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Security Issues SECURITY ISSUES INDIA’S BORDER MANAGEMENT India has 15,106.7 km. of land border Country Name Length and a coastline of 7,516.6 km. Bangladesh 4096.7 km including island territories. The China 3488 km length of land borders with Pakistan 3223 km neighbouring countries: Nepal 1751 km Myanmar 1643km The Department of Border 699 km Management was created in the Bhutan Ministry of Home Affairs in January, Afghanistan 106 km 2004 to pay focused attention to the issues relating to management of international land and coastal borders, strengthening of border policing and guarding, creation of infrastructure like roads, fencing and flood lighting of borders and implementation of Border Area Development Programme (BADP). As a part of the strategy to secure the borders as also to create infrastructure in the border areas of the country, several initiatives have been undertaken by the Department of Border Management. These include expeditious construction of fencing, floodlighting and roads along Indo-Pakistan and Indo-Bangladesh borders, action for development of Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at various locations on the International Borders of the country, construction of strategic roads along India-China, Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders. In addition, various developmental works in the border areas have been undertaken by the Department under the BADP as a part of the comprehensive approach to border management. © Winnishers Educational Services Pvt Ltd 1 Indo-Bangladesh Border (IBB) The Indo-Bangladesh border passes Check post state through West Bengal (2,216.7 km.), Petrapole West Assam (263 km.), Meghalaya (443 km.), Bengal Tripura (856 km.) and Mizoram (318 Hili West km.). The entire stretch consists of Bengal plains, riverine belts, hills, jungles with Chandrabangha West hardly any natural obstacles. The area Bengal is heavily populated and cultivated Sutarkhandi Assam right up to the border. Dawki Meghalaya Akhaura Tripura Indo-Pakistan Border (IPB) Kawarpuchiah Mizoram India shares 3,323 km. [including Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) sector] of its land border with Pakistan. This border runs along the States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and J&K. The Indo-Pakistan border has varied terrain and distinct geographical features. This border is characterised by attempts at infiltration by terrorists and smuggling of arms, ammunition and contraband, the LoC being the most active and live portion of the border. Attari (Wagah) Punjab is an integrated check post between India and Pakistan. India and China India shares 3,488 kilometer of border with China that runs along the Ladakh Region (1597km), states of Himachal Pradesh (200km), Uttarakhand (345km), Sikkim (220km) and Arunachal Pradesh (1126km). The line, which delineates the boundary between the two countries is popularly called McMahon line after its author Sir Henry McMahon. The area is characterized by High altitude terrain and thick habitation which have resulted in inadequate development of infrastructure in this regions. Indo Tibetan border Police Force and Indian army. ITBP was result in the wake of Chinese aggression in 1962 on guards the Sino China border, the Indian army is guarding land borders along the LAC on China border where ITBP could also be involved under the operational command of the army. © Winnishers Educational Services Pvt Ltd 2 Aksai Chin is a region that is administered by China, as part of its Xinjiang and Tibet autonomous regions and claimed by India as part of the union territory of Ladakh. It is in the eastern portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of the Kashmir conflict since 1947 and the Sino-Indian border dispute since 1962. India and Nepal The India–Nepal border is an open international border running between India and Nepal. The 1,770 km (1,099.83 mi) long border includes the Himalayan territories as well as Indo- Gangetic Plain. The current border was delimited after the Sugauli treaty of 1816 between Nepal and the British Raj. Following Indian independence, the current border was recognised as a border between Nepal and the Republic of India. There are two existing territorial disputes between India and Nepal, over the Kalapani territory, a 35 square kilometres area at the India–Nepal–China tri junction in North West Nepal, and Susta, a 20 square kilometres in Southern Nepal. The source of the Kali River, claiming it to be at Limpiyadhura, and allocating 300 square kilometres of Indian territory to itself through the issue of a new map. Raxaul- Bihar, Jogbani-Bihar, Sunauli- Uttar Pradesh are an integrated check post between India and Nepal. India and Myanmar The India–Myanmar border is the international border between the India and Myanmar (formerly Burma). The border is 1,468 km in length and runs from the tripoint with China in the north to the tripoint with Bangladesh in the south. Moreh in Manipur is an integrated check post. BORDER MANAGEMENT As a country, India is under constant threat and faces a lot of challenges from external and internal threats