Cinema: Opinião Pública E O Mito Da Guerra

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Cinema: Opinião Pública E O Mito Da Guerra UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA IRAQUE EM CENA: CINEMA, OPINIÃO PÚBLICA E O MITO DA GUERRA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA Maria Clara Ferreira Leite Garcia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Knauss. Niterói 2013 2 MARIA CLARA FERREIRA LEITE GARCIA IRAQUE EM CENA: CINEMA, OPINIÃO PÚBLICA E O MITO DA GUERRA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGH/UFF), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Knauss. Niterói 2013 3 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá G216 Garcia, Maria Clara Ferreira Leite. Iraque em cena: cinema, opinião pública e o mito da guerra nos Estados Unidos da América / Maria Clara Ferreira Leite Garcia. – 2013. 215 f. Orientador: Paulo Knauss de Mendonça. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2013. Bibliografia: f. 196-211. 1. Cinema americano. 2. Filme de guerra. 3. Mito. 4. Opinião pública. 5. Guerra do Iraque, 2003. I. Mendonça, Paulo Knauss de. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 791.430973 4 MARIA CLARA FERREIRA LEITE GARCIA IRAQUE EM CENA: CINEMA, OPINIÃO PÚBLICA E O MITO DA GUERRA NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense (PPGH/UFF), como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Dissertação aprovada em: ____/____/____ BANCA EXAMINADORA: ___________________________________________________ Orientador Prof. Dr. Paulo Knauss (UFF) ___________________________________________________ Profª Drª Cecília Azevedo (UFF) ___________________________________________________ Profª Drª Ana Paula Spini (UFU) Suplentes: ___________________________________________________ Profª Drª Denise Rollemberg (UFF) ___________________________________________________ Prof Dr Maurício Lissovsky (UFRJ) Niterói 2013 5 Agradecimentos À minha mãe, meu espelho, que nunca deixarei quebrar. Ao meu pai, que com preocupação e delicadeza sempre me empurra adiante. À minha irmã, cuja existência prova que há casos em que 1 + 1 = 1. À minha avó, pessoa que mais admiro, mulher valente como a da música de João. Ao vô Benjamin, que acreditava em mim cegamente. Voa, sabiá. À minha segunda mãe, Márcia, que só é segunda no título, não no coração. Ao meu marido Vinícius, com quem compartilhei as euforias e lamúrias durante esse processo, e sem o qual seria impossível tê-lo concluído. Ao Colégio Pedro II, eterno estado de espírito, responsável por ter me tornado nada menos do que tudo que sou hoje. Houvesse Cartola estudado lá, existiriam hoje duas músicas chamadas ―Sala de Recepção‖. À família que ganhei no Pedro II e na UFF, amizades que têm a beleza e a solidez da infinitude. Um agradecimento especial ao Diego, cujo carinho e crença incondicional na minha competência me motivam desde a graduação. Também agradeço imensamente ao Luqui, amizade que o PPGH me proporcionou, ou que surgiu 40 minutos antes do nada? Ao meu orientador Paulo, que desde o início acreditou nesta pesquisa, me incentivou nos momentos mais difícies e foi um exemplo de paciência diante da minha indisciplina, minha gratidão maior. À Cecília Azevedo e à Denise Rollemberg, pelas inestimáveis contribuições em meu exame de qualificação. À Ana Paula Spini e novamente à Cecília Azevedo, por aceitarem fazer parte da banca de avaliação da defesa deste trabalho e por seus preciosos (e emocionados) comentários. Ao cinema, fábrica dos meus sonhos. 6 - Three months and what have we found? No centrifuges, no yellowcake, no bio, no WMD‘s. (...) - So why hasn‘t anybody stepped forward? - Why do you think, Joe? We went to war. (...) - We‘re talking about the president of the United States. The White House. - Now go take a long look in the mirror and say that again. (Diálogo entre Joe Wilson e seu amigo Pete, em Jogo de Poder) - When you peddled that shit in DC, did they know it was a lie? Or did they just never bother to ask? - Okay, okay. Come on, none of this matters anymore. WMD? This doesn't matter. - What the fuck you talking about? Of course it fucking matters! The reasons we go to war always matter! It's all that matters! It fucking matters! (Diálogo entre Roy Miller e Clark Poundstone em Zona Verde). 