CHARLES HEBBERD effort to put its work on the market at National Reclamation Association in F.0.HAGIE the earliest possible date. its efforts to maintain reclamation as a For the committee. December 1935 THE RECLAMATION ERA 231

Project Town Booms North Platte Red Triumphs Produce Heavy Yield Ontario, Oreg., is booming as a result of construction of the Owyhee and Vale projects nearby. W. J. Pinney, secretary of the Com­ mercial Club of Ontario, set forth the extent of the boom in a letter to R. J . Newell, Bureau of Reclamation con­ struction engineer at Ontario. · "From January 1 to October 1, 1935 ", Pinney wrote, "the building permits issued by the city of Ontario totaled $70,637. The actual cost of these build­ ings would be from 20 to 30 percent more, as many of the parties asking for a per­ mit put in the cost less, thinking this would have an influence on the assessed value used in taxation. "The Federal building carries an ap­ propriation of $76,000. The site will be announced in a short time. "The Ontario School District has se­ cured from the P. W. A. $65,000 for a · grammar school, 45 percent of this being Red Triumph Potatoes grown on North Platte project. a grant. '.' Both the Federal and grammar­ E. J. Tilden, a farmer living 5 miles will place them in a pit in his field, cov­ school buildings are planned to be under southwest of Torrington, in the Cherry ering them with straw and dirt. construction this year. Creek community, recently completed Mr. Tilden has another 5-acre plot of "There is not a house, shack, or an the harvesting of 9 acres of Red Triumph Red Triumphs which he expects will make auto cabin for rent, many families seed potatoes, which exceeded his fondest about the same yield. These were doubling up or ·boarding at hotels or expectations. Preliminary estimates by planted June 5. While notas large as the him indicate the yield will be in excess of first field, it is believed the potatoes will boarding houses. 600 bushels per acre, a highly unusual be. more.plentiful in number. "Business last year was 30 percent record for this type of potato. Other crops on this farm are yielding better than in 1933 and so far this year The potatoes- dry-land seed- were equally as well. He has 21 acres planted the same or a better increase has ob­ planted on May 7. The field, manured to beets with an estimated yield of 18 to tained. All this is the result of the and phosphated last year, formerly 19 tons per acre, 10 acres pianted to Reclamation work in this district and the planted to sugar beets, was irrigated barley with an estimated yield of 91 settlement of the lands under the two three times. -He used whole potatoes for bushels per acre, and 3 1/2acres of land Government projects." seed, known as ·"one-drop" planting. planted to onions, doing especially well. Mr. Tilden weighed 61 potatoes_ from Mr. Tilden is milking 20 cows on ·his the field and found they totaled an even farm, and this winter expect s to feed C. C. C. forces for Ontario Camp hundred pounds. The largest "spud" sheep.- Scottsbluff Daily Star Herald. BR-42 and Nyssa Camp BR-43 arrived weighed 3 pounds and 11 ounces. He on the Owyhee project on October 19, and graveling of camp grounds and Scheduled Board The Boulder City schools, Boulder roads leading to camps was carried on Canyon project, now have an enrollment during the remainder of the month. Meetings of 690. The high attendance is due, According to schedule changes Recla­ partly, to the fact that the ninth grade mation and Tennessee Valley boards will and a kindergarten system were added to meet on the dates indicated as follows: the school this year. There are 72 C. E. Crownover Appointed Nov. 23, 24, 25.-C. P. ·Berkey, C. H. children enrolled in the kindergarten Paul, and J , L. Savage, at Chickamauga and 49 in the ninth grade. Roza Construction En­and Coles Bend Dam sites (for T . V. A.) . gineer · Dec. 9-13.-C. P. Berkey, W. F. Durand, Joseph Jacobs, C. H. Paul, and On October 14, H. H. Smith of Reno, Charles E. Crownover, of Yakima, J. L. Savage, at Grand Coulee Dam. drove the first horses across the top of the Wash., has been appointed construction Dec. 14-15.- C. P. Berkey, W. F. newly completed Boulder Dam. Mr. engineer of the Roza division of the Durand, C. H. Paul, and J. L. Savage, Smith was driving from the northern Yakima Federal reclamation project. en route to Central Valley project Nevada metropolis to Phoenix, Ariz., for Mr. Crownover formerly was a member (Sacramento, Calif.). his health, and had been on the road since of the Bureau's engineering staff. He Dec. 16-20.-C. P. Berkey, W . . F. early in August. served the Bureau for about 15 years, Durand, C. H. Paul, one new member, leaving it to become city engineer of and J. L. Savage, at Friant, Kennett, Yakima. While employed by the Bureau, and Kesswick Dam sites. The demand for labor on the Mini­ he was in charge of construction of Kee­ Dec. 21-22.- C. H. Paul and J. L. doka project at present exceeds the avail­ chelus Dam, one of the storage dams Savage, en route and at Arrowrock Dam, able supply, so there are few idle men who serving the Yakima project. Boise, Idaho. are willing to work. 232 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935

E. R. A. Allotments to State and project Public Works E.R.A. Bureau Reduced by $20,000,000 Arizona: Gila__ ------_.. ------__ - __ - _ _ $ 7 5, 000 $2, 000, 000 AFTER allpcations had been made, Parker____ ----___ - - ______-_--.. -______25, 000 ______the sum of $20,000,000 was cut Salt River___ ------_ -- .. __ ___ 3, 500, 000 from the total allotment to the Bureau of Yuma -- - -- 120, 000 ______Verde -- - 150, 000 ______Reclamation from Emergency Relief funds in order that this money might be California: All-American 9,000,000 13,000,000 used iri another quarter. Central Valley - -- -- ______15, 000, 000 At the time the reduct.ion was made Klamath, Tule ______·______25,000 135,000 the Bureau had been allotted a total of . Colorado: Uncompahgre______2,725,000 ------$101,150,000 for its new program. After Grand Big Thompson Diversion______150,000 ------the cut there remained $81,150,000. San Luis Drain ------_ 50, 000 ______The reduction was made by trimming Denver Quarters______20,000 ------the allotments made for various individ­ Idaho: Boise, 40,000 ------ual projects. For instance, the $23,000,­ Boise, Arrowrock - ______600, 000 000 allotment for continuing the work on Boise, Payette______------1,000,000 Minidoka, Gooding 30, 000 ______Grand Coulee 'Dam this year was re­ duced by $3,000,000, and the $20,000,000 Upper Snake River storage 2,000,000 ------allotted for commencement of the Central Montana: Bitter Root______100,000 200,000 Valley project in California· was reduced Buffalo 20,000 ------to $15,000,000. The table accompanying Chain Lakes storage -- 2, 000, 000 ______this article will show the amounts of the Frenchtown 180, 000 60, 000 Emergency Relief allocations as they Milk River -- 65, 000 ______stood on November 1, 1935. Sun River______600,000 715, 000 Twosmallprojects were eliminated from Nebraska: North Platte Valley survey______50,000. __ ------­ the original list. They were $200,000 Nevada: Humboldt -- .. .. 2, 000, 000 ______for drainage on the Grand Valley Truckee River storage 1,000,000 ------New Mexico: Carlsbad 1,000,000 project in Colorado and $180,000 for drainage on the Boise project in Idaho. Caballo Dam_------100, 000 ------··--­ The work originally contemplated under . Rio Grande -.- 200, 000 .. these allocations will be done from time Oregon: Burnt ------500,000 to time in the future from regular appro­ Deschutes_ 50, 000 500, 000 priations from the Reclamation fund. Grande Ronde --- ______10, 000 ------Klamath 36, 000 _ The table also will show Public Works allotments made prior to this year for 5,000,000 500,000 Bureau of Reclamation projects. These Stanfield____ ------100, 000 ------allotments totaled $93,576,000. Thus, Umatilla surveys 10, 000 ------all told, the Bureau has been assigned 1,000,000 340,000 a total of $174,726,000 since the Congress Texas: Colorado 2,000,000 appropriated its first emergency fund South Dakota: Belle Fourche · ------­ 70,000 in 1933. Utah: Hyrum ------·- 930,000 ------The map on the opposite page will Moon Lake______1,200,000 240,000 mark the locations· of both old and new Ogden 3, 000, 000 500, 000 reclamation projects. · It marks dam Provo :1, 000, 000 2,260,000 sites, reservoirs, and areas now under Sanpete______375,000 ------irrigation ·as a result of projects con­ Washington: Columbia surveys 250,000 structed by the Bureau of Reclamation Grand Coulee Dam (Columbia 15,000,000 20,000,000 and now in operation. Yakima, Kittitas ---- 60, 000 ______Texas has been inset in the map at Yakima, Roza --- _ __ 4, 000, 000 the right-hand side in order to show the Yakima, storage : ____ _ 280, 000 location of the Colorado River at Texas Wyoming: Casper-Alcova------.------7,000,000 8,000,000 project, which the Bureau is undertak­ Riverton______------­ 1,000,000 ing to build in cooperation with the Low­ Shoshone, Willwood_ __ 30, 000 ______er Colorado River Authority, a Texas Shoshone, Heart Mountain------~------­ 000 body. The Lower Colorado River Au­ Hawaii: Water-supply 25,000 ------thority received a repayable loan from Arizona, California, Nevada: Boulder Canyon_____ 38, 025, 000 ______the Emergency Relief Administration Sec.15, surveys______------­ 250, 000 · covering the larger part of the cost of Secondary ______250, 000 the project. The money made available Administrative expenses_------­ 1,500,000 to the Bureau represented a Federal con­ tribution for flood-control benefits to be 93,576,000 81,150,000 received from the completed project.

234 . THE R E CLAM A TI 0 N ER A December 1935

The Reclamation Era Let us consider one specific reclamation in which there is at present no surplus, project and see whether it is a logical but indeed a deficiency. The acute development, conflicting with no other drought of 1934 reduced the number of Issued monthly by the Bureau of Reclamation, program. The example will be the beef cattle on the ranges sharply. Department of the Interior. Casper-Alcova project in Wyoming. Overgrazing of the public domain, which The purpose of the project is to provide has resulted in part from lack of hay for water for the irrigation of lands which feeding purposes, has resulted in the Subscription 75 cents a year to other otherwise would remain nonproductive. stripping of all the cover in some areas than water users, payable in advance by It is only through this means · that the and serious damage to a great national check or postal money order drawn in city of Casper can be provided with a resource, the ranges. The Casper-Alcova favor of the Bureau of Reclamation. needed additional agricultural area. ·n project is an integrated unit in the plan Special reduced rates are given indi­ for range rehabilitation. One has only vidual water-user owners or water users, to consider the importance of the live­ organizations for mass subscriptions on stock industry to Wyoming to understand Federal irrigation projects. Second Call the importance of its rehabilitation to The Bureau of Reclamation that State. DECEMBER 1935 welcomes each subscription that is This project will be located in Natrona received as an evidence of interest in and Carbon Counties. When Congress its activities and sympathy toward established the Bureau of Reclamation No Conflict Exists the important goals of its program. in 1902, it set aside funds from the sale of It considers THE RECLAMATION public lands in the arid States and from asks the uninformed ac­ ERA an opportunity to make that royalties obtained from the exploitation cusingly, "provide more land program understood. of oil and minerals on public lands for use when the Government is buying up · The majority of subscriptions in the reclamation of arid lands. Na­ surplus land?" expire with the calendar year. The trona County, Wyo., has produced a large This question is asked repeatedly in Bureau's work, of course, goes on. share of the money accruing to the rec­ connection with first one and then an­ We are anxious that your file of lamation fund through oil royalties, other of the projects of the Bureau of copies of this magazine shall not be something · over $30,000,000 and more Reclamation. It originates out of a interrupted. If your renewal has than any other county. This is the first misconception not only of the reclamation not already been forwarded, will you Federal project in that vicinity. While program but also of the agricultural pro­ please fill out the blank form below the money for construction of the Casper­ gram. Let it appear here that no con­ so that your subscription may not be. Alcova project is not coming from the flict exists between the two. canceled. reclamation fund, it will be repaid by The Department of Agriculture insti­ the water users to the United States tuted crop control as a means of meeting Treasury exactly as though it had. an emergency arising from the depression. is only through the construction of such Water users are obliged to contract for It was designed to coordinate production projects that the State of Wyoming can the repayment of reclamation costs with­ · with consumption and has been applied make a stable growth. out interest over a period of years. only to basic. crops in which surpluses · The Casper-Alcova project is planned There is no conflict whatsoever between exist. These crops are grown only spar­ ·primarily for the production of hay crops the present agricultural policy of the ingly on irrigated lands. for winter feed for the range stock in the United States Government and the objec­ That Department also instituted a vast area of grazing lands of which it is tives of the Casper-Alcova project. program under which submarginal lands the center. Through the production of The two phases of agricultural policy would be taken out of production and alfalfa hay under irrigation, the livestock which often are cited in this question "If held by the Government. This land was industry of the whole section of Wyoming the Government is buying up the surplus bought primarily as a means of paroling will be stabilized. The grasses of the of land, why provide more?" have come the farmers who had been sentenced to public lands in the . Mountain States into existence during the economic emer­ dire poverty through attempts to make support the Nation's livestock industry, gency as a means of coordinating pro­ such lands support them. an important food source and an industry (Continued on p. 235)

.. ------··------.. ------­ (Cut along this line)

COMMISSIONER, (Date)_ ------'-- - ­ Bureau of Reclamation, _Washington, D. 0.

Sm: I am enclosing my check 1 (or money order) for 75 cents to pay for a year's subscription to THE RECLAMATION ERA. Very truly yours, (Name) ______-.- ______

Do not send stamps. NOTE.-30 cents postal charges should be added for foreign subscriptions. (Address)------~------­ December 1935 THE · RECLAMATION ERA 235

out irrigation, alfalfa will not grow in which the Government is purchasi;ng to No Conflict Exists arid climates. Even if this were not take out of cultivation. The primary (Continued from page 234) true, crop reduction is an expedient to · object of this program is the rehabilita­ duction with consumption and as a means meet a temporary emergency, which tion of a section of the farm population of rehabilitating farmers on submarginal everyone hopes and believes will pass. which was without hope. This land will land, which never has and never can pro­ It is not meant to interfere with plans be held by ther Government and never be vide them with a living of American for sound future development. The permitted to return to cultivation. This standards. emergency undoubtedly will have passed program does not confltct with irrigation Crop control has been applied only to prior to the time the new acreage is in development. Indeed the provision of crops in which there has been a surplus. production in Wyoming. All growth of new land upon which to relocate the Never has there been a surplus of alfalfa the arid West, whether agricultural or victims of submarginal land may become bay, and indeed there has been a marked industrial, · is dependent upon rendering an important phase of the rehabilitation deficiency in this commodity in Wyoming useful new water resources. program in the future. The removal of and other arid States. Tens of thou­ The land on the Casper-Alcova proj­ submarginal land from cultivation is sands of beef cattle died or were ·slaugh­ ect will be productive.when it is watered. designed as a part of the farm rehabilita­ tered during the 1934 drought because It is in no sense submarginal land. tion program. Its purpose is not a there was not enough hay to feed them. Scrabble land in humid sections and dry reduction of surplus lands, but the In some areas there was insufficient hay farming land in the arid region situated elimination of farming on nonproductive to maintain even the nucleus of a new so it is impossible ever in the future to land. It is upon the misuse of the terni herd. Even in normal years there is water it, may be classed as submarginal. "surplus land" that what appears to be a insufficient in the vicinity of Casper, Its productivity is so low that it will not conflict between the agricultural program Wyo., to feed the stock there. With- support a family. It is this type of land and the reclamation program arises.

