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Semantic Mechanisms of Humor Synthese Language Library SEMANTIC MECHANISMS OF HUMOR SYNTHESE LANGUAGE LIBRARY TEXTS AND STUDIES IN LINGUISTICS AND PHILOSOPHY Managing Editors: ELISABET ENGDAHL, University of Wisconsin JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Florida State University, Tallahassee S TAN LEY PET E R S, The University of Texas at Austin Editorial Board: EMMON BACH, University of Massachusetts at Amherst J 0 AN B RES NAN, Stanford University J 0 H N L YON s, University of Sussex JULIUS M. E. MORAVCSIK, Stanford University PA TRICK SUPPES, Stanford University DAN A S COT T, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh VOLUME 24 VICTOR RASKIN Purdue University SEMANTIC MECHANISMS OF HUMOR D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER •• ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LANCASTER Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Raskin, Victor, 1944. Semantic mechanisms of humor. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Wit and humor-History and criticism. 2. Semantics. I. Title. PN6147.R33 1984 809.7 84-16093 ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6474-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6472-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-6472-3 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland. All Rights Reserved © 1985 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1984 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner BHTanHID H (rrOKOMHOMY) AneKCaH~py PaCKHH~~, OT KOTOp~X MHe ~OCTanOCb ~YBCTBO IDMOpa To Vitaly and Alexander ('7" t) Raskin, who gave me the sense of humor TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ~ PREFACE xill G~ ~ Structure xill Examples xv Technicalities and Miscellanea xvi Acknowledgments xvill CHAPTER ONE: SURVEY OF HUMOR RESEARCH 1 Introduction 1 1. What Is Humor? 1 2. Is Humor Good or Bad? 9 3. Conditions for Humor 11 4. Physiology, Psychology, and Evolution of Humor 19 5. Classification of Humor 24 6. Theories of Humor 30 7. Structure of Humor 41 CHAPTER TWO: THEORY 45 Introduction 45 1. Verbal Humor 45 2. Linguistic Theory: Format 47 3. Linguistic Theory: Applications 51 4. Linguistic Applications to Humor: Research Strategy 53 CHAPTER THREE: SEMANTIC THEORY 59 Introduction 59 1. Goals of Semantic Theory 59 2. Elements of Contextual Semantics 67 3. Format of Semantic Theory 76 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 4. Script-Based Lexicon 80 5. Combinatorial Rules 85 6. Justification and evaluation of semantic theory 92 CHAPTER FOUR: SEMANTIC THEORY OF HUMOR 99 Introduction 99 1. Main Hypothesis 99 2. Joke Telling As Non-Bona-Fide-Communication 100 3. Script Overlap 104 4. Script Oppositeness 107 5. Semantic Script-Switch Triggers 114 6. Analysis of a Sample Joke 117 7. Theories of Humor: Script-Based Interpretation 127 8. Apparent Counterexamples 132 9. Joke Construction 139 CHAPTER FIVE: SEXUAL HUMOR 148 Introduction 148 1. Sexual/Non-Sexual Opposition: Overt, Unspecified 149 2. Sexual/Non-Sexual Opposition: Overt, Specified 154 3. Non-Sexual Opposition in Explicitly Sexual Humor 160 4. Specific Sexual Opposition in Explicitly Sexual Humor 165 5. Sexual Humor in the Russian Chastushka 170 6. Sexual Scripts, Oppositions and Triggers: A Summary 177 CHAPTER SIX: ETHNIC HUMOR 180 Introduction 180 1. Script of Language Distortion 181 2. Script of Dumbness 185 3. Script of Stinginess 189 4. Script of Craftiness 191 5. Non-Standard Specific Scripts in Ethnic Jokes 194 6. Smaller Targeted Groups in Ethnic Humor 200 7. National Superiority Jokes 202 8. Pseudo-Ethnic Jokes 205 9. Jewish Humor 209 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix CHAPTER SEVEN: POLITICAL HUMOR 222 Introduction 222 1. Denigration of a Political Figure 223 2. Denigration of a Political Group or Institution 227 3. Denigration of a Political Idea or Slogan 229 4. Exposure of National Traits 230 5. Exposure of Political Repression 232 6. Exposure of Shortages 234 7. Exposure of Specific Political Situations 235 8. Soviet Political Humor 237 AFTERWORD 247 APPENDICES: ADDITIONAL JOKE EXAMPLES 248 Appendix 1: 50 Simple jokes 248 Appendix 2: 25 Complex jokes 253 REFERENCES 258 SUBJECT INDEX 268 NAME INDEX 281 ACKNOWLEDG MENTS The author would like to acknowledge with gratitude the permissions to quote passages and/or jokes from: Without Feathers by Woody Allen, Warner Books, 1976, © 1972,1973,1974,1975 by Woody Allen, published by arrangement with Random House, Inc., granted by Random House, Inc.; "Laughter" by Henri Bergson from Comedy by Wylie Sypher (ed.), Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956, © 1911 by Macmillan Company, reprinted by permission of Doubleday & Company, Inc.; "How do they tell Polish jokes in Poland?" by Christie Davies, presentation at the April Fools' Day (WHIM) Conference on Linguistic Humor, Tempe, AZ: Unpublished MS, 1982, granted by the author; Forbidden Laughter: Soviet Underground Jokes by Emil Draitser, Los Angeles: Almanac Press, 1978, granted by Almanac Press; The