environment and 5infrastructure Acknowledgements

City Council Boards and Committees Joan Cox, Mayor Business Advisory Committee Joe Burns, Vice-Mayor Community Safety/Disaster Preparedness Committee Susan Cleveland-Knowles, Councilmember Historic Landmarks Board Jill James Hoffman, Councilmember Hospitality Business Development Committee Ray Withy, Councilmember Parks and Recreation Commission Pedestrian and Bicycle Advisory Committee Planning Commission Sustainability Commission Laurie Fried Richard Graef Community Janelle Kellman Participating community members/stakeholders Vicki Nichols Age Friendly Sausalito Morgan Pierce Sausalito Beautiful Friends of Willow Creek General Plan Advisory Committee (GPAC) Joan Cox Key City Staff John DiRe Danny Castro, Community Development Director Chris Gallagher Lilly Whalen, City Clerk/ Assistant City Manager Barbara Geisler All contributing staff members Bruce Huff Charles Kaufman Janelle Kellman Consultant Team Keith Kennedy M-Group, Lead Kate Stohr BKF Engineers, Infrastructure Peter Van Meter Economic Planning Systems, Economy & Market Bill Werner FirstCarbon Solutions, Environment & Safety Ray Withy Mott McDonald, Sea Level Rise Pat Zuch Parisi Transportation Consulting, Circulation and Transportation City of Sausalito General Plan Update

COMPREHENSIVE EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT (CECR): CHAPTER 5 – ENVIRONMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE CONDITIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Environment and Infrastructure Conditions chapter of the CECR addresses issues related most directly to the Existing Environmental Quality and Health and Safety Elements of the 1995 General Plan, however the findings have relevance for all aspects of the Plan. Chapter 5 is divided into eleven (11) sections that align with the topics addressed in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) checklist, in order to highlight environmental conditions early in the General Plan Update effort and promote a "self-mitigating" plan to the greatest degree possible.

KEY FINDINGS A summary of the key findings related to environmental, health, and safety conditions and their implications for the General Plan Update is provided below. Key findings are organized according to the environmental sections identified in the report.

Air Quality Considerations on P. 28 1. The General Plan Update will need to explore strategies to mitigate air quality impacts associated with carbon monoxide (CO) hotspots and areas of elevated exposure to Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs). Existing TAC sources within Sausalito include select stationary sources that are registered through the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD), roadways with more than 10,000 annual average daily traffic (AADT), and highways or freeways. There are approximately 18 stationary sources within or near the City of Sausalito.

2. Increasing open space in the city may elevate fire risk, which impacts regional air quality during fire events. Policies that promote open space and landscaping will contribute to City beautification and air quality (to a minor degree), but care should be taken to balance the desire for additional tree canopy and the associated increased fire risk, which could affect regional air quality.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Considerations on P. 52 1. Greenhouse gas emissions and associated climate change pose major long-term risks for Sausalito. The city should consider long-range adaptation strategies to address the risks of sea level rise and wildfires, such as early warning systems or the relocation of essential public facilities.

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2. The General Plan Update represents an opportunity to incorporate the policy objectives of the Climate Action Plan into the City's overarching policy document and to further their implementation. The City of Sausalito adopted its Climate Action Plan in June 2015. This Plan compiled existing and potential strategies that the City's government and the community can use to address climate change. It focuses on the efforts Sausalito can take to reduce its GHG emissions and mitigate, to the extent feasible at the local level, the potential impacts of climate change. This Plan built on the City's 1995 General Plan and 2005 and 2010 GHG Emission Inventories to identify emission sources, estimate how emissions could change over time, and provide strategies to minimize the City's impacts on climate change.

Biological Resources Considerations on P. 68 1. The City’s waterfront represents an important amenity and contributes significantly to local quality of life. The waterfront also serves as critical habitat. The existing General Plan includes several policies to preserve shoreline habitat, improve water quality, and protect and restore wetlands, however targeted strategies to ensure the appropriate management of fuels, refuse, and waste from human activity on the waterfront could be explored further in the Update.

2. Creeks and drainages typically serve as potential corridors for wildlife. Policy EQ- 3.9, Creeks and Drainageways, in the existing General Plan promotes the natural integrity of creeks and/or drainageways as riparian habitat, wildlife corridors, and to protect residents from flooding and other hazards. The General Plan Update could consider opportunities to daylight creeks and preserve existing waterways.

Cultural Resources Considerations on P. 93 1. According to the 2016 Marin Shoreline Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment, 26 National Register district contributing sites, 17 noteworthy structures, and two landmark buildings are vulnerable to flooding as a result of a 6-foot sea level rise. These include 26 locations within the Downtown Historic District, seven noteworthy properties in Sausalito's Ark Row District, four properties within the Marinship, and two of Sausalito's landmark buildings—Castle by the Sea and the Ice House. The Marin County BayWave projection for sea level rise by 2050 is estimated at approximately 1.6 feet, which will have a dramatic effect on land and circulation as report in Chapter 3 and 4. Consider policies to protect these resources from the risk of sea level rise and subsidence.

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Geology, Seismicity, and Mineral Resources Considerations on P. 112 1. Policies to improve earthquake-readiness can help address existing safety concerns, and they should be targeted to the most sensitive areas. Like most of western California, Sausalito is located in a seismically active region with four major active fault systems capable of producing large, ground-shaking earthquakes. Seismic risk to structures depends on a variety of influencing factors including the distance of the structure from the quake epicenter and major fault lines, the intensity and duration of the quake, the characteristics of the underlying geological substructure, and building materials used to strengthen or seismically reinforce a structure. In the 1990s, the City conducted an inventory of unreinforced masonry buildings that could become a significant public safety risk in the event of an earthquake; 10 unreinforced masonry buildings within the City of Sausalito, all in the Downtown and the Caledonia Street areas, were identified as high risk. As of October 2017, not all of the structural analysis and seismic retrofitting work has been completed for these structures. The City will need to consider refining and enhancing existing policies to address seismic hazards in new construction and seismic retrofitting of older structures. Low-lying coastal areas of Sausalito are most susceptible to liquefaction. Additional policies and programs may be needed to promote the use of earthquake engineering strategies to mitigate liquefaction risk.

2. Sausalito is at risk of landslide activity, and the risk may increase as more extreme weather events like heavy rainfall in the winter months become more common. Encouraging site design measures that mitigate the risk of landslide could be vital. This may include identifying funding sources, constructing retaining walls, improved landscaping techniques, and managing stormwater runoff. The ordinance or policy could apply to new projects and be implemented through the development review process. Consideration should be given to whether subterranean hydrologic flows could be added to an updated geologic hazards map to inform development review.

Hazards and Hazardous Materials Considerations on P. 139 1. According to the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) Resilience Program, hazard mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards. A Hazard Mitigation Plan identifies the hazards a community or region faces, assesses its vulnerability to the hazards, and identifies specific actions that can be taken to reduce the risk from the hazards. The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) outlines a process which cities, counties, and special districts can follow to develop a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Development of this plan is a

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requirement for certain benefits from the California Emergency Management Agency and FEMA. The City of Sausalito did not adopt the 2011 ABAG Local Hazard Mitigation Plan; opting instead to develop a local Plan that would serve Sausalito’s targeted needs. As this plan has not yet been developed, the General Plan Update could lay out a framework to ensure the Plan is developed and that it covers the topics of most concern to the City.

2. An analysis of GeoTracker, a database of hazardous materials sites tracked through the California State Water Resources Control Board, identified five sites in Sausalito that could affect groundwater and site occupation. These sites are highlighted in the table below. Policies should be explored to address the fact that some non-military sites in the city have only been remediated to a level appropriate for commercial (not residential) use, or otherwise still require further remediation (e.g. Caledonia Street).

GEOTRACKER CLEANUP PROGRAM SITES IN CITY OF SAUSALITO POSTAL CODE GLOBAL ID PROJECT NAME STATUS SITE TYPE ADDRESS

Former Open—Eligible for Cleanup T10000002070 Anderson's boat 400 Harbor Drive Closure Program Site yard

Galilee Harbor, Land Use Voluntary 21760001 300 Napa Street Parcel 1 Restrictions Only Cleanup

Spring St. & Gate 5 21370002 Marinship No Further Action Evaluation Rd. to the Bay

Cleanup SLT2O315206 Marinship Open—inactive 2330 Marinship Way Program Site

South Pacific Land Use 80001193 Division Closed Base 25 Liberty Ship Way Restrictions Only Laboratory

3. Sausalito is a community with limited land-based routes of access to and from the City—at the north and south end of town, and the Monte Mar connection to Highway 101. In times of emergency, when evacuations may be necessary, the City will need to plan effectively to maintain efficient and effective evacuation protocols. Evacuation routes, methods, communications (e.g. stairs) should be made public, and should be updated in coordination with the So. Marin Fire District and police department. Policies to identify, improve access, and advertise formal and informal evacuation routes throughout the community could help address this issue as well.

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Hydrology and Water Quality Resources Considerations on P. 171 1. The CA State Water Resources Control Board establishes numerical targets for the density of pathogens and organisms found in Bay water through randomized sampling. Recent sampling indicates that water quality in Richardson Bay fails to meet the standard. The Richardson Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (for pathogens) includes an implementation plan to control pollutant sources and achieve needed reductions. Specific actions for the City of Sausalito in this regard include improving its sanitary sewer systems as well as improving, implementing, and monitoring a local stormwater management plan. Stormwater runoff is the principal source of pollution entering surface and ground waters in the San Francisco Bay region. To address these sources, the City of Sausalito’s Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program targets construction and new development to retain runoff on-site and implement certain measures. The City’s Stormwater Ordinance incorporates low impact development principles as conditions for permitting purposes. Considering revised or additional policies to emphasize the importance of improvements to the sanitary and storm sewer systems for local water quality will be valuable.

2. Sea level rise projection scenarios indicate that Sausalito’s waterfront stands to be substantially impacted. SB 379 requires the General Plan Safety Element to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies. The best available data should be utilized to develop feasible implementation measures to address this issue in the General Plan Update.

Noise Considerations on P. 195 1. Together, the goals, policies, and programs of the 1995 General Plan Noise Element and the standards in the Municipal Code provide solid protection from noise-related impacts for the community and adequate compliance with state regulations and guidelines established for that purpose. One opportunity for refinement of the existing standards and guidelines relates to the interior noise guidelines in Program HS-3.1.3 and the associated Table 7-5 for which no relevant noise metric is currently specified, making implementation problematic. Consider an 8-hour average noise level measured in dBA to provide adequate protection for noise exposure of persons residing or working in such environments.

2. The unique topography of Sausalito gives the community an amphitheater-like quality. The principal sources of noise in Sausalito are transportation-related. When current traffic volume data is available, updated noise contours will be produced to characterize the current and projected noise environment in the community. These contours will need to factor in the city’s topography and the

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amplification of sound produced on the waterfront from locations in the hills. The General Plan Update and EIR should consider strategies that proactively address noise sources and the city’s unique physical conditions as they relate to noise.

Public Services & Recreation Considerations on P. 208, 211, 217 1. Local topography, smaller streets and the non-grid pattern of the roadway network in Sausalito present challenges for maintaining best practices for emergency response times. The 1995 General Plan contains programs identifying on-street parking regulation as a means to improve travel times for first- responders. Assess the need for these and other measures and assign an appropriate priority for implementation to any such measures.

2. Regional collaboration and volunteer programs can significantly improve a community's disaster response. Consider policies and programs that foster regional collaboration and encourage volunteerism as part of a coordinated response to emergencies and natural disasters.

3. Incorporating policies and programs that recognize and support the Police Department’s community-based policing initiatives, which are important for delivering efficient and effective police protection services to the community. The Sausalito Police Department (SPD) offers a variety of resources and avenues of assistance to local residents and business owners to help prevent crime, including the Surveillance Camera Registry program, the Marine Patrol, the Homeless Advocacy program, and the Postal Carrier Alert program. The SPD also collaborates with local neighborhood watch groups in a community-based approach to law enforcement. Each year, SPD runs a Citizen's Police Academy, designed to provide an inside look at how the department operates.

4. Sausalito has an abundance of open space and park land in the city and in the immediate vicinity. The General Plan could focus on ways to promote improved access to parks and recreational facilities in Sausalito and the wider area, including wayfinding and bicycle, pedestrian, trail and transit connections. The City of Sausalito owns and operates 20 parks and recreational facilities. Most City parks are less than one acre in size, offering passive recreational amenities, art structures and children's play areas. The largest City park is MLK park, which comprises 17.2 acres and provides a range of recreational amenities including basketball courts, tennis courts, a ball field and running track. Several City facilities located on the waterfront, including Dunphy Park, Turney Street Boat Ramp and the three beaches, provide water-based recreational activities. There is also approximately 17 acres of natural open space within the City limits. In addition

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the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) holds title to approximately 182 acres of open space, of which the City owns approximately 17 acres, including Shelter Cove, a 1.95-acre waterfront tidelands area containing underwater lots preserved as open space on the southern waterfront; and Cypress Ridge, a 14.9- acre open space and view area located north and east of Highway 101 and south and west of Rodeo Avenue.

5. Sausalito’s underground creeks pose as potential catalysts for new park networks in the city. Consider daylighting creeks in Sausalito following identification, inventory, and study of subterranean water flows for daylighting opportunities.

Schools Considerations on P. 229 1. Schools are one of the building blocks of a vibrant, healthy community. The City can serve as an active partner in fostering healthier, stronger, and better educational opportunities for Sausalito residents. In particular, the City can collaborate with local school districts on mutually beneficial issues, such as facilitating safe routes to schools. The 1995 General Plan addresses school primarily in the Land Use and Growth Management Element, with policies and programs designed to locate schools in residential neighborhoods and plan for the reuse of former school sites. The City can also consider effective means to promote safety and security at schools.

Utilities Considerations on P. 243, 251, 257, 262, 266 1. Several recommendations have been identified to address Sausalito’s utilities in the General Plan Update, which include: water supply and treatment, wastewater collection and treatment, stormwater management, solid waste collection and disposal, energy, and telecommunications.

Water Supply and Treatment The 2015 Urban Water Management Plan for the Marin Municipal Water District describes existing and future sources of water available to the district. The 2015 plan shows that MMWD's water supply comes primarily from a network of seven local, rain-fed reservoirs, supplemented with water from the Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA). According to the plan, no future potable water supply projects are considered necessary as conservation measures are projected to maintain the water demand at a level that can be supplied from existing water sources. However, in its longer-range plan—the Water Resources Plan 2040— MMWD recommends expanding its existing water conservation programs, investing in watershed management, and exploring groundwater partnering

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opportunities to improve water supply resiliency. The City of Sausalito could consider adding policies and programs to its General Plan to encourage and promote water conservation.

Wastewater Collection and Treatment The Sausalito-Marin City Sanitary District (SMCSD) is engaged in the construction of more than $30 million in critically needed improvements to its sewer pipelines, pumps, manholes and treatment facilities. In 2017 the SMCSD began construction of a major upgrade project at its treatment plant to improve capacity and reliability of the WWTP and is expected to be completed by the spring of 2019. The City of Sausalito has been in the process of rehabilitating its aging sanitary sewer infrastructure. The 2014 Sewer Rate Study identified 32 sewer capital improvement projects totaling approximately $8 million over 9 years. Since then, four projects have been completed, another four are under construction, and four have either been designed or are currently in the design process. Additional expenditures should be expected in the future to reconstruct sewer mains in years beyond those accounted for in the City's most recent sewer rate study due to the age of most of the City's sewer infrastructure. The implications of sea level rise and subsidence on the City’s stormwater infrastructure will also need to be factored into future capital improvement plans.

Stormwater Management Because of its steep terrain and proximity to Richardson and San Francisco Bays, the City of Sausalito does not depend on a large storm drain network for flood control. Rather, the City’s storm drainage infrastructure consists of a collection of catch basins, inlets and outlets, vaults, and storm drainage lines, both publicly and privately owned. Storm water runoff coming down from the hillside is conveyed through overland flow, along curbs and gutters, culverts, and smaller individual storm drain pipe networks. All stormwater is discharged into Richardson or San Francisco Bay from overland flow or through one of at least 30 bay outlets. Locations where capacity issues or infrastructure failures occur are rehabilitated or replaced as necessary, but the funds available are not dedicated for storm drainage. Consideration should be given in the General Plan Update to funding options for reconstruction, capacity increases, and technologies for stormwater quality improvement.

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Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Bay Cities Refuse is the City of Sausalito’s franchised provider of garbage and recycling services as of 2017. Bay Cities Refuse transports waste to the Golden Bear Waste Recycling Center in Richmond, California—a shorter trip than the Redwood Landfill and related facilities north of Novato in Marin County. Landfills serving southern Marin County would likely have adequate capacity to accommodate future solid waste generated in Sausalito through the planning horizon of the General Plan Update, however, consideration should be given to including recycling policies in the General Plan to reduce the waste stream.

Energy The electrical power distribution system within the City of Sausalito is owned and operated by Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E). This electrical power grid consists of both overhead and underground electrical lines located predominantly in the public street rights-of-way and easements. Provision of electricity is through PG&E, however, Sausalito residents and businesses have the option of purchasing electricity through Marin Clean Energy (MCE) which is delivered by PG&E. MCE is a public, nonprofit electricity provider established in 2008 under State legislation permitting the formation of community choice aggregation (CCA) agencies. As of 2017, MCE’s service area includes all of Marin and Napa Counties, along with several cities in the Easy Bay region. Customers of MCE can have the option of receiving 50 percent or 100 percent of their electricity from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydroelectric. Adopted in 2015, the City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan recommends several actions designed to increase energy efficiency in residential and non-residential buildings, and to encourage the use of renewable energy. These include higher efficiency standards for new buildings, providing incentive programs for improvement energy efficiency in existing building and for installation of solar energy systems. The General Plan Update should consider opportunities to incorporate policies from the Climate Action Plan to move the city to a more sustainable energy portfolio.

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Telecommunications Sausalito residents and businesses have a growing range of telecommunications services and options to choose from today. The shift from traditional home phone service (landlines) to wireless telephone connections and other options has been pronounced in Sausalito in recent years. In 2017, wireless (or cell) phone service is the most commonly used phone service in Sausalito, largely because of its portability and convenience. Today, more than 90 percent of Sausalito residents make use of multiple wired providers for telephone, internet and cable services. Wired broadband services are not uniformly available throughout Sausalito however, and it is estimated that approximately 8 percent of households in the community have limited choice of providers. The General Plan Update should consider evolving telecommunications technologies and services, and explore opportunities to improve the quality of cellphone coverage in the city.

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FirstCarbon Solutions (FCS) with support from M- Group, BKF Engineers, and Mott MacDonald, has prepared the Environmental and Infrastructure Conditions Chapter of the Existing Conditions Report that presents existing conditions and the relevant regulatory context dealing with the following issues:

• Air Quality P. 3 • Greenhouse Gas Emissions P. 33 • Biological Resources P. 53 • Cultural Resources P. 76 • Geology, Seismicity, and Mineral Resources P. 103 • Hazards and Hazardous Materials P. 119 • Hydrology and Water Quality Resources P. 149 • Noise P. 175 • Public Services & Recreation P. 199 • Schools P. 223 • Utilities P. 231 City of Sausalito General Plan Update

This report is presented in a series broken down by topic. Together, the compilation document provides the technical background necessary to inform preparation of the General Plan Update, and its associated Environmental Impact Report (EIR). In highlighting opportunities and constraints related to environmental issues at this early stage of the project, the Environmental and Infrastructure Conditions Chapter can inform development of policies and programs for the General Plan. For example, by identifying areas of Sausalito that are susceptible to natural hazards such as flooding or wildfires early in the planning process, the consultant team can help ensure that measures to address those hazards can be incorporated into the General Plan to lessen potential environmental impacts. This creates the opportunity to lessen the need for mitigations in the General Plan EIR, thereby creating a "self-mitigating" General Plan to the greatest degree possible. This will also streamline and facilitate implementation of the Plan.

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Air Quality

City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Air Quality ...... 5 Regulatory Framework...... 5 Federal Regulations ...... 5 State Regulations ...... 7 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 9 Environmental Setting ...... 13 Air Basin ...... 13 Terrain and Meteorology ...... 13 Climate ...... 13 Air Pollutants of Concern ...... 15 Existing Air Quality Conditions ...... 24 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 28 Appendices ...... 30

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Air Quality

Air quality is influenced by the quantity of pollutants emitted into the air and by the concentration of pollutants in the air. Motor vehicles are the primary source of air pollution in Sausalito and the Bay Area, with industrial activities such as electronics manufacturing, auto repair, dry cleaning, and other businesses that use chemicals or solvents also contributing to pollution levels. Additionally, particulate matter emitted into the air as a result of construction and grading activities, and the use of wood-burning stoves and fireplaces can compound air quality issues. Forest fires can also influence air quality on a local and regional scale.

