VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus

From the Desk of Guest Editor Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) is one of the earliest laboratories established under the DRDO umbrella. It has, as its mandate, the design and development of conventional armaments for the Services and Paramilitary Forces. One of the areas in which ARDE has established core competence is the design and development of a variety of warheads and safety arming mechanisms. With its abundant experience, ARDE is contributing this critical element to a variety of weapon platforms such as rockets, missiles and torpedoes.

In the pre-1980s period, development of warheads was done amidst constraints such as limited access to information in the open literature due to classified nature of the topic, absence of interaction among R&D organisations, industry and academia and lack of mathematical models for warhead design. Post 1980, emphasis was on finding solutions for better control of fragmentation patterns and blast effects against critical targets and study and improvement of the shaped charge mechanism for defeat of armoured targets. Indigenous development of preformed fragmentation warheads for Akash and Trishul missile system were major milestones. Development of Dentex explosive and availability of better fabrication facilities resulted in the development of a 1000 kg variable mass prefragmentation warhead for Prithvi missile with complex geometry. ARDE has immensely contributed to the success of the IGMDP by designing and developing a variety of warheads for the missiles. A major technological breakthrough has been the development of submunition warheads for various medium and large calibre missiles, rockets, bombs and artillery systems. An innovative warhead test vehicle has been evolved for test and evaluation. DPICM bomblet, incendiary, prefragmentation and penetration-cum-blast submunitions have been established for warheads for Prithvi missile, Pinaka rocket and artillery rounds. Use of advanced simulation methods and conduct of numerous sophisticated experiments resulted in the successful development of 50 kg shaped charge warhead in anti-submarine role and tandem shaped charge warheads for neutralising MBTs protected with Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA).

To meet the increasing requirement of highly accurate weapons with enhanced lethality that inflict low collateral damage, ARDE has forayed into the cutting edge technology area of directional warheads. Thermobaric warheads containing fuel rich explosive composition which produces blast overpressure as well as heat energy on detonation are being developed by ARDE based on thermobaric composition developed by HEMRL. Tank ammunition using thermobaric composition has also been developed.

Warhead technology development is a complex, multi-disciplinary field. Specialised testing and evaluation facilities are required to visualise the events. Demand for high performance warhead systems is on the increase. Since the present war is fought in urban areas, warheads with higher accuracy and low collateral damage are the need of the hour. ARDE has constantly undertaken technology development activities for advanced warheads. These are aimed at enhancing the performance of conventional warheads. A few of them are high performance shaped charges having low length to diameter ratio, concrete penetrating warheads based on follow through technology and kinetic energy rod warhead against tactical ballistic missile class of targets.

This issue of Technology Focus brings out an introduction on the complex warhead technology and ARDE’s contributions towards development of warhead systems for various weapon platforms.

Dr K M Rajan Distinguished Scientist & Director, ARDE

2 May-June 2018 Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus

Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets After the Defence Research whole spectrum of activities related and ammunition, warheads for & Development Organisation to the complex, multi-disciplinary IGMDP missiles, Arjun armament, was created as an inter-service field of conventional armament Adrushy influence munitions and organisation in 1958, the technology. These activities comprise various categories of aircraft bombs existing Technical Development basic and applied research and and naval armament. One of the most Establishment (Ammunition) development, prototyping, test and prestigious programmes of DRDO, and Technical Development evaluation, modeling, simulation namely design and development of Establishment (Weapons) were and software development, Transfer a 155 mm/52 Cal Advanced Towed reorganised into two separate of Technology (TOT) and limited Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) is establishments—Armament Research scale pilot-plant production of making rapid strides. ARDE has and Development Establishment crucial items. A full fledged Pashan also taken up several programmes (ARDE) to carry out R&D functions, Range for test and evaluation, a for developing precision guided and Chief Inspectorate of Armaments prototype manufacturing unit for munitions, some of which are the (CIA) to look after the production making prototypes for weapon Guided Pinaka Rocket, Anti-tank and inspection functions. These two development and modern pilot plants Guided Missile for Arjun MBT and establishments came into being with for production of air power cartridges 450 kg guided bomb. effect from 1st September 1958. and PZT components are some unique features. ARDE, Pune is an inter-service establishment catering to the needs ARDE is an ISO 9001:2008 of all the three wings of the Indian certified laboratory. Over the years, it Armed Forces—army, navy and air has contributed several major weapon force. The philosophy of ARDE is systems and sub-systems such as to be of “Service to the Services”. Pinaka Multibarrel Rocket Launcher The capability of ARDE embraces a System, INSAS family of weapons

