Port of Call Or Port of Conflict: the Evolution of the Port of New York
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New Jersey Institute of Technology Digital Commons @ NJIT Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 5-31-2012 Port of call or port of conflict: the ve olution of the port of New York and New Jersey, port-city relationships, and the potential for land use conflicts on the Newark bay waterfront Colette Santasieri New Jersey Institute of Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/dissertations Part of the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Santasieri, Colette, "Port of call or port of conflict: the evolution of the port of New York and New Jersey, port-city relationships, and the potential for land use conflicts on the Newark bay waterfront" (2012). Dissertations. 307. https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/dissertations/307 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ NJIT. 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ABSTRACT PORT OF CALL OR PORT OF CONFLICT: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PORT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, PORT-CITY RELATIONSHIPS, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR LAND USE CONFLICTS ON THE NEWARK BAY WATERFRONT by Colette Santasieri This dissertation, a case study of the Port of New York and New Jersey, covers three major research topics: 1) the evolution of the port spanning a period of over 200 years; 2) the relationship between the port (and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) and five municipalities on Newark Bay; and 3) the potential for land use conflicts between the commercial port operations and redeveloping waterfronts for non-industrial uses. Research about the historical evolution of the Port of New York and New Jersey centers exclusively on the waterfronts and facilities on the Hudson and East Rivers and Upper New York Bay. Sources of information include books, news articles, journal articles, government reports, maps and photographs. The contemporary port-city relationship is studied with respect to the port and the Port Authority, and the municipalities of Elizabeth, Newark, Kearny, Jersey City and Bayonne. Sources of information include news articles, government reports and interviews with local elected officials and staff and representatives from advocacy groups, state agencies, and businesses. Potential for land use conflicts in the Newark Bay area between the commercial port operations and redeveloping waterfronts for non- industrial uses is explored using the same sources as topic 2, with the addition of journal articles and site observations. In this research, the Port-city Evolution Model by Hoyle is tested on the evolution of the Port of New York and New Jersey and is found to be too general and attends only to the relationship between one port and one city. The scale, scope and level of complexity of the Port of New York and New Jersey do not fit the model’s general framework. A new model, derived from this research, captures the evolution of the Port of New York and New Jersey, taking into account the complexity of this port, which has: multiple cargo handling terminals in multiple municipalities in two states; multiple and different port-city relationships that have several relational aspects; and multiple forces shaping the port’s evolution. Analysis of the relationship between the port (and the Port Authority) and five Newark Bay municipalities reveals dynamic, multifaceted associations characterized not only by spatial and functional aspects, but also by economic, political, and societal aspects. The final stage of Hoyle’s Port-city Evolution Model suggests that port- city associations are being renewed. One aspect of the contemporary port- city relationship is conflict between an operating port and redeveloping waterfronts. Research on the Newark Bay area reveals no observable or reported conflicts. However, the potential for conflict exists. Future conflicts could include daily friction from incompatible land uses and loss of waterfront property for commercial maritime use. These conflicts can be exacerbated by the multiplicity of stakeholders involved in waterfront development and port operations. The Port of New York and New Jersey Port-city Evolution Model, derived from this study, adds to the body of literature regarding not only how ports have grown and changed over time but also the causes and consequences of that growth and those changes. This dissertation extends Hoyle’s general and narrowly focused model. It is a comprehensive account of the evolution of the Port of New York and New Jersey that weaves together myriad political, economic, regulatory, commercial, global and societal events, issues and actions into a complex tale. The complexity of this tale mirrors the complexity of this port’s history and conditions in 2011. PORT OF CALL OR PORT OF CONFLICT: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PORT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, PORT-CITY RELATIONSHIPS, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR LAND USE CONFLICTS ON THE NEWARK BAY WATERFRONT by Colette Santasieri A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey – Newark And The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Systems May 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Colette Santasieri ALL RIGHTS RESERVED APPROVAL PAGE PORT OF CALL OR PORT OF CONFLICT: THE EVOLUTION OF THE PORT OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY, PORT-CITY RELATIONSHIPS, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR LAND USE CONFLICTS ON THE NEWARK BAY WATERFRONT Colette Santasieri Karen A. Franck, Ph.D., Dissertation Advisor Date Professor, New Jersey Institute of Technology Anthony W. Schuman, RA, Committee Member Date Associate Professor, New Jersey Institute of Technology Georgeen Theodore, RA, Committee Member Date Associate Professor, New Jersey Institute of Technology Thomas H. Wakeman, III, Eng.Sc.D. Date Deputy Director, Center for Maritime Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology IOGAICA SKEC Athr: Cltt Sntr r: tr f hlph t: M 202 Undrrdt nd Grdt Edtn: • tr f hlph n Urbn St r Shl f Arhttr, r Inttt f hnl, r, r, M 202 • Mtr f Sn, Cvl Ennrn r Cll f Ennrn, r Inttt f hnl, r, r, M 8 • hlr f Sn, Envrnntl lnnn nd n C Cll, tr Unvrt, rn, M 84 Mjr: Urbn St v To my husband Mark - the best thing that ever happened to me - for his unwavering love and support To my daughters Andi and Maria - my pride and joy - who provide me with endless reasons to feel loved and be happy and proud To my father, Daniel L. Creange whose greatest advice to me was “Never be afraid to ask questions.” I took that advice to heart. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge my dissertation committee members: Dr. Karen A. Franck (Advisor), Dr. Thomas Wakeman, Anthony W. Schuman, RA, and Georgeen Theodore, RA. I appreciate all of the time and effort each one took in reviewing various drafts of this dissertation. I am also appreciative of the comments each one provided, as addressing these comments added value to this dissertation. I am especially appreciative of Dr. Karen Franck’s critiques, advice, insight and wisdom. I would like to thank Sevin Yildiz and Sean Vroom for their valuable assistance and support. I would also like to thank the following elected officials, government staff, advocacy group representatives and business owners for their time, perspectives and insights. Their contributions to this dissertation were very valuable. The Honorable Christian Bollwage, Mayor of the City of Elizabeth. The Honorable Alberto G. Santos, Mayor of the Town of Kearny. The Honorable Jeremiah T. Healy, Mayor of Jersey City. The Honorable Augusto Amador, Councilman of the City of Newark’s East Ward. The Honorable Peter S. Palmer, Freeholder and Chairman of the Freight Initiatives Committee of the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. Robert Cotter, PP, AICP, Director of the Division of City Planning for the City of Jersey City. vi John Fussa, P.P., City Planner for the City of Bayonne. Stephen D. Marks, PP, AICP, CFM, Director of Planning for Hudson County, New Jersey. Caren S. Franzini, Chief Executive Officer of the New Jersey Economic Development Authority. Joseph C. Curto, President of the New York Shipping Association, Inc. Michael G. McGuinness, Chief Executive Office of the New Jersey chapter of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties. David Stein, Executive Director of Nation’sPort. Roland Lewis, President and CEO of the Metropolitan Waterfront Alliance.