7 Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar os filmes de ficção norte-americanos sobre a Guerra do Iraque produzidos entre 2003 e 2010, associando-os ao mito da guerra e à opinião pública sobre o conflito. Inscrevendo-se na perspectiva da ―história do tempo presente‖, a pesquisa foi motivada pela preocupação com os rumos da política externa estadunidense no século XXI e pela importância da cultura da mídia na vida contemporânea. O cinema, concebido dialeticamente como produto e agente social, é uma rica fonte para a compreensão dos elementos que permeiam o mito da guerra em geral e de cada conflito em particular. Ao mesmo tempo, o discurso crítico sustentado pelos filmes que abordam a Guerra do Iraque se relaciona à opinião pública norte- americana, que se tornou gradualmente contrária à guerra ao longo dos anos. Buscou-se, ainda, traçar uma hipótese explicativa para o surpreendente fracasso nas bilheterias dessas obras. Por fim, adotando a caracterização da cultura da mídia como um terreno de disputas, procuramos avaliar, através do estudo dos filmes, se é possível produzir cinema de dissenso em Hollywood. Palavras-chave: cinema, mito da guerra, opinião pública, Guerra do Iraque. 8 Abstract This paper has as its main goal the analysis of American movies about the Iraq War produced between 2003 and 2010, associating them with the myth of war and also with the public opinion about the conflict. Within the perspective of ―present time history‖, this research was motivated by several concerns with the foreign politics of the United States in the 21st century and the importance of media culture in contemporary life. Cinema is conceived both as a product and as a social agent, becoming a rich source for the understanding of the elements involved in the myth of war in general and in each particular conflict. At the same time, the criticism present in several movies about Iraq War relates to the American public opinion, which gradually turned against that war. We also tried to find an explanation for the surprisingly low financial return from these movies. Finally, by defining the media culture as a field for disputes and debates, we tried to evaluate if it is possible to produce dissent in Hollywood cinema. Keywords – cinema, myth of war, public opinion, Iraq War. 9 SUMÁRIO Considerações Iniciais ................................................................................................. 11 Capítulo 1: O mito da guerra no contexto do pós-11 de setembro .......................... 33 1.1. Mito da guerra ........................................................................................................ 33 1.2. Síndrome do Vietnã, êxtase do Golfo ..................................................................... 43 1.3. Onze de Setembro e Guerra ao Terror .................................................................... 53 1.4. A lógica discursiva da Guerra ao Terror ................................................................ 60 Capítulo 2: Opinião pública e Guerra do Iraque...................................................... 68 2.1. A Doutrina Bush: preparação para a guerra ........................................................... 69 2.2. Justificativas para a guerra ..................................................................................... 72 2.3. O crescimento da oposição ..................................................................................... 83 2.4. A teoria da guerra justa ........................................................................................... 89 Capítulo 3: Os filmes de ficção sobre a Guerra do Iraque..................................... 106 3.1. Cinema e Guerra nos Estados Unidos .................................................................. 106 3.2. A bilheteria dos filmes .......................................................................................... 113 3.3. Why we fail: Tentando entender o fracasso nas bilheterias .................................. 129 3.4. Um ponto de convergência: o soldado como principal custo da guerra ............... 137 Capítulo 4: Versões da verdade em Zona Verde e Jogo de Poder .......................... 151 4.1. Apresentação de Zona Verde ................................................................................ 152 4.2. Apresentação de Jogo de Poder ........................................................................... 156 4.3. Os heróis ............................................................................................................... 160 4.4. Os vilões ............................................................................................................... 167 4.5. As instituições ....................................................................................................... 172 4.5.1. A administração Bush ........................................................................................ 172 4.5.2. A CIA ................................................................................................................ 173 4.5.3. O Exército .........................................................................................................
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