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Vrouwen in De Vlaamse Avant-Garde Anarchisme in Het Literaire Veld Van Het Fin De Siecle*

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Vrouwen in De Vlaamse Avant-Garde Anarchisme in Het Literaire Veld Van Het Fin De Siecle* 9929-07_SDL_2006-3_03 13-03-2007 11:55 Pagina 303 VROUWEN IN DE VLAAMSE AVANT-GARDE ANARCHISME IN HET LITERAIRE VELD VAN HET FIN DE SIECLE* Liselotte VANDENBUSSCHE Abstract – Avant-garde periodicals in late nineteenth-century America, Great Britain, France and the Netherlands, often show a heightened interest in anarchism and a larger number of female contributors. This article offers an overview of the participation of women in Flemish avant-garde periodicals during the fin the siècle. It includes a focus on the contri- butions of Jacques Mesnil, a confirmed believer in anarchism and free love who published his work in the Flemish avant-garde reviews Van Nu en Straks and Ontwaking. The cen- tral question is to what extent anarchist ideas affected the opportunities of women writers to publish in the avant-garde press. Het literaire leven is een strijd. Zo typeert Pierre Bourdieu het literaire veld (Bourdieu 1971). Het is een stille strijd waarin alles draait om artistieke legi- timiteit en waarin ongeschreven wetten het verloop bepalen. Deelnemers scherpen de pennen, zoeken steun bij prestigieuze bondgenoten of stippe- len alternatieve strategieën uit om een positie te bezetten. In het autonome literaire veld, dat in Vlaanderen aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw vorm krijgt, treden weinig vrouwen naar voren. Er lijken seksespecifieke mecha- nismen in het spel te zijn die de deelname van vrouwen aan de avant-garde beïnvloeden. Vrouwen begeven zich minder vaak in de literaire machtsstrijd, publiceren minder in avant-gardistische tijdschriften en oefenen ook een kleinere invloed uit op de artistieke frontlinie (Van Boven 1992). Maar daarmee is het verhaal niet uit. Wat in een aantal avant-gardistische tijdschriften die rond 1900 verschijnen, in het oog springt, is een verband tussen de aandacht voor genderverhoudingen onder invloed van het anar- chisme en een grotere deelname van vrouwen. Bondgenootschappen zijn in anarchistisch gezinde periodieken vaak niet exclusief mannelijk en de gehul- digde standpunten lijken voor vrouwen een stimulans om de literaire arena te betreden. Enkele studies uit Europa en de Verenigde Staten die hierna * Ik wil hierbij prof. dr. M. Demoor, prof. dr. A.M. Musschoot, dr. H. Vandevoorde, V. Neyt, W. Resseler en C. Martens bedanken voor hun opmerkingen en suggesties bij voor- gaande versies. Het artikel kwam tot stand in het kader van het BOF-onderzoeksproject ‘Vrou- wen en journalistiek, een cultuur-historisch project (de liberale pers), 1890-1940’, met als promotor prof. dr. M. Demoor en als co-promotor prof. dr. A.M. Musschoot. Spiegel der Letteren 48 (3), 303-330. doi: 10.2143/SDL.48.3.2020213 © 2006 by Spiegel der Letteren. All rights reserved. 9929-07_SDL_2006-3_03 13-03-2007 11:55 Pagina 304 304 LISELOTTE VANDENBUSSCHE worden belicht, benadrukken de correlatie tussen de anarchistische gezind- heid van progressieve tijdschriften en de deelname van vrouwen daaraan. In Vlaanderen is zowel in literaire als in niet-literaire tijdschriften een ver- gelijkbaar patroon te zien. In de niet-literaire periodieke pers creëert een vrouw als Emilie Claeys voor zichzelf een positie aan het hoofd van het voor- uitstrevende tijdschrift De Vrouw. Ze werkt zich in de kijker met een radi- caal socialistische visie op seksualiteit, die enige raakpunten vertoont met anarchistische standpunten. In de literaire avant-gardistische tijdschriften uit het fin de siècle nemen vrouwen een minder centrale plaats in. De anarchis- tische inspiratie is er wel prominent aanwezig, zowel in publicaties van man- nen als in het werk van enkele vrouwen. In dit artikel wil ik nagaan hoe de gesignaleerde correlatie zich manifesteert in de Vlaamse avant-gardistische tijd- schriften uit het fin de siècle. De aard en de omvang van de participatie van Vlaamse vrouwen wordt vergeleken met de situatie in het buitenland, de aanzet in het gepropageerde gedachtegoed wordt toegelicht en de mogelijke invloed van het anarchisme op de deelname van vrouwen aan de literaire voorhoede wordt in het licht van andere factoren beoordeeld. Vrouwen in Vlaamse avant-gardistische tijdschriften De literaire avant-garde die in dit artikel wordt belicht, omvat de tijdschrif- ten die verschenen zijn in de decennia rond 1900. Het is een periode die wordt gekarakteriseerd door een renouveau van de Vlaamse letterkunde waar- voor de oprichting van Van Nu en Straks1 in 1893 symbool staat. De fasci- natie voor het anarchisme kreeg in de eerste reeks van Van Nu en Straks voornamelijk gestalte in de figuur van August Vermeylen.2 In de nieuwe reeks werd ze onder meer uitgedragen door Jacques Mesnil, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis en Christiaan Cornelissen (Vandevoorde 1999).3 In dit 1 Van Nu en Straks (Reeks 1: 1893-1894, Nieuwe Reeks: 1896-1901): literair avant-gar- detijdschrift onder redactie van E. de Bom, C. Buysse, P. van Langendonck en A. Vermeylen. Het was van groot belang voor de heropleving van de Vlaamse letteren. 