Chronology of Events of Maharaja Duleep Singh (1838-1893 A.D.)
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I. Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir State
I. Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir State The State of Jammu and Kashmir known for its extravagant natural beauty is the northernmost State of the Indian Union. It can be aptly described by famous farsi; couplet of Hazrat Amir Khusrau which states: Agar firdaus bar roo-e zameen ast, Hameen ast – o hameen ast – o hameen ast. It means if there is a paradise on earth it is this, it is this, it is this. Jammu and Kashmir which occupies an extremely strategic position on the Indian frontiers, is the only State in the Indian Union with a Muslim majority. It shares international with Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China. It is bounded on the south by Himachal Pradesh and the Punjab, on the north by Chinese Turkistan and a little of Russian Turkistan, and on the east by Chinese Tibet. On the west lies Pakistan and to the northwest, Afghanistan. Causes for the foundation -In 1846 Kashmir experienced a unique development with enduring consequences. The development was that three distinctive political, geographical and cultural entities i.e. Kashmir valley, Jammu and ladakh were merged into one political entity. At no stage in the history of the state, the three regions formed a single political entity. It was only Kashmir which claim the position of an empire and on the contrary Jammu & Ladakh were small states each under a local ruler or tributaries of powerful rulers emerged either in Kashmir or elsewhere in neighborhood. On the eve of 1846, Kashmir, Jammu as well as Ladakh were under the control of Lahore Darbar. -
The Battle of Sobraon*
B.A. 1ST YEAR IIND SEMESTER Topic : *The Battle of Sobraon* The Battle of Sobraon was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the East India Company and the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the Sikh Khalsa Army invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir Henry Hardinge, had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir Harry Smith at the Battle of Aliwal, in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of Gurkhas. The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the Battle of Ferozeshah, and had withdrawn most of their forces across the Sutlej River. -
The Sikh Prayer)
Acknowledgements My sincere thanks to: Professor Emeritus Dr. Darshan Singh and Prof Parkash Kaur (Chandigarh), S. Gurvinder Singh Shampura (member S.G.P.C.), Mrs Panninder Kaur Sandhu (nee Pammy Sidhu), Dr Gurnam Singh (p.U. Patiala), S. Bhag Singh Ankhi (Chief Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar), Dr. Gurbachan Singh Bachan, Jathedar Principal Dalbir Singh Sattowal (Ghuman), S. Dilbir Singh and S. Awtar Singh (Sikh Forum, Kolkata), S. Ravinder Singh Khalsa Mohali, Jathedar Jasbinder Singh Dubai (Bhai Lalo Foundation), S. Hardarshan Singh Mejie (H.S.Mejie), S. Jaswant Singh Mann (Former President AISSF), S. Gurinderpal Singh Dhanaula (Miri-Piri Da! & Amritsar Akali Dal), S. Satnam Singh Paonta Sahib and Sarbjit Singh Ghuman (Dal Khalsa), S. Amllljit Singh Dhawan, Dr Kulwinder Singh Bajwa (p.U. Patiala), Khoji Kafir (Canada), Jathedar Amllljit Singh Chandi (Uttrancbal), Jathedar Kamaljit Singh Kundal (Sikh missionary), Jathedar Pritam Singh Matwani (Sikh missionary), Dr Amllljit Kaur Ibben Kalan, Ms Jagmohan Kaur Bassi Pathanan, Ms Gurdeep Kaur Deepi, Ms. Sarbjit Kaur. S. Surjeet Singh Chhadauri (Belgium), S Kulwinder Singh (Spain), S, Nachhatar Singh Bains (Norway), S Bhupinder Singh (Holland), S. Jageer Singh Hamdard (Birmingham), Mrs Balwinder Kaur Chahal (Sourball), S. Gurinder Singh Sacha, S.Arvinder Singh Khalsa and S. Inder Singh Jammu Mayor (ali from south-east London), S.Tejinder Singh Hounslow, S Ravinder Singh Kundra (BBC), S Jameet Singh, S Jawinder Singh, Satchit Singh, Jasbir Singh Ikkolaha and Mohinder Singh (all from Bristol), Pritam Singh 'Lala' Hounslow (all from England). Dr Awatar Singh Sekhon, S. Joginder Singh (Winnipeg, Canada), S. Balkaran Singh, S. Raghbir Singh Samagh, S. Manjit Singh Mangat, S. -
An Analysis of the Formation of Modern State of Jammu and Kashmir