The 1995 General Plan addresses air quality in the Environmental Quality Element, with policies and programs designed to minimize air quality emissions to the extent feasible. The Climate Action Plan also contains numerous policies and programs that address air quality. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to air quality in Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan update process.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK Air pollutants are regulated to protect human health and for secondary effects such as visibility and building soiling. The Clean Air Act of 1970 tasks the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with setting air quality standards. The State of California also sets air quality standards that are in some cases are more stringent than federal standards and address additional pollutants. The Air Resource Board (ARB) is the state agency responsible for setting air quality standards for California. The following section describes these federal and state standards and the health effects of the regulated pollutants.

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Clean Air Act Congress established much of the basic structure of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in 1970, and made major revisions in 1977 and 1990. Six common air pollutants (also known as criteria pollutants) are regulated under the CAA. These are particulate matter, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. The EPA calls these pollutants criteria air pollutants because it regulates them by developing human health-based and/or environmentally based criteria (science-based guidelines) for setting permissible levels. The set of limits based on human health are primary standards. Another set of limits intended to prevent environmental and property damage are secondary standards (EPA 2014a). The federal standards are National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The air quality standards provide benchmarks for determining whether air quality is healthy at specific locations and

COMPREHENSIVE EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT: CH. 5 ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE: AIR QUALITY | 5 City of Sausalito General Plan Update whether development activities will cause or contribute to a violation of the standards. The criteria pollutants are:

• Ozone (O3) • Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Lead (Pb) • Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

The federal standards were set to protect public health, including that of sensitive individuals; thus, the EPA updates these standards when more medical research is available regarding the health effects of the criteria pollutants. Primary federal standards are the levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health (ARB 2013a).

Attainment Status The EPA and the ARB designate air basins where ambient air quality standards are exceeded as "nonattainment" areas. If standards are met, the area is designated as an "attainment" area. If there is inadequate or inconclusive data to make a definitive attainment designation, the area is considered "unclassified." National nonattainment areas are further designated as marginal, moderate, serious, severe, or extreme as a function of deviation from standards. The air quality designation of an air basin sets into motion the preparation of periodic air quality plans by local air districts and the state implementation plan (SIP) designed to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards.

Each air quality standard has a different definition, or "form" of what constitutes attainment, based on specific air quality statistics. For example, the federal 8-hour carbon monoxide air standard is not to be exceeded more than once per year; therefore, an area is in attainment of the CO standard if no more than one 8-hour ambient air monitoring values exceeds the threshold per year. In contrast, the federal annual particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) standard is met if the 3-year average of the annual average PM2.5 concentration is less than or equal to the standard.

On January 9, 2013, the EPA issued a final rule to determine that the Bay Area attains the 24- hour PM2.5 national standard. This EPA rule suspends key SIP requirements as long as monitoring data continues to show that the Bay Area attains the standard. Despite this EPA action, the BAAQMD will keep the Air Basin designated as "nonattainment" for the national

24-hour PM2.5 standard until the Air District submits a "redesignation request" and a "maintenance plan" to EPA and EPA approves the proposed re-designation.1

1 The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) is responsible for planning, implementing, and enforcing air quality standards within the Bay Area Air Basin, including the City of Sausalito.

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The current attainment designations for the Air Basin are in Table AQ-1. The Air Basin is currently nonattainment for state ozone, PM2.5 and particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), and federal ozone and PM2.5.

TABLE AQ-1: SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA AIR BASIN ATTAINMENT STATUS POLLUTANT STATE ATTAINMENT STATUS NATIONAL ATTAINMENT STATUS

OZONE Nonattainment Nonattainment

CARBON MONOXIDE Attainment Unclassified/Attainment

NITROGEN DIOXIDE Attainment Unclassified/Attainment

SULFUR DIOXIDE Attainment Attainment

PM10 Nonattainment Unclassified

PM2.5 Nonattainment Nonattainment

LEAD Attainment Unclassified/Attainment

Notes: PM10 = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns PM2.5 = particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns Source of State status: California Air Resources Board 2015. Source of National status: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2016.

STATE REGULATIONS

California Clean Air Act The California Legislature enacted the California Clean Air Act (CCAA) in 1988 to address air quality issues of concern not adequately addressed by the federal CAA at the time. California's air quality problems were and are some of the most severe in the nation and required additional actions beyond the federal mandates. The 10 state air pollutants are the six federal standards listed above as well visibility-reducing particulates, hydrogen sulfide, sulfates, and vinyl chloride. The EPA authorized California to adopt its own regulations for motor vehicles and other sources that are more stringent than similar federal regulations implementing the CAA. Generally, the planning requirements of the CCAA are less stringent than those of the federal CAA; therefore, consistency with the CAA will also demonstrate consistency with the CCAA.

Low-Emission Vehicle Program The ARB first adopted Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) program standards in 1990. These first LEV standards ran from 1994 through 2003. LEV II regulations, running from 2004 through 2010, represent continuing progress in emission reductions. As the State's passenger vehicle fleet continues to grow and more sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks are used as passenger cars rather than work vehicles, the more stringent LEV II standards were adopted

COMPREHENSIVE EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT: CH. 5 ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE: AIR QUALITY | 7 City of Sausalito General Plan Update to provide reductions necessary for California to meet federally mandated clean air goals outlined in the 1994 State Implementation Plan (SIP). In 2012, ARB adopted the LEV III amendments to California's Low-Emission Vehicle (LEV) regulations. These amendments include more stringent emission standards for both criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) for new passenger vehicles (ARB 2012a).

On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicle Program The ARB has adopted standards for emissions from various types of new on-road heavy-duty vehicles. Section 1956.8, Title 13, California Code of Regulations contains California's emission standards for on-road heavy-duty engines and vehicles, and test procedures. ARB has also adopted programs to reduce emissions from in-use heavy-duty vehicles including the Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Idling Reduction Program, the Heavy-Duty Diesel In-Use Compliance Program, the Public Bus Fleet Rule and Engine Standards, and the School Bus Program and others (ARB 2013b).

Diesel Risk Reduction Plan The ARB's Diesel Risk Reduction Plan has led to the adoption of new state regulatory standards for all new on-road, off-road, and stationary diesel-fueled engines and vehicles to reduce diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions by about 90 percent overall from year 2000 levels. The projected emission benefits associated with the full implementation of this plan, including federal measures, are reductions in DPM emissions and associated cancer risks of 75 percent by 2010, and 85 percent by 2020 (ARB 2000).

ARB Airborne Toxic Control Measures for Asbestos In July 2001, the ARB approved an Air Toxic Control Measure for construction and grading to minimize emissions of naturally occurring asbestos. The regulation requires application of best management practices to control fugitive dust in areas known to have naturally occurring asbestos and requires notification to the local air district prior to commencement of ground- disturbing activities. The measure establishes specific testing, notification and engineering controls prior to grading in construction zones where naturally occurring asbestos is located on projects of any size. There are additional notification and engineering controls at work sites larger than 1 acre in area. These projects require the submittal of a "Dust Mitigation Plan" and approval by the air district prior to the start of a project.

The ARB has an Air Toxics Control Measure for construction and grading, requiring the implementation of mitigation measures to minimize emissions of asbestos-laden dust. The measure applies to road construction and maintenance, construction and grading operations when the activity occurs in an area where naturally occurring asbestos is likely to be found. Areas are subject to the regulation if they are identified on maps published by the Department of Conservation as ultramafic rock units or if the Air Pollution Control Officer or

COMPREHENSIVE EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT: CH. 5 ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE: AIR QUALITY | 8 City of Sausalito General Plan Update owner/operator has knowledge of the presence of ultramafic rock, serpentine, or naturally occurring asbestos on the site. The measure also applies if ultramafic rock, serpentine, or asbestos is discovered during any operation or activity.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Bay Area Air Quality Management District The agency for air pollution control for the Air Basin is the BAAQMD. The Air Basin is designated nonattainment for state standards for 1-hour and 8-hour ozone, 24-hour PM10, annual PM10, and PM2.5. The BAAQMD is responsible for controlling emissions primarily from stationary sources and maintains air quality monitoring stations throughout the Air Basin. The BAAQMD, in coordination with Metropolitan Transportation Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments, is also responsible for developing, updating, and implementing the Bay Area Clean Air Plan for the Air Basin. A clean air plan is prepared and implemented by an air pollution district for a county or region designated as nonattainment of the national and/or California Ambient Air Quality Standards. The clean air plan, once submitted to and approved by the ARB, becomes an integral part of the SIP.

To address the regional air quality standards, the BAAQMD adopted its 2017 Clean Air Plan and updated its California Environmental Quality Act Air Quality Guidelines (CEQA Guidelines) in May 2017 to assist local jurisdictions and lead agencies in complying with the requirements of CEQA regarding potentially adverse impacts to air quality. The 2017 CEQA Guidelines were updated to include thresholds of significance (Thresholds) adopted by the BAAQMD Board on May, 2012.

2017 Clean Air Plan An SIP is a federal requirement; each state prepares one to describe existing air quality conditions and measures that will be followed to attain and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In addition in California, state ozone standards have planning requirements. However, state PM10 standards have no attainment planning requirements, but air districts must demonstrate that all measures feasible for the area have been adopted.

On May 2017, the BAAQMD adopted the final Bay Area 2017 Clean Air Plan. The 2017 Clean Air Plan was prepared by the BAAQMD in cooperation with the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments. The goals of the 2017 Clean Air Plan are to reduce regional air pollutants and climate pollutants to improve the health of Bay Area residents for the next decades. The 2017 Clean Air Plan aims to lead the region into a post-carbon economy, continue progress toward attaining all state and federal air quality standards, and eliminate health risk disparities from air pollution exposure in Bay Area communities. The plan includes 85 distinct control measures to help the region reduce air

COMPREHENSIVE EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT: CH. 5 ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE: AIR QUALITY | 9 City of Sausalito General Plan Update pollutants and has a long-term strategic vision that forecasts what a clean air Bay Area will look like in year 2050. The 2017 Clean Air Plan envisions a future where by the year 2050:

• Buildings will be energy efficient—heated, cooled and powered by renewable energy. • Transportation will be a combination of electric vehicles, both shared and privately owned; autonomous public transit fleets; with a large share of trips by bicycling, walking and transit. • The Bay Area will be powered by clean, renewable electricity and will be a leading incubator and producer of clean energy technologies leading the world in the carbon- efficiency of our products. • Bay Area residents will have developed a low-carbon lifestyle by driving electric vehicles, living in zero net energy homes, eating low-carbon foods and purchasing goods and services with low carbon content. • Waste will be greatly reduced, waste products will be re-used or recycled and all organic waste will be composted and put to productive use.

The focus of control measures includes aggressively targeting the largest source— transportation—of GHGs: ozone pollutants and particulate matter emissions. This includes more incentives for electric vehicle infrastructure, off-road electrification projects such as Caltrain and shore power at ports, and reducing emissions from trucks, school buses, marine vessels, locomotives and off-road equipment. Additionally, the Air District will continue to work with regional and local governments to reduce vehicle miles traveled through the further funding of rideshare, bike and shuttle programs.

Ozone Plans Because the Air Basin is nonattainment for the federal and state ozone standards, the BAAQMD prepared an Ozone Attainment Demonstration Plan to satisfy the federal 1-hour ozone planning requirement, and a clean air plan to satisfy the state 1-hour ozone planning requirement. The EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard and adopted an 8-hour ozone standard.

Particulate Matter Plans

There are National and California Ambient Air Quality Standards for both PM10 and PM2.5. The 24-hour standards are intended to prevent short-term (acute) health effects; the annual average standards address long-term (chronic) health effects. In response to new evidence about the health effects of PM, national and state PM standards have been tightened since 2000. However, researchers have not yet been able to identify a clear threshold below which there are no health effects from exposure to fine PM. This suggests that PM2.5 standards may be further tightened in the future (2017 Clean Air Plan).

The Bay Area's attainment status relative to national and state PM standards is shown in

Table AQ 1. The Bay Area attains the national 24-hr PM10 standard and the national annual

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PM2.5 standard. On January 9, 2013, the EPA issued a final rule confirming that monitoring data show that the Bay area currently meets the 24-hour PM2.5 national standard. This EPA action suspends key SIP requirements as long as monitoring data continues to show that the Air District meets the standard. However, despite the EPA action, the Air District will continue to be formally designated nonattainment for the national 24-hour PM2.5 standard until the Air District submits and EPA approves a redesignation request including a maintenance plan.

BAAQMD Rules The BAAQMD establishes and administers a program of rules and regulations that are air plans, as described above, to attain and maintain state and national air quality standards. Specific rules and regulations have been adopted by the BAAQMD that limit emissions that can be generated by various uses or activities. These rules regulate both the emissions of the state and federal, and the emissions of TACs. Projects located within the City of Sausalito are required to apply to all the BAAQMD's rules and regulations. The rules and regulations that apply to these projects include but are not limited to the following:

• Regulation 6, Rule 1. General Requirements. This rule limits the quantity of particulate matter in the atmosphere by controlling emission rates, concentration, visible emissions and opacity. • Regulation 7. Odorous Substances. Establishes general limitations on odorous substances and specific emission limitations on certain odorous compounds. • Regulation 8, Rule 3. Architectural Coatings. This rule governs the manufacture, distribution, and sale of architectural coatings and limits the reactive organic gases content in paints and paint solvents. Although this rule does not directly apply to the project, it does dictate the ROG content of paint available for use during the construction. • Regulation 8, Rule 15. Emulsified and Liquid Asphalts. Although this rule does not directly apply to the project, it does dictate the reactive organic gases content of asphalt available for use during the construction through regulating the sale and use of asphalt and limits the ROG content in asphalt. • Regulation 9, Rule 8. Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon Monoxide from Stationary Internal Combustion Engines. This rule limits the emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide from stationary internal combustion engines with an output rated by the manufacturer at more than 50 brake horsepower. • Regulation 11, Rule 1. Lead. This rule controls the emission of lead to the atmosphere. • Regulation 11, Rule 2. Asbestos Demolition, Renovation and Manufacturing. This rule controls emissions of asbestos to the atmosphere during demolition, renovation, milling and manufacturing and establishes appropriate waste disposal procedures.

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Plan Bay Area 2040 The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) adopted Plan Bay Area 2040 and certified its associated Environmental Impact Report (EIR) in July 2017. Plan Bay Area 2040 is a long-range blueprint to guide transportation investments and land-use decisions through 2040, while meeting the requirements of California's landmark 2008 Senate Bill 375, which calls on each of the State's 18 metropolitan areas to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy to accommodate future population growth and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light trucks. Plan Bay Area 2040 contains a requirement to reduce per-capita CO2 emissions from passenger vehicles by 2035; however, BAAQMD's Clean Air Plan addresses a much broader range of pollutants from a more varied range of sources. In that sense, Plan Bay Area 2040 is one slice of the pie, and additional policies and investments beyond Plan Bay Area 2040 are needed to meet BAAQMD's more ambitious targets.

1995 City of Sausalito General Plan The current City of Sausalito General Plan was adopted in September 1995. The General Plan sets forth the following air quality emission related goals, and programs:

Air Quality. Strive to achieve Federal and State air quality standards by managing locally generated pollutants.

• Program EQ-3.11.1: Air Quality Information. Distribute an air quality public information handout prepared by the BAAQMD identifying common hazardous materials and those that have controlled emissions. • Program EQ-3.11.2: Circulation and Parking Element Programs. Implement those programs identified in the Circulation and Parking Element which could reduce vehicular emissions. • Program EQ-3.11.3: Odor-Emitting Uses. Continue to investigate the need for special conditions for potential odor-emitting uses through the environmental review process. • Program EQ-3.11.4: Toxic Chemicals. Initiative public awareness programs to minimize the use of toxic garden and lawn sprays for both public and private purposes. • Program EQ-3.11.5: Clean Burning Fuels. Encourage business and residential use of clean burning fuels. • Program EQ-3.11.6: City Vehicles. Require vehicles purchased by the City to have low emissions and do routine maintenance to ensure low emissions. • Program EQ-3.11.7: Dust Mitigation. Require that developers prepare a dust mitigation plan identifying methods for reducing particulate emissions. • Program EQ-3.11.8: Dry Cleaners. Continue to require that on site dry cleaners locate only within the industrial land use designation.

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• Program EQ-3.11.9: Gas Stations. Continue to require a conditional use permit for gas stations.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Air quality is a function of both the rate and location of pollutant emissions under the influence of meteorological conditions and topographic features. Atmospheric conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature inversions interact with the physical features of the landscape to determine the movement and dispersal of air pollutant emissions and, consequently, their effect on air quality.

AIR BASIN The City of Sausalito is located in the San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin (Air Basin). The Air Basin consists of Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara Counties; the western portion of Solano County; and the southern portion of Sonoma County. The local agency with jurisdiction over air quality in the Basin is the BAAQMD. The Air Basin is characterized by complex terrain, consisting of coastal mountain ranges, inland valleys, and bays, which distort normal wind flow patterns. Marin County is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by San Pablo Bay, on the south by the Golden Gate and on the north by the Petaluma Gap. Most of Marin's population lives in the eastern part of the County, in small, sheltered valleys. These valleys act like a series of miniature air basins in that air quality tends to primarily be affected by local emissions with influence from regional emissions, depending on wind direction and atmospheric conditions.

TERRAIN AND METEOROLOGY Located in southern of Marin County next to Richardson Bay, Sausalito is a small city with a land area of approximately 1.9 square miles. Sausalito enjoys a temperature climate, with cool, wet, and almost frostless winters and cool, dry summers with frequent fog or wind. The climate is dominated by the strength and location of a semi-permanent, subtropical high- pressure cell. During the summer, the Pacific high-pressure cell is centered over the northeastern Pacific Ocean, resulting in stable meteorological conditions and a steady northwesterly wind flow.

CLIMATE Although there are a few peaks above 1,500 feet, most of the terrain is only 800 to 1,000 feet high, which is generally not high enough to block the marine layer. Because of the wedge shape of the County, northeast Marin County is further from the ocean than is the southeastern section. This extra distance from the ocean allows the marine air to be moderated by bayside conditions as it travels to northeastern Marin County. In southern

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Marin, the distance from the ocean is short and elevations are lower, resulting in higher incidence of maritime air in that area.

In the summer months, areas along the coast are usually subject to onshore movement of cool marine air. In the winter, proximity to the ocean keeps the coastal regions relatively warm, with temperatures varying little throughout the year. Coastal temperatures are usually in the high 50s in the winter and the low 60s in the summer. The warmest months are September and October.

The eastern side of Marin County has warmer weather than the western side because of its distance from the ocean and because the hills that separate eastern Marin from western Marin occasionally block the flow of the marine air. The temperatures of cities next to the Bay are moderated by the cooling effect of the Bay in the summer and the warming effect of the Bay in the winter. As development moves further north, there is greater potential for air pollution to build up because the valleys are more sheltered from the sea breeze. While Marin County does not have many polluting industries, the air quality on its eastern side— especially along the U.S. 101 corridor—may be affected by emissions from increasing motor vehicle use within and through the County.

As shown in Figure AQ-1, the 100 year average temperatures at the San Rafael Civic Center monitoring location, which is the closest station to the project (located approximately 8.1 miles north), typically range from the mid-40s to 70s.2 Additionally, as shown, the majority of the annual rainfall in the area occurs between November and April. The average annual precipitation at the San Rafael Civic Center monitoring location is 35.59 inches.

FIGURE AQ-1: 1981–2010 TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA IS SMOOTHED USING A 29-DAY RUNNING AVERAGE.

2 Western Regional Climate Center, 2016.

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Wind Patterns Wind speeds are highest along the west coast of Marin, averaging about 8 to 10 miles per hour (mph). The complex terrain in central Marin creates sufficient friction to slow the airflow. At Hamilton Air Force Base, in Novato, the annual average wind speeds are only 5 mph. The prevailing wind directions throughout Marin County are generally from the northwest.

AIR POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made. The National and California Ambient Air Quality Standards, relevant effects, properties, and sources of the pollutants are summarized in Table AQ-1.