2 August Vermeylen (1872-1945) studeerde geschiedenis aan de Vrije Universiteit van Brussel en promoveerde er in 1894. Hij studeerde verder in Berlijn en Wenen en was de mede- stichter van onder andere Van Nu en Straks en het tijdschrift Vlaanderen (1903-1907). Hij werd hoogleraar in de kunstgeschiedenis in 1901. 3 Jacques Mesnil, pseudoniem van Jacques Dwelshauvers (Brussel, 1872 – Montmaur-en- Diois (Frankrijk) 1940), was anarchist, schrijver en kunsthistoricus. Hij studeerde kunstwe- tenschappen aan de Vrije Universiteit Brussel en geneeskunde aan de universiteiten van Firenze en Bologna. Hij werkte mee aan tal van kranten en tijdschriften. Zie: Lavalleye 1967, 596-605. Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis (1846-1919) werd geboren uit een welstellende lutheraanse predikantenfamilie van Deense afkomst. Hij was aanvankelijk zelf ook predikant, maar verliet de kerk in 1879 om zich volledig aan de socialistische beweging te wijden (Moulaert 1981, 173). 9929-07_SDL_2006-3_03 13-03-2007 11:55 Pagina 305 VROUWEN IN DE VLAAMSE AVANT-GARDE 305 artikel krijgen naast tijdschriften als Iris en De Tijdgeest de anarchistische periodieken Ontwaking en Onze Vlagge bijzondere aandacht.4 Die laatste zijn twee meer radicale tijdschriften die duidelijk onder de invloed van Van Nu en Straks stonden. Aan Van Nu en Straks zelf en het libertaire Alvoorder (1900-1901) namen geen vrouwen deel. In 1891 was er wel overwogen om Hélène Swarth aan (De) Vrije Kunst, de virtuele voorganger van Van Nu en Straks, te laten mee- werken.5 Enige jaren later werd ook de eenakter Opleving van de Neder- landse Josine Mees ter publicatie in overweging genomen (Van Dijck e.a. 1988, 205). Bijdragen van hen zijn echter nooit gepubliceerd. Enkele pogin- gen die van buitenaf werden ondernomen om het werk van vrouwen gepu- bliceerd te krijgen, bleken evenmin succesvol. Twee voorbeelden hiervan zijn inmiddels bekend. In 1896 was het de Nederlandse Johanna Diepenhorst- van Lockhorst die de redactie enkele gedichten aanbood.6 In 1901 probeerde de Gentse professor Julius MacLeod (1857-1919), die meewerkte aan Van Nu en Straks, De Tijdgeest en Ontwaking, in een brief aan August Vermeylen een plaatsje te bemachtigen voor een vertaling van zijn echtgenote Fanny Christiaan Cornelissen (1864-1943): onderwijzer, was aanvankelijk actief in de stem- rechtbeweging, maar ging zich in de jaren negentig libertair-communist en syndicalist noemen (ibid.). 4 Iris. Vrij, Algemeen Nederlandsch Maandschrift voor Literatuur, Kunst, Sociologie en Wijs- begeerte (1908): tijdschrift onder leiding van G. Ceunis, dat gekant was tegen verburgerlijking, epigonisme en middelmatigheid. In de redactie zetelden E. Claus, E. Durkheim, G. Papens, G. Ceunis, R. de Cneudt en J. Lefèvre. De Tijdgeest. Maandblad voor Algemeene Ontwikkeling (1910-1912) werd uitgegeven door Jef Hinderdael en stelde zich tot doel wijsgerige, wetenschappelijke en godsdienstige vraag- stukken te verspreiden en te populariseren. Christenanarchisten als Lod. van Mierop en Felix Ortt publiceren regelmatig in het blad en Tolstoj wordt als inspirator aangehaald. Ontwaking (1896; 1901-1910): anarchistisch tijdschrift voor kunsten, wetenschappen en sociologie, in 1896 door Victor Resseler in Antwerpen opgericht. Onze Vlagge (1897-1899) werd door dezelfde redactie uitgegeven wanneer de uitgave van Ontwaking werd gestaakt. 5 Hélène Swarth (Amsterdam, 1859 – Velp, 1941) was een Nederlandse dichteres die van 1865 tot 1884 in Brussel woonde (Hélène Swarth aan F.J. van den Branden, 24 mei 1890, AMVC-Letterenhuis S995, nr. 57376/25). Ze genoot haar literaire opleiding in Brusselse krin- gen en speelde een niet onbelangrijke rol in het Vlaamse literaire veld door haar deelname aan tijdschriften als het Nederlandsch Museum (1874-1894), De Toekomst (1857-1898), De Vlaam- sche School (1855-1901), Jong Vlaanderen (1881-1882) en de Nederlandsche Dicht- en Kunst- halle (1878-1897), waaraan ze tot 1889 medewerkster was. Ze werd krachtig gesteund door J.M. Dautzenberg, Pol de Mont en Emmanuel de Bom (zie onder meer Rutten e.a. 1988, 27-28). 6 Johanna Diepenhorst-van Lockhorst aan de redactie van Van Nu en Straks, 25 februari 1896. AMVC-Letterenhuis D439, nr. 18208/5. Johanna Diepenhorst-van Lockhorst was een Nederlandse schrijfster die poëzie en kritische bijdragen publiceerde in het Nederlandsch Museum, De Vlaamsche Kunstbode (1871-1913) en het Tijdschrift van het Willemsfonds (1896- 1905). Vanuit Wiesbaden werkte ze mee aan het toneeltijdschrift Lucifer (1901-1914). 9929-07_SDL_2006-3_03 13-03-2007 11:55 Pagina 306 306 LISELOTTE VANDENBUSSCHE Maertens, beter bekend als Fanny Lava.7
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