which calls for a robust defence mechanism. The Indian Armed Force and the Central Armed Police Force ensure the national security of India. Let’s understand the various defence forces of India better. © Winnishers Educational Services Pvt Ltd 3 The Indian Armed Force is the primary defence wall of India and serve under the authority of the Ministry of Defence. They mainly manage external security threats. The Indian Armed Force has four main divisions: 1. Indian Army 2. Indian Air Force 3. Indian Navy 4. Indian Coast Guard Central Armed Police Force: The Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) serve under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs. They mainly manage internal security threats and only aid in combating external threats when necessary. Name Functions Assam This is one of the oldest paramilitary forces in the Rifles country and was established in 1835. Its main job is to monitor the North East international borders and counter the insurgency operations in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland. Both Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Home affairs manages this forces. Border The BSF was established in 1965. Their main role is to Security keep a watch over international borders of Pakistan Forces(BSF) and Bangladesh against intrusion. Central The CISF was set up in 1969 after the Industrial recommendations of Justice B Mukherji. Its job is to Security monitor the Central Government industrial complexes. Force (CISF) Central The CRPF was set up in 1939. Its main job is to assist Reserve the State Police or Union Territory Police in Police Force maintaining law and order. The Mahila Battalion (88th (CRPF) Battalion of CRPF) commissioned on March 30, 1986, is the world’d first paramilitary force comprised entirely of women. Indo- They were established in 1962 after the Chinese © Winnishers Educational Services Pvt Ltd 4 Tibetan attack. They are employed in the North India borders. Border They monitor the borders and also stop smuggling and Police illegal immigration. (ITBP) National NSG was established in 1984 to counter the surge of Security militancy in the country. It is a highly trained force Guards which deals with militants effectively. (NSG) Sashastra The SSB was established in 1963. Their main objective Seema Bal is to control anti-national activities and inculcate a (SSB) feeling of nationalism among the border population. They guard the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders. They were earlier called the Special Service Bureau. ● Paramilitary Forces of India: 'Paramilitary forces' is not an official term. It is usually used to refer to: 1. Indian Coast Guard (from the Indian Armed Force) 2. Assam Rifles (AR) (from the CAPF) 3. Special Frontier Force (SFF) (from the Intelligence agencies). ‘OPERATION PRAHAR 2020’ In the wake of COVID-19 pandemic, the security forces in Bastar have scaled down their anti-Maoist operations for fear of being exposed to the infection as well as apprehensions of likely shortage of essential items for the personnel. Moreover, the various Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) units deployed in the Maoist-affected areas have been shouldering the additional responsibility of spreading awareness about the pandemic and providing relief assistance to the villagers. IMPORTANT PASSES IN NEWS ● Nathu La Pass- It is located in the state of Sikkim. This famous pass is located in the India- China border was reopened in 2006. It forms a part of an offshoot of the ancient silk route. It is one of the trading border posts between India and China. © Winnishers Educational Services Pvt Ltd 5 ● Shipki La Pass- It is located through Sutlej Gorge. It connects Himachal Pradesh with Tibet. It is India’s third border post for trade with China after Lipu Lekh( Uttarakhand) and Nathula Pass (Sikkim). ● Jelep La Pass- This pass passes through the Chumbi valley. It connects Sikkim with Lhasa, the capital of Tibet. ● Bomdi-La: Arunachal Pradesh. The Bomdi-La pass connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa, the capital city of Tibet. It is located in the east of Bhutan. ● Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel): Banihal pass is a popular pass in Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Pir- Panjal Range. ● Zoji La: Srinagar- Kargil & Leh. It connects Srinagar with Kargil and Leh. Beacon Force of Border Road Organization is responsible for clearing and maintaining the road, especially during the winter. ● Burzail pass: Srinagar- Kishan Ganga Valley. This pass joins the Astore Valley of Kashmir with the Deosai Plains of Ladakh. ● Rohtang Pass: Kullu-Lahul-Spiti. This is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh. It has excellent road transportation. This pass connects Kullu, Spiti, and Lahul. Recently Atal Tunnel is constructed for this pass. 2. Missiles MULTILATERAL EXPORT CONTROL REGIMES: MECR are voluntary and non-binding agreements created by the major supplier countries that have agreed to co-operate in their effort to prevent and regulate the transfer of certain military and dual use technology.
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