Criteria Air Pollutants Ozone Ozone is not emitted directly into the air but is formed by a photochemical reaction in the atmosphere. Ozone precursors, which include reactive organic compounds (ROC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX), react in the atmosphere in the presence of sunlight to form ozone. Because photochemical reaction rates depend on the intensity of ultraviolet light and air temperature, ozone is primarily a summer air pollution problem. Often, the effects of emitted ROC and NOX are felt a distance downwind of the emission sources. Ozone is subsequently considered a regional pollutant. Ground-level ozone is a respiratory irritant and an oxidant that increases susceptibility to respiratory infections and can cause substantial damage to vegetation and other materials.

Ozone can irritate lung airways and cause inflammation much like a sunburn. Other symptoms include wheezing, coughing, pain when taking a deep breath, and breathing difficulties during exercise or outdoor activities. People with respiratory problems are most vulnerable, but even healthy people who are active outdoors can be affected when ozone levels are high. Chronic ozone exposure can induce morphological (tissue) changes throughout the respiratory tract, particularly at the junction of the conducting airways and the gas exchange zone in the deep lung. Anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer is at risk, particularly children and other people who are more active outdoors. Even at very low levels, ground-level ozone triggers a variety of health problems, including aggravated asthma, reduced lung capacity, and increased susceptibility to such respiratory illnesses as pneumonia and bronchitis.

Ozone also damages vegetation and ecosystems. It leads to reduced agricultural crop and commercial forest yields; reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings; and increased

COMPREHENSIVE EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT: CH. 5 ENVIRONMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE: AIR QUALITY | 15 City of Sausalito General Plan Update susceptibility to diseases, pests, and other stresses such as harsh weather. In the United States alone, ozone is responsible for an estimated $500 million in reduced crop production each year. In addition, ozone causes damage to buildings, rubber, and some plastics.

Ozone is a regional pollutant, as the reactions forming it take place over time, and it materializes downwind from the sources of the emissions. As a photochemical pollutant, ozone is formed only during daylight hours under appropriate conditions but is destroyed throughout the day and night. Thus, ozone concentrations vary depending upon both the time of day and the location. Even in pristine areas, some ambient ozone forms from natural emissions that are not controllable. This is termed background ozone. The average background ozone concentrations near sea level are in the range of 0.015 to 0.035 parts per million (ppm), with a maximum of about 0.04 ppm.

Reactive Organic Gases Reactive organic gases (ROG) are defined as any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. ROG consist of non- methane hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Non-methane hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that do not contain the unreactive hydrocarbon methane. Oxygenated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons with oxygenated functional groups attached.

It should be noted that there are no National or California Ambient Air Quality Standards for ROG because ROG is not classified as criteria pollutant. ROG is regulated, however, because a reduction in ROG emissions reduces certain chemical reactions that contribute to the formulation of ozone. ROG is transformed into organic aerosols in the atmosphere, which contribute to higher PM10 levels and lower visibility.

Nitrogen Oxides During combustion of fossil fuels, oxygen reacts with nitrogen to produce nitrogen oxides or

NOX. This occurs primarily in motor vehicle internal combustion engines and fossil fuel-fired electric utility facilities and industrial boilers. The pollutant NOX is a concern because it is an ozone precursor, which means that it helps form ozone. When NOX and ROG are released in the atmosphere, they can chemically react with one another in the presence of sunlight and heat to form ozone. NOX can also be a precursor to PM10 and PM2.5.

Because NOX and ROG are ozone precursors, the health effects associated with ozone (as discussed below in Table AQ 2) are also indirect health effects associated with significant levels of NOX and ROG emissions.

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Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) PM is particulate matter in the air that includes a mixture of solids and liquid droplets. Some particles are emitted directly; others are formed in the atmosphere when other pollutants react. PM is so small that they can get into the lungs, potentially causing serious health problems. PM10 is 10 microns in diameter, smaller than the width of a human hair. PM2.5 is 2.5 microns in diameter and consists of "fine" particles. These fine particles are so small they can be detected only with an electron microscope. Sources of fine particles include all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes.

These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Some particles, known as primary particles, are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks, or fires. Others form in complicated reactions in the atmosphere from chemicals such as sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that are emitted from power plants, industrial activity, and automobiles. These particles, known as secondary particles, make up most of the fine particle pollution in the United States.

Particle exposure can lead to a variety of health effects. For example, numerous studies link particle levels to increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits—and even to death from heart or lung diseases. Both long- and short-term particle exposures have been linked to health problems. Long-term exposures, such as those experienced by people living for many years in areas with high particle levels, have been associated with problems such as reduced lung function, the development of chronic bronchitis, and even premature death. Short-term exposures to particles (hours or days) can aggravate lung disease, causing asthma attacks and acute bronchitis, and may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. In people with heart disease, short-term exposures have been linked to heart attacks and arrhythmias. Healthy children and adults have not been reported to suffer serious effects from short-term exposures, although they may experience temporary minor irritation when particle levels are elevated.

Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide (CO) is of less concern in the Air Basin because it is classified as an attainment area. CO is a colorless, odorless gas that is formed when carbon in fuel is not burned completely. It is a component of motor vehicle exhaust, which contributes about 56 percent of all CO emissions nationwide. Other non-road engines and vehicles (such as construction equipment and boats) contribute about 22 percent of all CO emissions nationwide. Higher levels of CO generally occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. In cities, 85 to 95 percent of all CO emissions may come from motor vehicle exhaust. Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes (such as metals processing and chemical manufacturing), residential wood burning, and natural sources such as forest fires.

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Woodstoves, gas stoves, cigarette smoke, and unvented gas and kerosene space heaters are sources of CO indoors.

Motor vehicles are the dominant source of CO emissions in most areas. CO is described as having only a local influence because it dissipates quickly. High CO levels develop primarily during winter, when periods of light winds combine with the formation of ground-level temperature inversions (typically from the evening through early morning). These conditions result in reduced dispersion of vehicle emissions. Because CO is a product of incomplete combustion, motor vehicles exhibit increased CO emission rates at low air temperatures. High CO concentrations occur in areas of limited geographic size, sometimes referred to as hot spots. Since CO concentrations are strongly associated with motor vehicle emissions, high CO concentrations generally occur in the immediate vicinity of roadways with high traffic volumes and traffic congestion, active parking lots, and in automobile tunnels. Areas adjacent to heavily traveled and congested intersections are particularly susceptible to high CO concentrations.

CO is a public health concern because it combines readily with hemoglobin, reducing the amount of oxygen transported in the bloodstream. The health threat from relatively low levels of CO is most serious for those who suffer from such heart-related diseases as angina, clogged arteries, or congestive heart failure. For a person with heart disease, a single exposure to CO at low levels may cause chest pain and reduce that person's ability to exercise; repeated exposures may contribute to other cardiovascular effects. High levels of CO can affect even healthy people. People who breathe high levels of CO can develop vision problems, reduced ability to work or learn, reduced manual dexterity, and difficulty performing complex tasks. At extremely high levels, CO is poisonous and can cause death.

Several pollutants listed in Table AQ-2 are not discussed further in this analysis. The Air Basin is attainment for state and federal standards of lead and sulfur dioxide. Vinyl chloride usually can be detected near landfills, and hazardous waste sites. Analysis of lead, sulfur dioxide, and vinyl chloride are not included in this report because the project would neither create any substantive sources of these pollutants nor expose sensitive receptors to these pollutants.

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TABLE AQ-2: DESCRIPTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR AVERAGING CALIFORNIA FEDERAL POLLUTANT TIME STANDARD STANDARDA PROPERTIES SOURCES

Ozone 1 Hour 0.09 ppm — Ozone is a photochemical pollutant not Ozone is a secondary pollutant; thus, it is not emitted directly into the atmosphere, but is emitted directly into the lower level of the f 8 Hour 0.070 ppm (parts 0.070 ppm formed by a complex series of chemical atmosphere. The primary sources of ozone per million) reactions between volatile organic compounds precursors (VOC and NOX) are mobile sources

(VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), and sunlight. (on-road and off-road vehicle exhaust). Ozone is a regional pollutant generated over a large area and is transported and spread by the wind.

Carbon 1 Hour 20 ppm 35 ppm Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete monoxide gas. Carbon monoxide is somewhat soluble in combustion of carbon-containing fuels (e.g., 8 Hour 9.0 ppm 9 ppm water; therefore, rainfall and fog can suppress gasoline, diesel fuel, and biomass). Sources carbon monoxide conditions. Carbon include motor vehicle exhaust, industrial monoxide enters the body through the lungs, processes (metals processing and chemical dissolves in the blood, replaces oxygen as an manufacturing), residential wood burning, attachment to hemoglobin, and reduces and natural sources. available oxygen in the blood.

Nitrogen 1 Hour 0.18 ppm 0.100 ppm During combustion of fossil fuels, oxygen NOX is produced in motor vehicle internal dioxideb reacts with nitrogen to produce nitrogen combustion engines and fossil fuel-fired Annual 0.030 ppm 0.053 ppm oxides—NOX (NO, NO2, NO3, N2O, N2O3, electric utility and industrial boilers. Nitrogen

N2O4, and N2O5). NOX is a precursor to ozone, dioxide (NO2) forms quickly from NOX

PM10, and PM2.5 formation. NOX can react with emissions. NO2 concentrations near major compounds to form nitric acid and related roads can be 30 to 100 percent higher than small particles and result in PM related health those at monitoring stations. effects.

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AIR AVERAGING CALIFORNIA FEDERAL POLLUTANT TIME STANDARD STANDARDA PROPERTIES SOURCES

Sulfur dioxidec 1 Hour 0.25 ppm 0.075 ppm Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, pungent gas. At Human caused sources include fossil-fuel levels greater than 0.5 ppm, the gas has a combustion, mineral ore processing, and 3 Hour — 0.5 ppm strong odor, similar to rotten eggs. Sulfur chemical manufacturing. Volcanic emissions 24 Hour 0.04 ppm 0.14 ppm oxides (SOX) include sulfur dioxide and sulfur are a natural source of sulfur dioxide. The gas trioxide. Sulfuric acid is formed from sulfur can also be produced in the air by (for certain dioxide, which can lead to acid deposition and dimethylsulfide and hydrogen sulfide. Sulfur areas) can harm natural resources and materials. dioxide is removed from the air by dissolution Annual — 0.030 ppm (for Although sulfur dioxide concentrations have in water, chemical reactions, and transfer to certain areas) been reduced to levels well below state and soils and ice caps. The sulfur dioxide levels in federal standards, further reductions are the State are well below the maximum desirable because sulfur dioxide is a precursor standards.

to sulfate and PM10.

Particulate 24 hour 50 µg/m3 150 µg/m3 Suspended particulate matter is a mixture of Stationary sources include fuel or wood matter (PM10) (microgram per small particles that consist of dry solid combustion for electrical utilities, residential cubic meter) fragments, droplets of water, or solid cores space heating, and industrial processes; with liquid coatings. The particles vary in construction and demolition; metals, minerals, 3 Mean 20 µg/m — shape, size, and composition. PM10 refers to and petrochemicals; wood products particulate matter that is between 2.5 and 10 processing; mills and elevators used in Particulate 24 Hour — 35 µg/m3 microns in diameter, (1 micron is one-millionth agriculture; erosion from tilled lands; waste matter (PM2.5) Annual 12 µg/m3 12.0 µg/m3 of a meter). PM2.5 refers to particulate matter disposal, and recycling. Mobile or that is 2.5 microns or less in diameter, about transportation related sources are from Visibility- 8 Hour See note belowd one-thirtieth the size of the average human vehicle exhaust and road dust. Secondary reducing hair. particles form from reactions in the particles atmosphere.

Sulfates 24 Hour 25 µg/m3 — The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the Sulfates are particulates formed through the 2− empirical formula SO4 . Sulfates occur in photochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide. In combination with metal and/or hydrogen ions. California, the main source of sulfur Many sulfates are soluble in water. compounds is combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel.

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AIR AVERAGING CALIFORNIA FEDERAL POLLUTANT TIME STANDARD STANDARDA PROPERTIES SOURCES

Leade 30-day 1.5 µg/m3 — Lead is a solid heavy metal that can exist in air Lead ore crushing, lead-ore smelting, and pollution as an aerosol particle component. battery manufacturing are currently the 3 Quarter — 1.5 µg/m Leaded gasoline was used in motor vehicles largest sources of lead in the atmosphere in Rolling 3- — 0.15 µg/m3 until around 1970. Lead concentrations have the United States. Other sources include dust month average not exceeded state or federal standards at any from soils contaminated with lead-based monitoring station since 1982. paint, solid waste disposal, and crustal physical weathering.

Vinyl chloridee 24 Hour 0.01 ppm — Vinyl chloride, or chloroethene, is a chlorinated Most vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl hydrocarbon and a colorless gas with a mild, chloride plastic and vinyl products, including sweet odor. In 1990, the Air Resources Board pipes, wire and cable coatings, and packaging identified vinyl chloride as a toxic air materials. It can be formed when plastics contaminant and estimated a cancer unit risk containing these substances are left to factor. decompose in solid waste landfills. Vinyl chloride has been detected near landfills, sewage plants, and hazardous waste sites.

Hydrogen 1 Hour 0.03 ppm — Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a flammable, Manure, storage tanks, ponds, anaerobic sulfide colorless, poisonous gas that smells like rotten lagoons, and land application sites are the eggs. primary sources of hydrogen sulfide. Anthropogenic sources include the combustion of sulfur containing fuels (oil and coal).

Volatile organic compounds There are no State or federal Reactive organic gases (ROG), or VOCs, are Indoor sources of VOCs include paints, solvents, (VOC) standards for VOCs because they defined as any compound of carbon— aerosol sprays, cleansers, tobacco smoke, etc. are not classified as criteria excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, Outdoor sources of VOCs are from combustion pollutants. carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and fuel evaporation. A reduction in VOC and ammonium carbonate—that participates emissions reduces certain chemical reactions in atmospheric photochemical reactions. that contribute to the formulation of ozone. Although there are slight differences in the VOCs are transformed into organic aerosols in definition of ROG and VOCs, the two terms are the atmosphere, which contribute to higher

often used interchangeably. PM10 and lower visibility.

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AIR AVERAGING CALIFORNIA FEDERAL POLLUTANT TIME STANDARD STANDARDA PROPERTIES SOURCES

Diesel particulate matter (DPM) There are no ambient air quality DPM is a source of PM2.5—diesel particles are Diesel exhaust is a major source of ambient standards for DPM. typically 2.5 microns and smaller. Diesel particulate matter pollution in urban exhaust is a complex mixture of thousands of environments. Typically, the main source of particles and gases produced when an engine DPM is from combustion of diesel fuel in burns diesel fuel. Organic compounds account diesel-powered engines. Such engines are in for 80 percent of the total particulate matter on-road vehicles such as diesel trucks, off-road mass, which consists of compounds such as construction vehicles, diesel electrical hydrocarbons and their derivatives, and generators, and various pieces of stationary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their construction equipment. derivatives. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are confirmed carcinogens, a number of which are in diesel exhaust.

Notes: ppm = parts per million (concentration) µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter Annual = Annual Arithmetic Mean 30-day = 30-day average Quarter = Calendar quarter NOX = oxides of nitrogen VOC = volatile organic compounds NO2 = nitrogen dioxide SOX = oxides of sulfur DPM = diesel particulate matter ROG = reactive organic gases 2 PM10 = particulate matter of size 10 microns and below PM2.5 = particulate matter of size 2.5 microns and below H2S = hydrogen sulfide SO4 = sulfate SO2 = sulfur dioxide a Federal standard refers to the primary national ambient air quality standard, or the levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health. All standards listed are primary standards except for 3 Hour SO2, which is a secondary standard. A secondary standard is the level of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. b To attain the 1-hour NO2 national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 100 parts per billion (0.100 ppm). c On June 2, 2010, a new 1-hour SO2 standard was established and the existing 24-hour and annual primary standards were revoked. To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 99th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 75 parts per billion (ppb). The 1971 SO2 national standards (24-hour and annual) remain in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2010 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1971 standards, the 1971 standards remain in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2010 standards are approved. d Visibility-reducing particles: In 1989, the ARB converted both the general statewide 10-mile visibility standard and the Lake Tahoe 30-mile visibility standard to instrumental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0.23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0.07 per kilometer" for the statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin standards, respectively. e The ARB has identified lead and vinyl chloride as 'toxic air contaminants' with no threshold level of exposure for adverse health effects determined. These actions allow for the implementation of control measures at levels below the ambient concentrations specified for these pollutants. f The EPA Administrator approved a revised 8-hour ozone standard of 0.07 ppb on October 1, 2015. The new standard went into effect 60 days after publication of the Final Rule in the Federal Register. The Final Rule was published in the Federal Register on October 26, 2015 and became effective on December 28, 2015. Source of effects, properties, and sources: See Appendix B Source of standards: See Appendix B.

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Toxic Air Contaminants In addition to the criteria pollutants, discussed above, toxic air contaminants (TACs), also known as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), are another group of pollutants of concern. A TAC is defined as an air pollutant that may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness, or that may pose a hazard to human health. TACs are usually present in minute quantities in the ambient air; however, their high toxicity or health risk may pose a threat to public health even at low concentrations. In general, for those TACs that may cause cancer, there are thresholds set by regulatory agencies below which adverse health impacts are not expected to occur. This contrasts with the criteria pollutants for which acceptable levels of exposure can be determined and for which the state and federal governments have set ambient air quality standards.

According to the California Almanac of Emissions and Air Quality, the majority of the estimated health risk from TACs for the State of California can be attributed to relatively few compounds, the most important of which is DPM from diesel-fueled engines. Other TACs of concern include acetaldehyde, benzene, 1.3-butadiene, carbon tetrachloride, hexavalent chromium, para-dichlorobenzene, formaldehyde, methylene chloride, and perchloroethylene.

Diesel Particulate Matter The ARB identified PM emissions from diesel-fueled engines as a TAC in August 1998 under California's TAC program. The State of California, after a 10-year research program, determined in 1998 that DPM from diesel-fueled engines is a human carcinogen and that chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to DPM poses a chronic (long-term) health risk. According to ARB's 2013 Almanac, on-road diesel-fueled vehicles contribute approximately 42 percent of the statewide total inventory, with an additional 55 percent attributed to other mobile sources such as construction and mining equipment, agricultural equipment, and transport refrigeration units. The remaining DPM inventory was generated by stationary point sources and aggregated stationary sources.

DPM differs from other TACs in that it is not a single substance but a complex mixture of hundreds of substances. Although diesel-fueled, internal combustion engines emit DPM, the composition of the emissions varies. The DPM exhaust composition depends on several items, including engine type, operating conditions, fuel composition, lubricating oil, and whether or not an emission control system is present. Unlike the other TACs, however, no ambient monitoring data are available for DPM because no routine measurement method currently exists. The ARB has made preliminary concentration estimates based on a DPM exposure method. This method uses the ARB emissions inventory's PM2.5 database, ambient

PM2.5 monitoring data, and the results from several studies to estimate concentrations of DPM.

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In addition to increasing the risk of lung cancer, exposure to diesel exhaust can have other health effects. Diesel exhaust can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, and it can cause coughs, headaches, lightheadedness, and nausea. Diesel exhaust is a major source of fine particulate pollution as well, and studies have linked elevated particle levels in the air to increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits, asthma attacks, and premature deaths among those suffering from respiratory problems.

EXISTING AIR QUALITY CONDITIONS

Existing Ambient Air Quality Existing levels of ambient air quality and historical trends and projections in the vicinity of Sausalito are best documented by measurements made by the BAAQMD. The air quality monitoring station closest to Sausalito City is the San Rafael monitoring station, which is located 6.6 miles north of the Sausalito City. Table AQ-3 summarizes the 2014–2016 published monitoring data, which is the most recent 3-year period available.

The data show that during the past three years, the City of Sausalito has exceeded the standard of PM2.5 (national). The degree and extent of health impacts of the air pollutants of concern are evaluated relative to the National and California Ambient Air Quality Standards. The air standards are designed to protect human health, with an adequate margin of safety, including sensitive populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals suffering from respiratory diseases. When pollutant concentrations exceed the standards, the resulting health impacts will vary based on the magnitude of the exceedance and the sensitivity of the individual. The EPA developed the Air Quality Index (AQI) as an easy-to- understand measure of health impact compared to pollutant concentrations in the air. Table

AQ-4 provides a description of the health impacts PM2.5 at different concentrations respectively. Within the context of this assessment, sensitive receptors are those individuals that may have a significantly increased sensitivity or exposure to airborne contaminants by virtue of their age or health. Sensitive receptors include but are not limited to residences, schools, hospitals, daycare facilities, elderly housing, and convalescent facilities.