Reclamation and Emergency Conservation Work By Alfred R. Golze, Assistant to Supervising Engineer, E. C. W. HE Emergency C_onservation Work type were occupied more slowly, but by 350,000 to 600,000 enrollees. Shortly created by an act of Congress the end of September a total of 28 thereafter, the President decided that approvedT by the President on March 28, reclamation camps were in full operation. the intent of Congress ·as set forth in 1933, is being accomplished through the A few of the camps located in the warmer this act was to ·put people on relief to medium of the Civilian Conservation regions of Arizona were purposely left work, and, therefore, enrollment in the Corps encamped throughout the United unoccupied until the fall of this year. C. C. C. must be limited to young men States and its possessions. Confined at The other approved Bureau of Reclama­ whose families were on the relief rolls. first to conservation work in the national tion C. C. C. camps not occupied before The result of the application of this policy forests and parks and to the Soil Erosion October could not be filled on account of has been that instead of enrolling Service, the activities of E. C. W. have a shortage of enrollees. 600,000 in the C. C. C. by August 31, spread to practically every technical Coincident with his approval of the 1935, as originally contemplated, only agency of the Government, including the Emergency Relief Act, the President 502,000 young men could be secured Army and Navy, that has an interest in announced that the Civilian Conserva­ from families on relief. The effect of the development of Federal, State, or tion Corps would be expanded from some this has been that some 500 camps and municipal lands. The increase in E. C. W. has been immensely accelerated by the Emergency Relief Act of 1935 (Work Relief Act) which permitted an . expansion of the C. C. C. to double its original strength. The Bureau of Reclamation was allotted 37 of the expanded program C. C. C. camps, whfoh, with the nine camps previously assigned, raised to 46 the total of camps available for E. C. W. on Reclamation projects. The distribution of the expanded program C. C. C. camps appeared in the June issue of this publication.

RECLAMATION CAMPS

Beginning early in May construction of the newly authorized camps proceeded rapidly. Eight camps designated "sum­ mer camps" because of their location high in the mountains, were occupied by enrollees and at work by midsummer. 1. Clear Creek Reservoir showing conditions before co=encement of C. C. C. work. Photo taken The other camps known as the "all-year" July 25, 1935. 236 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935

· any one regional director varies from 1 to 6. This winter 19 regional directors are supervising the work of 7,400 C. C. C. men quartered ln the Reclamation E. C. W.camps. General supervision of the Reclamation E. C. W. activities is maintained from both the office of the chief engineer at Denver and by the supervising engineer, E. C. W., in the Commissioner's office at Washington. The chief -engineer is re­ sponsible for the purchase of necessary supplies and equipment and for the work programs of the camps, other adminis­ trative matters being referred to the supervising engineer, E. C. W. Impor­ tant matters of policy are decided by the Commissioner and by Hon. Robert Fechner, Director Emergency Conser­ vation Work. . With the growth of E. C. W. on the reclamation projects many requests have been received for the establishment of Clear Creek Reservoir. Yakima project, Wash. C. C. C. men at work-reservoir are·a partly cleared. Same location as No. 1, taken September 25, -1935. new C. C. C. camps at various locations. Because of the limitations regarding their related work programs must be is responsible for the 40 hours per week further expansion of E. C. W. activities indefinitely suspended because there are that the C. C. C. men spend on the work it has been impossible to grant any not sufficient men available. It had been program, with the Army being responsible request received since last spring. All expected that the Bureau would have 51 for the men the remainder of the time. applications which contain a suitable camps this winter by the addition of To properly direct the work on the proj­ work program are . filed for future refer­ 5 new camps to the summer total of 46. ects · the Bureau of Reclamation has ence in the Washington office. It is an However, included in the 500 suspended furnished each camp with a supervisory established form of procedure that a work camps were 14 Reclamation camps, personnel, consisting of a camp superin­ program for any camp, existing or pro­ leaving only 37 camps approved for work tendent and a sufficient number of fore­ posed, must be submitted to the chief on Reclamation projects this winter. men (not exceeding eight) to carry out engineer for his approval and subsequent The Reclamation camps now in opera­ the program. The camp superintendent transmittal to the supervising engineer, tion are scattered over 14 Western States is under the general direction of a regional E. C. W., for his endorsement, before on 23 different projects. These camps director who in turn is responsible to the work can proceed or the camp be recom­ are accomplishing a tremendous amount Washington and Denver offices. In mended for later establishment. It is of useful work which is pertinent to the nearly every case the regional directors hoped that in the future it will be possible conservation of the Government's interest are the project superintendents for the to eventually operate camps at all in its Reclamation projects. The May projects upon which the camps are desirable locations. issue of the ERA cited the more common located, and the number of camps under (Continued on p. 239) types of work on the program of the Reclamation camps, ·and of these the two principal features are the cleaning and improvement of canals, laterals, ditches, etc., and the clearing of reservoir sites. On these items alone an average of 12 camps working the 6-month period from April 1 to October 1 cleaned 3,460,100 square yards of waterways and cleared 1,133 acres of reservoir sites . . The value of all classes of work accomplished by all the Reclamation E. C. W. C{l.mps for this same 6-month period has been con­ servatively estimated at approximately $600,000, which, considering the average of 2,400 men employed for this period, is indicative of the worth of E. C. W. to Reclamation, and its consequent benefits to water users on . irrigation projects where camps have been established.

CAMP SUPERVISION

The E. C. W. camps are under the dual control of the Army and the technical · agency concerned. The technical agency Reclamation C. C. C. summer camp BR-21, at Lake Tahoe, California December 1935 THE RECLAMATION ERA 237 An Agricultural Engineer Looks at the Farmer's Future-and Sees There Great Promise

HAT lies ahead of the farmer? can history the vast basic industry of but to a single conclusion, granting that W The answer to this question has agriculture came under governmental we have any confidence at all in the been sought by many, since it has been control. It was a situation without prec­ future of the Nation and in ourselves. realized that bound up with the welfare edent, yet such was the emergency that "Industries rise and in their wake of the man who tills the soil is the welfare something of the sort was mandatory to others decline and perish, but it is almost of the entire Nation. check the economic collapse of one-half a law that the new is greater than the old. The future of the farming industry of our people. Horse-drawn vehicles nowadays repre­ seen by a prominent agricultural engi­ sent only a trivial fraction in the industry neer, therefore, assumes importance. NEW AGRICULTURAL ERA of transportation, but motor cars have Larry F. Livingston, president of the "Today, such has been the change in become so common that even beggars American Society of Agricultural Engi­ the national consciousness toward agri­ may ride. There is in the making a new neers, described a new and hopeful vision culture, that even a casual review of and a radically altered agricultural in­ in an address made on October 8 at Cor­ developments presents a totally altered dustry, the birth throes of which may be nell University, Ithaca, N. Y., at a meet­ picture. We still have a farm problem, painful for the time, but which should ing of the North Atlantic section of the so-called, but factors that point to the not be mistaken for other than what society. permanent and satisfactory solution of they are. By every precedent this new Industrial uses of farm byproducts that problem are now at work on a widely industry should, in scope and importance, and even farm crops Mr. Livingston saw flung front. We still have crop control far exceed the old. It will be definitely multiplying rapidly in the future until by governmental agency, and it may well allied with manufacturing, and the scien­ a new organic chemistry industry will be that some form of regulation will enter tist and the engineer will be the chief have developed with a hunger greater permanently into all farm production lieutenants of both. than that of the entire population of the and use of land; but the future augurs not United States, which, at present, is a control to curtail but a control to ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY practically the only market of the Ameri­ augment. The nature of this control "First, and by far the most significant can farmer. may continue to be political to the extent of the recent changes bearirig upon the Mr. Livingston is manager of the agri­ that its source continues in the State, future of American agriculture has been cultural extension section of the explo­ but, by and large, the most important the rise in this country of an organic sives department of E. I. du Pont de agencies to the farmer in the not distant chemical industry. This development, Nemours & Co. Prior to joining that future are going to be those·represented dating from the war, has been prodigious. company 7 years ago he was with the by the industrial purchasing agent, the In buildings and equipment for the train­ Michigan State College section of agri­ research chemist, and the agricultural ing of chemists our schools and colleges cultural engineering. His address follows engineer. And it will be the task of the alone have invested more than 300 mil­ in full: engineer, no small one either, to see that lions of dollars. Chemical manufactories "The primary interest of those of us the farm acreage of the land produces have forged to the forefront of American here is the farm. The farmer's job and handsomely. We are in the early dawn business, hundreds of laboratories have the farmer's problem is essentially our job of a new golden era in agriculture. The been established throughout industry and our problem. It is altogether per­ first signs of that dawn are already streak­ dedicated to the improving of the old and tinent, therefore, to ask what is ahead for ing the agricultural sky. the creation of the new. And, simulta­ the farmer, because in attempting to Do not misunderstand me. I am neously, inorganic chemistry has gained answer that question we also answer what not essaying the role of a prophet. My a new importance, with the result that is in prospect for the agricultural en­ sole purpose is to call attention to an chemicals and allied products now rank gineer. array of developments of very recent third among all industries in dollar value, "Five years ago it might have been years-developments that are facts and being led only by foods and metals and said that agriculture was at the cross­ not fancies-and, by putting those facts metal products. Our corporate chemical roads, and all roads ahead looked bleak together, make the simple addition that investment is in excess of eleven and one­ indeed. The golden era of farming two plus two equals four. We have half billions of dollars. seemed behind. As the gloom of general become accustomed to pessimism in "Organic chemistry, as it is being prac­ depression settled over the world, in thinking of agriculture-the nostrums of ticed today, is a science of revolution. penalty for its past misdeeds, economic the politically self-seeking medicine men The chemist has learned how to create, and otherwise, an even deeper pall have been almost the only optimistic not by accidental discovery or black darkened the agricultural landscape. The notes in our discussions of farm problems. magic, but by cold scientific calculation farmer was told that his ancient creed of Nevertheless, time and progress alike based on experience and accumulated plentiful yields spelled his ruin. The have been moving on, and the situation knowledge. His objective, let me make hungry cried for food, yet the farmer of yesterday is no longer that of the clear, is no longer imitation or duplication heard incredulously that his own salva­ present. Substantial and definitely con­ of natural products, if it ever was that, tion lay in producing less. Lean days structive changes have been under way. but is the creation of materials non­ and strange ways were upon the agricul­ If, in our distraction, we have let them existent in nature. For example, rayon turist-and apparently they had come to pass unnoticed, it does not alter the fact is not an artificial silk but a new fabric stay, paradoxically, because his cows sup­ that these changes have occurred. Con­ with properties of its own. 'DuPrene' plied too much milk, because his acres sidered in connection with certain other is not a synthetic rubber but a material of yielded too abundantly and his hogs facts that long have been established, totally different chemical composition multiplied faster than the dollars needed that, indeed, are the warp and woof of that in many ways is superior to the nat­ to buy them. For the first time in Ameri­ the.American character, they can point ural product. But what is most to the 30884-35-2 238 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935 point here, the chief raw materials of the products is long, although the chemist is largest and most influential corporations, organic chemist; the main tools of his relatively a newcomer on the agricul­ is becoming increasingly interested in trade so to speak, are organic things·that tural scene. The fact that he has such the agricultural puzzle. Of course, the grow from the soil. The organic chemical solid accomplishments so early to his manufacturer has always been con­ march toward change is over a road credit is an augury of the future that we, cerned over the farmer as a market, but paved in large part by, the products of as engineers, need ·most seriously to a new note is now evident. An unstable American forests and farms. consider. . farm situation is a constant threat to "The seeds of cotton were once a waste " 'The chemistry of the utilization of business stability. . Moreover, the manu­ and a nuisance. Today, thanks to the agricultural products and byproducts or facturer likewise has a production prob­ organic chemist, the seeds in a billion­ wastes is still in its infancy', says Dr. lem no less acute than that of his rural and-a-half-dollar cotton crop have a C. M. A. Stine, one of our foremost neighbors. The factory capacity to value of over $200,000,000 to the farmers. industrial chemists. Other observers, · produce is also beyond the existing mar­ Cottonseed oil goes into soaps, candles, far more competent to detect the trend ket to consume, and one big reason is lamp oil, cooking, and other uses. Cotton than I, see ahead a 'factory stomach' that the farmer has not the means to buy linters, another farm waste, are now an that will consume far more from our his share, due in large part to wastes and initial material in the manufacture of farms than all of our hungry human losses. rayon and in coated fabrics that go into stomachs together. Development of a "The annual waste in agriculture, or, hand bags, wall coverings, and autonw­ new outlet for cotton in road building, to put it another way, the loss suffered bile upholstery. Billiard and golf balls, which forecasts an annual demand of by farmers yearly for which there is no hair bushes and combs, electric insula­ two to three million bales, was only return, mounts to almost unbelievable tors, photographic films, and the unseen recently announced at Peabody Univer­ figures. More than 6,000 known species binder that makes safety glass safe, all sity. Uses for corn are being urged that, of insects are costing growers each year contribute their tithe to the Southern if adopted, would consume the entire something like $2,000,000,000. Thirty­ cotton farmer. At the same time, more present crop without leaving one ear over four insect species alone cause a known than a hundred commercial uses have been for one Iowa hog. An eminent scientist damage of $924,440,000. Losses trace­ developed by the chemist for corn, rang­ has suggested that the day may not be able to weeds are estimated at $3,000,­ ing from glycerines used in explosives to far off. when the farm will grow the bulk 000,000. Add to these figures another carbon dioxide used in making 'dry ' of our fuels, and the burning of coal and billion and a half chargeable to plant ice. More than one-tenth of the corn oil, with its chemical wastes, will be a civil diseases, and the total of $6,500,000,000 er.op now has as its market the factory offense. Such speculations sound fantas­ is staggering. This is apart from the Wheat straw is being made into corru­ tic, perhaps some of them are, but the loss, equally staggering, that piles up gated paper boxes; furfural .·produced straws that point major change are even yearly in the wastage of now unmarket­ from oat hulls is being sold in tank-car now drifting_ in the wind. able byproducts. lots. The new wall board industry, which "Almost, may it be said, that for every is revolutionizing building practices, is PROBLEM OF FARM WASTES AND LOSSES dollar the farmer earns, he has another based on the chemical conversion of farm "And in the meantime a second dollar taken from him by enemies against byproducts that only a decade ago were development is taking place, which is an which he must wage ceaseless war. Any deemed next to worthless. outgrowth of this first and only slightly substantial reduction in that loss could "Inmight go on indefinitely, for already less in significance to the farmer. Big mean two things-a greater return to the the list of chemical conversions of farm business, by which I mean our very grower for his labor, and a lower price to the consumer. Lower prices on farm products, in turn, should lead to greater consumption both by factory and the. human stomach. In the prosperous year of 1929, according to studies made for the · Brookings Institution, an impartial scien- · tific fact-finding agency, almost three­ fourths of our nonfarm population lacked the means to provide itself with an ade­ quate diet at minimum cost, and 90 per­ cent of those not living on farms were un­ able to afford the food they would have liked, classed as a liberal diet. Twelve percent of these families were merely sub­ sisting on enough food to keep them alive. "By no means are we producing all the food we need. There is merely an over­ production of food that consumers can buy at existing price levels. At the same time price is a prohibiting barrier to the ·industrial use of many farm byproducts. The quantity of cornstalks and straws annually produced fo this country is several times that required to make all the paper and paper board now manu­ factured here, and there is no particular technological difficulty in making paper of various kinds from any of these mate­ Sand bill along the western side of the Colorado River through which the All-American Canal will bo cut.­ rials. However, it is now cheaper to December 1936 THE RECLAMATION ERA 239