Warheads Warhead is a specific device or and metallic fragments interact a part of the Armament System with targets with energy levels much which causes desired damage to the exceeding their strength, the targets target and renders it incapable of collapse. Explosives detonate when performing its intended function. suitably initiated. Detonation is a Generally chemical energy contained violent decomposition of explosive, in high explosives is used to achieve releasing large amounts of heat and the desired kill effect. There are other sources of high energy such as nuclear sources, high power laser, etc. This issue discusses various technologies involved in conventional warheads containing high explosives.

Explosives are in a meta-stable state, and when suitably initiated, they release large amount of energy in the form of blast, sound and heat. Chemical energy stored in the explosives is converted to kinetic energy of the expanding metallic casing and gases. When these gases Explosives are in metastable state Typical missile and warhead location

Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets May-June 2018 3 Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus pressure in a very small duration of Specific energy of some energetic materials time. Pressures ranging from 300-400 kbar are produced during detonation. Petrol: 46 MJ/Kg Rate at which detonation progresses in the explosive is supersonic. Damage Coal: 24 MJ/Kg to the target could be classified as any one or more of the following: TNT: 4.2 MJ/Kg

◊ Physical Though specific energy is relatively less for some explosives, rate of release of energy is much higher, thereby rendering them useful in warhead applications. ◊ Thermal make up what is known as the ◊ Safe/arm technologies ◊ Radioactive explosive train. The explosive train is a series of actions designed to initiate ◊ Fuzing technologies ◊ Biological detonation through a given sequence, and is a combination of primary and ◊ Explosive-casing material ◊ Chemical secondary explosives. interaction studies ◊ Psychological Design of Warhead System ◊ Interaction of kill mechanism and target Elements of Warhead Design of warhead is dictated by various factors as follows: ◊ Target failure phenomenon System ◊ Type of target and its characteristics Classification of Warheads Warhead system consists of three like size, hardness, vulnerability, major elements. They are: nature of kill Within the ambit of general definition given in the previous ◊ Kill mechanism ◊ Characteristics of carrier/delivery sections, warheads can be categorised system like probability of hit/near into different classes based on the ◊ Fuzing mechanism miss source of energy contained in them. For example : ◊ Safety arming mechanism ◊ Technology status in explosives, materials and their agglomeration ◊ High explosive warheads Kill mechanism contains the energetic material. Fuzing mechanism Design of warhead involves ◊ Fuel air explosive warheads senses the environments for understanding of multi-disciplinary locking or unlocking various safety fields such as: ◊ Nuclear, biological and chemical interlocks. Safety arming mechanism warheads is the element which houses the ◊ Chemistry and engineering of initiator and detonates the warhead explosives Conventional high explosive on receiving appropriate signals from warheads can be further classified into fuzing mechanism. All these elements ◊ Detonics omni-directional and directed energy warheads. General classification of warheads is given in the following chart. This is not an exhaustive listing.

Innovative designs intended to optimise delivery of energy onto the target has resulted in different kinds of kill mechanisms. However, the SENSITIVITY basic mechanism will fall in one of the categories mentioned in the chart.