Based on the AQI scale for the 24-hour PM2.5 standard, the nearest monitoring station experienced 3 days in the last 3 years that would be categorized as Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups (AQI 150), and no days that would be considered Unhealthy (AQI 200) or Very Unhealthy (AQI 210) as measured at the San Rafael monitoring station. The highest reading was 38.1 µg/m3 in 2014 compared with the 55 µg/m3 cut off point for Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups.

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TABLE AQ-3: AIR QUALITY MONITORING SUMMARY AIR AVERAGING POLLUTANT TIME ITEM 2014 2015 2016

Ozone 1 Hour Max 1 Hour (ppm) 0.088 0.081 0.088

Days > State Standard (0.09 ppm) 0 0 0

8 Hour Max 8 Hour (ppm) 0.068 0.070 0.067

Days > State Standard (0.07 ppm) 0 0 0

Days > National Standard (0.070 ppm) 0 0 0

Carbon 8 Hour Max 8 Hour (ppm) 1.1 0.9 1.0 monoxide Days > State Standard (9.0 ppm) 0 0 0 (CO) Days > National Standard (9 ppm) 0 0 0

Nitrogen Annual Annual Average (ppm) 0.011 0.010 0.009

dioxide (NO2) 1 Hour Max 1 Hour (ppm) 0.062 0.044 0.046

Days > State Standard (0.18 ppm) 0 0 0

Sulfur dioxide Annual Annual Average (ppm) ND ND ND

(SO2) 24 Hour Max 24 Hour (ppm) ND ND ND

Days > State Standard (0.04 ppm) ND ND ND

Inhalable Annual Annual Average (µg/m3) 14.1 16.1 13.8 coarse 24 hour 24 Hour (µg/m3) 39.0 42.2 26.6 particles (PM10) Days > State Standard (50 µg/m3) 0 0 0

Days > National Standard (150 µg/m3) 0 0 0

Fine Annual Annual Average (µg/m3) 10.8 8.7 6.5 particulate 24 Hour 24 Hour (µg/m3) 38.1 36.3 15.6 matter (PM2.5) Days > National Standard (35 µg/m3) 1 2 0

Notes: > = exceed ppm = parts per million µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter ID = insufficient data ND = no data max = maximum Bold = exceedance State Standard = California Ambient Air Quality Standard National Standard = National Ambient Air Quality Standard Source: California Air Resources Board (ARB). 2016a. Historical Air Quality, Top 4 Summary. San Rafael monitoring station, which is located 6.6 miles north of the Sausalito City.

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Local CO Hotspots Congested intersections have the potential to create elevated concentration of CO, referred to as "CO hotspots." The significance criteria for CO hotspots are based on the California Ambient Air Quality Standards for CO, which is 9.0 ppm (8-hr average) and 20.0 ppm (1-hr average). However, with the turnover of older vehicles, introduction of cleaner fuels, and implementation of control technology, the Air Basin is in attainment of the California and National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and CO concentrations in the Air Basin have steadily declined.

TABLE AQ-4: AIR QUALITY INDEX AND HEALTH EFFECTS-PM2.5 AIR QUALITY INDEX/ 24-HOUR PM2.5 CONCENTRATION HEALTH EFFECTS DESCRIPTION AQI–100—Moderate Sensitive Groups: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children are the groups most at risk.

3 PM2.5: 35 µg/m Health Effects Statements: Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion. Cautionary Statements: Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion.

AQI—150—Unhealthy for Sensitive Sensitive Groups: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and Groups children are the groups most at risk.

3 PM2.5: 55 µg/m Health Effects Statements: Increasing likelihood of respiratory symptoms in sensitive individuals, aggravation of heart or lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly.

Cautionary Statements: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should limit prolonged exertion. AQI—200—Unhealthy Sensitive Groups: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children are the groups most at risk.

3 PM2.5: 150 µg/m Health Effects Statements: Increased aggravation of heart or lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly; increased respiratory effects in general population. Cautionary Statements: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should avoid prolonged exertion; everyone else should limit prolonged exertion. AQI—210—Very Unhealthy Sensitive Groups: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children are the groups most at risk.

3 PM2.5: 160 µg/m Health Effects Statements: Significant aggravation of heart or lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly; significant increase in respiratory effects in general population. Cautionary Statements: People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should avoid any outdoor activity; everyone else should avoid prolonged exertion.

Note: AQI = air quality index Source: EPA 2014b.

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Existing Sources of TACs

Local community risk and hazard impacts are associated with TACs and PM2.5 because emissions of these pollutants can have significant impacts at the local level. For a plan-level analysis, BAAQMD CEQA guidelines require:

• Overlay zones around existing and planned sources of TACs; • Overlay zones of at least 500 feet from all freeways and high volume roads.

Existing TAC sources within the City of Sausalito include stationary sources permitted by BAAQMD, roadways with more than 10,000 annual average daily traffic (AADT), and highways or freeways. Stationary sources in Sausalito City were identified using BAAQMD's Stationary Source Screening Analysis Tool. Exhibit AQ-1 identifies approximately 18 stationary sources within or near the City of Sausalito. U.S. Highway 101 southwest of the City conveys 215,000 AADT, and Bridgeway is a primary arterial, a roadway classification that typically carries upwards of 15,000 average daily trips.3,4

Sensitive Receptors The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment considers sensitive populations to include young children and chronically ill individuals. Residential areas are also considered sensitive receptors to air pollution because residents (including children and the elderly) tend to be at home for extended periods of time, resulting in sustained exposure to any pollutants present. Other sensitive receptors include retirement facilities, schools, nursing homes, residential care facilities, daycare centers and hospitals. Industrial, commercial, retail and office areas are considered the least sensitive to air pollution. Exposure periods are relatively short and intermittent, since the majority of the workers tend to stay indoors most of the time. In addition, the working population is generally the healthiest segment of the public.

3 Caltrans. 2015. Traffic Volumes on California State Highways. Website: http://www.dot.ca.gov /trafficops/census/docs/2015_aadt_volumes.pdf. 4 City of Sausalito General Plan. 1995. GP5-Circulation and Parking Element. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/departments/community-development/general-plan-update/1995- general-plan.

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The BAAQMD's 2017 CEQA Guidelines have established a cumulative health risk threshold for cancer risk at 100 in a million, a cumulative non-cancer threshold of 10.0 hazard index, 3 and a PM2.5 concentration threshold of 0.8 µg/m . As shown in Exhibit AQ-1 and the current General Plan Update Land Use Map, the existing stationary sources within the City are primarily located in industrial and waterfront areas of the City and adjacent to U.S. Highway 101. However, the closest sensitive receptors to a major source of TACs in the City are homes located approximately 180 feet north and northeast of U.S. Highway 101 in the Nevada Street Valley area.

The BAAQMD has developed the Highway Screening Analysis Tool to estimate health risk and hazard impacts from the freeways that pass throughout the BAAQMD. Based on the conservative screening analysis tool, a portion of U.S. Highway 101 that passes through 3 Sausalito would result in 27 in a million cancer risk and 0.29 µg/m annual PM2.5 concentration at a distance of 100 feet east of highway. It should be noted that the BAAQMD Highway Screening Analysis Tool uses conservative assumptions that do not account for the reduction associated with indoor air filtration systems) that could be installed in new development and was developed in 2010; it therefore does not account for changes in emissions technology and turnover in the vehicle fleet that result in lower emissions and health risks. A site-specific health risk assessment is required to evaluate health impacts from U.S. Highway 101 at any new receptors. However, the Highway Screening Analysis Tool is able to identify where potential cumulative health risks could occur for future proposed sensitive receptors.

ARB has developed recommendations for the siting of new sensitive receptors, including residences, schools, daycare centers, or medical facilities. According to these recommendations, new sensitive receptors should not be located within 500 feet of freeways or urban roads with 100,000 vehicles per day and a 50-foot separation is recommended for typical gas dispensing facilities. Additionally, other strategies for reducing exposure to TACs include installing Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) filters in residential buildings and reducing traffic congestion along major transportation corridors.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Air quality is a cumulative issue that crosses jurisdictional boundaries and requires regional collaboration as well as local initiatives. Consider a range of strategies for improved air quality that includes regional collaboration and local actions such as steps to reduce traffic congestion and expand tree canopy.

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• When current traffic volume data is available, air quality modeling will be conducted to identify the presence or absence of CO hotspots and areas of elevated exposure to Toxic Air Contaminants in Sausalito and the Sphere of Influence. Explore strategies as needed to mitigate air quality impacts associated with identified carbon monoxide (CO) hotspots and areas of elevated exposure to Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) in Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence. • Consider whether to add local restrictions on wood burning fireplaces, to augment the existing BAAQMD restrictions on new development. • Be mindful of the balance between promoting open space/tree canopy versus increased fire risk. • Identify appropriate setbacks from U.S. Highway 101 to avoid toxic air contaminant (TAC) risk, while noting that filters are available as mitigation to address site specific conditions when new development is proposed.

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APPENDICES

AQ-1. Sources of Toxic Air Contaminants

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APPENDIX AQ-1: SOURCES OF TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS

Legend

!. Stationary Source Primary Arterial Highway 101 Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE AQ-1 SOURCES OF TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions: Greenhouse Gas Emissions City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...... 35 Regulatory Framework ...... 35 Federal Regulations ...... 35 State Regulations ...... 37 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 44 Environmental Setting ...... 46 Consequences of Climate Change ...... 47 Sources of Greenhouse Gases ...... 49 GHG Emission Inventories ...... 51 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 52

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A balance of naturally occurring gases dispersed in the atmosphere determines the earth's climate by trapping infrared radiation (heat) in a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. Scientists have concluded that human activities are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere, causing a rise in global average surface temperature and consequent global climate change. Pursuant to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the GHG pollutants of primary concern include carbon dioxide

(CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.

The 1995 Sausalito General Plan indirectly addresses GHG emissions in the Environmental Quality Element, with policies and programs that commit the City to implementing water, energy, and solid waste conservation measures, which would indirectly help reduce GHG emissions.

This report describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to GHG emissions in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan update process.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Greenhouse Gas Endangerment Findings Massachusetts v. EPA (Supreme Court Case 05-1120) was argued before the United States Supreme Court on November 29, 2006, in which it was petitioned that the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulate four GHGs, including carbon dioxide (CO2), under Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act (CAA). A decision was made on April 2, 2007, in which the Supreme Court found that GHGs are air pollutants covered by the CAA. The Court held that the Administrator must determine whether emissions of GHGs from new motor vehicles cause or contribute to air pollution, which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, or whether the science is too uncertain to make a reasoned decision. On December 7, 2009, the EPA Administrator signed two distinct findings regarding GHGs under section 202(a) of the CAA:

• Endangerment Finding: The Administrator finds that the current and projected

concentrations of the six key well-mixed greenhouse gases—CO2, CH4, N2O, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride—in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations; and

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• Cause or Contribute Finding: The Administrator finds that the combined emissions of these well-mixed greenhouse gases from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines contribute to the greenhouse gas pollution, which threatens public health and welfare.

These findings do not impose requirements on industry or other entities. However, this was a prerequisite for implementing GHG emissions standards for vehicles, as discussed in the section "Clean Vehicles" below.

Clean Vehicles Congress first passed the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards in 1975 to increase the fuel economy of cars and light duty trucks. The standards have become more stringent over time with the availability of new technologies and the need to limit emissions from an increasing vehicle population. On May 19, 2009, President Obama put in motion a new national policy to increase fuel economy for all new cars and trucks sold in the United States. On April 1, 2010, the EPA and the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced a joint final rule establishing a national program that would reduce GHG emissions and improve fuel economy for new cars and trucks sold in the United States. The first phase of the national program applied to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles, covering model years 2012 through 2016. Those vehicles were required to meet an estimated combined average emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide per mile, equivalent to 35.5 miles per gallon if the automobile industry were to meet this CO2 level solely through fuel economy improvements. Together, these standards were projected to cut CO2 emissions by an estimated 960 million metric tons and 1.8 billion barrels of oil over the lifetime of the vehicles sold under the program (model years 2012–2016). On August 28, 2012, the EPA and NHTSA issued a joint Final Rulemaking to extend the National Program of harmonized GHG and fuel economy standards to model year 2017 through 2025 passenger vehicles. Over the lifetime of the model years 2017–2025 standards, this program is projected to save approximately 4 billion barrels of oil and 2 billion metric tons of GHG emissions, with net benefits up to $451 billion. On October 25, 2010, the EPA and the U.S. Department of Transportation proposed the first national standards to reduce GHG emissions and improve fuel efficiency of heavy-duty trucks and buses. For combination tractors, the agencies are proposing engine and vehicle standards that begin in the 2014 model year and achieve up to a 20-percent reduction in

CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by the 2018 model year. For heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans, the agencies are proposing separate gasoline and diesel truck standards, which phase in starting in the 2014 model year and achieve up to a 10-percent reduction for gasoline vehicles and 15-percent reduction for diesel vehicles by 2018 model year (12 and 17 percent respectively if accounting for air conditioning leakage). Lastly, for vocational

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STATE REGULATIONS

AB 32 and 2020 Scoping Plan In 2006, the Legislature passed the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Assembly Bill [AB] 32), which created a comprehensive, multi-year program to reduce GHG emissions in California. In Health and Safety Code section 38550, the Legislature directed the California Air Resource Board (ARB) to "determine what the statewide [GHG] emissions level was in 1990, and approve in a public hearing, a statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit that is equivalent to that level, to be achieved by 2020." AB 32 required the ARB to develop a Scoping Plan that describes the approach California will take to reduce GHGs to achieve the goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The Scoping Plan was first approved by the Board in 2008 and must be updated every 5 years. The Scoping Plan identifies recommended measures for multiple GHG emission sectors and the associated emission reductions needed to achieve the year 2020 emissions target—each sector has a different emission reduction target. Most of the measures target the transportation and electricity sectors. As stated in the Scoping Plan, the key elements of the strategy for achieving the 2020 GHG target include:

• Expanding and strengthening existing energy efficiency programs as well as building and appliance standards; • Achieving a statewide renewable energy mix of 33 percent; • Developing a California cap-and-trade program that links with other Western Climate Initiative partner programs to create a regional market system; • Establishing targets for transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions for regions throughout California and pursuing policies and incentives to achieve those targets; • Adopting and implementing measures pursuant to existing State laws and policies, including California's clean car standards, goods movement measures, and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard; and • Creating targeted fees, including a public goods charge on water use, fees on high global warming potential gases, and a fee to fund the administrative costs of the State's long-term commitment to implementation.

The First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan was approved by the Board on May 22, 2014. In 2016, the Legislature passed Senate Bill (SB) 32, which codified a 2030 statewide GHG emissions reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 levels. With SB 32, the Legislature passed companion legislation AB 197, which provides additional direction for developing the Scoping Plan. ARB is moving forward with a second update to the Scoping Plan to reflect the

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2030 target set by Executive Order B-30-15 and codified by SB 32. At the time of this writing, the 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update (The Proposed Strategy for Achieving California's 2030 Greenhouse Gas Target) is still in draft form.

SB 32 and SB 350 Effective January 1, 2017, SB 32 (Stats. 2016, ch. 249) added a new section 38566 to the Health and Safety Code. It provides that "[i]n adopting rules and regulations to achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective greenhouse gas emissions reductions authorized by [Division 25.5 of the Health and Safety Code], ARB shall ensure that statewide greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to at least 40 percent below the statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit no later than December 31, 2030." In other words, SB 32 requires California, by the year 2030, to reduce its statewide GHG emissions so that they are 40 percent below those that occurred in 1990. Between AB 32 (2006) and SB 32 (2016), the Legislature has codified some of the ambitious GHG reduction targets included within certain high-profile Executive Orders issued by the last two Governors. The 2020 statewide GHG reduction target in AB 32 was consistent with the second of three statewide emissions reduction targets set forth in former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's 2005 Executive Order known as S-3-05, which is expressly mentioned in AB 32 (see Health & Saf. Code, § 38501, subd. (i)). That Executive Branch document included the following GHG emission reduction targets: by 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels; by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels; by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels. To meet the targets, the Governor directed several state agencies to cooperate in the development of a climate action plan. The Secretary of CalEPA leads the Climate Action Team, whose goal is to implement global warming emission reduction programs identified in the Climate Action Plan and to report on the progress made toward meeting the emission reduction targets established in the executive order. Notably, the Legislature has not yet set a 2050 target in the manner done for 2020 and 2030 through AB 32 and SB 32, though references to a 2050 target can be found in statutes outside the Health and Safety Code. In the 2015 legislative session, the Legislature passed SB 350 (Stats. 2015, ch. 547). This legislation added language to the Public Utilities Code that essentially puts into statute the 2050 GHG reduction target already identified in Executive Order S-3-05, albeit in the limited context of new state policies (i) increasing the overall share of electricity that must be produced through renewable energy sources and (ii) directing certain state agencies to begin planning for the widespread electrification of the California vehicle fleet. Section 740.12(a)(1)(D) of the Public Utilities Code now states that "[t]he Legislature finds and declares [that] . . . [r]educing emissions of [GHGs] to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 will require widespread transportation electrification." Furthermore, Section 740.12(b) now states that the California Public Utilities Commission (PUC), in consultation with ARB and the California Energy

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Commission (CEC), must "direct electrical corporations to file applications for programs and investments to accelerate widespread transportation electrification to reduce dependence on petroleum, meet air quality standards, . . . and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050."

SB 375 SB 375 (Stats. 2008, ch. 728) passed the Senate on August 30, 2008 and was signed by then- Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 30, 2008 (see Gov. Code, §§ 14522.1, 14522.2, 65080, 65080.01 65400, 65583, 65584.01, 65584.02, 65584.04, 65587, and 65588; Pub. Resources Code, §§ 21061.3, 21155–21155.4, 21159.28). According to SB 375, the transportation sector is the largest contributor of GHG emissions, which emits over 40 percent of the total GHG emissions in California. SB 375 states, "Without improved land use and transportation policy, California will not be able to achieve the goals of AB 32." SB 375 is intended to align regional transportation planning efforts, regional GHG reduction targets, and land use and housing allocations. SB 375 requires metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to adopt, as components of their regional transportation plans (RTPs), sustainable communities strategies (SCSs) or alternative planning strategies (APSs) that embody what the MPOs determine would be desirable land use allocations. In consultation with MPOs, ARB is required to provide each affected region with reduction targets for GHGs emitted by passenger cars and light trucks in the region for the years 2020 and 2035. Each SCS is intended to live within the regional GHG budget developed by ARB. City or county land use policies (including general plans) are not required to be consistent with the RTP (and associated SCS or APS). Regional transportation decisions and funding, however, will be influenced by climate change considerations, thus giving local governments incentives to conform their general plans to policies contained in the governing RTP with its SCS or APS. The law also extends the minimum time period for the regional housing needs allocation cycle from 5 years to 8 years for local governments located within an MPO that meets certain requirements. ARB's regional GHG reduction targets must be updated every 8 years, but can be updated every 4 years if advancements in emissions technologies affect the reduction strategies to achieve the targets. ARB is also charged with reviewing each MPO's SCS or APS for consistency with its assigned targets. If MPOs do not meet the GHG reduction targets, transportation projects will not be eligible for funding programmed after January 1, 2012. In 2015, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) and the Association of Bay Area Government (ABAG) have begun the process update the Regional Transportation Plan, known as Plan Bay Area 2040, and officially adopted in July 2017.1 The Plan Bay Area 2040 is a regional strategy for accommodating household and employment growth projected to occur in Bay Area region through 2040, and a transportation strategy for the region based

1 Plan Bay Area 2040 Final Plan. Source: www.2040.planbayarea.org/reports.

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | 39 City of Sausalito General Plan Update on expected revenues. The primary objective of it is to achieve mandated reduction of GHG emissions and to provide adequate housing for the projected 2040 regional population level pursuant to California's landmark 2008 SB375. The MTC and ABAG developed 13 performance targets associated with the goals for the 2040 Bay Area Plan. The two primary objectives are:

• Address climate change by reducing CO2 emissions: the regional plan must meet or exceed a seven percent reduction in per-capita emissions from cars and light-duty trucks by 2020 and a 15 percent reduction by 2035 relative to 2005 levels. • House 100 percent of the region's projected growth by income level without displacing low-income residents and with no increase in in-commuters baseline year.