buy Canadian wood pulp and rags from unfit. It is a slow and a painful process, E. C. W. Work Japan. many are being· hurt by it and more will (Continued from p. 236) "American industry wants to buy from be, but each year the brain efficiency of the American farmer because it knows the American farmer is being pushed up The C. C. C. camps have been very that the farmer, with money, will buy a notch to a higher level. favorably received wherever they have more from industry. But if farm prod­ "These, then, are the factors of change. been established on the projects. At ucts and by-products are to be consumed A new arid all-embracing organic chem­ many of the camps the men have been to the maximum they must become ical industry has been established with the subject of much attention from the cheaper. If they are to become cheaper, one foot in industry and the other in appreciative residents of the community farming must become· more efficient and agriculture. The research laboratories of who go out of their way to provide enter­ be relieved of at least a portion of its big business have been joined with an tainment and help for the men. As cl!mp tremendous losses. So, taking this long­ unparalleled array of scientific talent life is not all work for the C. C. C. men, range view, such great corporations as from State, college, and private agencies. they are often takenon trips of inspection Standard Oil, Ford, du Pont, Interna­ New pioneers have come to the land, and over the projects and otherwise intro­ tional Harvester, and others are today Government, backed by the resources of duced to the field of reclamation, which making the farmers' problems their own. the Nation, is making the farm its prob­ to a considerable number is a new expe­ And again, perhaps the most important lem no. 1. If these new factors do not rience. It is expected that many of the new-factor in the situation is the industrial spell a new agricultural industry within C. C. C. men from the.East will become research chemist, backed by all the re­ the next generation, then the past is no permanent residents of the West when sources of almost unlimited capital, work­ longer of any significance in charting the their terms of enrollment are up, and ing with equipment superior to any before future. those who do return to the East will carry available, and with a half-lifetime of suc­ "This new agriculture may be some­ with them a first-hand knowledge of the cessful experience with similar problems thing vastly different to the agriculture accomplishments of reclamation. in his own industry. New insecticides, we have known. The crops of today may new fertilizers, new methods of combating not be those of tomorrow. For example, plant disease, more economical methods sugar that is said to be far superior to N ates Jar Contractors of production on farms, all designed to cane and beet sugar can be produced cut huge farm loss, are today the subject from the common dahlia and the readily All-American Canal project, Ariz.­ of intensive inquiry in the vast laborato­ grown Jerusalem artichoke. We are only Calif.-Bids were opened at Yuma, ries of industry in Wilmington, Cleveland, beginning to learn about proper diet; Ariz., on November 21 for constructing New York, Detroit, Chicago, and else­ what is now a common weed may be the Imperial Dam and desilting works where. The shocktroops of industry tomorrow's wheat crop; initial phases of (Specifications No. 644) on the Colorado have been sent to the farm front, and the processing of certain raw materials River about 18 miles northeast of Yuma, standing elbow to elbow with them there that go into manufacturing may be trans­ the nearest railroad point being Potholes, is an army, an enormous army, judged by ferred to the farm and further mechanize Calif. The work must be completed the weight of its talent, an army of skilled it beyond present dreams. within 800 days. Liquidated damages and practically experienced men such as "But whatever the nature of the new for delay will be $500 per day. 'The has never before been assembled for the farming, all the signs point conclusively Denver office will purchase for this con­ scientific assault upon a problem in the to the augmented importance and influ­ struction job the following materials: Nation's history. Entirely apart from ence of the agricultural engineer. More 5,385,000 pounds of steel sheet piling, what is being spent by industrial corpora­ than ever he will be the emissary carrying 18,255,000 pounds of reinforcement bars, tions on agricultural and kindred re­ change from factory and laboratory to 419,300 pounds of jet pipe, 19,300 linear search, an amount that is considerable in the managers and workers of the land. feet of flexible joint-seals, 6,600 linear itself, the States and the Federal Govern­ It will be his job to see that as the fac­ feet of metal water stops, 10,900 linear ment are now spending in excess of tory demands, the farm produces. Large­ feet of mastic filler, 2,300 linear feet of $25,000,000 yearly. In addition to this, scale use of farm products in manufac­ i- and 12-inch clay sewer pipe, 379,000 a huge sum is being expended by our col­ turing may even mean the concentration pounds of structural steel, 1,184,000 leges and private research foundations. of certain crops in certain areas, not only pounds of roller gates and hoists, 1,169,­ Projects for soil-erosion prevention, flood best adapted to the growing of those 700 pounds of radial gates and hoists, control, drainage and irrigation, land crops but to simplify their orderly as­ 813,000 pounds of trash-rack metal work, clearance, and what not have become sembly and transportation to the factory. 200,000 pounds of metal handrails, 353,­ gargantuan in size. The effort has be­ Some of the most formidable problems 000 pounds of metal lining, 1,400,000 come that of a major national war, with involved in the industrial use of crops pounds of pipe- fittings and valves, 94,­ even the man on the street discussing with are engineering problems, purely and 500 pounds of miscellaneous metalwork, more or less intelligence the 'farm prob­ simply. No; the golden era of agricul­ 1,400 square feet of metal doors and lem.' ture is not behind. Already the rooster windows, 71,300 linear feet of electrical "Onto our farms, too, has been moving of change is crowing in another and a metal conduit, 13,500 linear feet of 4­ a new type of farmer-college trained, better day." and 6-way multiple-duct conduit, and fully alive to the difficulties inherent in 10,000 linear feet of parkway cable. his job and confident of his own ability The three low bids were as follows: and resourcefulness to cope with them. Winston Bros. Co., Minneapolis, Minn., He is not wedded to tradition-on the The Vale-Owyhee Government Projects Utah Construction Co., Ogden, Utah; contrary he is itching to blaze new trails. Land Settlement Association, with head­ Morrison-Knudsen Co., Boise, Idaho, The 'hick' is vanishing from the farm­ quarters at Nyssa, Oreg., has been active $4,374,240; W. E. Callahan Construction the very stringencies that make the on the Owyhee project. Several units Co., St. Louis, Mo., $4,526,961; J. F. farmer's lot economically unpleasant are have been sold on the Willow Creek unit Shea Co., Portland, Oreg., $4,640,058. weeding out the incompetent and the of the Vale project. Seven bids were received. 240 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935

On November 23 bids were opened at the Seminoe dam and power plant. The East Moline, Ill., $3,876 f. o. b. Parco, Yuma for constructing 3. 7 miles of the Bureau will purchase and furnish to the Wyo., and Ashton, Idaho. Baldwin­ All-American Canal, station 50 to 245 contractor for inst!l,llation the following Southwark was awarded the contract. (Specifications No. 647). Schedule 1 materials: 2,550,000 pounds of reinforce­ Bids were received at Casper on comprises 931,000 cubic yards of common ment bars and fabric; 397,000 pounds of November 25 for the construction of excavation. Schedule 2 has the following ­ metal pipe, tubing, and fittings; 365,000 tunnels nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6, Casper Canal quantities: 141,000 cubic yards canal pounds of power penstocks and outlet (Specifications No. 649). The work is excavation, common; 542,000 cubic yards pipes; 1,535,000 pounds of needle valves located 13 to 36 miles southwest of Casper canal excavation, rocks; 97,000 cubic and miscellaneous metalwork; 1,002,000 and must be completed within 750 days. yards stripping for embankments; 25,200 pounds of gates and appurtenances; Principal items of work and estimated cubic yards excavation of cut-off trench 180,000 pounds of structural bridge steel; quantities are as follows: 166,000 cubic and toe trench; 961,000 cubic yards of 11,600 linear feet of metal sealing strips; yards of all classes of open-cut ·excava­ compacted embankment; 8,000,000 sta­ 8,400 square feet of asphalt-saturated-felt tion, 81,500 cubic yards of tunnel excava­ tion cubic yards of hauling and placing roofing; 25,700 linear feet of electrical tion, 900 cubic yards of backfill, 1,096 rock fill; 17,400 cubic yards of gravel conduit; and 10,000 linearfeet of electrical cubic yards of concrete in portal struc­ blanket; and fabricating and driving cable. tures and transitions. 17,750 cubic yards 1,440 M feet board measure of timber The following bids were received on of concrete in tunnels, 3,400 cubic feet of sheet piling. The work must be com­ October 22, under Specifications No. pressure grouting, 800 cubic yards of dry­ pleted within 780 and 600 days respec­ 730-D, for furnishing a 10-ton traveling rock paving, furnishing and installing 132 tively. crane for the Government warehouse at M feet board measure of timber lagging Bids for building four large concrete Seminoe Dam; Maris Bros., Inc., Phila­ and sills for steel tunnel supports, fur­ wash-siphon structures on the All­ delphia, Pa., $2,710 discount 1 percent; nishing and installing 390,000 pounds of American Canal (Specifications No. 645) Bedford Foundry & Machine Co., Bed­ steel tunnel supports, furnishing and were opened at Yuma on November 25. ford, Ind., $3,266 discount 1/2percent; installing 415,000 pounds of steel tunnel The work is located from 5 to 12 miles Cyclops Iron Works, San Francisco, liner plates, constructing 11,000 linear northeast of Yuma and must be com­ Calif., $3,663; Shaw-Box Crane & Hoist feet of 6- to 10-inch diameter tunnel pleted within 600 days. The principal Co., Inc., Muskegon, Mich., $3 792; drains, placing 110,000 pounds of rein­ items of work and estimated quantities Union Machine Co., San Francisco, Calif., forcement bars, drilling 1,600 linear feet are as follows: 370,000 cubic yards of all $4,200; Euclid-Armington Corporation, of grout holes, and installing 2,300 pounds classes of excavation, 4,700 cubic yards Euclid, Ohio, $4,400; Shepard-Niles of metalwork. Purchases of cement, of compacted embankment, 6,850 cubic Crane & Hoist Corporat'on, Montour reinforcement bars, clay sewer pipe, yards of back fill, 32,380 cubic yards of Falls, N. Y., $4,496 discount %percent; structural steel will be made by t he concrete, 2,200 square yards of dry-rock Whiting Corporation, Harvey, Ill., Denver office. paving, 14,000 cubic yards of riprap, $5,165; Harnischfeger Sales Corporation, Ogden River project, Utah.-Awards placing 6,482,000 pounds of reinforce­ Milwaukee, Wis., $5,770; The Morgan under Specifications No. 734-D were ment bars, installing 116,400 pounds of Engineering Co., Alliance, Ohio, $7,090; made by the Denver office on October metal and rubber in side wall expansion Alliance Machine Co., Alliance, Ohio, 25, as follows: Items 1, steel bridge, joints, manufacturing and driving 270 $8,370. Maris Bros. was awarded the Midwest Steel & Iron Works Co., Den­ 23-foot reinforced concrete piles, driving contract on November 2. ver, Colo., $1,186 f. o. b. Ogden, Utah; 341,100 pounds of steel sheet piling, Four cement companies submitted item 2, pipe bend and appurtenances, constructing 820 linear feet of timber bids on furnishing 20,000 barrels of Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., railing, installing 53,400 pounds of metal standard portland cement under Invi­ Los Angeles, Calif., $1,348. handrails, and installing 16,800 pounds of tation No. 22,186-A, opening at Denver Boulder Canyon project, Arizona-Ne­ miscellaneous metalwork. Purchases of on October 24. The Colorado Portland vada.-The Worden-Allen Co., of Mil­ reinforcement bars and metalwork will Cement Co. and the United States Port­ waukee, Wis., was successfull among 13 be made by the Denver office. The land Cement Co., both of Boettcher, bidders in obtaining the contract for construction job has four schedules, each Colo., and the Monolith Portland Mid­ furnishing miscellaneous metalwork for of which must be completed within 600 west Co. of Laramie, Wyo., all bid $2.75 the Boulder power plant under Specifica­ days, and liquidated damages for delay per barrel f.o.b., Casper, with d ·scount tions No. 727- D. Their bid was $6,778 are $200 per day. and sack allowance of 50 cents. The f. o. b. Boulder City, and contract was On November 22 bids were opened at Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co. awarded by Denver on October 25. Denver under Specifications No. 648 for of Louisville, Nebr., bid $2. 76 per barrel Under Specifications No. 728- D for furnishing 300,000 barrels of modified f.o.b., Casper, with discount and sack supplying line hardware and conductor portland cement and 40,000 barrels of allowance of 50 cents. The Colorado fittings for the 287.5 kilovolt switchyard sulphate-resistant portland cement, both Portland Cement Co. was successful in at Boulder power plant, the following in cloth sacks, to be delivered as required the drawing and was awarded the con­ bids were received at Denver on October from December 1935 to June 1937. tract. 25: Schedule no. 1, insulator hardware, Columbia Basin project, W ashington.­ Three bids were received at Denver on General Electric Supply Corporation, At Coulee Dam, Washington, on Decem­ October 28 for furnishing hydraulic test­ Los Angeles, Calif., $4,922.11, alternate ber 2, bids were opened under Specifica­ ing machines for the Casper-Alcova and $4,737.11; schedule ·no. 2, special hard­ tions No. 655 for the construction of one Upper Snake River storage projects ware,. General Electric Supply Corpora­ 5-room and eleven 4-room residences at (Specifications No. 732-D) as follows: tion, Los Angeles, Calif., $3,294.85, the Government camp. Baldwin-Southwark Corporation, Phila­ alternate $3,014.17; Jeffery DeWitt In­ Casper-Alcova project, Wyoming.-Un­ delphia, Pa., $3,300 f. o. b. Eddystone, sulator Co., Kenova, W. Va., $2,184.90; der a readvertisement of Specifications Pa.; Tinius Olsen T esting Machinery Co., schedule no. 3, conductor fittings, General No. 630, bids were opened at Casper Philadelphia, Pa., $4,350; American Electric Supply Corporation, Los Angeles, Wyo., on November 26 for construction of Machine & Metal Manufacturing Co., Calif., $985.30; Pacific Electric Manu­ December 1935 THE RECLAMATION ERA 241