Explosive Train

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Classification of warheads

Omni-Directional also be arranged on the surface mechanisms are evolved to direct Warheads of the explosive column. These explosive energy. Shaped charges are fragments accelerate to a great speed mechanisms wherein the explosive Omni-directional warheads under explosive action carrying the energy is focused by the use of a cavity have an isotropic pattern of energy kinetic energy to longer distances. lined with a metal. Nearly 15-20 per distribution around the point of Two variants of omni directional cent of the explosive energy is focused burst. They can be either blast fragmentation warheads are discrete towards one direction by the collapse warheads or fragmentation warheads. rod warheads and continuous of this lined cavity. Explosive energy Blast warheads use the explosive air rod warheads. They use rod type can also be directed in a specific shock and resulting overpressure elongated fragments in large numbers direction by various other methods to cause damage to the target. In to inflict higher penetration in target as employed in detonation wave case of fragmentation warheads, as compared to conventional spherical aiming warheads and deformable explosive energy is used to expand a or cubical fragments. fragmentation warheads. This involves metal casing into a number of small detonating a cylindrical warhead fragments. Fragments can be formed Directed-Energy Warheads peripherally along a line in such a way either by natural fragmentation Directed-energy warheads are that more explosive energy is directed process or controlled fragmentation designed to direct part of the energy to one side than to other sides. process. Preformed fragments can in a specific direction. Various Fuel Air Explosive Warheads Fuel Air Explosives (FAE) are oxygen deficient high energy materials. These chemicals are dispersed in air over the target area using a suitable delivery and dispensing mechanism to form an aerosol cloud. This cloud is then detonated to deliver the intense blast energy onto the targets. Omni-directional warhead Directional warhead

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Warhead before detonation Aerosol cloud formation Aerosol detonation FAE Warhead functioning

Types of Kill Mechanisms Fragmentation Charges such high pressures. Liner collapses hydrodynamically onto the axis and Kill mechanisms based on high Fragmentation charges are further forms into a hyper velocity jet. explosives have been categorised into similar to blast charges and the This hyper velocity jet made of high five types as follows: energy liberated on detonation of the density material penetrates the targets explosive is carried by the high density hydrodynamically owing to its large ◊ Blast charges fragments surrounding the explosive kinetic energy associated with it. column. These fragments are lethal ◊ Fragmentation charges at even large distances and typically Projectile Charges and Flat employed against soft skinned targets. Cone Charges ◊ Shaped charges Shaped Charges These are variants of shaped charge ◊ Projectile charges Shaped charge consists of a in which the geometry of metallic liner cylindrical explosive charge having a is altered to obtain either a projectile ◊ Flat cone charges conical cavity on one end generally or a short metallic jet moving at high lined with a metallic liner and velocities. Underlying mechanism in all detonated on the opposite side the above types is same and that exactly along the axis of liner. On is conversion of chemical energy detonation of shaped charge, high contained in the high explosive to pressure detonation wave sweeps mechanical energy in the form of across the liner surface. Pressure either kinetic energy or blast pressure in the detonation wave is typically energy. over a million atmosphere and strength of the metallic liner is Blast Charges nearly negligible when it encounters These are simply high explosives Explosively formed projectile contained in a thin casing made of metals or non-metals. When the explosive contained in the casing is detonated, due to the sudden release of energy, high pressure waves are generated with the evolution of large amount of gaseous products. Energy contained in the blast waves are responsible for the kill of target.

t0-Blast wave arrival time

td-Positive pressure duration

A typical blast wave profile Shaped charge jet formation

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Various Targets and Types of Warheads Meant to Defeat Them Targets Type of Warheads Soft skinned vehicles, parked aircraft in open, Fragmentation warheads personnel, aircraft and missiles Armour protected combat vehicles, Main Battle Shaped charge and explosively formed projectile warheads Tanks (MBT) Bunkers, runways, administrative buildings, Penetration-cum-blast warhead concrete protected targets Petrol oil lubricant dumps, personnel in open, Incendiary warheads railway marshalling yards, etc. Underwater targets like submarines, light Blast warheads concrete buildings, personnel in open