SB 379 California SB 379 (Land Use: General Plan: safety element: climate adaptation) requires all cities and counties to include climate adaptation and resiliency strategies in the safety elements of their general plans upon the next revision beginning January 1, 2017.2,3 The bill requires the climate adaptation update to include a set of goals, policies, and objectives for their communities based on the vulnerability assessment, as well as implementation measures, including the conservation and implementation of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects. SB 379 requires the safety elements of general plans to be reviewed and updated to include climate adaptation and resiliency strategies. The review and update must consist of the following components:

• Conduct a vulnerability assessment to identify risks to climate change in local jurisdictions; • Create a set of adaptation and resilience goals, policies, and objectives based on information identified in the vulnerability assessment; and • Create a set of feasible implementation measures designed to carry out the goals, policies and objectives identified in the adaptation objectives.

AB 1493 Assembly Bill 1493 (Pavley), signed into law in 2002, requires carmakers to reduce GHG emissions from new passenger cars and light trucks beginning in 2009 through increased fuel efficiency standards. The ARB adopted regulations in September 2009 that reduce GHG emissions in new passenger cars, pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles for model year

2 Senate Bill 379. Source: focus.senate.ca.gov/sites/focus.senate.ca.gov/files/climate/SB_379_ Fact_Sheet.pdf. 3 Alliance of Regional Collaborative for Climate Adaptation. Introducing SB 379: Climate Adaptation and Resiliency Strategies. Source: arccacalifornia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/SB-379-Fact- Sheet.pdf.

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2012-2016. ARB anticipated those standards would reduce GHG emissions from California passenger vehicles by about 22 percent in 2012 and about 30 percent in 2016, while improving fuel efficiency and reducing motorists' costs.

ARB Emissions Trading Program The Cap-and-Trade Program is a key element of California's climate plan to reduce GHG emissions. It sets a statewide limit on sources responsible for 85 percent of California's GHG emissions, and establishes a price signal needed to drive long-term investment in cleaner fuels and more efficient use of energy. The program is designed to provide covered entities the flexibility to seek out and implement the lowest-cost options to reduce emissions. The Cap and Trade Regulation was originally adopted by ARB in October 2011, with additional amendments approved for adoption in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. The ARB has adopted the new amendments to extend the major provisions of the Cap-and- Trade Regulation beyond 2020, to broaden the program through linkage with Ontario, Canada, and to enhance ARB's ability to implement and oversee this regulation.

Title 24 The CEC promotes energy efficiency and conservation by setting the State's building efficiency standards. California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 24 Part 6: California's Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, was first adopted in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California's energy consumption. Title 24 of the CCR consists of regulations that cover the structural, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing system of every building constructed or altered after 1978. The current version of Title 24 (2016 Title 24 Standards) became effective on January 1, 2017. Energy efficient buildings require less electricity; therefore, increased energy efficiency reduces fossil fuel consumption and decreases GHG emissions. According to CEC, single- family homes built to the 2016 standards will use about 28 percent less energy for lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, and water heating than those built to the 2013 standards. In 30 years, with the implementation of the 2016 Title 24, California will have saved enough energy to power 2.2 million homes, reducing the need to build 12 additional power plants.

Title 20 CCR, Title 20: Division 2, Chapter 4, Article 4, Sections 1601–1608: Appliance Efficiency Regulations regulates the sale of appliances in California. The Appliance Efficiency Regulations include standards for both federally regulated appliances and non-federally regulated appliances. Twenty-three categories of appliances are included in the scope of these regulations. The standards within these regulations apply to appliances that are sold, or offered for sale in California, except those sold wholesale in California for final retail sale

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California Green Building Standards Code Buildings represent the second largest source of California's GHG emissions. The most recent 2016 Green Building Standards Code went into effect on January 1, 2017. The Code is a comprehensive and uniform regulatory code for all residential, commercial and school buildings. The California Green Building Standards Code (the Code) does not prevent a local jurisdiction from adopting a more stringent code as state law provides methods for local enhancements. The Code recognizes that many jurisdictions have developed existing construction and demolition ordinances, and defers to them as the ruling guidance provided they provide a minimum 50-percent diversion requirement. The code also provides exemptions for areas not served by construction and demolition recycling infrastructure. State building code provides the minimum standard, which buildings need to meet in order to be certified for occupancy. Enforcement is generally through the local building official. The California Green Building Standards Code requires:

• Construction waste. A minimum 65-percent diversion of construction and demolition waste from landfills. All (100 percent) of trees, stumps, rocks and associated vegetation and soils resulting from land clearing shall be reused or recycled; • Water Efficiency and Conservation [Indoor Water Use (4.303.1)]. Fixtures and fixture fittings reducing the overall use of potable water within the building by at least 20 percent shall be provided. The 20-percent reduction shall be demonstrated by one of the following methods: - Prescriptive Method: Showerheads (≤ 2.0 gallons per minute [gpm] @ 80 pounds per square inch [psi]); Residential Lavatory Faucets (≤ 1.2 gpm @ 60 psi); Nonresidential Lavatory Faucets (≤ 0.5 gpm @ 60 psi); Kitchen Faucets (≤ 1.8 gpm @ 60 psi); Toilets (≤ 1.28 gallons/flush); floor-mounted urinals (≤ 0.5 gallons/flush); wall-mounted urinals ≤ 0.125 gallons/flush) and - Performance Method: Provide a calculation demonstrating a 20% reduction of indoor potable water using the baseline values set forth in Table 4.303.1. The calculation will be limited to the total water usage of showerheads, lavatory faucets, water closets and urinals within the dwelling. • Water Efficiency and Conservation [Outdoor Water Use (4.304.1)]. After December 1, 2015, new residential developments with an aggregate landscape area equal to or greater than 500 square feet must either comply with a local water efficient landscape ordinance or the current California Department of Water Resources' Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO), whichever is more stringent; or, projects

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with aggregate landscape areas of less than 2,500 square feet may comply with the MWELO's Appendix D Prescriptive Compliance Option. • Materials pollution control. Low-pollutant emitting interior finish materials such as paints, carpet, vinyl flooring and particleboard; and • Building commissioning. Mandatory inspections of energy systems (e.g., heat furnace, air conditioner, mechanical equipment) are required for nonresidential buildings over 10,000 square feet to ensure that all are working at their maximum capacity according to their design efficiencies.

New development proposed as part of the General Plan Update would be subject to these California Green Building Standards Code requirements.

Residential Solar Water Heaters The Residential Solar Water Heater Program (AB 1470) creates a $25 million per year, 10-year incentive program to encourage the installation of solar water heating systems that offset natural gas and electricity use in homes and businesses throughout the state. The goal is to install 200,000 solar water heaters by 2017. Future planning efforts throughout the state, such as the proposed General Plan Update, can take advantage and facilitate the implementation of this program while reducing GHG emissions.

California Climate Change Executive Orders California's response to climate change is directed by Legislation and Regulations and by other Mandates such as Executive orders.4

• Executive Order #B-30-15: sets a GHG emissions target for 2030 at 40 percent below the 1990 levels. • Executive Order #B-18-12: calls for a significant reductions in state agencies' energy purchased and GHG emissions. This Order included a Green Building Action Plan, which provided additional details and requirements for the implementation of this Order. • Executive Order #B-16-12: orders State agencies to facilitate the rapid commercialization of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). The order sets a target for the number of 1.5 million ZEVs in California by 2025. Also the Order sets as a target for 2050 a reduction of GHG emissions from the transportation sector equaling 80 percent less than 1990 levels. • Executive Order #S-13-08: directs state agencies to plan for sea level rise and climate impacts through coordination of the state Climate Adaptation Strategy.

4 California Climate Change Executive Orders. Source: www.climatechange.ca.gov/state/ executive_orders.html.

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• Executive Order #S-01-07: establishes the 2020 GHG emission target and Low Carbon Fuel Standard. • Executive Order #S-20-06: establishes responsibilities and roles of the Secretary of Cal/EPA and state agencies in climate change. • Executive Order #S-03-05: establishes GHG emission reduction targets, creates the Climate Action Team, and directs the Secretary of CalEPA to coordinate efforts with meeting the targets with the heads of other state agencies.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Bay Area Air Quality Management District The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) updated their CEQA Guidelines in May 2017.5 The updated CEQA Guidelines provide GHG emission thresholds and requirements for assessing impacts on a project level, and a plan level (general plan, specific plans, regional plan, etc.) in order to achieve the California's AB 32 GHG emission reduction target, a reduction of 30 percent of emissions to achieve 1990 levels by 2020.

2017 Clean Air Plan In May 2017, the BAAQMD adopted the final Bay Area 2017 Clean Air Plan.6 The 2017 Clean Air Plan was prepared by the BAAQMD in cooperation with the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and the Association of Bay Area Governments. The goals of the 2017 Clean Air Plan are to reduce regional air pollutants and climate change emissions to improve the health of Bay Area residents for the next decades. Detailed Clean Air Plan goals are discussed in Sausalito GPU Air Quality Section.

County of Marin Climate Action Plan/GHG Emission Assessment Marin County was one of the first counties in California to take actions addressing GHG emissions when it adopted the Marin County Greenhouse Reduction Plan in 2006 (2006 GHG Reduction Plan). By 2012, the County had already reduced community emissions to 15 percent below 1990 levels—8 years ahead of the 2020 target.7

5 BAAQMD CEQA Air Quality Guidelines. May 2017. Source: www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/ files/planning-and-research/ceqa/ceqa_guidelines_may2017-pdf.pdf?la=en. 6 BAAQMD. 2017 Clean Air Plan. Spare the Air—Cool the Climate. Source: www.baaqmd.gov /~/media/files/planning-and-research/plans/2017-clean-air-plan/attachment-a_-proposed-final-cap- vol-1-pdf.pdf?la=en. 7 Marin County Climate Action Plan (2015 Update). July 2015. Source: https://www.marincounty. org/~/media/files/departments/cd/planning/sustainability/climate-and- adaptation/execsummarymarin capupdate_final_20150731.pdf?la=en.

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The County of Marin adopted the County of Marin Climate Action Plan Update in November 2015.8 The Climate Action Plan Update included two targets:

• 2020 Community Emissions Reduction Target: reduce GHG emissions from community activities in the unincorporated areas of Marin County by at least 30% below 1990 levels by 2020. • 2020 Municipal Emissions Reduction Target: reduce GHG emissions from the County's municipal activities by at least 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.

City of Sausalito General Plan The current City of Sausalito General Plan was adopted in September 1995.9 The General Plan does not provide goals or policies for climate change or GHG emission reduction, but it addresses policies for water and energy conservation and solid waste reduction, which would indirectly help reduce GHG emissions. The applicable policies are listed below.

• Policy EQ-3.12: Water Conservation. Promote and encourage water conservation measures to assure than an adequate supply of high quality water is available for local residents. • Program EQ-3.12.1: Marin Municipal Water District. Coordinate development review with the Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) to ensure adequate water supplied. • Program EQ-3.12.2: Local Water Conservation Ordinance. Continue to implement the local water conservation ordinance in coordination with MMWD. • Program EQ-3.12.3: Well Permit. Continue to require a city permit to drill a well. • Program EQ-3.12.4: Reclaimed Water. Evaluate the use of reclaimed (treated) waste water for watering City landscaping, median strips, and parks. • Program EQ-3.12.2: Future Water Supply Planning. Coordinate with MMWD and surrounding communities in discussion of and planning for future water supply and water quality. • Policy EQ-3.13: Energy Conservation. Encourage the application of energy-efficient design and energy saving devices in new and existing buildings. • Program EQ-3.13.1: Street Light Conversion. Consider converting City incandescent street lights to color-corrected High Pressure Sodium (HPS) or other less energy intensive fixtures in order to reduce energy consumption and costs. • Program EQ-3.13.2: Passive Solar Design. Encourage new development to utilize passive solar energy methods to reduce consumption to the extent feasible

8 Marin County Climate Action Plan (2015 Update). July 2015. Source: https://www.marincounty. org/~/media/files/departments/cd/planning/sustainability/climate-and- adaptation/execsummarymarin capupdate_final_20150731.pdf?la=en. 9 City of Sausalito General Plan, Environmental Quality Element. September 1995. Source: www.sausalito.gov/departments/community-development/general-plan-update/1995-general- plan.

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consistent with other design considerations, such as view retention, glare, and other requirements. • Policy EQ-3.14: Solid Waste Conservation and Recycling. Support recycling efforts and actions that reduce solid waste generation and provide for its safe disposal. • Program EQ-3.14.1: County Solid Waste Management Plan. Coordinate local recycling efforts and publicity efforts with those of the County Solid Waste Management Plan (see Policy LU-7.4). • Program EQ-3.14.2: Household Hazardous Waste. Coordinate local recycling efforts and public efforts with those of the County to promote safe disposal or recycling of household hazardous waste. Program EQ-3.14.3: Recycling. Continue and expand existing residential program and establish a commercial recycling program in coordination with the Chamber of Commerce and local businesses.

City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan The City of Sausalito has adopted the Climate Action Plan prepared by Marin Climate & Energy Partnership in June 2015.10 This Climate Action Plan compiled existing and potential strategies that the City's government and the community can use to address climate change. It focuses on the efforts Sausalito can take to reduce its GHG emissions and mitigate, to the extent feasible at the local level, the potential impacts of climate change. This Climate Action Plan built on the City's 1995 General Plan and 2005 and 2010 GHG Emission Inventories to identify the emission sources, estimate how the emissions could change over time and provide strategies to minimize the City's impacts on climate change and further the objectives of California's GHG emissions reduction target.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are labeled as GHGs. The effect is analogous to the way a greenhouse retains heat. Natural processes and human activities both emit GHGs. The concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere affects the earth's temperature. Emissions from human activities, such as electricity production from fossil fuels and fuel combustion for motor vehicles, have elevated the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere beyond the level of naturally-occurring concentrations. Climate change is driven by forcing effects and feedbacks. Radiative forcing is the difference between the incoming energy and outgoing energy in the climate system. Positive forcing tends to warm the surface while negative forcing tends to cool it. Radiative forcing values are typically expressed in watts per square meter. A feedback is a climate process that can

10 City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan. Marin Climate & Energy Partnership. Adopted June 2015. Source:www.marinclimate.org/sites/default/files/documents/Sausalito%20Climate%20Action%20 Plan.pdf.

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | 46 City of Sausalito General Plan Update strengthen or weaken a forcing. For example, when ice or snow melts, it reveals darker land underneath which absorbs more radiation and causes more warming.

CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE In California, climate change may result in the following:11

• A reduction in the quality and supply of water from the Sierra snowpack. If heat- trapping emissions continue unabated, more precipitation will fall as rain instead of snow, and the snow that does fall will melt earlier, reducing the Sierra Nevada spring snowpack by as much as 70 to 90 percent. This can lead to challenges in securing adequate water supplies. It can also lead to a potential reduction in hydropower. • Increased risk of large wildfires. If rain increases as temperatures rise, wildfires in the grasslands and chaparral ecosystems of southern California are estimated to increase by approximately 30 percent toward the end of the 21st century because more winter rain will stimulate the growth of more plant "fuel" available to burn in the fall. In contrast, a hotter, drier climate could promote up to 90 percent more northern California fires by the end of the century by drying out and increasing the flammability of forest vegetation. • Reductions in the quality and quantity of certain agricultural products. The crops and products likely to be adversely affected include wine grapes, fruit, nuts, and milk. • Exacerbation of air quality problems. If temperatures rise to the medium warming range, there could be 75 to 85 percent more days with weather conducive to ozone formation in Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley, relative to today's conditions. This is more than twice the increase expected if rising temperatures remain in the lower warming range. This increase in air quality problems could result in an increase in asthma and other health-related problems. • A rise in sea levels resulting in the displacement of coastal businesses and residences. During the past century, sea levels along California's coast have risen about seven inches. If emissions continue unabated and temperatures rise into the higher anticipated warming range, sea level is expected to rise an additional 22 to 35 inches by the end of the century. Elevations of this magnitude would inundate coastal areas with salt water, accelerate coastal erosion, threaten vital levees and inland water systems, and disrupt wetlands and natural habitats. • An increase temperature and extreme weather events. Climate change is expected to lead to increases in the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme

11 California Climate Change Center (CCCC). 2006. Our Changing Climate, Assessing the Risks to California: A summary Report from the California Climate Change Center. July. Source: www.scc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/climate_change/assessing_risks.pdf.

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heat events and heat waves in California. More heat waves can exacerbate chronic disease or heat-related illness. • A decrease in the health and productivity of California's forests. Climate change can cause an increase in wildfires, an enhanced insect population, and establishment of non-native species.

Figures GHG-1 and GHG-2 display charts of measured historical and projected annual average temperatures in Marin County. As shown in the figures, temperatures are expected to raise in the low and high GHG emissions scenarios. The results indicate that temperatures are predicted to increase by 3.3 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) under the low-emissions scenario, and 5.5°F under the high emissions scenario.12

FIGURE GHG-1: MINIMUM OBSERVED AND PROJECTED TEMPERATURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE MARIN COUNTY Source: CalAdapt 2016.

12 Cal-Adapt. Source: cal-adapt.org/.

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FIGURE GHG-2: MAXIMUM OBSERVED AND PROJECTED TEMPERATURES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE MARIN COUNTY Source: CalAdapt 2016

SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASES The global warming potential (GWP) is the potential of a gas or aerosol to trap heat in the atmosphere. Individual GHG compounds have varying global warming potentials and atmospheric lifetimes. The global warming potential of a GHG is a measure of how much a given mass of a GHG contributes to global warming. Essentially, the global warming potential of a GHG is a measurement of the radiative forcing of that GHG compared with the reference gas, CO2. Carbon dioxide has a global warming potential of one. To describe how much global warming a given type and amount of GHG may cause, the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is used. The calculation of the CO2e is a consistent methodology for comparing GHG emissions since it normalizes various GHG emissions to a consistent reference gas (carbon dioxide). For example, methane's global warming potential of 21 indicates that CH4 has 21 times greater warming affect than CO2 on a molecule per molecule basis. A CO2e is a mass emission of an individual GHG multiplied by its global warming potential. Greenhouse gases defined by AB 32 (see the Climate Change Regulatory Environment section for a description) include CO2, CH4, N2O, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. They are described in Table GHG-1.

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TABLE GHG-1: DESCRIPTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES DESCRIPTION AND PHYSICAL GREENHOUSE GAS PROPERTIES SOURCES Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is an odorless, Natural sources include decomposition

(CO2) colorless, natural GHG. Carbon of dead organic matter; respiration of dioxide's global warming potential bacteria, plants, animals, and fungus; is 1. The concentration in 2005 was evaporation from oceans; and volcanic 379 parts per million (ppm), which outgassing. Anthropogenic sources are is an increase of about 1.4 ppm per from burning coal, oil, natural gas, and year since 1960. wood. Nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide is a colorless GHG. It Microbial processes in soil and water,

(N2O) has a lifetime of 114 years. Its fuel combustion, and industrial global warming potential is 310. processes. Methane Methane is a flammable gas and is Methane is extracted from geological

(CH4) the main component of natural gas. deposits (natural gas fields). Other It has a lifetime of 12 years. Its sources are landfills, fermentation of global warming potential is 21. manure, and decay of organic matter. Chlorofluorocarbons These are gases formed synthetically Chlorofluorocarbons were synthesized by replacing all hydrogen atoms in in 1928 for use as refrigerants, aerosol

CH4 or ethane with chlorine and/or propellants, and cleaning solvents. fluorine atoms. They are nontoxic, They destroy stratospheric ozone. The nonflammable, insoluble, and 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances chemically unreactive in the that Deplete the Ozone Layer troposphere (the level of air at the prohibited their production. earth's surface). Global warming potentials range from 3,800 to 8,100. Hydrofluorocarbons Hydrofluorocarbons are a group of Hydrofluorocarbons are synthetic GHGs containing carbon, chlorine, manmade chemicals used as a and at least one hydrogen atom. substitute for chlorofluorocarbons in Global warming potentials range applications such as automobile air from 140 to 11,700. conditioners and refrigerants. Perfluorocarbons Perfluorocarbons have stable Two main sources of perfluorocarbons molecular structures and only break are primary aluminum production and down by ultraviolet rays about 60 semiconductor manufacturing. kilometers above Earth's surface. Because of this, they have long lifetimes, between 10,000 and 50,000 years. Global warming potentials range from 6,500 to 9,200. Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride is an inorganic, This gas is manmade and used for odorless, colorless, and nontoxic, insulation in electric power nonflammable gas. It has a lifetime transmission equipment, in the of 3,200 years. It has a high global magnesium industry, in semiconductor warming potential, 23,900. manufacturing, and as a tracer gas.