facturing Co., San Francisco, Calif., kilovolt air-break switch, all concerns item 2, $2,500 f. o. b. Peotone, Ill.;, $985.30; Burntly Engineering Co., New bidding $3,004 on item 4, submitted Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Co., York, N. Y., $1,299.14; General Electric identical bids of $971. Johnson bid Denver, Colo., item 1, $21,115, f. o. b. Co., Denver, Colo., $1,096.80; General $437.54 and $416.20, and Royal bid $405 Boulder City. The Associated Piping & Electric Supply Corporation, Denver, f. o. b. Chicago, discount 1 · percent. Engineering Co. was low bidder on item Colo., $1,096.80. All bids were f. o. b. In item 6, twelve 69-kilovolt expulsion · 1, and was awarded the contract on No­ Boulder City except that of the Jeffery fuses, General Electric, General Electric vember 11. John W. Beam has been · DeWitt Insulator Co., which was f. o. b. Supply, Graybar, Hendrie & Bolthoff, awarded the contract for item 2. Kenova. Pacific Electric, Delta Star, Electric On November 6 the Secretary appi;oved The following bids were opened at Den­ P. & E., Bowie, and Railway & Industrial award of contract under Specifications ver on November 12 under Specifications Equipment, all bid $1,320 f. o. b. Casper. No. 638, two 82,500 .kilovolt-ampere No. 740-D for furnishing electrical appa­ Other bids were: Schweitzer & Conrad generators to the General Electric Co., ratus for drag-line substations. Item 1, $1,860.30, f. o. b. Casper; Johnson Schenectady, N. Y., their bid being twelve 100-kilovolt-ampere transformers, $1,144.56 or $1,100.76 f. o. b. Casper; $1,342,000. He also on October 31 or alternate item 1, transformers with full Royal $1,056 f. o. b. Chicago, discount approved award of contracts for turbines capacity taps: General Electric Co., Sche­ 1 percent; Southern States Equipment and governors under Specifications No. nectady, N. Y., $22,773.61, $23,736.24; $2,054 f. o. b. Casper. Bids under item 639 as follows: Schedule 1, Pelton Water General Electric Supply Corporation, 7, four outdoor switching and metering Wheel Co., San Francisco, Calif., $551,­ \ Denver, Colo., $22,773.60, $23,736.24; units (f. o. b. Casper, unless otherwise 000; schedule 2, Woodward Governor Graybar Electric Co., Denver, Colo., noted), were as follows~ General Electric, Co., Rockford,·Ill., $30,800. $22,773.60, $23,736.24; Hendrie & Bolt­ $7,315 or $8,261; General Electric Supply, Bids were opened at Denver on No­ hoff Manufacturing Co., Denver, Colo., $7,315 or $8,261; Westinghouse, $7,280; vember 29, under Specifications No. $23,773.60, $23,736.24; Westinghouse Pacific Electric, $5,536 f. o. b. San Fran­ 744-D, for furnishing one 138-kilovolt, Electric & Manufacturing Co., Denver, cisco; Delta Star, $7,244; Automatic 600-ampere, 3-phase, outdoor-type oil Colo., $23,773.60, $23,736.24; Moloney Switch Co., Detroit, Mich., $4,640 f. o. b. circuit breaker; three 138-kilovolt, 600­ Transformer Co., St. Louis, Mo., $20,848, Detroit: Condit Electric Manufacturing ampere, 3-pole, single· throw, gang-oper­ $21,618; Standard Transformer Co., War­ Corporation, Boston, Mass., $6,420 or ated disconnecting switches; and one 3­ ren, Ohio, $21,600, $22,221 f. o. b. War­ $8,360 f. o. b. Boston; Kelman Electric & pole, 138-kilovolt, lightning arrester for ren; Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif., use on a grounded neutral· circuit for Mich., $20,847, $21,809; R. E. Uptegraff $4,575. The Johnson Manufacturing installation in the switchyard at the Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Co. offered a combination bid of $3,300 Boulder power plant. $22,220, $22,271.75; Wagner Electric . or $3,149 f. o. b. Casper for items 4, The Power Piping Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Co., St. Louis, Mo., $20,106, $21,006; 5; and 6. was the low bidder on furnishing pipe Pennsylvania Transformer Co., Pitts­ On October 21 bids were opened at hangers for the power plant (Specifica­ burgh, Pa., $18,774, $19,386; Allis­ Denver for furnishing pipe, fittings and tions No. 735-D) bids opened at Denver Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Mil­ valves (item 1), utility cars and miscel­ on November 8, their quotation being waukee, Wis., $22,773.60, $24,121.32; laneous metal work (item 2) for tunnel $3,985 f. o. b. Boulder City, discount 2 American Transformer Co., Newark, plug outlet works, as called for in Speci­ percent. N. J., $20,847.84, $21,447.84. All bids fications No. 729-D. Fifteen manu­ The following bids were received at except that of Standard were f. o. b. facturers bid as follows: Mine & Smelter Denver on November 7 for furnishing Casper, Wyo. Under item 2, four Supply Co., Denver, Colo., item 1, pipe, valves, and fittings under Specifica­ 69-kilovolt lightning arresters, General $21,984 f. o. b. Boulder City; Asso­ tions No. 736-D: Salt Lake Hardware Electric, General Electric Supply, Gray­ ciated Piping & Engineering Co., Ltd., Co., Salt Lake City, Utah, $8,150; John bar, Hendrie & Bolthoff, and Westing­ Los Angeles, Calif., item 1, $17,800, item W. Beam, Denver, Colo., $8,150; Grinnell house, all bid $7,496.64 f. o. b. Casper. 2, $3,950, f. o. b. Boulder City; Crane Co. of the Pacific, Los Angeles, Calif., In item 3, twelve 4-kilovolt lightning O'Fallon Co., Denver, Colo., item 1, $6,196.75 f. o. b. Warren, Ohio; Power arresters, the same concerns and the $17,955.21, f. o . . b. Boulder City; B. Piping Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., $7,730; The Electric Service Supplies Co. of Philadel­ Katchen Iron Works, Irvington, N. J., Mine & Smelter Supply Co., Denver, phia,, all bid $68.88 f. o. b. Casper. . In item 2, $3,340; Los Angeles Valve & Colo., $8,542; Midwest Piping & Supply item 4, four 69-kilovolt air-break switches, Fittings Co., Los Angeles, Calif., item 1, Co., Inc., St. Louis, Mo., $7,838; Stand­ General Electric; General Electric Supply, $19,715, f. o. b. Boulder City;Commer­ ard Sanitary Manufacturing Co., Denver, Graybar, Hendrie & Bolthoff, Westing­ cial Iron Works, Los Angeles, Calif., Colo., $8,150. All bids except Grinnell house, Pacific Electric Manufacturing Co. item 1, $19,350, item 2, $2,993, f. o. b. were f. o. b. Boulder City. Grinnell has of San Francisco, Delta Star Electric Co. Boulder City; AtJas Car & Manufactur­ been awarded the contract. of Cticago, Electric Power & Equipment ing Co., Cleveland, Ohio, item 2, $2,755; The J. B. Martina Mosaic Co., Den­ Co. of Philadelphia, Bowie Switch Co. of Schrader Iron Works, Inc., San Fran­ ver, Colo., was low with a bid of $51,­ San Francisco, Schweitzer & Conrad of cisco, Calif., item 2, $3,940; Power Pip­ 717.75 for terrazzo work at Boulder Dam Chicago, Southern States Equipment Co. ing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., item 1, $20,565, and power plant, as provided in Specifica­ of Birmingham, Railway & Industrial f. o. b. Boulder City; Pittsburgh Piping tions No. 642. Three bids were received Equipment Co. of Greensburg, Pa., & Equipment Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., item at the opening at Boulder City on October Electric Engineers Equipment Co. of 1, $19,600, f. o. b. Boulder City; Grin­ 28, the others being $57,737.50 and Melrose Park, Ill., and Hi-Voltage Equip­ nell Co. of the Pacific, Los Angeles, Calif., $70,624.83 from the Special Service Floor­ ment Co. of Cleveland, all bid $3,004 item 1, $18,464, f. ·o. b. Boulder City; ing Corporation, San Diego, Calif., and f. o. b. Casper. Johnson Manufacturing Midwest Piping & Supply Co., Inc., St. Consolidated Terrazzo Companies, Inc., Co., Atlanta, Ga., bid $1,750.16, alter­ Louis, Mo., item 1, $18,690, f. o. b. Los Angeles, Calif., respectively. nate $1,664.60 f. o. b. Atlanta. The Boulder City; C. J. Rainear & Co., Inc., On December 7 bids were opened at Royal Electric· Manufacturing Co., Chi­ Philadelphia, Pa., item 1, $19,004, f. o. b. Riverton, Wyo., for construction of the cago, Ill., bid $1,588, disc.ount 1 percent, Boulder City; John W. Beam, Denver, Bull Lake Dam (Specifications No. 658). f. o. b. Chicago. In item 5, one 69­ Colo., item 1, $23,375, f. o. b. Etna, Pa., The principal items of work and esti­ 242 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935

mated quantities involved are as follows: Schram Co., Portland, Oreg., $25,677; 240,000 pounds ofmetal work, and install­ 1,025,000 cubic yards of all classes of Brent Sturgiil Co., Inc., Cascade Locks, ing electrical conduit, conductors, and open-cut excavation; 7,300 cubic yards Oreg., $19,292.50; J. A. Terteling & Sons, apparatus. The work is located on Burnf of backfill about structures; 642,000 Boise, Idaho, $18,360.50. Henley was River about 4 miles southwest of Baker, cubic yards of earthfill in embankment; awarded the contract on November 13. Oreg. The dam must be completed within 136,000 cubic yards of rock fill on down­ Bids were opened at Ontario on Octo­ 700 days, and liquidated damages for stream slope of dam embankment; ber 21 for constructing earthwork and delay will be $75 per day. Purchases of 48,300 cubic yards of rock riprap; 1,500 structures on the South Canal (Specifica­ reinforcement bars, gates, valves, clay cubic yards of screened gravel under tion No. 646). Six bids were received, pipe, metalwork, and electrical equipment spillway floor; 14,875 cubic yards of as follows: Brent Sturgill Co., Inc., Cas­ will be made by the Denver office. concrete; 20 cubic feet of pressure grout­ cade Locks, Oreg., $53,639; Morrison­ Sun River project, Montana.-At the ing; placing 1,630,000 pounds of rein­ Knudsen Co., Boise, Idaho, $64,419.50; Fairfield project office on December 2 forcement bars; fabricating and driving Triangle Construction Co., Boise, Idaho, bids were opened for construction of earth­ 180 M ft. b. m. of timber sheet piling; $64,827.50; Dan Teters & Co., Ogden, work and structures, Mill Coulee waste­ driving 132,000 pounds of steel sheet Utah, $65,832.50; Geo. B. Henly, Nyssa, way, laterals and sublaterals, under piling; constructing 5, 700 linear feet of Oreg., $67,098; Parker-Schram Co., Port­ Specifications No. 650. Principal items 6-inch to 18-inch clay pipe drains; land, Oreg., $69,020. TheSturgillCo. was of work and estimated quantities involved installing 591,000 pounds of metalwork; awarded the contract on November 14. are as follows: 88,900 cubic yards of ex­ and installing electrical conduit, conduc­ J . A. Terteling & Sons, of Boise, Idaho, cavation for wasteway and laterals, 24,300 tors and apparatus. The-work is located with a bid of $11,221.15, was low at the station cubic yards of overhaul, 2,250 near Riverton, and must be completed opening at Ontario on October 28, under cubic yards of excavation for structures, within 700 days. The Bureau will Specifications No. 733-D for the con­ 2,275 cubic yards of backfill, 837 cubic purchase reinforcement bars, sheet piling, struction of North Canal laterals on the yards of concrete in structures, 300 square metalwork, and electrical equipment. Dead Ox Flat division. Geo. B. Henly, yards of grouted paving, 30 square yards Owyhee project, Oregon-ldaho.-J. A. Nyssa, Oreg., bid $17,935, and Joseph P. of dry-rock paving,.placing 49,000 pounds Terteling & Sons, Boise, Idaho, with a Brumbach, Parma, Idaho, bid $23,494.20. of reinforcement bars, erecting 2 M bid of $19,395.50 was low on constructing Salt River project, Ariz.-Bids were feet board measure of timber in struc­ earthwork and structures, North Canal opened at Phoenix, Ariz., on November tures, laying 1,344 linear feet of 15- to laterals, under Specifications No. 723-D, 25 for the first construction job with the 30-inch concrete pipe, laying 926 linear bids opened at Ontario, Oreg., on Octo~ Emergency Relief allocation of $3,500,000 feet of 15- to 48-inch corrugated metal ber 18. Other bids were as follows: the construction of a spillway at Stewart pipe, and installing 16,300 pounds of P. L. Crooks & Co., Inc., Portland, Mountain Dam (Specifications No. 651). gates and miscellaneous metal work. · 11 Oreg., $31,199; Parker-Schram Co., Port­ The work is located on the Salt River The Denver office will purchase reinforce­ land, Oreg., $27,988.40; Geo. B. Henly, about 25 miles northeast of Mesa, and ment bars, pipe, and metal work. Nyssa, Oreg., $26,686.50; Brent Sturgill must be completed within 180 days from Boise project, I daho.-Bids were opened Co., Inc., Cascade Locks, Oreg., $20,344. date of receipt of notice to proceed. The at Ontario, Oreg., on December 2 for the Five contractors bid on constructing estimated quantities involved are as fol­ first construction job on the Payette earthwork and structures for Mitchell lows: 86,500 cubic yards of all classes of division, the construction of tunnels nos. Butte drains (Specifications No. 724-D) excavation, 100 cubic yards of concrete, 1, 2, 3, and 4, on the Black Canyon Canal opening at Ontario, Oreg., on October placing 750,000 pounds of reinforcement (Specifications No. 654). The principal 18. The bids were: J. A. Terteling & bars, chipping and roughening 360 square items of work and estimated· quantities Sons, Boise, Idaho, $15,976; Geo. B. yards of old concrete surfaces, construct­ involved are as follows: 100,000 cubic Henly, Nyssa, Oreg., $17,276.50; Brent ing 2,110 linear feet of 6- to 12-inch yards of all classes of open-cut excava­ Sturgill Co.; Inc., Cascade Locks, Oreg., sewer-pipe drains, installing 5,050 pounds tion, 30,550 cubic yards of excavation in $25,817.50; Parker-Schram Co., Portland, of metal work, constructing a motor­ tunnels, 366 cubic yards of concrete in Oreg., $25,824.40; P. L. Crooks & Co., generator house, and reconditioning gates. portal structures and t ransitions, 6,782 Inc., Portland, Oreg., $47,091. Burnt River project, Oregon.-Bids were cubic yards of concrete in tunnel lining, Bids were opened at Ontario, Oreg., on opened at Yale, Oreg., on November 30, placing 40,000 pounds of reinforcement October 19, under Specifications No. 725­ under Specifications No. 653 for con­ bars, furnishing and installing 136,000 D, for building structures on North Canal structing the Unity Dam. The principal pounds of permanent steel tunnel sup­ laterals, with the following results: Mor­ items of work and estimated quantities ports, furnishing and erecting 60 M feet rison-Knudsen Co., Inc., Boise, Idaho, involved are as follows: 325,000 cubic board measure of permanent timbering in $21,038.50; J. A. Terteling & Sons, Boise, yards of all classes of open-cut excava­ tunnels, furnishing and installing 148,000 Idaho, $21,061; Geo. B. Henly, Nyssa, tion, 2,500 cubic yards of tunnel and pounds of steel tunnel liner plates, con­ Oreg., $27,545; John Gardner, Klamath shaft excavation, 12,000 cubic yards of structing 3,400 linear feet of 6- to 10-inch Falls, Oreg., $20,564; John Klug, Nyssa, backfill, 137,000 cubic yards of earth fill diameter tunnel drains, and drilling 1,500 Oreg., $20,895; Fife & Co., Nyssa, Oreg., in embankments, 22,000 cubic yards of linear feet of grout holes. The work is $20,988; Otis Williams & Co., Vale, Oreg., rock fill on downstream slope of dam located near Emmet, Idaho, and must be $19,918; David A. Richardson, Nyssa, embankment, 7,050 cubic yards of riprap, completed within 400 calendar days. Oreg., $20,224.50; Henry L. Horn, Nyssa, 725 cubic yards of concrete in tunnel and Gila Valley project·, Arizona.- Initial Oreg., $20,552. Williams was awarded shaft, 3,830 cubic yards of concrete in construction work on this project in the contract on November 13. spillway, 735 cubic yards of concrete in southwestern Arizona comprises the con­ Geo. B. Henly of Nyssa, Oreg., with a other parts of dam, 1,650 cubic feet of struction of earthwork and tunnels on the bid of $18,178. was low among four bid­ pressure grouting, placing 492,000 pounds Gr_avity Main Canal, station 17- 50 to ders at the opening of bids, under Speci­ of reinforcement bars, drilling 2,000 station 942- 60 (Specification No. 657). fications No. 726-D, for constructing linear feet of grout and weep holes, drill­ Bids were opened at Yuma on December earthwork and structures on North Canal ing 1,380 linear feet of holes for anchor 4. Items of work and quantities involved laterals, on Dead Ox Flat division. bars, constructing 2,815 linear feet of 4­ are as follows: 3,398,000 cubic yards of Other bids were as follows: Parker- to 18-inch clay pipe drains, installing all classes of canal excavation, 95,000 ~ '.it . ..._. _~ - ,,...... ---•

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15 249, 045, 197 --­ --­ Shoshone...... •..... Shoshone••...... 33,000 7,000 3 220 880,375.56 18,261.13 28,787.40 . 00263 6,092,605 None 117, 700 727, 155 126,937,460 72,772. 46 Strawberry Valley... Spanish Fork...... 11,000 1,000 2 123. 5 136,227.82 20,714.02 4,074. 72 13.0088 2,759,145 None ------­ 14 420,557 "3,179,702 46,222.00 Yakima·Kennewick.. Prosser...... 66, 000 3,000 1 40 404,843.88 5,775.44 9,000.00 . 00026 16 21, 782, 576 None 34,929, 314,765 22, 132, 270. 28,950.76 Yakima·Sunnyside... Rocky Ford...... 6,600 187 1 73 23,000.00 l, 596. 40 1,006.40 . 002 None 783,800 None (11) ---­ ------­ - None Yuma...... Siphon Drop...... 33,000 2, 000 2 ' 13. 6!HO. 12 364,886.00 12,756.30 13,248.00 . 001716 10 7. 044, 280 327,330 60, 744 442,806 7,808, 760 65,205.44

1 Includes both power plants and Deadwood Reservoir. 10 Includes $2,881.23 for rental. ' To Idaho Power Co. for transmission. 11 Hydroelectric plant for power and lights at Elephant Butte Dam and camp service. ' Losses Jan. 1, 1935, to July 1, 1935 only, previous losses included in preceding figures. 12 Includes 1,260 kilowatt-hours of purchased power. • Contractor operates and maintains plant at own expense and distributes all power generat(d. " Includes cost of peak power purchased. • Maximum to average. " Includes camp usage. • Includes 10,552,225 kilowatt·hours from Idaho Power Co. "Includes purchased power. ' American Falls (West Side) Plant operated only in case of emergency: not operated since 1927. Island ." Includes 4,800,000 kilowatt·hours of winter power delivered to Pacific Power & Light Co., in payment plant partly dismantled, first cost included. for transmission of power to irrigation districts. l:v s Figures include 527,100 kilowatt·hours from Idaho Power Co. " Includes 1,227,100 kilowatt·hours to Yuma auxiliary project for irrigation. i,j::,.. ' Both Lingle and Guernsey. "Information not available. C/.j 244 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1936