Penetration-cum-Blast Warheads Penetration-cum-Blast (PCB) resulted in successful development Warheads Developed for warheads are a class of warheads of airframe opening mechanisms for used against concrete protected medium calibre rockets and missile Various Weapon Systems structures. These are generally systems. Warhead technology has passed ogive shaped projectiles containing through an evolutionary process explosives intended to breach the To achieve a wide area coverage, starting from empirical studies to concrete protection and then burst. a two stage ejection system has been high end simulation and sophisticated The laboratory has developed developed. An innovative technique testing. ARDE has been the nodal PCB warheads of different mass of warhead test vehicle has been lab for the development of various category for variety of missiles and evolved with combined efforts of warheads for guided missiles, artillery ammunition. warhead and missile designers. In rockets, torpedoes, etc. this technique, the warhead is carried Submunition Warheads by a helicopter to a higher altitude High Energy Materials Research In this type of warhead, the mother and released. A parachute is used to Laboratory (HEMRL), Pune provides warhead holds the submunitions stabilise the system. To achieve near necessary support for the development till the desired point in the flight terminal conditions, the warhead and processing of explosives. Large and dispenses them over the target is boosted by a rocket motor after scale testing and performance area. Several types of submunition release. evaluation are carried out at Terminal warheads have been developed using Ballistics Research Laboratory base ejection for 120/155 artillery Dual purpose improved (TBRL), Chandigarh and Proof and rounds and low calibre rocket systems. conventional bomblet, incendiary, Experimental Establishment (PXE), The design of submunition warheads prefragmentation and penetration- Balasore. Many spin-off technologies for medium and large calibre rockets cum-blast submunitions have been have been established during the and missiles had been a challenge to established for development of various development of warheads. Glimpses of the designer for quite a long time. warheads for Prithvi missile, Pinaka different types of warheads developed rocket and Artillery rounds. by the laboratory for various weapon The development of low charge systems and associated technologies linear shaped charge technology, developed are given in the following milligram level pyro-cartridges, sections. accurate electric sequencers have

Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets May-June 2018 7 Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus

Fragmentation Warheads Technologies Developed Products Delivered

◊ Development of HEMEX-high density, high shock insensitive, fuel rich explosive

◊ Development of high explosive-DENTEX optimised in terms of Velocity of Detonation (VOD) and blast effects

◊ Testing and evaluation methodologies

◊ Fabrication of metallic casings with internal/external notching through investment casting, hot forming and machining 1000 kg PF Warhead-Prithvi ◊ High density Tungsten alloy fragments using powder 500 kg PF Warhead-Prithvi metallurgy technique

◊ Shock impedance mismatch technique for preventing spallation of fragments with high charge to metal mass (C/M) ratio

◊ Variable Mass Preformed Fragmentation (VMPF) concept for achieving uniform lethality and improved hit density

◊ Mathematical models which can accurately predict the performance, viz., spatial distribution and lethality

15 kg PF Warhead-Trishul 65 kg PF Warhead- Akash

125 kg PF Air delivery bomb

300 kg Natural fragmenting warhead- PJ-10

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Shaped Charge Warheads Technologies Established Products Developed

◊ Development of Oxygen Free Electronic (OFE) grade Copper

◊ Establishing flow forming for manufacturing precision liners

◊ Design and development of wave shaper 8 kg Main warhead-NAG/ technology SANT/HELINA ◊ Design of precision initiation couplers

◊ Explosive machining for precision shaped charge warheads

◊ 1D mathematical and 2D simulation for performance prediction Tandem warhead-NAG ◊ Development of pressure casting technology for explosive filling

◊ Tandem shaped charge warhead against Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) protected armour

50 kg Warhead-light weight torpedo

10 kg Warhead-missile launched PGM

Explosive machining Flow forming facility

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Penetration-cum-Blast Warheads Technologies Established Products Developed

◊ Development and validation of design codes

◊ Established concrete penetration models

◊ Development of shock insensitive explosives

◊ Kill mechanisms of 10 kg to 300 kg class

◊ Test and evaluation methodologies 450 kg High Speed Low Drag (HSLD) bomb

10 kg Missile Launched PGM (MLPGM) warheads

80 kg PCB Warhead-Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW)