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2016 153 ISSN 2250-3153 State Formation in Colonial India: An Analysis of the Formation of Modern State of Jammu and Kashmir Sameer Ahmad Bhat ⃰ ⃰ Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India, 202002. Abstract- Nationalist and Marxist historiography in India have and Kashmir is formed by the signing of treaty of Amritsar tended to assume that the British colonial politics of land tenure, between Maharaja Gulab Singh and the British taxation and commercialisation which led the conditions for the 4.1. 1— Origin of Dogra Dynasty in Kashmir: formation the princely states in Indian Sub-continent. According The Dogras were Indo- Aryan ethnic group of people who to the available literature, there were about 565 princely states in inhabited, the hilly country between the rivers Chenab and Sutlej, Colonial India and their administration was run by the British originally between Chenab and Ravi. According to one account through their appointed agents. Among these princely states, the term ‘Dogra’ is said to be derived from the Sanskrit words Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh were the important Princely Do and Garth, “meaning two lakes. The names Dugar and Dogra states. At the time of partition and independence all these states are now applied to the whole area in the outer hills between the were given the choice either to accede to India or to Pakistan or Ravi and the Chenab, but this use of term is probably of recent to remain independent. The foundation of Kashmir as a modern origin and dates only from the time when the tract came under state was laid by the treaty of Amritsar, signed on 16th March the supremacy of Jammu. -
British Views on Their Invasion of Punjab
THE RETRIBUTION Of THE ARCHIVE: BRITISH VIEWS ON THEIR INVASION OF PUNJAB Jason R. B. Smith HE event known as “The Sikh War,” “The First and Second Silth TWars,” and “The Anglo-Such War,” received considerable attention from former British officers in the aftermath ofthe episode. From 1845 to 1849 the British invaded and reinvaded Punjab, an area in modern northwestern India and north Pakistan whose name literally translates as “Five Rivers,” for the five rivers the territory resides within. Histories written by British administrators and former British soldiers explained the military conquest ofthe Punjab as a decidedly just annexation. These administrators and soldiers described a territory in chaos, to which they brought enlightened rule. In contrast, contemporary historians and scholars suggest that the British manufactured the conditions ofdisorder in the Punjab prior to bringing it stability. These latter historians make use of revealing documents that the former did not take into account, while the former concerned themselves mostly with a vivid account of a victorious campaign against an aggressive enemy. British acting- historians immediately following the military subjugation of Punjab inaccurately represented the violence they brought to the region as a heroic and justified military engagement, whereas the Punjabi people defending their home received the part of barbaric but brave people urgently in need of western values and styles of government. British historiography from the period following the conquest does not stray far from the themes of chaos, instability and culpability. G. Kharana’s British Historiography ofthe Sikh Power in the Punjab serves as an excellent source of analysis on the nature of British historiography,’ Initially, as the British came into contact with Sikhs, they sought out all the knowledge they could get. -
© Dep Issn 1824 - 4483
Anita Anand, Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary, Bloomsbury, New York 2015, pp. 416. Anita Anand’s Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary provides an opportunity to contemplate themes as royalty, imperialism and race relations. Princess Sophia Duleep Singh, born in Britain in 1876, came into the world under considerably changed circumstances from her very wealthy and powerful grandfather, Maharajah Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Sikh Kingdom in the Punjab. In a tale stranger than fiction, writer Anand takes considerable care in outlining the background of Ranjit Singh’s life and death and the subsequent fallout from court intrigues in which only his youngest widow and son survived (all other wives partook of sati, burning on the funeral pyre with their departed husband and several potential heirs were subsequently murdered). With infant Duleep Singh placed on the throne and his mother Jindan appointed regent, the kingdom suffered considerable instability and, with much internal treachery, the British saw their opportunity to seize and take control of the Sikh Kingdom. Imprisoning widow Jindan, the British, who had promised protection of the young royal Duleep, played both conqueror and saviour. Duleep, placed under the care of a Scottish doctor and his wife and brought up speaking English, eventually converted to Christianity. Queen Victoria intrigued by the conversion of her exotic “subject” eventually arranged for Duleep to travel with his guardians to England. The young Maharajah became a favourite of the queen and the court, was provided with a large annual income and developed extravagant tastes. His overspending and penchant for dissolute pleasures eventually wore thin the early welcome that he received. -
STONEWALL HOME LEARNING PACK – LGBT History Month 2021