The Legal Status of Water Rights zn the Pacific Northwest By B. E. STOUTEMYER, District Counsel (Continued from November Issue)

HE California court in its decision retain even a modified form of the riparian In the same case the conditions which T in the case of Peabody v. City of rights doctrine, we have omitted the other led to the abandonment of the riparian Vallejo (40 P. (2d) 486, 490), perhaps States listed by the California court in rights doctrine and the adoption of the because misery loves company, has listed that category, namely North Dakota, prior appropriation doctrine in the great with California a number of other so­ South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Okla­ majority of the arid region States is called "irrigation" States which it is homa, and Texas, for the reason that all described by the Supreme Court as claimed are still adhering to the riparian of these States are located in the section follows: rights doctrine. In the case referred to, where from 90 to 99 percent of the farms "For many years prior to the passage the California court said: are dependent on natural rainfall rather of the Act of July 26, 1866, chap. 262, " In adopting a policy modifying the than irrigation and therefore the riparian sec. 9, 14 Stat. at L. 251, 253, U. S. C., long-standing riparian doctrine of this rights doctrine, which is well adapted to title 43, sec. 661, the right to the use of state, California has done by constitu­ the rainfall section, has been retained in waters for mining and other beneficial tional amendment what many of the these States just as it has in Great Britain purposes in California and the arid region western states have done by statute or and in the Atlantic and the Mississippi generally was fixed and regulated by court decisions. Of the seventeen west­ Valley States of this country. local rules and customs. The first appro­ ern states which are generally referred to In the case of California Oregon Power priator of water for a beneficial use was as the irrigation states, nine now recog­ Co. v. Beaver Portland Cement Co., supra, uniformly recognized as having the better nize the modified doctrine of riparian the cause of the confusion which has right to the extent of his actual use. rights and eight have entirely abrogated existedin the States of California, Oregon, The common law with respect to riparian the doctrine of riparian rights and and Washington in regard to the conflict­ rights was not considered applicable, or, recognize only the doctrine of appropria­ ing principles of the riparian rights doc­ if so, only to a limited degree. Water tion. The nine are North Dakota, trine and the prior appropriation doctrine was carried by means of ditches and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Okla­ is explained as follows: flumes great distances for consumption homa, Texas, Washington, Oregon, and "The first question is of especial im­ by those engaged in mining and agricul­ California; and the eight are Montana, portance to the semiarid states of Cali­ ture. Jennison v. Kirk, 98 U. S. 453, Idaho, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colo­ fornia, Oregon, and Washington, where 457, 458, 25 L . ed. 240, 242, 243. The rado, Arizona, and New Mexico. Wiel climatic conditions in some sections so rule generally recognized throughout the on Water Rights, sections 117, 118. differ from those in others that the doc­ states and territories of the arid region Mr. Wiel at the time properly listed trine of the common law may be of ad­ was that the acquisition of water by Montana as a riparian state, but in 1921 vantage in one instance, and entirely prior appropriation for a beneficial use it was held in Mettler v. Ames Realty unsuited to conditions in another. Prob­ was entitled to protection; and the rule Co., 61 Mont. 152, 201 P. 702, that the ably, it was this diversity of conditions applied whether the water was diverted doctrine of riparian rights was abrogated which gave rise to more or less confusion for manufacturing, irrigation, or mining and that the doctrine of prior appropria­ in the decisions, not only of Oregon, but purposes. The rule was evidenced not tion obtained exclusively in that state" of California, in respect of the subject. alone by legislation and judicial decision, (Peabody v. City of Vallejo, 40 P. (2d) We have already spoken of the former; but by local and customary law and 490). and one has only to compare the decision usage as well." Basey v. Gallagher, 20 It is evident from the recent decision of the Supreme· Court of California in Wall. 670, 683, 684, 22 L. ed. 452, 454, of the Supreme Court of the United Lux v. Haggin, 69 Cal. 255, 10 P. 674, 455; Atchison v. Peterson, 20 Wall. 507, States in the case of California Oregon with Modoc Land & Live Stock Co. v. 512, 513, 22 L. ed. 414, 416. Power Co. v. Beaver Portland Cement Co. Booth, 102 Cal. 151, 36 P. 431, to realize "This general policy was approved by that the California court was mistaken the silent acquiescence of the federal that the rule with respect to the extent of in listing Oregon among the States which government, until it received formal con­ still retain the riparian-rights doctrine the application of the common law of firmation at the hands of Congress by the even in the limited form which prevails riparian rights is, likewise, far from being Act of 1866, supra, Atchison v. Peterson, in California and Washington. clear in the latter" (Cal. Ore. P. Co. supra." In referring to California and Wash­ v. Beaver P. C. Co., 79 L. ed., advance "For the light which it will reflect upon ington as the only arid land States which sheets, p. 757). the meaning and scope of that provision December 1935 ' THE RECLAMATION ERA 245

and its bearing upon the present question, from which this water must come were and giving sanction, as regards the United it is well to pause at this point to con­ separated from one another by wide States and its future grantees, to the sider the then-existing situation with stretches of parched and barren land state and local doctrine of appropriation." respect to land and water rights in the which never could be made .to produce The rule is limited in its application states and territories named. These agricultural crops except by the trans­ to nonnavigable streams and to the effect states and territories comprised the mission of water ·for long distances and that the Federal Government has retained western third of the United States, a vast its entire ccnsumption in the processes of and still retains its paramount control empire in extent, but still sparsely settled. irrigation. Necessarily, that involved over navigable streams such as the Colo­ From a line east of the Rocky Mountains the complete subordination of the com­ rado and the Columbia, see Arizona v. almost to the Pacific Ocean, and from the mon-law doctrine of riparian rights to California (283 U. S. 423, 75 L. ed. Canadian border to the. boundary of that of appropriation. And this substi­ 1154); United States v. Rio Grande Dam Mexico, an area greater than that of the tution of the rule of appropriation for & Irr. Co. (174 U.S. 690, 43 L. ed. 1136); original thirteen states, the lands capable that of the common law was to have United States v. Chandler-Dunbar W. P. of redemption, in the main, constituted a momentous consequences. It became Co. (229 U.S. 53, 57 L. ed. 1063). desert, impossible of agricultural use the determining factor in the long strug­ Another recent illustration of tlie right without artificial irrigation. gle to expunge from our vocabulary the of control which the Federal Government "In the beginning, the task of reclaim­ legend 'Great American Desert', which retains in the case of all navigable ing this area was left to the unaided efforts was spread in large letters across the face streams is the decision of the United of the people who found their way by of the old maps of the far west. States District Court for the Eastern painful effort to its inhospitable solitudes. "In the light of the foregoing considera­ District of Washington in the cases of These western pioneers, emulating the tions, the Desert Land Aot was passed, United States v. Continental Land Co., spirit of so many others who had gone and in their light it must now be con­ et al. and United States v. Burdin et al, before them in similar ventures, faced the strued. By its terms, not only all sur­ which were the suits for condemnation difficult problem of wresting a living and plus water over and above such as might of the lands required for the Grand creating homes from the raw elements be appropriated and used by the desert­ Coulee Dam ~ite. The district court, about them, and threw down the gage of land entrymen, but. 'the water of all relying largely on the decision of _the battle to the forces of nature. With im­ lakes, rivers, and other spurces of water Supreme Court in the Chandler-Dunbar perfect tools, they !;milt dams, excavated supply upon the public lands and not case (supra), held that the landowners canals, constructed ditches, plowed and navigable' were 'to remain 'free for the were not entitled ·to payment of any cultivated the soil, and transformed dry appropriation and use of the public for alleged value for damsite purposes and desolate lands into green fields and irrigation, mining, and manufacturing because the right to control the navigable leafy orchards. In the success of that purposes.' If this language is to be stream is in the Federal Government and effort, the general government itself was given its natural meaning, and we see no not in the riparian landowner. greatly concerned-not only because, as .reason why it should not, it effected. a As to navigable stream, such as the owner, it was charged through Co!lgress severance of all waters upon the· public Columbia and the Colorado and the lower with the duty of dispQsing of the lands, domain, not theretofore appropriated, part of the Snake at least as far up as but because the settlement and develop­ from the land itself. From that premise, Lewiston, Idaho, the United States holds . ment of the ·country in which the lands it follows that a patent issued thereafter and may exercise through acts of Con­ lay was highly desirable. for lands in a desert-land state or terri­ gress the paramount right of control "To these ends,prior to the summer of tory, under any of the land laws of the either with or without the ronsent of the 1877, Congress had passed the mining United States, carried with it, of its own respective States. In the absence of laws, the homestead and p_reemption force, no common-law right to the water Federal legislation, however, affecting laws, and finally, the Desert Land Act. flowing through or bordering upon the water diversions from such streams or It had encouraged and assisted, by lands conveyed. While this court thus proposed projects thereon, the State law making large land grants to aid the build­ far has not found it necessary to deter­ applies the same as in the case of non­ ing.of the Pacific railroads and in many mine that precise question, its words, so navigable streams. But in the case of other ways, the redemption of this im­ far as they go, tend strongly to support navigable streams, the F11deral law con­ mense landed estate. That 'body thor­ the conclusion which we have suggested.'' trols whenever Congress deems it proper oughly understood that an enforcement .(California Oreyon P. Co. v. Beaver Port­ to exercise the paramount Federal right · of the common-law rule, by greatly re­ land C. Co., 79 L. ed. advance sheets, pp. to control navigable waters, and this is tarding if not forbidding the diversion of 757-759.) well illustrated in the recent case of waters from their accustomed channels, It will be noticed that the rule stated Arizona v. California (supra) (the would disastrously affect the policy of in California Oreyon Power Co. v. Beaver Boulder Dam case) in which the Supreme dividing the public domain into small Portland Cement Co., which is paraphrased Court, speaking through Justice Brandeis, holdings and effecting their distribution in the syllabus of that case is as follows: stated: among innumerable settlers. In respect "After the enactment of the Desert "The claim that quasi-sovereign rights ,. of the area embraced by the desert-land Land Act of 1877, if not before, all non­ of Arizona will be ·invaded by the mere states, with the exception of a compara­ navigable waters in any part of the public construction of the dam and reservoir tively. narrow strip along the Pacific domain became publici juris, subject to rests upon the fact that both structures seaboard, it had become evident to Con­ the plenary control of the designated will be located partly within the state. gress, as it had to the inhabitants, that states, including those thereafter created At Black Canyon, the site of the dam, the the future growth and well-being of the out of the territories named, with the middle channel of the river is the bound­ entire region depended upon a complete right in each to determine for itself to ary between Nevada and Arizona. The adherence to the rule of appropriation what extent the law of appropriation or latter's statutes prohibit the construction· for a beneficial use as the exclusive cri­ the common-law rule in respect of riparian of any dam whatsoever until written ap­ terion of the right to the use of water. rights should apply, the act not binding proval of plans and specifications shall The streams and other sources of supply the states to any policy, but recognizing have be~n obtained from the state engi­ 246 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1936 neer; and· the statutes declare in terms If the Supreme Court of the United Laugenour (140 Wash. 558, 250 Pac. 41) that this provision applies to dams to be States is correct in declaring that the furnishes the best statement of the extent erected by the United States. (Arizona riparian-rights doctrine is incompatible to which the 2 conflicting systems of Laws 1929, chap. 102, sections 1-4. See with the rule of prior appropriation for water law coexist on nonnavigable also Revised Code of 1928, sections 3280­ beneficial use and cannot coexist with the streams in the State of Washington and 3286.) The United States has not se­ latter system, it would seem that the as to what may be done in the attempt cured such approval; nor has any applica­ States of California and Washington are to reconcile the 2 systems. Under the tion been made by Wilbur, who is pro­ attempting a well-nigh impossible task rule as stated by the Washington court ceeding to construct said dam in com­ in trying to maintain both of these two in the Hunter Land Co. case, the appro­ plete disregard of this law of Arizona. incompatible rules which cannot coexist. priation of the waters of a nonnavigable "The United States may perform its The State of Washington, like the stream cuts off riparian rights on such functions without conforming to the po­ States of Oregon and California, has stream as to any settler or entryman on lice regulations of a state (Johnson v. been trying to get away from or to re­ riparian lands who settled upon or Maryland, 254 U. S. 51, 65 L. ed. 126, move the application of the riparian­ entered the lands after the date of such 41 S. Ct. 16; Hunt v. United States, 278 rights doctrine which it borrowed from water appropriation, but it is held U.S. 96, 73 L. ed. 200, 49 S. Ct. 200). If California. This is illustrated by the (quoting from the syllabus): Congress has power to authorize the con­ water code of the State of Washington, " Rights in water by virtue of riparian struction of the dam and reservoir, Wilbur which declares in its opening section: ownership are superior to subsequently is under no obligation to submit the plans " The power of the state to regulate acquired rights by appropriation but and specifications to the state engineer and control the waters within the state inferior to rights acquired by prior for approval. And the Federal govern­ shall be exercised as hereinafter in this appropriation. ment has the power to create this ob­ act provided. Subject to existing rights " Private ownership of land riparian to struction in the river for the purpose of all waters within the state belong to the stream does not prevent appropriation improving navigation if the Colorado public, and any right thereto, or to the of water for irrigation purposes for non­ river is navigable (Pennsylvania v. use thereof, shall be hereafter acquired riparian land. Wheeling & Bridge Co., 18 How. 421, 430, only by appropriation for a beneficial use "Supervisor classifying water rights 15 L. ed. 435, 436; South Carolina v. and in the manner provided and not under Laws 1917, p. 447, held not justi­ Georgia, 93 U.S. 4, 11, 23 L. ed., 782, 784; otherwise; and, as between appropria­ fied in disregarding riparian rights of Gibson v. United States, 166 U. S. 269, 41 tions, the first in time shall be the first in water claimants on ground t hat custom L. ed., 996, 17 S. Ct. 578; United States v. right" (sec. 7351, Remington's Revised in particular district was to that effect. Chandler-Dunbar Water Power Co., 229 Statutes). "Riparian owners have coequal rights U.S. 53, 64, 57 L. ed. 1063. 1076, 33 S. Ct. The limiting words "subject to exist­ to use water for purposes of irrigation, 661; Greenleaf Johnson Lumber Co., v. ing rights" which have been included in notwithstanding settlement by one of Garrison, 237 U.S. 251, 259-268, 59 L. ed. the section just quoted have been held them antedated other. 939, 943-947, 35 S. Ct. 551). by the Supreme Court of Washington to " Riparian right is not equivalent of "And the fact that purposes other than continue in effect in that State in a right by appropriation, and cannot be navigation will also be served could not measure the old riparian rights which exercised to exhaustion of waters, though ii1validate the exercise of the authority existed prior to the adoption of the water needs of land require it, in disregard of conferred, even if those other purposes code, at least in the case of nonnavigable rights of other riparian owners. would not alone have justified an exercise streams. But it appears that in the " Riparian claimant, as against sub­ of congressional power (Compare Veazie State of Washington riparian water sequent appropriator, has only right to Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533, 548, 19 L. ed. rights have never existed on navigable take for irrigating purposes such propor­ 482, 487; Kaukauna Water Power Co. v. streams such as the Columbia and the tion of water as his riparian land bears to Green Bay & M. Canal Co., 142 U.S. 254, Snake. quantity of riparian lands on stream 275, 35 L. ed. 1004, 1011, 12 S. Ct. 173; As to nonnavigable streams the de­ capable of irrigation" (Hunter L. Co. v. Re Kollock, 165 U. S. 526, 536, 41 L. ed. cision of the Supreme Court of Washing­ Laugenour, 250 P. 41-42). 813, 816, 17 S. Ct. 444; Weber v. Freed, ton in the case of Hunter Land Co. v. (Continued in January issue) 239 U.S. 325, 60 L. ed. 308, 36 S. Ct. 131, Ann. ·cas. 1916C, 317, supra; United States v. Doremus, 249 U. S. 86, 63 L. ed. Tunnels or Underground Channels 493, 39 S. Ct. 214, supra)." (Arizona v. Opinion Prepared by D. G. Tyree, Associate District Counsel, Portland, Oreg. California, 75 L. ed. 1163-4, 1166.) O THE words "ditches and canals" The definition given by Webster of In the case of California Oregon Power D as used in the act of August 30, the word "canal" supports the same Co. v. Beaver Portland Cement Co., which 1890 (26 Stat. 391), reserving rights-of­ conclusion: "(1) A duct, a tubular pas­ applies to nonnavigable streams, the way for ditches and canals constructed sage or channel; (2) a water course, a Court pointed out that: under the authority of the United States, channel; (3) an artificial channel filled "And in Schodde v. Twin Falls Land & include "tunnels"? with water designed for navigation, irri­ Water Co., 224 U. S. 107, 122, 56 L. ed. Webster's dictionary defines the word gation, etc." 686, 692, 32 S. Ct. 470, an Idaho case "tunnel" as: "A subterranean passage­ On the other hand, it seems that the which sharply presented conflicting claims way, especially one horizontal and open word "ditch" has a more limited mean­ under the common-law rule and the rule at both ends, as for a railroad, canal, ing, for "ditch" is defined as: "A trench of appropriation, this court held that drain, etc." dug in the earth as for drainage." such common-law rights as were incom­ If a tunnel is correctly defined as a Considering the difference in the mean­ patible with the rule of prior appropria­ passageway for a canal, it is evident that ing of the words "canal" and "ditch", tion for beneficial use could not coexist a canal may be an underground water­ it would seem that the p urpose of Con­ with the latter system" (Calif. Ore. P. Co. way as well as an open ditch and that gress in adding the word "canals" after v. Beaver P. C. Co., 79 L. ed. advance the right-of-way for a tunnel is, in fact, using the word "ditches" was to include sheets, p. 760). right-of-way for a canal. something more than would be covered December 1935 ·THE RECLAMATION ERA 247