Sources: Compiled from a variety of sources, primarily IPCC 2007a and 2007b.

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Other GHGs include water vapor, ozone, and aerosols. Water vapor is an important component of our climate system and is not regulated. Ozone and aerosols are short-lived GHGs; GWPs for short-lived GHGs are not defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Aerosols can remain suspended in the atmosphere for about a week, and can warm the atmosphere by absorbing heat and cool the atmosphere by reflecting light. Although there could be health effects resulting from changes in the climate and the consequences that it can bring about, inhalation of GHGs at levels currently in the atmosphere would not result in adverse health effects, with the exception of ozone and aerosols (particulate matter). The potential health effects of ozone and particulate matter are discussed in criteria pollutant analyses in Sausalito General Plan Update Air Quality

Section. At very high indoor concentrations (not at levels existing outside), CO2, CH4, sulfur hexafluoride, and some chlorofluorocarbons can cause suffocation as the gases can displace oxygen (Center for Disease Control 2010; Occupational Safety and Health Administration 2003).

GHG EMISSION INVENTORIES As shown in Figure GHG-3, the main contribution of GHG emissions in California in 2015 was transportation. The second highest sector was industrial, which includes sources from refineries, general fuel use, oil and gas extraction, cement plants, and cogeneration heat output.

FIGURE GHG-3: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION TRENDS BY SECTOR IN CALIFORNIA Source: ARB 2016a.

Marin Climate & Energy Partnership has provided GHG emission inventories for cities and towns in Marin County.13 Figure GHG-4 shows the City of Sausalito's 2014 GHG emissions by

13 Marin Climate & Energy Partnership. Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Source: www.marin climate.org/results/greenhouse-gas-inventories.

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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS | 51 City of Sausalito General Plan Update sectors. Same as California's emission trend, the main contribution of GHG emissions in Sausalito in 2014 was transportation (47.1%). The second- and third-highest emission sectors were residential (26.6%) and commercial/industrial (22.1%).

2014 Sausalito's GHG Emissions by Sectors 0.6% 0.3% 2.2% 1.0% Residential

Commercial/Industrial 26.6% Transportation

47.1% Off-Road Vehicles & Equipment 22.1% Water

Wastewater

FIGURE GHG-4: 2014 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN SAUSALITO

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Of the various potential effects of climate change, Sausalito is most exposed to sea level rise and increased risk of wildfires. As such, consider long-range adaptation strategies to address these issues, such as early warning systems or the relocation of public facilities away from at-risk areas. Given that the effects of climate change are not limited to areas within the City of Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence, collaboration with partners in Marin County and the wider Bay Area will be important for successful mitigation and adaptation. • Consider a strategy and funding sources to investigate compliance with the mandates of SB 379. • SB 32 could require an update of the Climate Action Plan (CAP) once specific guidance is available from the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The General Plan Update could provide direction on updating the CAP in response to State requirements. • The General Plan Update represents an opportunity to incorporate the policy objectives of the Climate Action Plan into the City's overarching policy document and to further their implementation. To that end, consideration could be given to: o Pursue public-private partnerships with local businesses to implement the objectives of the CAP (CAP 7-3). o Identify grants and implementation funding for CAP objectives (CAP 7-4). o Establish and regularly update a list of implementation priorities (CAP 7-1). o Track progress toward CAP implementation.

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Biological Resources City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Biological Resources ...... 55 Regulatory Framework ...... 55 Federal Regulations ...... 55 State Regulations ...... 59 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 62 Existing Conditions ...... 64 Habitat Types ...... 64 Sensitive Plant And Wildlife Species ...... 64 Natural Communities ...... 66 Wetlands ...... 67 Wildlife Migration Corridors ...... 67 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 68 Appendices ...... 69

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Biological Resources

Biological resources include not only the plants, trees, animals, fish, birds, and microorganisms present in the urban and natural environment around us, but also the water, soil, habitats, and ecosystems that make up the ecological community in which we live. The richer the diversity of life around us, the greater the opportunity for healthy living, economic development, and adaptive responses to new challenges such as climate change. The 1995 Sausalito General Plan addresses biological resources in the Environmental Quality Element, with policies and programs designed to protect, restore, and manage native vegetation, wildlife habitats, aquatic resources, and undeveloped areas. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to biological resources in Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan Update process.

Regulatory Framework

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Endangered Species Act The Endangered Species Act of 1973 establishes a framework for protecting and facilitating the recovery of threatened and endangered populations of animal and plant species. Under the act, the Secretary of the Interior is required to list species of animals and plants that are both threatened and endangered, a task that is delegated to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). A species can become threatened or endangered as a result of the following factors:

• Present or threatened destruction • Modification or curtailment of its habitat range • Over-utilization for commercial recreation, scientific, or educational purposes • Disease or predation • Inadequacy of existing statutory mechanisms • Other natural or man-made factors affecting its continued existence

Section 3 of the Endangered Species Act defines an endangered species as any species or subspecies of fish, wildlife, or plants "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range." A threatened species is defined as any species or subspecies "likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range."

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Designated endangered and threatened species, as listed through publication of a final rule in the Federal Register, are fully protected from a "take" without an incidental take permit administered by the USFWS under Section 10 of the ESA. "Take" is defined as to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct (50 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 17.3). The term "harm" in the definition of take means an action that actually kills or injures wildlife. Such action may include significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering (50 CFR 17.3). The term "harass" in the definition of take means an intentional or negligent act or omission that creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns, which include but are not limited to breeding, feeding, or sheltering (50 CFR 17.3). Proposed endangered or threatened species are those for which a proposed regulation, but not a final rule, has been published in the Federal Register. Section 7 of the act requires that federal agencies ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species, or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. This obligation requires federal agencies to consult with the USFWS or the NMFS on any actions (issuing permits including Section 404 permits, issuing licenses, providing federal funding) that may affect listed species to ensure that reasonable and prudent measures will be undertaken to mitigate impacts on listed species. Consultation with the USFWS or NMFS can be either formal or informal, depending on the likelihood of the action to adversely affect listed species or critical habitat. Once a formal consultation is initiated, the USFWS or NMFS will issue a Biological Opinion (either a "jeopardy" or a "no jeopardy" opinion) indicating whether the proposed agency action will or will not jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or modification of its critical habitat. A permit cannot be issued for a project with a jeopardy opinion unless the project is redesigned to lessen impacts. In the absence of any federal involvement, as in a privately funded project on private land with no federal permit, only Section 10(a) of the act can empower the USFWS or NMFS to authorize incidental take of a listed species, provided a habitat conservation plan is developed. To qualify for a formal Section 10(a) permit, strict conditions must be met, including a lengthy procedure involving discussions with the USFWS, NMFS, and local agencies; preparation of an habitat conservation plan; and a detailed Section 10(a) permit application.

Clean Water Act Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA), which is administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), regulates the discharge of dredge and fill material into "waters of the United States." Once Section 404 jurisdiction is established, several different

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types of permitting procedures cover the discharge of dredge and fill material. The first category of permits is the General Permit (falling into two sub-categories: nationwide and regional permits), which provide standing authority for certain specified activities, and set forth various compliance requirements necessary to obtain coverage without further USACE involvement. The second category of permits is the Individual Permit. Unlike the General Permit process, individual permit applications are subject to public notice and a public interest review, which involve a comprehensive analysis of a number of identified factors to evaluate the probable impacts on the public interest of the proposed activity. These permit applications also require preparation of an alternatives analysis that evaluates whether there is a "practicable alternative" to the proposed discharge. The USACE has established a series of nationwide permits that authorize certain activities in waters of the United States, if a proposed activity can demonstrate compliance with standard conditions. Normally, the USACE requires an individual permit for an activity that would affect an area equal to or in excess of 0.5 acre of waters of the United States. Projects that result in impacts to less than 0.5 acre can normally be conducted pursuant to one of the nationwide permits, if consistent with the standard permit conditions. The USACE also has discretionary authority to require an Environmental Impact Statement for projects that result in impacts to an area between 0.1 and 0.5 acre. Use of any nationwide permit is contingent on the activities having no impacts to endangered species. Section 401 of the CWA requires that "any applicant for a federal permit for activities that involve a discharge to waters of the State shall provide the federal permitting agency with a certification from the State, in which the discharge is proposed, that states the discharge will comply with the applicable provisions under the federal Clean Water Act." Therefore, before the USACE will issue a Section 404 permit, applicants must apply for and receive a Section 401 water quality certification from the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB). This certification requirement applies to both General and Individual Permits.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 makes it unlawful to take (kill, harm, harass, etc.) any migratory bird listed in 50 CFR 10, including their nests, eggs, or products. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act protects more than 800 species, including geese, ducks, shorebirds, raptors, songbirds, and many relatively common species, and it was originally drafted to put an end to the commercial trade in birds and their feathers that, by the early years of the 20th century, had wreaked havoc on the populations of many native bird species. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act implements the United States' commitment to four international conventions (with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia) for the protection of a shared migratory bird resource. Each of the conventions protects selected species of birds that are common to both countries (i.e., they occur in both countries at some point during their annual life cycle). The act requires that the removal of any trees, shrubs, or any other potential nesting habitat

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be conducted outside the avian nesting season, which is generally between early February and late August. General Management Plan for GGNRA, 2015 Managed by the National Park Service, the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) encompasses 82,027 acres of ecologically and historically significant landscapes stretching from southern San Mateo County to northern Marin County. Each year, the GGNRA attracts over 15 million visitors to its scenic and historic attractions that include Muir Woods National Monument, Alcatraz, and the Presidio of San Francisco. The GGNRA is home to 1,273 plant and animal species, and has military fortifications that date from the time of the Spanish conquistadors to Cold War-era missile sites. The southeastern area of the Golden Gate National Park borders the City of Sausalito to the south and southwest. The General Management Plan for the GGNRA identifies several Management Concepts and Goals that apply to the protection and preservation of natural resources within its area.1 Goals for the "Connecting People with the Parks" Management Concept:

• Maintain the integrity and diversity of natural resources and systems and mitigate the effects of climate change and urban pressures. • Enhance the public's access to natural resources to promote visitor understanding and appreciation. • Integrate natural resource preservation and concepts with visitor stewardship opportunities to deepen visitor understanding. • Increase visitor understanding, awareness, and support for park resources through education and interpretive opportunities that include messages about the sensitivity of park resources, park regulations, and appropriate visitor behavior.

Goals for the "Focusing on National Treasures" Management Concept:

• Emphasize the preservation of fundamental natural resources that contribute to the significance of each park unit. Manage all other resources to complement the distinctive resources and experiences. • Protect or restore the integrity of fundamental natural resources and processes that support the significance of each park unit. • Manage distinctive natural resources to ensure their ecological integrity while providing opportunities to engage visitors in hands-on stewardship and exploration.

In addition, the Plan identifies several Management Zones intended to outline the desired conditions for resources, visitor experience, and level of development. GGNRA lands

1 Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National Monument General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Summary Edition. Pages 22–23.

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adjacent to Sausalito are designated as a natural zone, where resources are managed to preserve the expansive undeveloped wild character of the landscape, preserve natural resources and processes, continue habitat restoration, protect endangered and sensitive species, and improve the trail system with more sustainable trails and better connections to adjacent communities.2

STATE REGULATIONS

California Endangered Species Act Signed into law in 1984, the California Endangered Species Act declares that deserving plant or animal species will be given protection by the State because they are of ecological, educational, historical, recreational, aesthetic, economic, and scientific value to the people of the State. The act established that it is state policy to conserve, protect, restore, and enhance endangered species and their habitats. Under state law, the California Fish and Game Commission may formally designate plant and animal species as rare, threatened, or endangered by official listing. Listed species are generally given greater attention during the land use planning process by local governments, public agencies, and landowners than are species that have not been listed. The California Endangered Species Act prohibits the take of any species that the California Fish and Game Commission determines to be an endangered species or a threatened species. The act defines a take as "hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill, or attempt to hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill." The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) enforces the act, which authorizes that take of a plant or wildlife species listed as endangered or threatened under the federal and state acts may occur pursuant to a federal incidental take permit issued in accordance with Section 10 of the federal Endangered Species Act, provided CDFW is notified and certifies that the incidental take statement or incidental take permit is consistent with California Endangered Species Act (Fish and Game Code Section 2080.1(a)). The California Endangered Species Act emphasizes early consultation to avoid potential impacts to rare, endangered, and threatened species and to develop appropriate mitigation planning to offset project-caused losses of listed species populations and their essential habitats.

2 Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National Monument General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Summary Edition. Page 25.

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California Environmental Quality Act—Treatment of Listed Plant And Animal Species Both the federal and state Endangered Species Acts protect only those species formally listed as threatened or endangered (or rare, in the case of the State list). California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines Section 15380, however, independently defines "endangered" species of plants, fish or wildlife as those whose survival and reproduction in the wild are in immediate jeopardy, and "rare" species as those which are in such low numbers that they could become endangered if their environment worsens. Therefore, a project will normally have a significant effect on the environment if it will substantially affect a rare or endangered species or the habitat of the species. The significance of impacts to a species under CEQA must be based on analyzing actual rarity and threat of extinction despite legal status or lack thereof.

California Fish and Game Code Sections 3503, 3503.5, and 3800 of the California Fish and Game Code prohibit the "take, possession, or destruction of birds, their nests or eggs." Disturbance that causes nest abandonment and/or loss of reproductive effort (killing or abandonment of eggs or young) is considered a take.

State Water Resources Control Board/California Regional Water Quality Control Board The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and the RWQCB regulate activities in waters of the State (which include wetlands) through Section 401 of the CWA. If an applicant proposes to discharge dredged or fill material into any waters of any state, Section 401 of the CWA requires that, in addition to an application for a permit, the applicant must provide proof of state or intrastate water pollution control agency certification of compliance with its water quality criteria (as described more fully above).

Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act The RWQCB regulates actions that would involve "discharging waste, or proposing to discharge waste, within any region that could affect the water of the state" (California Water Code Section 13260(a)), pursuant to provisions of the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act. Waters of the State are defined as "any surface water or groundwater, including saline waters, within the boundaries of the state" (California Water Code 13050(e)).

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) The CWA requires local jurisdictions to address the problem of pollutants in stormwater runoff from development. The CWA provides for the control of the discharge of any pollutant

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into navigable waters from any point sources. To regulate point source pollution, the CWA provides that the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may issue National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. NPDES permits are issued by the EPA or by the states under EPA-approved permit programs that incorporate CWA's technological standards. California's permit program is implemented through the SWRCB and RWQCBs. Section 402(p) of the CWA establishes a framework for regulating municipal and industrial stormwater discharges under the NPDES program, and requires controls to reduce the discharge of pollutants to the maximum extent practicable, including management practices, control techniques and systems, and design and engineering methods. The regional boards implement the CWA's municipal stormwater requirements through the State's Municipal Storm Water Permitting Program. While federal regulations allow the permitting options for stormwater discharge (Individual and General Permits), the SWRCB has elected to adopt only one statewide General Permit.

California Native Plant Protection Act The California Native Plant Protection Act is intended to preserve, protect, and enhance endangered or rare native plants in California. This act directs CDFW to establish criteria for determining what native plants are rare or endangered. Under this act, a species is endangered when its prospects for survival and reproduction are in immediate jeopardy from one or more causes. A species is rare, although not threatened with immediate extinction, if it is in such small numbers throughout its range that it may become endangered if its present environment worsens. This act prohibits any person from importing into or taking, possessing or selling within California, except as incident to the possession or sale of the real property on which the plant is growing, any endangered or rare native plant or as otherwise excepted under the act. The CNPS maintains a list of plant species native to California that have low numbers, limited distribution, or are otherwise threatened with extinction. This information is published in the Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California. Potential impacts to population of rare plants receive consideration under CEQA review. The CNPS ranking system applicable to the project are defined below:

• List 1A: Plants presumed extinct • List 1B: Plants rare, threatened or endangered in California and elsewhere • List 2: Plants rare, threatened or endangered in California, but more numerous elsewhere

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LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission The San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) has jurisdiction over all areas of San Francisco Bay that are subject to tidal action. (Tidal action is defined by the shoreline that extends up to mean high water, except in marsh areas, where BCDC's jurisdiction extends to 5 feet above mean sea level.) The BCDC also has "shoreline band" jurisdiction over an area 100 feet wide inland and parallel to the shoreline. For projects within BCDC jurisdiction, permits may be required, depending on the nature of the activity. Those projects requiring a permit must comply with the requirements of the McAteer-Petris Act and the Bay Plan.

Marin County Stream Conservation Area Ordinance Marin County adopted the interim Stream Conservation Area (SCA) Ordinance in October 2013. It is intended to "protect the hydraulic function, habitat value, and water quality of streams."3 The ordinance established an area where impacts to riparian and stream habitat due to new development must be avoided or mitigated, as well as guidelines and procedures for obtaining a SCA permit. The SCA ordinance applies only to unincorporated areas within Marin County, so it may potentially have an influence only on areas adjacent to the City.

City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan The stated purpose of the goals and policies listed in the Environmental Quality Element of the Sausalito 1995 General Plan (Plan) is to maintain and restore the natural resources, address the needs of protected species (including migratory birds), including native vegetation and wildlife habitat that are found within the developed portions of the City, as well as to protect and manage the undeveloped areas with open space and conservation values.4 The Plan identifies six threatened or endangered plants and animals located within the planning area. The plant species are the Point Reyes Bird's-beak (located in the Shoreline and Manzanita sphere of influence areas) and the White-rayed Pentachaeta (located

3 County of Marin, Stream Conservation Area Ordinance. Website: https://www.marincounty.org /depts/cd/divisions/planning/stream-conservation-area-ordinance. 4 City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan Environmental Quality Element. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/departments/community-development/general-plan-update/1995- general-plan.

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primarily within the GGNRA). The four wildlife species are California Clapper Rail, California Black Rail, Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse and the Mission Blue Butterfly. Objective 3.0 of the Environmental Quality Element objectives is to "Conserve Natural Resources." To this end, the General Plan lists several policies:

• Policy EQ-3.1: Preservation Strategy. Utilize the development review process to protect natural areas in private ownership. • Policy EQ-3.2: Natural Terrain and Native Vegetation. Protect the natural terrain and native vegetation. • Policy EQ-3.3: Threatened and Endangered Species. Protect of threatened and endangered plant and wildlife species that are native to Sausalito and the Southern Marin area. • Policy EQ-3.4: Water Quality. Improve the water quality in Richardson Bay and San Francisco Bay consistent with all pertinent Health and Water Quality regulations. • Policy EQ-3.5: Bay Waters. Preserve and enhance the open waters of Richardson and San Francisco Bays. • Policy EQ-3.6: Shoreline Areas. Preserve the undeveloped shoreline, shoreline habitat, and public access in waterfront development consistent with public trust and private ownership purposes. • Policy EQ-3.7: Fisheries and Harbors. Preserve and promote Sausalito as a base for the fishing industry. • Policy EQ-3.8: Wetlands Protection. Provide for the retention and protection of wetlands and the restoration and acquisition of lost wetlands. • Policy EQ-3.9: Creeks and Drainageways. Promote the natural integrity of creeks and/or drainageways as riparian habitat, wildlife corridors, and to protect residents from flooding and other hazards.

Sausalito Municipal Code Chapter 11.12, Preservation of Trees and Views acknowledges the contribution of trees to the character and beauty of the City and provides guidelines to address potential conflict between preservation of trees and view-related values. Chapter 17.28, Trees, Shrubs and Plants describes protections for trees in the public realm, including prohibitions against cutting, pruning, injuring, removing or spraying public trees as well as against attaching appurtenances or interfering with work on trees by City employees.

Sausalito Open Space Areas/Preserves Three open space preserves are located in the City: Wolfback Ridge, Cypress Ridge Open Space Preserve encompasses 10 acres along the east side of U.S. Highway 101 between

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Rodeo and Spring Streets, while the Lincoln Butte Open Space Area encompasses 2.1 acres between Lincoln and Butte Streets.