LGBT History Month 2021: Post-16 home learning pack STONEWALL HOME LEARNING PACK – LGBT History Month 2021 This LGBT History Month, we’re focussing on the lives and work of some courageous LGBT women. LGBT History Month was founded by Schools Out, who have been campaigning for LGBT inclusive education for 47 years. Due to Covid-19, we’ve created home learning packs as well as lesson packs to ensure that your students can benefit from the lesson content wherever they’re learning. You’ll find the lesson pack that mirrors this home learning pack on our website. Each home learning pack has suggested activities and resources for learners to complete at home. This is the post-16 version of the pack, you’ll find the primary age and 11-16 packs on our website. We have also developed packs on this theme for pupils with SEND/ASN/ALN – these can be found on our website. Stonewall is a lesbian, gay, bi and trans equality charity working with employers, schools, colleges and services for LGBT acceptance without exception. Find out more about our work here: www.stonewall.org.uk. LGBT History Month 2021: Post-16 home learning pack Activities Reflect and consider • What does the phrase ‘social change’ mean to you? Read the articles below to learn more about social change: o What is social change? https://www.humanrightscareers.com/issues/what-is-social- change/ o What is social change and why should we care? https://www.snhu.edu/about- us/newsroom/2017/11/what-is-social-change • 2 minute challenge: Name as many women involved in bringing about social change as you can. -
Casualty of War a Portrait of Maharaja Duleep Singh
CASUALTY OF WAR: Portrait of Maharajah Duleep Singh 2013 Poster Colour, Gouache and gold dust on Conservation mountboard (Museums of Scotland Collection) Artists’ Commentary - © The Singh Twins 2104. ‘Casualty of War: A Portrait of Maharaja Duleep Singh’ - A Summary This painting is inspired by a group of artefacts (mostly jewellery) in the National Museum of Scotland collections that are associated with the historical figure of Maharaja Duleep Singh whose life is intimately connected with British history. Essentially, it depicts the man behind these artefacts. But rather than being a straightforward portrait, it paints a narrative of his life, times and legacy to provide a context for exploring what these artefacts represent from different perspectives. That is, not just as the once personal property of a Sikh Maharaja now in public British possession, but as material objects belonging to a specific culture and time - namely, that of pre-Partition India, Colonialism and Empire. Interwoven into this visual history, is Duleep Singh’s special connection with Sir John Login, an individual who, possibly more than any other, influenced Duleep Singh’s early upbringing. And whose involvement with the Maharaja, both as his guardian and as a key player in British interests in India, reflected the ambiguous nature of Duleep Singh’s relationship with the British establishment. On the one hand, it shows Duleep Singh’s importance as an historical figure of tremendous significance and global relevance whose life story is inextricably tied to and helped shaped British-Indian, Punjabi, Anglo-Sikh history, politics and culture, past and present. On the other hand, it depicts Duleep Singh as the tragic, human figure. -
Anglo-Sikh Relations & the World Wars
Anglo-Sikh Relations & The World Wars When this mortal life reaches its limits May I die fighting with limitless courage (Tenth Guru, Gobind Singh (1666 – 1708) Gurmukh Singh (Principal, UK Civil Service ret’d) A word by Dya Singh (Australia) Gurmukh Singh This study may be published with prior approval by the author. Contact: Gurmukh Singh [email protected] “There are 500,000 Sikhs in the United Kingdom. In the past, hundreds of thousands of Sikhs voluntarily fought with the British Army in the two World wars and many of them died in the cause of freedom. They were among the most highly decorated soldiers in history. Today, British Sikhs contribute a huge amount to the economy and to public life in the UK.” Prime Minister Tony Blair’s message of 1st November 2001, to the Maharajah Duleep Singh Centenary Trust. The need for this publication This compact study is for the busy reader and looks at the history of the Sikhs over the last two hundred years in the context of Anglo-Sikh relations. It is work in progress, as the author’s intention is to periodically add new material as it becomes available. Much has been written about the internal politics of India over the last 150 years. Historians have been mostly pre-occupied with the reformation movements in the second half of the 19th Century, with India’s struggle for independence in the first half of the 20th Century, and with India’s internal divisions and problems during the post-independence period. Too often, the sacrifices of thousands of jawans, who rose gallantly above short-term political considerations and gave their lives for the longer-term freedom of mankind, have been ignored. -
Role of Select Courtiers and Officials at Lahore Darbar (1799- 1849)