by the word "ditches" and that the ditch, material, ea:rth, and stone ne'cessary doubt that the words 'canal and ditch' word "canals" was advisedly used by for the construction of such canal or as used here and in some other parts of Congress for the purpose of including ditch.' Now, it would hardly be con­ the act, mean the whole project including such structures as tunnels, a tunnel being tended that the Congress by this lan­ the reservoir." Regulations, 36 Land well within· the definition of the word guage intended to limit the right of the Dec. p. 569; United States v. Big Horn "canal" although not within the definition applicant to take material for the con­ Land & Cattle Co. (C. C. A.) 17 F. (2d) of the word "ditch." struction only· of the canal or ditch 357, 365; United States v. Tujunya Water The Supreme Court in the I de case proper, and not for the construction of the & Power Co. (C. C. A.) 48 F. (2d) 689, (Ide v. United States, 263 U. S. 497, reservoir. think the clear spirit and 692; Twin Falls Canal Co. v. American 68 L. ed. 407) has made it plain that the intent of the act applies to a failure to Falls R. Dist. (C. C. A.) 59 F. (2d) 19, 23. term"right-of-way for ditches and canals" complete the reservoir as well as the It frequently happens that it may be is not to be narrowly construed, for in that canal or ditch proper; that in the particu­ more economical for the Government, case the court held that the reservation lar clauses mentioned the words 'canal or as well as far safer for the water users, to includes the right to use a natural ravine ditch'. were used in an inclusive sense, construct a short tunnel rather than to for such ditch or canal. We quote· fro!ll embracing the whole project." construct a long contour ditch around a the I de case: In the Big Horn Land & Cattle Co. projecting point. And it is almost al­ "We conclude that the plaintiff has case, just cited, it will be noticed that the ways true that the tunnel would do far a lawfully reserved right-of-way over the court held that the term "canal or ditch" less damage to the landowner than would tracts of the defendants for such ditches includes the entire project, even a reser­ the open ditch, for the tunnel leaves· the as may be needed to effect the' irrigation voir. Certainly it is a greater strain on surface of the land undisturbed and the of the lands which the project is intended the language of the act to hold that this entire area over the tunnel can still be to reclaim, and that the defendants were term includes a reservoir than· to· hold used for farming or any other purpose appraised of this right by the patents that it includes a tunnel. .for which, it is adapted, while the open which passed the tracts to them. In The decision of the Circuit Court of ditch would divide the farm into two short, they received and hold the title Appeals of the Eighth Circuit in the Big separate portions and destroy the use­ subject to that right. Horn Land & Cattle Co. case quoted fulness of at least a strip of land for cre "Assuming that there is in the ravine · above was cited with approval by the production purposes. crossing these tracts no natural stream or Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth It will be assumed that in passing th flow of water susceptible of effective Circuit in the recent case of Twin Falls act of August 30, 1890, reserving rights­ appropriation, the .plaintiff undoubtedly Canal Co. v. American Falls Reservoir .of-way for ditches and canals constructed has the right to make any needed changes District No. 2 (59 F : (2d) 19). under authority of the United States, in the ravine and to use it as a ditch in The Supreme Court . of the State of Congress intended that the right-of-way irrigating the project lands." Wyoming has come to the same conclu­ should be available for a practical, In the case of United States v. Big Horn sion in the case of Johnson Irr. Co. v. Ivory economical, and safe canal system. It Land & Cattle Co. (17 F. (2d) 357) the (24 P. (2d) 1053) where the court said: would not be supposed that Congress Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth "A separate section provides that would intend to require that the Govern­ Circuit, construing the words "ditches nothing in the act 'shall authorize such ment should be required to construct an and canals" as used in the Right-of-Way canal or ditch company to occupy such open ditch in order to utilize the reserved Act of Mar.ch 3, 1891 (26 Stat. 1095) right-of-way except for the purpose of right-of-way where such open ditch is said: said canal or ditch, and then only so far more costly and less safe than the tunnel "In the last clause before the proviso as may be necessary for the construction, in section 18 we find that the same omis­ maintenance, and care of said canal or construction, and particularly where the sion occurs. We quote that clause: ditch.' Section 21 (43 USCA sec. 949) . damage to the landowner would be far 'Also the right to take, from the public While in section 21 reservoirs are not greater in the case of an open ditch than lands adjacent to the line of the canal or specifically mentioned, there can be no in the case of an underground channel.

Exploration of Salmon River Canyon, Idaho Interest continues in settlement oppor­ tunities on the Riverton project, Wyo­ A party of nine men, including Con­ Concerning the trip which was made ming. Thirty-three farm units are still gressman D. Worth Clark of Idaho, re­ from Shoup, Idaho, through the canyons available on the project. cently completed a daring trip through for a distance of about 300 miles, our the gorge of the Salmon River, sometimes construction engineer writes as follows: called the "River of no · return", in The fifth annual meeting of the Fed­ "It is probable that for thrills from October of this year. This exploration eral Irrigation Congress was held in Bill­ battles with the river and for grandeur of was sponsored by the National Geo­ ings, Mont., September 10-11, 1935. graphic Society and in addition to Con· scenery and for amount and variety of gressman Clark the party included wildlife, this wild plunge through the geologists Dr. Philip J. Sherron and Dr. gorge of the Salmon River cannot be A press report states that 6,18160 John C. Reed of the Geological Survey, duplicated in the world. Every red­ first-day covers stamped with the Boul­ Maynard Owen Williams of the National blooded man in this territory would like der Dam commemorative stamp were Geographic Society, Howard R: Flint of to make the trip, but, in addition to the canceled at Boulder City post office on the Forest Service, Dr. A. W. Fahren~ danger involved, the trip can be made September 30. This represented a total wald, dean of the school of mines of the only at a very considerable cost, on ac­ sale of 295,000 stamps for $8,850. The Idaho University, and Capt. Monroe first-day sales at Boulder City exceeded coun~ of the necessity of constructing a Hancock in charge of the navigating of in volume the first-day sales of any of the . I the barge, Mate John Cunningham, and large and very dependable river boat ten National Parks' commemorative Cook, David Chard, a total of nine men. which can only be used for the one trip." stamps isslijjd in 1934. 248 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1035

Christmas Trees, Too HILE armies of C. C. C. men are Under the Clarke-McNary Forestry themselves examples of man's ingenuity W planting forests to establish shelter Law, trees are made available to farmers in overcoming nature's insufficient water belts and replace the ravages of fire and at cost through State nurseries in coope­ supply, could by thoughtful planting be blight, and millions of trees are being ration with the United States Forest made atrractive examples of ingenuity distributed by State nurseries and tree Service. The Department of Agricul­ in landscape planning, of women's in­ associations for the purpose of recreating ture publishes many booklets on tree genuity, perhaps. farm wood lots on private- and State­ planting. The Bureau of Reclamation owned land, planting for scen:ic beauty publishes a pamphlet, Tree Planting on Growing Christmas Holly on the Farm, and the sheer joy of shade is left for us the Reclamation Projects, prepared in Department of Agriculture, · price 5 who are farsighted. collaboration with the Forest Service. cents a copy: A 22-page pamphlet College campuses where each class as Tree associations will gladly cooperate describing the methods of .producing it graduates plants an arbor as its gift with community plans. Christmas holly greens. Practical de­ to the classes of the future; thoroughfares Advice there is in abundance, if one tails of culture, harvesting, and market­ made beautiful with trees planted as has the will to plant trees. Experts who ing are presented. The climate of cer­ memorials to war enrollees; home gardens know the proper species for every climate tain sections of the Pacific Northwest is where children plant and tend their own and soil, and the proper practice to insure said to be especially favorable. trees, these evidence gracious customs. straight and sturdy growth, have put Multiplied indefinitely they would make full instructions into print. every community a garden spot. Yet we Women's clubs on the projects have all know schools, streets, and homes made tree planting a part of their com­ Farmer's Day at Orland innocent of any vestige of shrub or tree. munity program. Many canals have Mostly it's a matter of someone caring been made more durable and more A Farmer's Day program, · sponsored enough to do something about it. Women sightly by rows of trees which flourish in by the Grange, was held in Willows on perhaps have more time. the moist soil. Reclamation projects, October 22 and was well attended by project water users. The Boosters' Club of Orland staged a very successful enter tainment for the children of Orland and vicinity the night of October 31. As a defense measure against the usual depre­ dations experienced in small towns on Halloween, the entertainment was more than worthwhile. On the morning of November 1 the town presented to the early riser its usual placid appearance.

Klamath Junior Fair On October 26-27 the annual junior fair was held at Klamath County Fair grounds. The junior fair is given by the Klamath County 4-H clubs and the Future Farmers of America. The 800 boys and girls enrolled in this work pro­ duced exhibits that made a very credit­ able display. Among the potato exhibits was Klamath County's 4-H potato exhibit, grown by Gene Short of Henley, HOME ON THE RIVERTON PROJECT, WYOMING• . which won first place at the recent Nearly all the settlers on this project have planted trees which make the settled sections appear as green oases Pacific International Livestock Exposi­ in the snrroundlng sagebrush desert. tion in Portland. December 1935 THE RECLA MA TIO N ER A 249

Naches Heights Woman's Club State Highway Commission and Asso. civic clubs of Utah.) • By Jennie Whittington McKinney Vetter, Carl P.: Desilting works for the All-American Canal, illus., Western The Naches Heights Woman's Im­ Woman's Club, which has been one of the Construction News, Oct., 1935, vol. 10, provement League was organized in 1912, largest strictly rural clubs in the State of no. 10, pp. 288-290. primarily as an aid to an afflicted mother; Washington. In 1925 we felt the neces­ Weymouth, F. E.: The Relation of the and also to assist Rev. A. C. Mcivor of sity for a larger and more modern club Colorado River Aqueduct to the Naches in the Sabbath-school work he home as· well as for a more accessible Development of the West. Mimeo­ had started in our community, as well as location on the graveled road, and on graph copy of paper presented at to keep in touch with the affairs of the August 4, 1926, the spirit of Naches National Reclamation Conference held day; so its nature was social, religious, Heights was proven in the completion in Salt Lake City, Utah, November and literary. and formal dedication of The Naches 16, 1935. Address, F. E. Weymouth, The club proved a wonderful asset to Heights Community Club House just 10 general manager' and chief -engineer, the community. The women helped to miles from Yakima's center via Garrett­ the Metropolitan Water District of furnish equipment for the Naches Heights son Grade. Southern California, Los · Angeles. clubhouse built earlier in that year on The Woman's Club has made donatfons Young, · Walker R.: Boulder Canyon ground·donated by James D. Bean along­ of cash from time to time, and has pro­ Project._ A vast un\:lertaking for regu­ side the Government's ditch bank; for vided draperies, furniture, kitchen equip­ lation, water supply, and power-in · there were no roads then save the Gov­ ment, linens, dishes, and 14 dozen each immensity_ of conception and romance ernment trails. Tieton headquarters, of knives, forks, and spoons of good plated · of execution it stands supreme. Com­ then called "Camp Four" could be make, marked "Naches Heights", to mercial America, October 1935, v. 32, reached by only one extremely steep and furnish this clubhouse. The ground for No. 4, pp. 10-11, 40 and 42. difficult grade still known as Schuler our present location was donated by Paul Grade which was constructed by the W. Berndt. Our women are associate Government reclamation workers. There members of the Community Club, and Hot Lunches for Hyrum are now five good grades to reach the our husbands are honorary members of School Children scenic land of Naches Heights, and the the Woman's Club. people of Yakima and vicinity enjoy The loyalty of the women of the The Parent-Teachers Association on showing their friends the beautiful views community to their club work has been the Hyrum project, Utah, is sponsorir;g from Naches Heights, as well as the fine marvelous. In the blub year of 1926-27 a movement, with the assistance of the orchards and comfortable homes. there were 110 members enrolled; in Federal Emergency Relief Administra­ During the period of the World War, 1931-32, there were 94; and the member­ tion, to furnish during the winter hot our club women passed up their activities ship has not been lower than 75 since lunches to school children. The associa­ to render service in the Red Cross work. 1924--25. Our club has contributed tion is gathering all the fruit and vege­ The area around headquarters formed a liberally to the veterans' hospital at tables available for canning, and on the strong Red Cross Auxilliary; the women Walla Walla for a number of years, and 1st of November 6,028 quarts had been nearer Painted Rocks Grade formed a sends annually a large amount of jams canned. Parents supply either 5 cents circle or unit, so all of our members were and jellies to the orthopedic hospital in a day for each child, or canning material giving time and strength to aid the Red Seattle. We have helped the 4--H club of that value. The plans call for the Cross, and we are, I think, justly proud of in their undertakings and are always services of three women hired through the our record. For some time following the ready and willing to work in any com­ F.E.R.A. armistice, we continued doing refugee munity affair. We are also much in relief work. sympathy with the affairs of Yakima, as Rural Electrification Later, in 1920, perhaps, our women we are properly addressed Yakima, Route reorganized as the Naches Heights 6, Naches Heights. Projects An allocation of $700,000 for rural elec­ Articles on Irrigation and Related Subjects trification in the Impe1ial Valley of Cali­ fornia, in addition to an allocation of Desilting Works: Colorado River desilt­ O'Connell, Harold: Grand Coulee Dam, $295,000 made earlier to the Southern ing at Imperial Dam, illus., Eng. illus., Compressed Air Magazine, Oct.; Sierras Power Co. for a project also in New-Record, Oct. 17, 1935, v. 115, 1935,v.40,no. 10,pp.4840-4855. Imperial County, has been announced by _pp. 538-541. Ogden River Project: Ogden River pro­ Morris L. Cooke, Administrator of Rural Fertig, Jerome H.: Construction of the . ject assures Weber growth, illus., Electrification. The allocation has been All-American Canal, illus., Military H. Lee Gilmore, The Utah, Oct., 1935, made to the Imperial irrigation district, Engineer, Nov.-Dec., 1935, v. 27, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 15-16._ a public body, for the construction of no. 156, pp. 467-469. . Reclamation Bureau: Bureau of Recla­ 497 miles of transmission and distribu-· Ickes, Harold L. A message for General mation ready for December deadline, tion lines to serve a rural area in Imperial Contractors (portrait). The Construc­ portraits Dr. Mead ·and Mr. Walter, County in which 1,500 families make their tor, Nov., 1935, v. 17, no. 11, pp. 1-2. Pac. Builder and Engineer, Nov. 2, homes. Klotz, R. L.: Foundations of the Madden 1935, v. 31, no. 44, pp. 20-21. Court orders at present restrain both Dam, illus., Military Engineer, Nov.­ Utah, The: Vol. No. 1, Oct., 1935, 48 the Irrigation District and the power Dec., 1935, v. 27, no. 156, pp. 439-446. page illus. magazine, published by the company from proceeding with the con­ Mead, Elwood: No need to worry about Utah Pub. Co,, 5th Floor, Felt Bldg., templated construction. The REA funds silt in Boulder Reservoir, Commissioner S. L. C., Utah. Single copies 15¢, will therefore be made available only says. Southwest Builder and Con~ $1.50 per year, Harry B. Miller, after these legal obstacles have been tractor, Oct. 25, 1935, v. 86, no. 17, Editor. (A cons. and tourist maga­ cleared. Mr. Cooke pointed out that p. 16. zine featuring the activities of the (Continued on p. 250) 250 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935

How Does Boulder Dam Work? This Drawing Explains Electrification (Continued from page 249)

these allocations, subject to the outcome of the pending litigation, are preliminary to the announcement by REA of projects in other States upon which construction can proceed at once. Loan contracts are awaiting signature on rural electrifica­ tion projects in other States. On many more projects action is approaching com­ pletion, and the negotiation of contracts probably will be completed in the near future. In the Imperial Valley area electric energy will be furnished ultimately by hydroelectric plants owned by the Irriga­ tion District which are under construc­ tion along the partly completed All­ American Canal. Until such time as these plants are ready for service, electricity will be supplied by a Diesel power plant now under construction, for which other, non-Federal, financing had previously been arranged. The allocations contemplate self-liquidating three percent loans to run for 20 years and to cover the entire cost of the projects.