EXISTING CONDITIONS

HABITAT TYPES Principal habitat types present in Sausalito include urban, woodland, shrub/woodland, and marine habitat, as shown in Exhibit BIO-1. U.S. Highway 101 runs north and south though Sausalito and generally demarcates the boundary between the urban areas to the east and the undeveloped woodland areas to the west, and restricts wildlife movement between Sausalito and the GGNRA. The majority of Sausalito comprises developed residential areas. In this environment, the multitude of trees and shrubs can support small birds such as chickadees, jays, hummingbirds, and certain sparrows; and lawns can support robins, brown towhees, blackbirds, and starlings. The open country to the west of U.S. Highway 101 consists of grassland with an oak tree canopy. This area is primarily on GGNRA lands. The City coastline is primarily classified as Estuarine and Marine Deepwater habitat type with two small areas classified as Estuarine and Marine Wetland.5 The open bay waters support a wide variety of fish, including over 100 marine fish species that pass through the area on their way from the San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Of the numerous species found in the area, salmon, striped bass, sturgeon, and shad were heavily fished species until fishing of these species was disallowed in the late 1950s. Pacific herring is still fished today during its annual spawning season. Notable bird species found in the Bay are cormorants, brown pelicans, grebes, and diving ducks such as scaup and canvasbacks. The substrate along the coastline may house marine worms and clams, while rip rap and hard piling may support mussels and barnacles. Seaweeds can find solid substrate in these areas for their attachment. There is no Critical Habitat as defined in the Endangered Species Act within the City of Sausalito, and no local or regional Habitat Conservation Plans are established in the city or the surrounding area. USFWS Critical Habitat can be found within a 10-mile radius of the City for species such as the tidewater goby and marbled murrelet.

SENSITIVE PLANT AND WILDLIFE SPECIES Sensitive, or special-status, species and plant communities in California are monitored by federal, state and local agencies. The CDFW maintains the California Natural Diversity

5 National Wetlands Inventory. Wetlands Mapper. Website: https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/data /mapper.html.

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Database (CNDDB), which maps the known locations of species identified as rare, threatened, endangered, or of special concern by state and federal agencies as well as by recognized entities such as the California Native Plant Society. Special-status species known to occur in Sausalito and the surrounding area are described below, and the locations of occurrences are shown on Exhibit BIO-2.

Plants A CNDDB search conducted in September 2017 found five sensitive plant species, as shown in Table-BIO 1.

TABLE BIO-1: LISTED PLANT SPECIES IN THE CITY OF SAUSALITO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME FEDERAL STATUS STATE STATUS RARE PLANT RANK

Plagiobothrys glaber hairless None None 1A popcornflower

Pentachaeta white-rayed Endangered Endangered 1B.1 bellidiflora pentachaeta

Chloropyron Point Reyes salty None None 1B.2 maritimum ssp. bird's-beak palustre

Polemonium carneum Oregon polemonium None None 2B.2

Gilia millefoliata dark-eyed gilia None None 1B.2

California Rare Plant Rankings: 1A Plants Presumed Extirpated in California and Either Rare or Extinct Elsewhere 1B Plants Rare, Threatened, or Endangered in California and Elsewhere Threat Ranks: 0.1 — Seriously threatened in California (over 80% of occurrences threatened/high degree and immediacy of threat) 0.2 — Moderately threatened in California (20–80% occurrences threatened/moderate degree and immediacy of threat) 0.3 — Not very threatened in California (less than 20% of occurrences threatened/low degree and immediacy of threat or no current threats known)

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Wildlife A CNDDB search conducted in September 2017 found six listed wildlife species, as shown in Table BIO-2.

TABLE BIO-2: LISTED WILDLIFE SPECIES IN THE CITY OF SAUSALITO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME FEDERAL STATUS STATE STATUS CDFW STATUS*

Enhydra lutris nereis Southern sea otter Threatened None Fully Protected

Falco peregrinus American peregrine Delisted Delisted Fully Protected anatum falcon

Laterallus jamaicensis California black rail None Threatened None coturniculus

Icaricia icarioides Mission blue butterfly Endangered None None missionensis

Spirinchus thaleichthys Longfin smelt Candidate Threatened Species of Special Concern

Vespericola marinensis Marin hesperian None None* None

* Marin Hesperian has a state rank of S2: Imperiled—Imperiled in the state because of rarity due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20or fewer) CNDDB, September 2017.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES A natural community is a group of plants or animals that occur together in recurring patterns based on soils, water, nutrients and climate. Since the inception of the Natural Heritage program in California in 1979, natural communities have been a focus of conservation efforts, together with plants and animals of conservation significance. In Sausalito, Shrub/woodland natural communities are found in the area west of U.S. Highway 101. These woodlands are a mixture of native and introduced plant species, and sensitive plant species may be found here. Two woodlands communities found here are:

• Oak savannah: includes open grasslands with isolated oak trees • Oak woodland: includes at least 30 percent tree cover, including coast live oak, bay oak, California oak, madrone, and buckeye; the understory consists of a variety of herbaceous species such as miner's lettuce, wild iris, wild strawberry, and grasses; shrubs may include California toyon and poison oak.

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Both woodland communities support a wide range of insects, mammals, predatory and song birds, and play an important role in soil development and watershed protection.6 Additionally, natural communities of eelgrass (Zostera marina), and underwater flowering plant, are found in Richardson Bay and in select areas along the Sausalito shoreline, as shown in Exhibit BIO-3.7 These beds are a haven for crabs, scallops, numerous species of important fish, and other wildlife. The long blades of grass are often covered with tiny marine plants and animals. Here, these creatures find habitat, protection from predators, nursery grounds, food, and oxygen. Eelgrass provides benefits to humans as well as marine life. It improves our water clarity by filtering polluted runoff and by absorbing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. It also protects our shorelines from erosion by absorbing wave energy. Threats include excessive urban runoff, sun-blocking structures, scarring from boat propellers, shellfish harvesting, and, possibly, rising sea temperatures. The Horseshoe Cove area at Fort Baker, south of Sausalito, has been designated a priority eelgrass survey and restoration site.8

WETLANDS Wetlands can be found along the City's coastline, as shown in Exhibit BIO-1. The Environmental Quality Element of the current General Plan recognizes the important role this habitat plays in fulfilling several functions, including wildlife habitat, pollution control, floodwater passage, groundwater recharge, erosion control, education and scientific study, open space, and recreation.9

WILDLIFE MIGRATION CORRIDORS The majority of the area west of U.S. Highway 101 (north of Wolfback Ridge Road) and adjacent to the GGNRA is undeveloped and is essentially an extension of the habitat found there. In addition, the urban forest canopy can support the movement of a variety of migratory bird species, while creeks and drainages typically serve as potential corridors for wildlife (and the City is seeking to preserve existing creeks).

6 City of Sausalito. 1995. General Plan Environmental Quality Element. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/departments/community-development/general-plan-update/1995- general-plan. 7 San Francisco Bay Subtidal Habitat Goals Project, Subtidal Habitat Goals Report (2010), page 115. 8 San Francisco Bay Subtidal Habitat Goals Project, Subtidal Habitat Goals Report (2010), page 138. 9 City of Sausalito. 1995 General Plan Environmental Quality Element. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/departments/community-development/general-plan-update/1995- general-plan.

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Along with current policies to preserve shoreline habitat, improve water quality, and protect and restore wetlands, consider additional strategies to ensure the appropriate management of fuels, refuse, and waste from human activity on the waterfront for further protection and enhancement of maritime habitat. • Consider policies and programs to preserve and enhance the urban forest canopy and to address potential impacts on species and habitats at risk from sea level rise. • The General Plan update should consider opportunities to daylight creeks and preserve existing waterways.

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APPENDICES

BIO-1. Habitat Types BIO-2. Known Occurrences of Special Status Plant and Animal Species BIO-3. Natural Eelgrass Communities in Sausalito

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APPENDIX BIO-1: HABITAT TYPES

Legend

Sausalito City Limits Chamise - A. fasciculatum/A. glandulosa/ Quercus wislizenii Poison Oak - NA Sphere of Influence Coffeeberry - NA California Annual Grassland Mapping Unit - NA Habitat Type Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Artemisia californica/Toxicodendron/Monardella villosa California Annual grassland with Native Component Mapping Unit - NA Arroyo Willow - NA Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Carex obnupta /Juncus patens Introduced Coastal Perennial Grassland Alliance - NA California Bay - NA Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Native Grassland Association (preliminary) Rush - NA California Bay - Umbellularia/Quercus agrifolia/Toxicodendron Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Non-native grassland Association (preliminary) Beaches or Mudflats - NA Coast Live Oak - Quercus agrifolia/(Arbutus menziesii)/Umbellularia (preliminary) Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Rhamnus californicus/Rubus parviflorus Dunes - NA Coast Live Oak - Quercus agrifolia/Toxicodendron/(Corylus cornuta) Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Rubus ursinus/Weedy Water Eucalyptus - NA Coyote Brush - B.p. consanguinea/Toxicodendron diversilobum Built-up Urban disturbance - NA Monterey Cypress or Monterey Pine Stands - NA Mixed Broom - NA Disturbed - NA

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE BIO-1 HABITAT TYPES City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX BIO-2: KNOWN OCCURRENCES OF SPECIAL STATUS PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES

Legend

Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence 1, AB, American peregrine falcon 2, AB, California black rail 8 3, AM, southern sea otter 2 4, IM, Marin hesperian 5, II, Mission blue butterfly 6, AF, longfin smelt 11 7, PD, Oregon polemonium 8, PD, Point Reyes salty bird's-beak 9, PD, white-rayed pentachaeta 10, PD, dark-eyed gilia 11, PD, hairless popcornflower Richardson Bay

9

6

1 3

10 7 8

4

5

ID Common Name Scientific Name Federal Listing State Listing Plant Ranking Animals 1 American peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus anatum Delisted Delisted N/A 2 California black rail Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus None Threatened N/A 3 Southern sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis Threatened None N/A 4 Marin hesperian Vespericola marinensis None None N/A 5 Mission blue butterfly Plebejus icarioides missionensis Endangered None N/A 6 Longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys Candidate Threatened N/A Plants 7 Oregon polemonium Polemonium carneum None None 2B.2 8 Point Reyes salty bird's-beak Chloropyron maritimum ssp. palustre None None 1B.2 9 White-rayed pentachaeta Pentachaeta bellidiflora Endangered Endangered 1B.1 10 Dark-eyed gilia Gilia millefoliata None None 1B.2 11 Hairless popcornflower Plagiobothrys glaber None None 1A ° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE BIO-2 KNOWN OCCURRENCES OF SPECIAL STATUS PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX BIO-3: NATURAL EELGRASS COMMUNITIES IN SAUSALITO

Legend Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence Eelgrass (Zostera marina)

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE BIO-3 NATURAL EELGRASS COMMUNITIES IN SAUSALITO CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions:

Cultural Resources

City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Cultural Resources ...... 78 Regulatory Framework ...... 78 Federal Regulations ...... 78 State Regulations ...... 80 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 84 Existing Conditions ...... 89 Paleontological Resources ...... 89 Historic Context ...... 89 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 93 Appendices ...... 95

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CULTURAL RESOURCES

This Existing Conditions Report describes the existing cultural setting from the City of Sausalito General Plan Update implementation on the City and the Sphere of Influence. Cultural resources are buildings, objects, features, structures, or locations with historic or cultural value. Cultural resources typically include buildings or structures that are associated with an event or person that have contributed to the shaping or development of the city; objects, such as Native American artifacts discovered at a particular location or area of the city; or an archaeological, geological, or paleontological artifact, such as fossils. Specifically, cultural resources can be categorized in one of the following groups:

• Historic Resources: Historic resources are associated with the recent past. In California, historic resources are typically associated with the Spanish, Mexican, and American periods in the State's history and are generally less than 200 years old. • Archaeological Resources: Archaeology is the study of prehistoric human activities and cultures. Archaeological resources are generally associated with indigenous cultures. • Paleontological Resources: Paleontology is the study of plant and animal fossils. • Burial Sites: Burial sites are formal or informal locations where human remains, usually associated with indigenous cultures, are interred.

Protection of cultural resources is important in maintaining the historic character of Sausalito. The 1995 Sausalito General Plan addresses cultural resources primarily in the Environmental Quality Element and the Community Design and Historical Preservation Element with policies and programs designed to preserve and protect these important features of the community. In addition, the City government strives to preserve the unique historic character of Sausalito through the Historic Landmarks Board and the City's official Historic Preservation Guidelines. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to cultural resources in Sausalito to inform and support the General Plan Update process.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

National Historic Preservation Act The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), as amended, established the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), which contains an inventory of the nation's significant prehistoric and historic properties. Under 36 CFR 60, a property is recommended for

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possible inclusion on the NRHP if it is at least 50 years old, has integrity, and meets one of the following criteria:

• It is associated with significant events in history, or broad patterns of events. • It is associated with significant people in the past. • It embodies the distinctive characteristics of an architectural type, period, or method of construction; or it is the work of a master or possesses high artistic value; or it represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction. • It has yielded, or may yield, information important in history or prehistory.

Certain types of properties are usually excluded from consideration for listing in the NRHP, but they can be considered if they meet special requirements in addition to meeting the criteria listed above. Such properties include religious sites, relocated properties, graves and cemeteries, reconstructed properties, commemorative properties, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years. Three buildings within the City of Sausalito are currently listed on the NHPA.

National Park Service General Management Plan for Golden Gate National Recreation Area The southeastern area of Golden Gate National Park borders the southern and southwestern area of the City of Sausalito. The 2014 National Park Service General Management Plan for Golden Gate National Recreation Area identifies several Management Concepts and Goals that apply to the protection and preservation of cultural resources.1 Goals for the "Connecting People with the Parks" Management Concept:

• Maximize adaptive reuse, rehabilitation, stabilization, and interpretation of cultural resources (structures, landscapes, archeological sites, ethnographic resources, and museum collections) to support visitor enjoyment, understanding, and community connections. • Work with the public, park partners, local communities, historical organizations, and regional collaborators to steward, preserve, and protect cultural resources. • Preserve and protect cultural resources so that visitors can connect with and appreciate these resources and their stories.

Goals for the "Focusing on National Treasures" Management Concept:

1 Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National Monument General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Summary Edition. Pages 22–23.

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• Emphasize the fundamental resources that contribute to the national significance of the park, including national historic landmarks. Manage all other resources to complement significant resources and visitor experience. • Tie the associated cultural resources, museum collections, and histories to the showcased sites. • Preserve and protect cultural resources to highlight the interpretive and educational values and provide, wherever possible, direct contact with the resources.

In addition, the Plan identifies several Management Zones, intended to outline the desired conditions for natural and cultural resources, visitor experience, and level of development. For example, the "Historic Immersion" Management Zone would "preserve historic sites, structures, and landscapes that are evocative of their period of significance. Selected exteriors and designated portions of interior spaces would be managed to protect their historic values and attributes. Visitors would have opportunities to be immersed in the historic setting to explore history with direct contact to cultural resources, complemented by rich interpretation of past stories and events."2 The "Evolved Cultural Landscape" Management Zone would "preserve significant historic, archeological, architectural, and landscape features while being adaptively reused for contemporary park and partner needs."

STATE REGULATIONS

California Register of Historical Resources As defined by Section 15064.5(a)(3)(A-D) of the CEQA Guidelines, a resource shall be considered historically significant if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CR). The CR and many local preservation ordinances have employed the criteria for eligibility to the NRHP as a model, since the NHPA provides the highest standard for evaluating the significance of historic resources. A resource that meets the NRHP criteria is clearly significant. A resource that does not meet the NRHP standards may still be considered historically significant at a local or state level.

California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) The CEQA Guidelines state that a resource need not be listed on any register to be found historically significant. The CEQA guidelines direct lead agencies to evaluate archaeological sites to determine if they meet the criteria for listing in the California Register. If an archaeological site is a historical resource, in that it is listed or eligible for listing in the California Register, potential adverse impacts to it must be considered. If an archaeological

2 Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National Monument General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Summary Edition. Page 24.

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site is considered not to be an historical resource but meets the definition of a "unique archaeological resource" as defined in Public Resources Code Section 21083.2,3 then it would be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section.

2013 California Historical Building Code (California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 8) The California Historic Building Code (CHBC) applies to all qualified historical buildings or properties in the State. Its intent is to protect California's architectural heritage by recognizing the unique construction concerns inherent in maintaining and reusing historic buildings. The CHBC allows for alternative building regulations for permitting necessary repairs and modifications to ensure the preservation, rehabilitation, relocation, and related construction of a building and structures that are deemed to be of importance to the history, architecture, or culture of an area by the relevant local or state governmental jurisdiction. The CHBC regulations are meant to facilitate the rehabilitation or change of occupancy in a manner that "preserves their original or restored elements and features, to encourage energy conservation and a cost effective approach to preservation, and to provide for reasonable safety from fire, seismic forces or other hazards for occupants and users of such buildings, structures and properties and to provide reasonable availability and usability by the physically disabled."4 The CHBC has been incorporated into the Sausalito Municipal Code in Chapter 8.44, which deals with building standards, and Chapter 10.46 that outlines polices for projects involving the Historic Overlay District and Local Register. Historic Preservation in the City is further enhanced through the creation and action of the Historic Landmarks Board as outlined in Municipal Code Chapter 2.28, and the adoption of Historic Preservation Guidelines (2011) and Downtown Historic District Signage Guidelines (1998). The City also requires that new construction, demolition, and alteration projects involving properties of historical significance consider and respond to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Treatment of Historic Properties (Municipal Code Section 10.46.060.F).

2013 California Health and Safety Code Section 7052 and 7050.5 The California Health and Safety Code Section 7052 defines that unauthorized disinterment or any kind of willful mutilation of human remains is a felony. Section 7050.5 mandates that upon the discovery of human remains (other than in a dedicated cemetery), excavation or

3 As defined in CEQA, "a unique archaeological resource means" generally means an archaeological artifact, object, or site where there is a high probability that it meets certain criteria: contains needed information to answer scientific questions, has a special and particular quality, or is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistorical or historical event. See Public Resources Code §§ 21083.2(g) (1)-(3). 4 California Office of Historic Preservation. Website: http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21410.

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other disturbance must cease until a county coroner is able to determine whether the remains are those of a Native American, in which case the Native American Heritage Commission must be notified.

California Public Resources Code Section 5097 The California Public Resources Code Section 5097, also known as the Native American Historic Resource Protection Act, identifies the steps to be taken in the event of an unexpected discovery of human remains on no-federal public lands. Native American burial sites fall under the jurisdiction of the Native American Heritage Commission, which prohibits willful damage to any historical, archaeological, or vertebrate paleontological site or feature on public lands.

Senate Bill 18 California Senate Bill 18 (SB 18) states that prior to a local (city or county) government's adoption of any General Plan or Specific Plan, or amendment to General and Specific Plans, or a designation of open space land proposed on or after March 1, 2005, the city or county shall conduct consultations with California Native American tribes for the purpose of preserving or mitigating impacts to Cultural Places. A Cultural Place is defined as:

• Native American sanctified cemetery, place of worship, religious or ceremonial site, or sacred shrine (PRC Section 5097.9), or; • Native American historic, cultural, or sacred site, that is listed or may be eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources pursuant to Section 5024.1, including any historic or prehistoric ruins, any burial ground, or any archaeological or historic site (PRC Section 5097.995).

According to the Government Code (GC) Section 65352.4, "consultation" is defined as: The meaningful and timely process of seeking, discussing, and considering carefully the views of others, in a manner that is cognizant of all parties' cultural values and, where feasible, seeking agreement. Consultation between government agencies and Native American Tribes shall be conducted in a way that is mutually respectful of each party's sovereignty. Consultation shall also recognize the tribes' potential needs for confidentiality with respect to places that have traditional tribal cultural significance.

While consultation is required to take place on a government-to-government level, the SB 18 process begins with a letter from the local government to the Native American Heritage Commission requesting a list of tribal organizations appropriate to the plan or plan amendment area or proposed open space designation. Once contacted by the local government, tribal governments have up to 90 days to respond and request consultation

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regarding the preservation and treatment of known cultural place(s), if any have been identified by the tribe.