120 mm PCB ammunition 300 kg PCB warhead- Nirbhay Rail Track Rocket Sled (RTRS) test penetration performance-SAAW warhead

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Submunition Warheads Technologies Established Products Developed

◊ Development of nose cone opening mechanism

◊ Power cartridge assisted ejection mechanism

◊ Development of single and two stage ejection mechanisms

◊ Light weight dispensation mechanism for runway denial penetrating submunition warhead

◊ Rocket assisted ejection mechanism

◊ Hot gas operated flap opening mechanism

◊ Development of Electronic Safety and Sequencer Unit (SASU)

◊ Evolution of WHTV test methodology for evaluating warhead performance 1000 kg Submunition 500 kg Composite warhead- bomblet warhead-Prithvi Prithvi

Warhead Test Vehicle (WHTV) test 500 kg RDPS warhead-Prithvi Submunition warhead- Pinaka

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Current Developments The requirements of modern There are different weapon systems are high accuracy methods to achieve and enhanced lethality, while causing directionality. The minimum collateral damage. This laboratory has has opened up a great challenge to developed directional weapon designers. Warhead designers warheads for various face severe mass and volume applications. Some of constraints, with a need to configure the developments in the warhead in a compact space and the field of directional at the same time performance aspects warheads are : are not compromised. To achieve this, designers are looking at directional Detonation Wave warheads and high performance Aiming Warheads Directional blast warhead configuration warhead systems. Better explosive compositions having high specific The laboratory has energy are being experimented. configured a 50 kg directional blast Initiation System (MPIS). MPIS warhead for underwater applications. consists of equal length Explosive Directional Warheads This concept involves initiating the Transfer Lines (ETLs) and a junction warhead eccentrically along a line on box where these ETLs are terminated Blast and fragmentation effects of a the periphery in such a way that more at a single point. point initiated conventional warhead explosive energy is directed towards are isotropic in nature around point one side. of burst. In such a scenario, the sector in which the target lies receives only Multiple lines of initiators are a proportionate share of such effects provided on the periphery so that and the remainder is wasted without desired line can be initiated based on producing any appreciable effect the end game requirements. This is on the target. Directional warhead based on the principles of detonation involves altering the detonation wave wave aiming towards the intended in such a way that more explosive direction. energy is directed towards the target as compared to other sides, thereby Critical subsystem of a directional enhancing the effectiveness of the warhead in which detonation warhead. geometry is altered is a Multipoint

Compact MPIS

Concept of directional blast 50 kg Directional warhead

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Detonation initiated at the junction A 40 kg FG warhead has been test Thermobaric Warheads box is transferred to multi points on evaluated both in static as well as in the warhead periphery through ETLs. flight condition and it has performed Thermobaric warheads contain Warhead is initiated at all the points as per expectations. As it is pertinent fuel rich explosive composition simultaneously to give directionality. that the line of fire of a forward called thermobaric explosive. As There are multiple lines of initiation firing warhead needs to be directed the name implies, this composition on the warhead periphery. According towards the target, a Pyro-Based on detonation produces blast to the endgame requirements, Orientation Mechanism (PBOM) has overpressure as well as heat energy required line is chosen and initiated been developed which provides one lasting for a few 100s of milliseconds. so that maximum energy is directed axis gimbal (Azimuth gimbal) of These warheads are used against towards the target. the warhead. It is a piston-cylinder soft targets like personnel in based system powered by the hot open and concrete protected Directional warhead thus gases generated on initiation of pyro- targets. Thermobaric explosive configured for underwatercartridges. It is capable of orienting compositions contains metallic fuel applications enhances blast the fragmenting face of warhead in in excess generally fine aluminium. overpressure by 40 per cent as three fixed positions within a few Post detonation reaction of this compared to conventional point milliseconds. aluminium with atmospheric oxygen initiated warhead. Along the same is exothermic in nature and produces lines of directional blast warhead, large amount of heat energy. the concept has been successfully adapted in the case of a fragmentation The laboratory has designed warhead. Twenty per cent increase in various warheads and tank fragment velocity has been obtained ammunition based on thermobaric in this design as compared to an omni composition developed by HEMRL. -directional warhead. Effectiveness of these warheads has been tested against various simulated targets. 80 kg FG Warhead for endo-atmospheric