Boulder Dam and power plant. Progress ofEngineering OW does Boulder Dam work? through the inside diversion tunnels, H This question has been asked in­ which also have been plugged. Investigations numerable times. In an effort to explain The penstocks, it will be noticed, feed the workings of the dam this drawing, the turbines in the powerhouses through Silt survey, Colorado River, Ariz.­ with the Nevada wall of Black Canyon branch pipes, and continue down stream Calif.-Work was continued on surveying remaining solid, and the Arizona wall to outlet works emptying directly into the cross sections along the Colorado River. cut away to reveal the intake towers, the canyon below the dam. Northern transmountain diversion, Colo­ spillway, the penstock pipe, and outlet rado.-Work was continued on an inves­ works, has been made by E. A. Dacey, The spillways are safety valves. tigation of the transmountain diversion chief draftsman of the Bureau of Rec­ They have a combined capacity of from the Colorado River Watershed near lamation staff. 400,000 second-feet. It is not probable Grand Lake to the South Platte Water­ For the convenience of readers the that they ever will be used, but they shed near Fort Collins and Loveland, dimensions of the dam and its appurte­ stand ready in case of emergency. The Colo. Four planetable sheets showing nant works have been illustrated on the largest recorded flood on the Colorado topography and nine sheets showing drawing. reached a maximum of approximately power- and water-supply conduits were A small longitudinal section has been 250,000 second-feet.• However, before completed. Five topography sheets were inset on the drawing for the purpose of records were kept a flood which may have partially completed. A detailed recon­ showing the thickness of the dam at its reached a height of 300,000 second-feet naissance was made of a part of the pro­ base and at its crest. This inset also occurred. Should even this latter flood posed canal line from Big Thompson will illustrate the relative position of the pour into the reservoir when it was brim Creek to PoudreRiver. A reconnaissance intake towers and the spillway to the fuJI, it would not tax the spillways or use was also made of a conduit line from power house and dam. more than three-quarters of their ca­ Wind River Canyon to Estes Park. A Inside the Nevada wall of the canyon pacity. It is riot contemplated that dur­ geological reconnaissance was completed a similar set of penstock, diversion, and ing flood seasons the reservoir will be of three proposed tunnel sites in the spillway pipe has been placed. allowed to remain brim full. The big Grand Lake and Estes Park areas. Six It will be noted that all the diversion floods on the Colorado always occur in parties worked out of Grand Lake and tunnels, constructed to carry the water the spring when snow begins to melt in two parties were located in Estes Park. of the river past the dam site during the the mountains, and they can be foreseen. Headquarters were moved from Grand construction period, have been used for However, as an added precaution the pen­ Lake to Loveland, Colo., the last week at least a part of their length in the stocks themselves can be used in time of of the month. Two field parties were permanent construction. The 2 spill­ emergency to dump an additional 100,000 added to the Estes Park force and the ways lead by a sloping incline into the second-feet of water past the dam. remaining field personnel started on hori­ 2 outside diyersion tunnels, which have Thus, a total capacity of 500,000 zontal and vertical control for areas to be been plugged upstream from the juncture. second-feet is provided in the spillways surveyed around Loveland. One of the penstock pipes on each side is and penstocks, a capacity twice the great­ Upper Snake River storage, Idaho.­ carried for the major part of its length est recorded flood. The principal activity in this region is December 1935 THE RECLAMATION ERA 251

the investigation of the proposed trans­ Snake River project in Idaho to the have been located in the Denver office on mountain diversion from Hebgen Lake Gallatin Valley investigations early in the topographic sheets, and cost estimates on the Madison River in Montana to December. are being prepared for various alternate Henrys Lake in .Idaho. Field work for Butter Creek, Oreg.-An investigation combinations. Cost estimates on pump­ the 8-mile tunnel line was completed of the possible rehabilitation of the old ing equipment and operation are being early in the month. A preliminary Teel Irrigation District by a trans­ prepared by the electrical section. geologic examination of the project was mountain diversion from the John Day Salt Lake Basin, Utah.-A survey for made. Field data and water supply River watershed to the Umatilla River cost estimate purposes was made for an records are being assembled for prelimi­ area of which Butter Creek is a tributary, extension of the feeder canal which was . nary designs and estimates. was in progress and a study of the water constructed this last summer. About 8 Buffalo Rapids project, Montana.­supply available for diversion and a miles of canal were located mainly along Investigation of irrigation possibilities rough draft report were being prepared. a steep hillside. between Miles City and Glendive, Mont. Ikschutes project, Oregon.-An investi­ Colorado River-Basin.-Work on these was continued. Conferences were held gation of storage possibilities for supple­ investigations during October was located at Miles City, Mont., on October 24 mental irrigation supply of lands along in Colorado. Total area surveyed for and 25, at which the Bureau report was the Deschutes River in Oregon was irrigated area or classified during the considered and ways and means dis­ continued. An additional survey for a month equalled nearly 100 square miles. cussed to finance the project. high diversion dam and the Ochoco The irrigated area survey was completed Gallatin Valley, Mont.-Investigation pumping site was completed. Prepara­ in Troublesome Valley, in the region up­ of a reservoir site for additional water tion was niade for parties on canal stream from Hot Sulphur Springs, Colo., supply for irrigated lands in the Gallatin location and soil survey during Novem­ and above Gore Canyon. Work is now Valley was continued. Topography for ber; weather permitting. going on in Sheephorn Valley and Eagle one dam site has been practica.lly com­ Grande Ronde, Oreg.-The progress re­ River Valley. Land classification was pleted. Base lines for the reservoir to­ port on the investigations of this project completed in the Blue River Valley, pography were finished. Assistant Geol­ has been completed and will be available Troublesome Valley, and above Hot ogist F . M. Murphy has made a pre­ in the near future. Sulphur Springs. A few days' work re­ liminary examination of three dam sites Southern Nevada.-Investigation of ir­ mains in the Muddy Creek Valley to and expects to return in time to outline rigation possibilities in the Las Vegas finish the land classification and irrigated drilling operations. Arrangements were and Moapa Valley areas by pumping area survey above Gore Canyon except made for the transfer of the diamond­ from the Boulder Canyon Reservoir was that connected with the transmountain drill outfit now working on the Upper continued. Canal and tunnel locations diversion at Grand Lake.

Excerpts from October Project Progress Reports Yuma.-Cotton picking continued from 13 acres. This is considered an North Platte.-Some very good yields steadily, 2,014 bales being ginned during unusually good return, as there has been of potatoes were obtained, and advance the month. Alfalfa hay is looking good. a general low yield owing to disease and reports indicate an average of about 13 Harvesting of maize is well under way, insect pests. A number of lambs from tons per acre of sugar beets with a sugar with fair yields. The acreage of this crop the project were sold at the Pocatello content of about 16 percent. Good on the Reservation division is larger than ram sale on Octoher 5, at prices ranging weather was experienced for the har­ usual. A large area has been planted to from $40 to $52.50 each. These prices vesting of potatoes and sugar beets. lettuce and indications are that an excel­ were about 30 percent higher than. those Humboldt.-It is estimated that 15,000 lent crop will be harvested. Early received a year ago. tons of hay were produced during the pickings of pecan nuts indicate the best Milk River.-Excellent harvest weather past irrigation season. Practically all crop in 5 years, both as to quality and prevailed until the last 3 days of the of this hay is being fed to feeder stock quantity, and it is estimated that the month, when extremely cold weather and has been sold at the rate of 14 cents season's yield for the Valley division will caused a suspension of harvest operations. per head per day, which is equivalent to amount to 80 to 100 tons. On the Malta division the harvest was a price of about $7.50 per ton. Approxi­ Orland,_:_Harvesting of olives started complete and no damage resulted. On mately 4,500 head of feeder cattle are about the middle of the month. Citrus the Chinook division, about 10 percent being wintered on the project. All prospects have brightened considerably, of the crop remains in the ground and cattle came off the summer ranges in the Orland Register placing the estimate several days of warm weather will be good condition. for oranges at 75 percent of a normal crop. necessary before harvesting can be re­ Carlsbad.-Cotton picking was in prog­ The fruit is larger than usual and appar­ sumed. The movement of cattle and ress during the entire month except for ently is of very good quality. Pastures .sheep from the range for fall and winter a few days of wet weather. A total of continued excellent and furnished feed feeding on the project was unusually 4,315 bales of cotton have been ginned. for practically all project livestock. heavy. There is an abundance of feed It is estimated that this will be about Five carloads of almonds, 2 of dried on the irrigated area and feeders are in 45 percent of the total crop. Prices fruits, and 2 of grapes were shipped excellent condition. The market con­ received for cotton to the close of the during the month. tinued fairly strong throughout the month month exceeded 11 cents per pound. Minidoka.-Harvesting of beets and and satisfactory· prices were received Grades are very good. The last crop potatoes was well under wa~ during the generally for stock in good condition. latter part of the month. There was Sun River.-Crops generally were good of alfalfa hay has been cut in most considerable damage to undug potatoes, and well harvested. Livestock is in good instances, and considerable acreage of caused by unusually cold weather. A condition. There has been a marked young alfalfa has been planted. Both farmer in the Burley district reports a movement of livestock to market this fall-sown grain and alfalfa are in first­ yield of 38 bushels of beans per acre fall. class condition. 252 THE RECLAMATION ERA December 1935 Organization Activities and Project V isitors Dr. Elwood Mead, Commissioner of Officials of the Utah-Idaho· Sugar Co. The headquarters of Andrew W. Si­ Reclamation, has accepted an invitation met in Great Falls on October 23 to dis­ monds, engineer, was changed from proffered by the chairman to serve as a cuss a program of growing beets and the Boulder, Colo., to Denver, effective member of the dinner committee of the development of that area for a sugar October 24. All-Engineers Dinner, American Engi­ factory. neering Council of Washington, which R. F. Walter, chief engineer, and C. M. will occur on Friday evening, January Day, mechanical engineer, spent 2 days 10, 1936. William McClellan, president L. J. Foster, construction engineer on the Humboldt project, addressed the on the Boulder Canyon project, during of the Potomac Electric Power Co., is t he month of October. · chairman of the dinner committee. engineering, class of the University of . Nevada at Reno on the evening of. . October 10, his subject being "The Ewalt P. Anderson, chief clerk on the Commissioner Mead and Miss Mae A· Humboldt River Project." Schnurr, Assistant to the Commissioner, Hyrum project, has been transferred to were invited to be present at the annual the same position on the Uncompahgre meeting of the Association of Western project. L. S. Davis, of Denver, in charge of all Engineers, which was held at Salt Lake City on November 13-14, but were com­ C. C. C. camps on reclamation projects, visited the Provo River project on E. B. Dehler, hydraulic engineer, pelled to decline the invitation owing to attended the meeting, from October 21 the press of official duties requiring their October 24 for the purpose of looking . over the work proposed to be done with to 29, of the board of engineers on the presence in Washington. E. C. W. labor in the event that a camp Colorado River project in .Texas. is obtained for the project. Mr. Davis also visited the Minidoka project on Representatives of the Bureau of Rec­ L. H. Mitchell, field supervisor in lamation in attendance upon the Salt October 25 and 26 and inspected the charge of district no. 4, returned t o camp at Minidoka Dam and the work Lake Conference of the National Recla- ' Washington on November 3. Mr. Mitch­ being done. mation Association, November 15- 16, · ell's itinerary during the month of included the following: October included the following projects: Washington office: George 0. Sanford, John R. Sutherland, assistant engineer, Orland, Newlands, Strawberry Valley, General Supervisor of Operation and has been transferred from the Hyrum Ogden River, Hyrum, Grand Valley, Maintenance. project, Utah, to the Upper Snake River Uncompahgre, North Platte, and Belle Denver office: R. F. Walter, Chief project, Idaho, and assigned to the duties Fourche. Engineer; E. B. Dehler, Hydraulic, En­ of office engineer. gineer; P. J. Preston, Engineer, Colorado J. C; Russel, agronomist, Department · River Basin Investigations. of Agriculture, State of Nebraska, and District counsel: B. E. Stoutemyer of Recent appointments in the Washing­ now connected with t he land settlement Portland, Oreg., and J . R. Alexander of ton office include the following: section, visited the Belle Fourche project Salt Lake City, .Utah. Public Relations Division: Miss Kath­ on October 29 for the purpose ofacquaint• Construction engineers: Walker R. ryne E. Cooksie, senior scientific colorist. . ing himself with t he suitability of that Young, Central Valley project,California; Chief Clerk's Division, personnel, · area for rehabilitation of farm families F. A. Banks, Columbia Basin project, Miss Eva L. Hasselquist; stenographic, Washington; J. R. Iakisch, Ogden River Miss Emma Mae Rusnack, vice Mrs. project, Utah; E. 0. Larson, Provo River Genevieve J. Norsted, resigned. C. H . Howell, of H onolulu, has been project, Utah; and D. ·J. Paul, Hyrum Accounting Division: Samuel Barrett appointed by the Secretary of the Interior project, Utah. and Joseph R. Galler. to make the investigation for which Pub­ Mrs. Norsted, whose resignation was lic Works Administration has allotted H. H . Barrows,' Department of Geog­ effective at the close ot November 9, has ·$25,000 to determine the feasibility of a raphy, University of Chicago, represented returned to her former hoine in Minne­ water-diversion project on the Island of the National Resources Board at the apolis. · Molokai, one.. of the Hawaiian· group. meeting of the National Reclamation Mr. H owell formerly was engineer for Association, held in Salt Lake City, the county of Maui. George 0. Sanford, general supervisor November 15-16. The proposed development would of operation and maintenance, returned divert water across the mountainous to the Washington office on November back of Molokai Island for domest ic Howard P. Bnnger, construction engi­ 21, having spent 6 weeks on a tour ofsome neer, Colorado River project, Texas, was ·and irrigation uses on a settlement of of the projects under his jurisdiction. the Hawaiian Homes Commission. in Washington during November in This official visitation included the attendance upon conferences in the Orland, Newlands, Strawberry Valley, Department on matters pertaining to the Ogden River, Hyrum, Grand Valley, On December 7, W. I. Swanton, of t he project. Uncompahgre, All-American Canal, engineering division, addressed the Na­ · Yuma, Salt River, Rio Grande, and Carls­ tional Association of Retired Federal George Tarleton, junior engineer, has bad projects. R. C. E. Weber, superin­ Employees in the Museum of Natural been transferred from the Boulder Can­ tendent of the Yuma project, accom­ History in Washington, on the subject, yon project to the Denver office. panied Mr. Sanford to Carlsbad. The Story of Reclamation. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION HAROLD L. ICKES,.SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR Theodore A. Walters, First Assistant Secretary, In Charge of Reclamation Elwood Mead, Commissioner, Bureau of Reclamation Miss Mae A. Schnurr, Asst. to Oo=issioner and Chief, Division of Public Relations; George 0. Sanford, General Supervisor of Operation and Maintenance; John O. Page, Chief Engineering Division; Deane S. Stuver, Supervising Engineer, E. 0. W. Division; Wm. F. Kubach, Chief Accountant; Charles N. McCulloch, Chief Clerk; Jesse W. Myer, Chief Mails and Files Division; Miss Mary E._ Gallagher, Secr~tary t9 the Commissioner Denver, Colo., United States Customhouse R. F. Walter, Chief Eng.; S. 0. Harper, Asst. Chief Eng.; J. L. Savage, Chief Designing Eng.; w: H: Nalder, Asst. Chief Designing Eng.; L. N. McClellan, Chief Electri­ cal Eng.; B. W. Steele, Senior Engineer, Dams; 0. M. Day, Mechanical Eng.; H. R. McBirney, Senior Engiu_eer; Canals; E. B. Debler, Hydraulic Eng.; I.E. Houk, Senior Engineer, Technical Studies; Spencer L. Baird, District Counsel; L._ R. \ Chief Clerk; .Harry Cuden, Fiscal Agent O. A. Lyman, Field Representative Projects under construction or operated i;,, whol~ ;; in_part by the Bureau· of Reclamation