Humor of Humor by Evan Esar, © 1952, by permission of the publisher, Horizon Press, New York; Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious by Sigmund Freud, Penguin Books, 1976, used with kind permission of Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd.; Sweet Madness: A Study of Humor by William F. Fry, Jr., Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Book Publishers, 1963, granted by Pacific Books Publishers; Nepodtsenzurnaya russkaya chastushka /The Uncensored Russian Chastushka/, compiled by \1adimir Kabronsky, New York: Russica Books, 1978, granted by Russica Publishers; Pulling Our Own Strings, edited by Gloria Kaufman and Mary Kay Blakeley, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1980, granted by Indiana University Press; Wit as a Weapon: The Political Joke in History by Egon Larsen, London: Frederick Muller, 1980, granted by Frederick Muller Limited; Rationale of the Dirty Joke by Gershon Legman, New York: Grove Press & Basic Books, 1968, and No Laughing Matter: Rationale of the Dirty Joke (2nd series) by Gershon Legman, New York: Breaking Point, 1975, granted by the author's agent, Kryptadia, Inc.; Laughter and Liberation by Harvey Mindess, Los Angeles: Nash, 1971, granted by the author; The Big Book ofJewish Humor, edited by William Novak and Moshe Waldoks, New York: Harper and Row, © 1981 by William Novak and Moshe Waldoks, reprinted by permission of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.; 2000 New Laughs for Speakers by Robert Orben, No. Hollywood, CA: Wilshire Book Company, 1978, originally published as 2500 Jokes to Start 'em Laughing by xi xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Robert Orben, © 1971, 1972, 1979 by Robert Orben, reprinted by pennission of Doubleday & Company, Inc.; The Origins of Wit and Humor by Albert Rapp, New York: Dutton, 1951, granted by the author's widow, Mrs. Albert (Helen) Rapp; the book Doctor Knock-Knock's Official Knock-Knock Dictionary by Joseph Rosenbloom, © 1976 by Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. 10016; A Treasure-Trove of American Jewish Humor by Henry D. Spalding, Middle Village, N.Y.: Jonathan David, 1976, granted by Jonathan David Publishers, Inc.; The Official Jewish/Irish Joke Book by Larry Wilde, New York: Pinnacle, 1974, granted by the author. The author is also grateful for the pennissions to print: three jokes orally delivered by Johnny Carson on the "Tonight Show," granted by Carson Productions, Inc.; one joke orally delivered on TV by Rich Little, granted by Mr. Rich Little; and a verbalization of the drawing and caption of a Stan Hunt cartoon in the February 12, 1979, issue of The New Yorker, granted by The New Yorker. The author would also like to thank the publishers of his previous work for permissions to use the material of: "Problems ofjustification in semantic theory" by Victor Raskin, in: W. U. Dressler and W. Meid (eds.), Proceedings ofthe 12th International Congress ofLinguists, Innsbruck: Institut fi1r Sprach­ wissenschaft der Universitll.t Innsbruck, 1978, granted by Institut fi1r Sprachwissenschaft der Universitll.t Innsbruck, A-6020, Innsbruck, Innrain 52, Austria; "Semantic mechanisms of humor" by Victor Raskin, in: C. Chiarello et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting ofthe Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley, CA: University ofCalifomia, 1979, granted by the Berkeley Linguistics Society; "Theory and practice of justification in linguistics" by Victor Raskin, in: P. R. Clyne et al. (eds.), The Elements: A Parasession on Linguistic Units and Levels, Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1979, granted by the Chicago Linguistic Society; "Script-based lexicon" by Victor Raskin, Quaderni di Semantica, Vol.II: 1,1981, granted by Professor Mario Alinei, Editor; "The semantics of abuse in the chastushka: Women's bawdy" by Victor Raskin, Maledicta, Vol.V, 1981, granted by Maledicta Press; and "A script-based semantic theory of humor," in: D. L. F. Nilsen (with AIleen P. Nilsen) (ed.), The Language ofHumor. The Humor of Language, Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 1983, granted by the editor. PREFACE GOAL This is the funniest book I have ever written - and the ambiguity here is deliberate. Much of this book is about deliberate ambiguity, described as unambiguously as possible, so the previous sentence is probably the fIrst, last, and only deliberately ambiguous sentence in the book. Deliberate ambiguity will be shown to underlie much, if not all, of verbal humor. Some of its forms are simple enough to be perceived as deliberately ambiguous on the surface; in others, the ambiguity results from a deep semantic analysis. Deep semantic analysis is the core of this approach to humor. The book is the fIrst ever application of modem linguistic theory to the study of humor and it puts forward a formal semantic theory of verbal humor. The goal of the theory is to formulate the necessary and sufficient conditions, in purely semantic terms, for a text to be funny.
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