Pressure history of High Explosive (HE) and Thermobaric Explosive (TBE) detonations

TBE vs. HE : 40 kg FG Warhead for exo- -Lower peak pressure p atmospheric interception 2 -Longer pulse duration Fragment Generator Warheads

p Fragment Generator (FG) warhead 1 Thermobaric Explosive (TBE) is a kind of forward firing warhead wherein premade fragments are pressure High Explosive (HE) arranged on one face of the warhead which is backed by suitable thickness ambiant of high explosive and is initiated from the opposite end. These type of warheads are commonly employed against targets such as tactical ballistic t t t t t missiles where total structural kill is 1 2 3 4 5 required and to achieve it, a highly Time dense fragment cloud is needed.

Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets May-June 2018 13 Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus

Sequence of events of dynamic testing of thermobaric ammunition

Detonation of thermobaric ammunition on RCC block – Effect on target 120 mm TB ammunition Dynamic tests and target effects–120 mm TB Ammunition Future Plans ARDE has undertaken several protection levels are also improving. areas, collateral damage needs to be technology development activities Hence demand for high performance minimum. Future requirement is on advanced warhead development. warhead systems is increasing. Since warheads with higher accuracy and These are aimed at enhancing the present war is fought in urban low collateral damage. the performance of conventional warheads. A few of them are high performance shaped charges Pre-frag- Fragment Deformable having low length to diameter Conventional PF mented generators & KE Rod Warheads Warheads & Warheads ratio, concrete penetrating Warheads Detonation Wave Energetic warheads based on follow Aiming warheads Fragments through technology and kinetic energy rod warhead Advanced Conventional Directional Blast Enhanced Blast against tactical ballistic Thermobaric Blast Warheads Blast Warheads Warheads Warheads Warheads missile class of targets. Warheads Warhead technology development is complex in nature owing to various Conventional Precision Tandem Shaped Charges Low L/D Shaped Shaped Against Concrete Charges & factors. Warhead technology Charge Point Initiated Shaped Charge Tandem Warheads Shaped Charges Warheads & Underwater for Underwater is a multi-disciplinary field. Warheads Targets Applications Knowledge in various fields is essential to effectively design warheads. Warhead Panetra- Deep Penetration tion-cum Small Caliber Low Small Caliber High High Caliber Warheads (Follow mechanism is an ultra L/D Projectiles L/D Projectiles Warheads Through and Layer Blast Wareads high speed phenomenon. Counting) specialised testing and Evaluation requirements are required to visualise Warhead 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020 Beyond 2020 the events. As warhead Types technology advances, Future technology development plans

14 May-June 2018 Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus

Warheads at a Glance

Weapon System Warhead Type Weight Class Prithvi Pre-fragmented

Runway denial penetration submunition 1000 kg and 500 kg DPICM bomblet

Incendiary submunition Akash Pre-fragmented 55 kg Trishul Pre-fragmented 15 kg Anti-tank Guided Missiles ATGM-NAG/ Tandem shaped charge 8 kg HELINA /SANT Advanced light weight Torpedo Shaped charge 50 kg Smart Anti Air field (SAAW) air delivered Penetration-cum-blast 80 kg bomb Subsonic cruise vehicle-Nirbhay Penetration-cum-blast 300 kg Astra Pre-fragmented 15 kg Artillery rocket-Pinaka Pre-fragmented