Project· Office Na:efficial in charg;itle I Chief cl~rk . Name Distrfotlcouilsel Address Belle Fourche ______Newell, S. Dak______F. 0. Youngblutt. Superintendent. J.P. Siebeneicher. ____ W. J. Burke______Billings, Mont. Boise______Ontario,Oreg______R. J..NeweJL _____ Oonstr. e)lgr ______: ______.______B. E.• Stoutemye1:_____ Portland, Dreg. Boulder Dam and power Boulder City, Nev______w: R. Young_____ -----~0------E. R. Mills______R. J. Coffey______!,os Angeles, Calif. plant. Burnt River ______Unity, Oreg______Clyde H. Spencer. _____do __.--~----- ___ : ______: __ B. E. Stoutemyer__ __ _ Portland, ·oreg. AU-American Canal______Yuma, Ariz______R. B. Williams______do______J. 0. Thrailkill______R. J. Coffey___ , ______. Los Angeles, Calif. Oarlsbad______J_ Carlsbad, N. Mex______L. E. Foster. __ : __ Superintendent. E.W. Shepard______H.J. S. DeVries ______El Paso, Tex. Oasper-Alcova______Casper, Wyo______H. W. Bashore____ Oonstr. engr. ___ 0. M.Noyen______W. J. Rurke______Billings, Mont. Colorado River. ______/ Austin, Tex______H.P. Bunger______do·______William F. Sha______------El Paso, '.]'ex. . Columbia Basin, Grand Oou- Coulee Dam, Wash. ___ _ F. A. Banks______do______0. B . Funk_. ______B. E . Stoutemyer_ ___ _ Portland, Oreg. lee Dam. · Frenchtown______Missoula, Mont______J. W. Taylor______Resident engr __ _ _:~ __: ______, _____ : __ __ W. J. Burke______Billings, Mont. Gila Valley ______Yuma, Ariz______R. B. Williams____ Oonstr. engr. ___ ------R. J. Ooffey__ s______Los Angeles, Calif. Grand Valley______Grand Junction, Colo ___ W. J. Ohiesm.an___ Superintend~nt. E.·A. Peek------.----- J. R.Alexander.. ____ _ Salt Lake City, Utah. Humboldt. ______Lovelock, Nev______L. J. Foster______Oonstr. engr_ ___ George,13. Snow______do ______Do. [ Hyrum______Hyrum, Utah______D. J .. PauJ____ c ___ Residentengr___ H. W. Johnson______do______. ___ _ Do . • Klamath______Klamath Falls, Oreg ____ B. E. Hayden_____ Superintendent.------B. E. Stoutemyer.___ _ Portland, Oreg. Milk River.·------·· Malta, Mont______II. H. Johnson______do ______E. E. Chabot.. ______W. J. Burke______Billings, Mont. Chain Lakes Storage ______do___ ------_____ do ______do______do..------_____do_.;______.__ Do. Minidoka------Burley, Idaho______E; B. Darlington______dO-----"---- G. C. Patterson-~-- --- B. E. Stoutemyer____ c Portland, Oreg. Moon Lake______c ______Duchesne, Utah______E. J •.Westerhouse. Oonstr. engr ____ Francis J. Farrell. ____ J. R . .Alexander. ______Salt Lake City, Utah. North Platte______Guernsey, Wyo_:______0. F. Gleason_____ Supt.:of power __ A. T. Stimpfig '------W : J. Burke______Billings, Mont. Ogden River.______Ogden, Utah______J. R. Iakiscb______Oonstr. engr. ___ H. W. Johnson______J. R. Alexander. ______Salt Lake City, Utah. Orland______Orland, Calif.. ______D. L. Carmody___ Superintendent. W. D. Funk___ _, _____ R. J..Ooffey______Los Angeles, Calif. Owyhee______Ontario, Oreg ______R. J. Newell ______Oonstr. engr_ ___ Robert B .. Smith______B. E. Stoutemyer___ __ Portland, Oreg. Parker Dam•------Earp, OaliL______"---- E. A. Moritz ______do______George H. Bolt._, ___ __ R. J. Coffey.: ______Los Angeles, Calif. Provo River.. ______Salt Lake City, Utah____ E. 0 . Larson______Engineer ______Francis J. Farrell _____ J. R .. Alexander______Salt Lake City, Utah. Rio Grande------El Paso, Tex ______L. R. Fiock______Superintendent. H. H. Berryhill. ______H.J. S. DeVries ______El Paso, Tex. Riverton______Riverton, Wyo ______H. D. Comstock ______do______U. B. Wentzel'------R. J. Coffey______Billings, Mont. Salt River______Phoenix, Ariz ______E. 0 . Koppen_____ Engineer______: ______W. J. Burke______Los Angeles, Calif Sanpete______Salt Lake City, Utah___ _ E. 0. Larson______do___ . ______Francis J. Farrell_____ J. R. Alexander. ______Salt Lake City, Utah Shoshone______Powell, Wyo ______L. J. Windle'----- Superintendent. L. J. Windle'------W. J. Burke----"----­ Billings, Mont. Sta:rifield.______Ontario, Oreg.·c ______R. J. Newell______Oonstr. engr. ___ " Robert B. Smith______B. E. Stoutemyer_ ___ _ Portland, Oreg. Sun River, Greenfields div__ Fairfield, Mont______A. W. Walker__ ___ Superintendent.------W. J. Burke______Billings, Mont. Truckee River Storage______Lovelock, Nev______L. J. Foster. ______Oonstr. engr ____ ------J. R. Alexander. ______Salt Lake City, Utah. Umatilla (McKay Dam) _____ Pendleton,.Oreg______0. L. Tice______Reservoir supt __ ------B. E. Stoutemyer__ _._ Portland, Oreg. Uncompahgre: Taylor Park Gunnison, Cold' ..______A. A. Whitmore__ Oonstr. engr ____ Ewalt P. Anderson. :_ J. R. Alexander______Salt Lake City, Utah. Reservoir. · Repairs to canals______Montrose, Colo ______0. B. Elliott______Engineer______do ______do ______Do. Upper Snake River Storage'· Ashton, Idaho______. H. A. Parker______Oonstr. engr_ ___ Emmanuel V. Hillius_ B ..E. Stoutemyer____ _ Portland, Oreg. Vale------Vale, Oreg ______._· O. O. Ketchum..• Superintendent_------_____ do______Do. Yakima______Yakima, Wash____ :~·- ·-- J. S. Moore .._. ______do-----·-··-· R. K. Cunningham ______do----····-----·--· Do. Yuma... ··---·---·--··-·-·-· Yuma, Ariz.·-·-·· "'·"" · · R. C. E. Weber.._ .....do..· ---··· .. Nohel 0. Anderson ·-- R : J. OoffeY--·-· Los Angeles, Calif.

1 Acting. 2 Non-Federal. s Island Park Dam. Projects or divisions of projects of Bureau of Reclamation operated by water users · Operating official Secretary Project Organization Office Name Title Name Address Baker (Thief Valley division). Lower Powder River irrigation dist __ Baker, Oreg_._._._ A. J. Ritter. ______President__ _...... F. A. Phillips_··--·­ Keating. ~~\~:r Root______·---. ----·-­ Bitter Root irrigation district ______Hamilton, Mont._ N. W. Blindauer_. Engineer-manager._. Elsie H. Wagner. __ . Hamilton. Board of Control.a ...... ------· Boise, Idaho______Wm. H. Tuller____ Project manager.... _ F. J. Hanagan______Boise. Grand Valley, Orchard Mes~. Orchard Mesa irrigation district..... Palisade, Colo __ .._ W. E. Stout.______President. ______H.B. Smith______Palisade. Huntley------·-----···-·-·­ Huntley irrigation district. ..· --·-··· Ballantine, Mont. E. E. Lewis . . _. ___ Manager------·­ H. S. Elliott._._._._ Ballantine. Klamath, Langel! Valley ____ _ Langell Valley irrigation district ____ . Bonanza, Oreg ___ _ Obas.·A. Revell ... __. __ do ____ , __ ······­ Obas. A. Revell ..... Bonanza. Klamath, Horsefiy• . ---·-··-­ Horsefly irrigation district..·------·· ·-...do______Jerome Smith______do·---··----·--­ Dorothy Eyers.----­ Do. Lower Yellowstone~·---······ Board of OontroL. --·-·---·-----·--· Sidney, Mont..__._ Axel Persson-·--·- Project manager_ ..__ 0. B. Patterson_. __ _ Sidney. Milk River: Chinook division-·-----·· Alfalfa Valley irrigation district. __.. · Chinook, Mont.._ A. L. Benton.~--- President...·-··-·-­ R: H. Clarkson__ ... Chinook. Do______·------­ Fort Belknap irrigation district ____ . ·----dO----·------· H. B. Bonebright. ___ _:do______L. V. Bogy______Do. Do.__ __ ----· ___ ·-·-·­ Harlem irrigation district. ..----·--· Harlem, Mont___ . Thos. M. Everett ____ ._do______Geo. H. TouL._._._ Harlem. Do______--·- __ ._.·-­ Paradise Valley irrigation district_-· Zurich, Mont. ·-.-- Amos Thompson__ ...__ do.------··----­ J. F. Sharpless______Zurich. DO------·------­ Zurich irrigation district. ______Harlem, Mont...­ 0. A. Watkins____ .._..do ....·-···----­ H ..M. Montgomery_ Do. Minidoka: • Gravity·--- __ ------·-.... Minidoka irrigation district.--·-·-·· Rupert, Idaho..._ Frank A. Ballard. Manager_·-.·----·--­ W. 0. Tratben______Rupert. Pumping__ ·------·------­ Burley irrigation district.---·---···- Burley, Idaho_____ Hugh L. Ora:wford . ____do ______·---· --­ Geo. W. Lyle_____ ._ Burley. Gooding______··-·----·-­ Amer. Falls Reserv. Dist.. No. 2·--·- Gooding, Idaho___ S. T. Baer.·-··-·- ._. __ do ______. ___ P. T. Sutnhen______Gooding. Newlands...•.------·--­ Truckee-Carson irrigation district_._ Fallon, Nev.---··· W. H. Alcorn..... President----·--·--·------·-·------· Fallon. N orth Platte: Interstate division______Pathfinder irrigation district_ __ . . ... Mitchell, Nebr____ T. W. Parry______Manager.------·- FloraK. Schroeder._ Mitchell. Fort Laramie division..._ Gering-FortLaramieirrigation.dist__· Gering, Nebr___. __ W. 0. Fleenor..__ Superintendent. __. . 0. G.·Kli)lgman ____ Gering. Do··-----·----··- -·· Goshen irrigation districts ____ : __ ..__ Torrington, Wyo__ Bert L. Adams______do·-----·---·-·- Nelle Armitage______Torrington. Northport division---·-·­ ·Northport irrigation district---·-··-·' Northport, Nebr__ Mark Iddings.---- _____do. __ _. ______Mabel.J. Thompson. Bridgeport. Okanogan.______·-·-·- Okanogan irrigation district---•---·- Oki\nogan, Wash__ Nelson D. Thorp__ Manager______. : _._ Nelson D. Thorp__ ._ Okanogan. Salt Lake Basin (Echo Reser­ Weber River Water Users' Assn.·_ .. Og~en, Utah______D. D. Harris______do.·------···- D. D. Harris--·-·-·· Ogden. voir). Salt River__ ·---·------­ Salt River Valley W. p. A-----·---- Phoenix; Ariz __ : __ H.J. Lawson_____ Superintendent.____ F. 0. Henshaw..... Phoenix. Shosbone: Garland division___ ··--·­ Shoshone irrigation district..__ ._ ._ __ Powell, Wyo______J. 0, Roach______do.•.•------·--- Geo. W. Atkins.____ Powell. Frannie division______Deaver irrigatio°' district.------Deaver, Wyo_____ Floyd Lucas______Manager------Lee N, Richards_ .._ Deaver. Strawberry ValleY------·· Strawberry Water Users' Assn ______.Payson, Utah_____ Clyde Tervort•..• President______E.G. Breeze•.: ._ .._ Payson. Sun River: • Fort Shaw division ..-.... Fort Shaw irrigation district...~---- Fort Shaw, Mont. E. J. Gregory_____ Manager______E. J. Gregory____ _.. Fort Shaw. Gree:rifields division._:_ . . Greenfields irrigation district--·----- .Fairfield, Mont. __ A. W. Walker_____ : ___ _do ______H.P. Wangen...... Fairfield. Umatilla: East division_···-·-----·­ Hermiston irrigation district______Hermiston, Oreg __ E, D. Martin______do...•.---·--··' Enos D. Martin_.... Hermiston. West division .•------··-­ West Extension irrigation district.. __ Irrigon, Oreg ______A. 0. Houghton______dO------·-··---- A. 0. Houghton__ ___ Irrigon. Uncompabgre______. __ Uncompabgre Valley W. U. A ______Montrose, Colo_, __ Jesse R. Tompson_ Acting supt______J. Frank Anderson . • Montrose. Yakima, Kittitas division._.. Kittitas reclamation district=-·--·--- · Ellensburg;·Wash~ V. W. Russell.._: _ ·Manager------··-- R. E. Rudolph______Ellensburg. I mportari~ investigations in progress Project Office In charge of- Title ggtg;:gg ff;!; i"Jf~{i:ec. ~~~=·-·------·------_De~J;r, Colo..•...... -·------···---- _P. Ja;reston______Senior engineer. Do. Columbia Basin Economics______Coulee Dam, Wash..•------·---- F. A. Banks----·-·-·------­ Construction engineer. Engineer. 8:J11~~~~alley_·:::::: : : :: ::::::: : :==::::::::::::: ~: ~-. t~~!~iioii::::::::::::==:: : : : : : : : : Do. Grand Lake-Big Thompson Transmountain Diversion_ -·---do______. ___ -----···-·-·-··---··-·-·· P. J. Preston..·------­ Senior engineer. SALJ,IE A. B. CoE, Editor. •

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CASPER-ALCOVA PROJECT, WYOMING

DIVE RSION WORKS AT ALCOVA DAM SITE. CONSTRUCTION CAMP IN BACKGROUND ~" ,-;