ROLE OF SELECT COURTIERS AND OFFICIALS AT LAHORE DARBAR (1799- 1849) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences of the PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY Supervised by Submitted by Dr. Kulbir Singh Dhillon Rajinder Kaur Professor & Head, Department of History, Punjabi University, Patiala DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA 2011 CONTENTS Chapter Page No Certificate i Declaration ii Preface iii-xiv Chapter – I 1-45 INTRODUCTION Chapter – II 46-70 ESTABLISHMENT OF CENTRAL SECRETARIAT Chapter – III 71-99 FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATORS Chapter – IV 100-147 MILITARY COMMANDANTS Chapter – V 148-188 CIVIL ADMINISTRATORS Chapter – VI 189-235 DARBAR POLITICS AND INTRIGUES (1839-49) CONCLUSION AND FINDINGS 236-251 GLOSSARY 252-260 APPENDIX 261-269 BIBLIOGRAPHY 270-312 PREFACE Maharaja Ranjit Singh was like a meteor who shot up in the sky and dominated the scene for about half a century in the History of India. His greatness cannot be paralleled by any of his contemporaries. He was a benign ruler and always cared for the welfare of his subjects irrespective of their caste or creed. The Maharaja had full faith in the broad based harmony and cooperation with which the Hindus and the Muslims lived and maintained peace and prosperity. The evidence of the whole hearted co-operation of the Hindu Courtiers, Generals and Administrators is not far to seek. The spirit of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's rule was secular. In the present thesis I have selected only the Hindu Courtiers and Officials at the Lahore Darbar. -
GOD's ACRE in NORTH-WEST INDIA. Ferozpur. THIS Cantonment Is Rich in Memorials of the Glorious Dead. in Fact, the Church" W
J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-23-04-04 on 1 October 1914. Downloaded from 415 GOD'S ACRE IN NORTH-WEST INDIA. By COLONEL R. H. FIRTH. (Continued from p. 333.) FERozPUR. THIS cantonment is rich in memorials of the glorious dead. In fact, the church" Was erected to the glory of God in memory of those who fell fighting for their country in this district during the Sutlej Campaign of 1845-1846," and contains many tablets of interest. In the old civil cemetery are graves of the following who especially interest us :- Assistant-Surgeon Robert Beresford Gahan entered the service on June] 7, 1836, and was sent at once to Mauritius. He returned home in ]840, and soon after was posted to the 9th Foot, then in India. Coming out he was unable to join his regiment as it was in Afghanistan, but did general duty in Cawnpur and Meerut, Protected by copyright. ultimately joining it at Sabathu in February, 1843. Towards the end of September, 1845, he was transferred to the 31st Foot,which he joined at Amballa and accompanied them into the field. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Mudki, whilst gallantly doing his professional duties under fire, and died eleven days later in Ferozpur, on December 29, 1845. His name is to be found also on a special monument to the 31st Foot in the cemetery, and on a memorial tablet in St. Andrew's Church. Lieutenant Augustus Satchwell J ohnstone was the son of Surgeon James Johnstone, of the Bengal Medical Service. -
Three Letters of Maharani Jind Kaur
The Khalsa and the Punjab Studies in Sikh History, to the Nineteenth Century The publication ofthis volume has been made possible by grants fi'om ANANDPUR SAHIB FOUNDATION and DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA edited by Himadri Banerjee Indian History Congress •]TU Ii k a 2002.. Three Letters of Maharani find Kaur Three Letters of Government will not exercise any interference in the internal admi nistration ofthe Lahore State-but in all cases or questions which may Maharani Jind Kaur be referred to the British Government, the Governor-General will give the aid of his advice for the further of the interests of the Lahore , Ganda Singh Government' (Aitchison 1892: vol. IX, no. XVI, 42). But she had been disillusioned to find that in the course oftheir nine months' stay in the country the British had won over, by liberal grants and promises of jagirs, high offices, titles and other favours of most ofthe leading chiefs of the state and had so placated them in their own favour as to turn their backs upon the interests ofthe Lahore state and to petition to the British government to tighten the British hold upon the Punjab. he story of the incarceration of Maharani hnd Kaur (popularly Maharani Jind Kaur stoutly opposed the Treaty of Bharowal (16 T known as Mai Jindan), the mother ofMaharaja Duleep Singh, in December 1846) that placed the administration ofthe Punjab entirely the fort ofLahore, her removal from there to the fort of Sheikhpura as in the hands of the British Resident with 'full authority to direct and a state prisoner and her ultimate banishment from the Punjab is very control all matters in every department of the State' (Singh 1940: 96, tragic.