DPICM subminition 100 kg Soft target submunition

Anti-tank submunition AAD Interceptor Pre-fragmented 80 kg PAD Interceptor Pre-fragmented 40 kg Prahaar Pre-fragmented 200 kg BrahMos Antiship (Blast and naturally 200 kg fragmenting) Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile Pre-fragmented 32 kg (QRSAM) New Generation Anti-radiation Missile Pre-fragmented 60 kg (NGARM) Pralay Pre-fragmented 350 kg and 700 kg Penetration-cum-blast High Speed Low Drag (HSLD) Bomb Penetration-cum-blast 250 kg and 450 kg Air delivered bombs Pre-fragmented 500 kg, 250 kg and 125 kg

Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets May-June 2018 15 Technology VSDu¨ykWth Q¨dl Focus

Local Correspondents Agra: Shri S.M. Jain, Aerial Delivery Research and Development of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS); Shri Ram Prakash, Establishment (ADRDE) Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL); Dr Anjani Tiwari, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS); Ahmednagar: Shri S Muthukrishnan, Vehicles Research & Smt Anjana Sharma, Institute for Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA); Development Establishment (VRDE) Dr D.P. Ghai, Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC); Bengaluru: Shri Subbukutti S., Aeronautical Development Ms Noopur Shrotriya, Scientific Analysis Group (SAG); Establishment, (ADE); Smt MR Bhuvaneswari, Centre Dr Mamta Khaneja, Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL) for Airborne Systems (CABS); Smt Faheema A.G.J., Gwalior: Shri R.K. Srivastava, Defence R&D Establishment (DRDE) Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR); Shri R. Kamalakannan, Centre for Military Airworthiness & Haldwani: Dr Atul Grover, Dr Ranjit Singh, Defence Institute of Certification (CEMILAC); Shri Nagesa B.K., Gas Turbine Research Bio-Energy Research (DIBER) Establishment (GTRE); Dr Sushant Chhatre, Microwave Tube Hyderabad: Shri A.R.C. Murthy, Defence Electronics Research Research & Development Centre (MTRDC) Laboratory (DLRL); Dr Manoj Kumar Jain, Defence Metallurgical Chandigarh: Shri Neeraj Srivastava, Terminal Ballistics Research Research Laboratory (DMRL); Dr K Nageswara Rao, Defence Laboratory (TBRL); Shri H S Gusain, Snow & Avalanche Study Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL) Establishment (SASE) Jodhpur: Shri Ravindra Kumar, Defence Laboratory (DL) Chennai: Shri P.D. Jayram, Combat Vehicles Research & Kochi: Smt Letha M.M., Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory Development Establishment (CVRDE) (NPOL) Dehradun: Shri Abhai Mishra, Defence Electronics Applications Leh: Dr Tsering Stobden, Defence Institute of High Altitude Laboratory (DEAL); Shri J.P. Singh, Instruments Research & Research (DIHAR) Development Establishment (IRDE) Pune: Dr (Mrs) J.A. Kanetkar, Armament Research and Delhi: Dr Rajendra Singh, Centre for Fire, Explosive & Development Establishment (ARDE); Dr Himanshu Shekhar, High Environment Safety (CFEES); Dr Dipti Prasad, Defence Institute Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)

Editors acknowledge the contribution of Shri S. Harikrishnan, Scientist F of Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune in preparing this issue.

Technology Focus focuses on the technological developments in the organisation covering the products, processes and technologies.

Readers may send their suggestions to the Editor, Technology Focus DESIDOC, Metcalfe House Editor-in-Chief Delhi - 110 054 Alka Suri Telephone: 011-23902403, 23902472 Fax: 011-23819151; 011-23813465 Senior Editor E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] B. Nityanand Internet: www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=techfocus.jsp Editor ikBd vius lq>ko laiknd] VSDuksykWth Qksdl] MslhMkWd] esVdkWQ gkml] f nYyh-110 054 dks Dipti Arora Hkst ldrs gSaA nwjHkk"k% 011-23902403, 23902472 Printing Q SDl% 011-23819151; 011-23813465 SK Gupta b Z&e sy% [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Hans Kumar b aVju sV% www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=techfocus.jsp Marketing Vinod Kumari Sharma Tapesh Sinha

16 Published by desidoc RNI No. 55787/93