Assembly Bill 52 Assembly Bill 52 (AB 52) was signed into law on September 25, 2014, and provides that any public or private "project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment." Tribal cultural resources include "[s]ites, features, places, cultural landscapes, sacred places, and objects with cultural value to a California Native American tribe that are eligible for inclusion in the California Register of Historical Resources or included in a local register of historical resources." This law applies to any project that has a Notice of Preparation, a Notice of Negative Declaration, or Mitigated Negative Declaration pursuant to CEQA Guidelines filed on or after July 1, 2015. Under prior law, tribal cultural resources were typically addressed under the umbrella of "cultural resources," as discussed above. AB 52 formally added the category of "tribal cultural resources" to CEQA review, and extends the consultation and confidentiality requirements to all projects, whether they involve adoption of, or changes to, General Plans or Specific Plans. The parties must consult in good faith, and consultation is deemed concluded when either party agrees to measures to mitigate or avoid a significant effect on a tribal cultural resource (if such a significant effect exists) or when a party concludes that mutual agreement cannot be reached. Mitigation measures agreed upon during consultation must be recommended for inclusion in the environmental document. AB 52 also identifies mitigation measures that may be considered to avoid significant impacts if there is no agreement on appropriate mitigation. Recommended measures include:

• Preservation in place • Protecting the cultural character and integrity of the resource • Protecting the traditional use of the resource • Protecting the confidentiality of the resource • Permanent conservation easements with culturally appropriate management criteria

Mills Act, 1972 The Mills Act provides economic incentives to private property owners to restore and preserve qualified historic buildings. This legislation allows local jurisdictions (cities and counties) to enter into contracts with owners of qualified historic properties who are actively engaged in the restoration and maintenance of their historic properties while receiving property tax relief. A qualified historic property is defined as one that is "listed on any federal, state, county, or city register, including the National Register of Historic Places,

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California Register of Historical Resources, California Historical Landmarks, State Points of Historical Interest, and locally designated landmarks."5

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan The Environmental Quality Element of the City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan states that the City's environmental review process includes an analysis of historic resources, and it identifies three zones of sensitivity where the potential for the presence of archeological materials is high. The three zones are as follows:6

• Zone 1: The shoreline area from El Portal Park south to South Street • Zone 2: From El Portal Park to Napa Street • Zone 3: The original shoreline between Dunphy Park and Martin Luther King School.

The 1995 General Plan requires that as part of the permitting process for proposed developments that are located on recorded archeological sites identified by the Northwest Information Center (NWIC) and that require sub-grade excavation, subsurface archeological testing shall be conducted. In addition, some degree of subsurface testing is required for proposed development located within the remainders of the zones of sensitivity to gain information regarding the presence or absence of unrecorded archeological materials. Policy EQ-3.10 in the 1995 General Plan calls for the protection of archeological factors and history via several programs that are designed to enhance respect and sensitivity to the native and early history of the Southern Marin area. These include the Sausalito Historical Society's information gathering, referral of proposed new construction projects to the NWIC, required archaeological surveys prior to excavation on properties near known archaeological sites, activities when an archaeological site is uncovered during construction until a City- approved archaeologist has examined the site and appropriate mitigation measures are identified and implemented, and compliance with all archaeological resources-related CEQA requirements. The Community Design and Historical Preservation Element of the 1995 General Plan lists numerous policies aimed to achieve the following cultural and historic objectives:7

• Objective CD-1.0: Scale and Architectural Diversity

5 California Office of Historic Preservation. Website: http://www.ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21412. 6 City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan Environmental Quality Element. Website: http://www.sausa lito.gov/departments/community-development/general-plan-update/1995-general-plan. 7 City of Sausalito. 1995. General Plan Community Design and Historical Preservation Element. Source: ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1072/files/Sausalito.pdf.

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• Objective CD-4.0: Preserve the Character of Community Sub-Areas • Objective CD-7.0: Respect and Maintain the Exterior Integrity of Historic Structures and Sites

Specific Community Design and Historical Preservation policies that apply to the protection and enhancement of cultural and historical resources include the following:

• Policy CD-1.4: Construction Near Historic Districts or Landmarks • Policy CD-1.5: Maximum Height Limit • Policy CD-4.1: Sub-Area Objectives • Policy CD-7.1: Historic Character • Policy CD-7.2: Historic Landmarks Board • Policy CD-7.3: Public Education

The Housing Element of the General Plan was adopted in 2015 and includes goals and policies that recognize the unique housing opportunities in Sausalito while aiming to enhance the diversity of income and community groups in the community. Goals and policies relevant to preserving the historic characteristic of the City include: 8

• Goal 1.0: Preserving Housing and Neighborhood Assets • Policy 1.2: Historic Preservation • Policy 4.4: Development Review

Policy 1.2: Historic Preservation Sausalito Municipal Code The following chapters of the Sausalito Municipal Code address historic preservation:9

• Chapter 2.28: Historic Landmarks Board • Chapter 8.22: California Historic Building Code • Chapter 8.44: Preservation of Historic Landmarks • Chapter 10.42: Sign and Awning Regulations • Chapter 10.44: Specific Use Requirements • Chapter 10.80: Zoning Ordinance Administration

These Chapters establish the Sausalito Historic Landmarks Board and gives it the authority to administer these regulations. To avoid unintended loss of Sausalito's unique design and architectural values, the Sausalito Historic Landmarks Board (HLB) adopted the Sausalito Historic Preservation Guidelines for the Downtown Historic District on January 21, 1993 and

8 City of Sausalito Housing Element Update 2009 2014. Adopted October 9, 2012. Source: www.sausalito.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=4028. 9 Sausalito Municipal Code. Website: http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Sausalito.

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updated the guidelines in 2011. These guidelines are intended to provide the community procedure and criteria to conserve its valuable historic landmarks and character.

Sausalito Historic Landmarks Board Chapter 8.44 of Sausalito Municipal Code, Preservation of Historical Landmarks, describes the purpose of the HLB.10 The HLB is concerned with maintaining the delicate historic character and scale of the Historic District. While structures in the District may be renovated or modified in ways that enhance the area, the HLB encourages project proponents to incorporate the District's design elements. In evaluating applications for permits and entitlements within the Historic District, the HLB uses the United States Secretary of the Interior's "Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings" (GPO937-843). The HLB is charged with the task of protection, enhancement, perpetuation, and use of sites and areas that are links to the Sausalito's past. In addition, the HLB is to ensure that future development does not conflict or impact with these historically significant sites, as well as enhance the value of surrounding areas and neighborhoods. Finally, the HLB is entrusted with fostering local knowledge of Sausalito's heritage.

Sausalito Historic Preservation Guidelines The purpose of the Sausalito Historic Preservation Guidelines, adopted by the Sausalito HLB, is to state clearly the procedures and criteria the community intends to use to conserve the original architecture of the Sausalito Historic District.11 The Historic Preservation Guidelines identify the Sausalito Historic District. This is the downtown area that is centered around the intersection of Princess and Bridgeway Streets and that exhibits consistent architectural styles of the late 19th century. Historic District buildings are largely in commercial and mixed uses. The role of the HLB is to promote the preservation of the City's historical resources and the qualities of historical resources give the Historic District unique characteristics and identity. The Guidelines recognize that owners may want or may be required to adapt their properties to new uses, functions and building codes from time to time. The HLB identified several general design principles it may use in determining what conditions or limitations, if any, shall be applied to any project subject to HLB review. These include:

10 City of Sausalito Historic Preservation Guidelines. Source: www.sausalito.gov/depart ments/community-development/planning-division/historic-preservation-guidelines. 11 City of Sausalito Historic Preservation Guidelines. Website; http://www.sausalito.gov/depart ments/community-development/planning-division/historic-preservation-guidelines.

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• Consistency in the use of materials, colors, and designs for structural additions or alterations; • ensuring additions and alterations match the original structure while incorporating contemporary functions; • consideration of height, scale, and proportions of the surrounding areas when designing new structures; and • additional relevant elements such as building proportion as it relates to adjacent structures, design of doors and windows, relationship of building projections, architectural details, texture, color and signage.

Downtown Historic Signage Guidelines The 1998 Downtown Historic District Signage Guidelines apply to new, replacement, and modified signage on all properties within the Historic District. The Guidelines state that signs in the downtown area, especially within the Historic District, "establish to a great extent both its spirit and character."12 The intention of the Historic Signage Guidelines is to establish reasonable standards for business identification, strengthen the historic qualities of the downtown area, encourage creativity, and promote economic strength. A variety of signs are permitted by the Guidelines, including wall, window, and awning signs; projecting and hanging signs; menu signs; and directory signs. Illuminated, neon, and electronic signs; freestanding and banner signs; roof signs; and changeable letter signs are among those not permitted in the Downtown area. The Guidelines also specify the allowable materials, colors, lighting, and size for signs.

City of Sausalito Zoning Ordinance Chapter 10.46 of the City's Zoning Ordinance includes procedures for listing a site or structure on the Local Register and City review procedures for demolishing, or modifying a historical resource. The purpose of this chapter is to:

• Provide uniform regulations for the Historic overlay district and sites and structures listed on the local register; • preserve structures that are unique and irreplaceable assets to the city and its neighborhoods; • deter demolition, alteration, misuse or neglect of historic or architecturally significant structures and sites; • provide flexible land use and development regulations to allow preservation of structures and sites;

12 Downtown Historic District Signage Guidelines, Sausalito, California. November 1998. Source: www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id=3994.

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• provide a review process for alterations, modifications, and additions to structures within the Historic overlay district and/or listed on the local register; and • provide a process for listing a site or structure on the local register.

Sausalito Local Register Pending review by the City Historic Landmarks Board and Planning Commission, and recommendation to the City Council for approval, a structure or site may be approved for listing on the Local Register if all of the following findings can be made (Section 10.46.050 F):

1. The structure or site proposed for the Local Register is significant to local, regional, state, or national history. 2. Listing the proposed structure or site on the Local Register has been subject to environmental review and the appropriate findings have been made. 3. Listing the proposed structure or site on the Local Register will preserve the historic character or integrity of the structure or site. 4. Structure or site proposed to be listed on Local Register has a significant architectural or historical character that can be preserved or enhanced through appropriate controls and incentives on new development and alterations to existing structures and landscaping.

The City requires design review of any proposal to demolish, make an addition to, or otherwise modify a structure listed on the Local Register (Section 10.46.060). The design review shall be conducted by the Historic Landmarks Board and Planning Commission. These entities shall consider the (1) applicable design or other guidelines relevant to a proposed demolition, addition, or modification; and (2) the visual relationship of proposed architectural design elements to the surrounding area. The Historic Landmarks Board and Planning Commission may approve a Design Review Permit to allow for new construction or alterations to a property listed on the Local Register if all the following findings can be made, to the extent applicable (Section 10.46.060 F):

1. The proposed new construction or alteration is compatible with the architectural and historical features of the structure and/or district. 2. The historical context of the original structure or district has been considered during the development and review of the proposal. 3. The criteria for listing the structure or site on the Local Register do not apply, or the Historic overlay district will not be affected by the new construction or alterations. 4. The State Historic Building Code is being applied to minimize alterations to the original historic structure. 5. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Treatment of Historic Properties have been used to review and consider the new construction an proposed alterations.

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6. Alternative uses and configurations have been considered as part of the Design Review process. 7. Findings specified by Chapter 10.54 (Design Review Procedures) can be made. 8. The proposed new construction or alteration will be compatible with, and help achieve the purposes of, the Historic overlay district.

EXISTING CONDITIONS This section provides an overview of the history of Sausalito and documents paleontological, archeological, and historic resources within the city limit and Sphere of Influence (SOI).

PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES According to the Blake et al. (2000) geologic map, the City of Sausalito "Sphere of Influence" area includes five geologic units: Artificial fill (Qmf), Quaternary alluvium (Qal), and Franciscan Complex consisting of Chert (KJfch), Greenstone (Jfmgs), and Mélange (fsr). Artificial fill is disturbed sediment that has no paleontological potential or sensitivity. Quaternary alluvium is undifferentiated Pleistocene-Holocene; if Holocene, it is too young to be considered fossiliferous; if Pleistocene, it has a low potential but high sensitivity for significant paleontological resources. The floor of the adjacent San Francisco Bay consists of Holocene alluvium. Vertebrate fossils are extremely rare in the Franciscan Complex, so it is ranked as having a very low paleontological potential and sensitivity. A paleontological records search of the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) paleontology database conducted in September 2017 identified 35 vertebrate fossil findings in Marine County; however, none are in the Sausalito area.

HISTORIC CONTEXT

Pre-European History and Archeological Resources The Coast Miwok Native American occupied the shoreline and hills of today's Sausalito for over 3,000 years prior to the arrival of white settlers.13 The Coast Miwok were hunter- gatherers whose shell mounds, artifacts, and burial "middens" still reside under the surface modern-day Sausalito. The Miwok collected acorns and other nuts and stored them for year- round consumption, and relied on the ocean for year-round supply of a variety of seafood. Traps and bow-and-arrow hunting provided the Miwok with meat, fur, and tools.

13 Sausalito Historical Society, "Sausalito History." Source: www.sausalitohistoricalsociety.com /sausalito-history.

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As modern-day development occurred in the area, most of the remains of the original villages were probably covered by fill by the mid-19th century. By the turn of the 20th century, evidence of Native American occupation in the area could be found in very few locations.14 A total of five prehistoric sites have been recorded within the City limit and are on file with the NWIC. All are located within the three sensitivity zones previously identified in the City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan Environmental Quality Element discussed above and shown on Exhibit CUL-1.

European Arrival In 1775, the Spanish ship San Carlos entered the San Francisco Bay and arrived at what today is Sausalito. Observing the many small willow trees growing in the area, they gave the place the name "Saucito," meaning little willow, which later evolved into "Sausalito."

European Settlement to Current Time In 1838, an English seaman named William Richardson married the daughter of the Commandante of El Presidio (the Mexican military garrison in San Francisco) and received nearly 20,000 acres of land in the southern and western areas of today's Marin County.15 Richardson built his hacienda in the vicinity of what is today's Caledonia Street in Sausalito, and he is considered to be the town's founder. Richardson had several successful business ventures but eventually lost them all, and the majority of Rancho del Sausalito was sold in 1868 to the Sausalito Land and Ferry Company. With the arrival of ferries and construction of railroads, Sausalito became a transportation hub.16 A diverse merchant and commerce class developed, including Portuguese boatbuilders, Chinese shopkeepers, dairy ranchers, fishermen, Italian and German merchants, boarding house operators, and railroad workers. While not designated an official historic area, the former Marinship yard in the northern part of the City holds an important place in Sausalito history. Naval shipbuilding in the San Francisco Bay Area began in 1854 and private shipyards became common in the area, including in Sausalito, during the last half of the 19th century.17 In 1868, the Sausalito Land & Ferry Company was established and regular ferry service from Sausalito to San Francisco began. A street layout and subdivisions of land soon followed,

14 Sausalito General Plan. 1995. Environmental Quality Element, page 19. 15 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck. 16 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck. 17 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck.

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effectively establishing a real estate market along the central waterfront. Prior to the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge, a robust ferry service thrived. However, following the completion of the Bridge in 1937 ridership steadily declined. Sausalito's train and ferry services ended in 1941. In 1942, construction of the current 210-acre Marinship area on Richardson Bay began shipbuilding operations that continued during World War II. During the war, 15 Liberty Ships and 705 tankers were delivered to the U.S. Maritime Commission.18 The last tanker was launched from Marinship on September 8, 1945; the Marinship closed in 1946 and was transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which subdivided it and sold large parcels to local industries.19 The United States' entry into World War II transformed Sausalito just as its importance as a transit hub decayed. The opening of Marinship and high-paying jobs drew a large labor force at the shipyards, nearly doubling the city's population.20 However, with the end of the World War, demand for merchant vessels and tankers declined. The shipyard closed in 1945 and Marinship was decommissioned in 1946.21 Passenger ferries returned to Sausalito in 1970, bringing with them tourists and visitors. Today, Sausalito is a hub for art and culture as well as a home to software, multimedia, and financial enterprises. The city's scenic location, its historic character and proximity to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area draw more than 2 million tourists each year, representing an important driver of the local economy.22

Historic Resources, Districts, and Landmarks The City of Sausalito Community Design and Historical Preservation Element identifies the Sausalito Historic District, as well as six Historic Landmarks within the City and three sites that are listed on the NRHP.23 The Historic District is located around the intersection of Princess and Bridgeway Streets and serves as one of the main attractions of the City, as shown on Exhibit CUL-1. It is a

18 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck. 19 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck. 20 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck. 21 Historic Context Statement: Marinship, Sausalito, California. June 2011. Prepared by Knapp & VerPlanck. 22 Sausalito Chamber of Commerce, "About Us," accessed at https://www.sausalito.org/pages/About Us on November 1, 2017. 23 City of Sausalito. 1995. General Plan Community Design and Historical Preservation Element. Source: ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1072/files/Sausalito.pdf. Page 4–15

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commercial district composed of Italianate style commercial buildings built between 1885 and 1900 and utilitarian commercial built between 1914 and 1924, both associated with periods of growth and heavy construction in the downtown area. The Historic District comprises the following areas:24

• Northern portion, on Bridgeway north of Princess Street: characterized by two- and three-story attached row buildings from the 1980s through the decade following World War II. Most buildings have bay windows, boxed cornices, false fronts, Italianate roofline detail, recessed entryways and transoms. • Central Portion, centered around a small, triangular park/plaza with a fountain form the 1915 San Francisco Panama Pacific International Exposition: the park combines the feeling of a Victorian garden with that of a Mediterranean plaza. Along with the Sausalito Hotel, the park is adjacent to the last remains of the railroad/ferryboat era. • Southern Bridgeway south of Princess Street: characterized by unobscured views of the Richardson and San Francisco Bays and a combination of 1920s functional structures (such as stores and garages) and Victorian-era buildings. • Princess Street: the transition between Bridgeway and the Hill neighborhood, characterized by a transition between the Bridgeway area at the base of the street to the residential area at the top of the street, with several unique buildings that are visible in early photos of the area.

The Sausalito Historic District is one of twelve Certified Local Districts in California. In addition to the Sausalito Historic District, the City recognizes the eligibility or potential eligibility of two additional districts; the Ark Row District, near the intersection of Humboldt Avenue and Anchor Street, and Marinship District, further to the north along the waterfront.

Sausalito Historic Landmarks The 1995 Sausalito General Plan identified the following sites within the City that are designated historic landmarks (see Exhibit CUL-1):

1. Castle by the Sea, 221 Bridgeway 2. Christ Episcopal Church, Santa Rosa & San Carlos Avenues 3. Madrona Cottage, 76 Canzneau Avenue 4. NWPRR Freight Depot, Second & Main Streets 5. The Bungalow/Tanglewood, 168 Harrison Avenue 6. Elderberry Cottage, 625 Locust Road

24 City of Sausalito Historic Preservation Guidelines. Source: www.sausalito.gov/depart ments/community-development/planning-division/historic-preservation-guidelines.

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National Register of Historic Places The 1995 Sausalito General Plan identified the following sites within the City that are listed on the NRHP (see Exhibit CUL-1):

1. Griswold House, 639 Main Street 2. Casa Madrona, 156 Bulkley Avenue 3. Sausalito Women's Club, Central & San Carlos Avenues

Northwest Information Center Records and Office of Historic Preservation Historic Properties Directory A total of 110 historic properties in Sausalito are eligible or potentially eligible for the State or National Register according to the Office of Historic Preservation's Historic Properties Directory and records on file at the Northwest Information Center (NWIC). Property information including the location, name, address, age and NRHP status may be found in Table CUL 1. The location of these resources is shown on Exhibit CUL-1. This list is based on an updated CHRIS records search conducted on September 19, 2017 and the Office of Historic Preservation Directory of Properties in the Historic Property data File for Marine County, last updated on April 5, 2012. Additional resources may be listed in the Sausalito Historic Resources Inventory, which was unavailable for consultation at the time of writing.

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• Sausalito places a high value on historic character and resources. Existing policies for historic resources apply to the designated local and National landmark properties and in the Historic District downtown. Consider the historic significance of other parts of the city, noteworthy structures, and the formation of other potential historic districts. • While Sausalito is largely built out, the possibility of finding prehistoric artifacts left by the Miwok people exists. Consider the protection of archaeological resources during the permitting process for development projects. • AB-52 (2015) added a new category of resources under CEQA called "tribal cultural resources" (TCRs) that considers tribal cultural values in addition to scientific and archaeological values when determining impacts and mitigation. The City may incorporate policies to address AB-52 compliance. • According to the 2016 Marin Shoreline Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Assessment, 26 National Register district contributing sites, 17 noteworthy structures, and two landmark buildings are vulnerable to flooding as a result of sea level rise. These include 26 locations within the Downtown Historic District, seven noteworthy properties in Sausalito's Ark Row District, four properties within the Marinship, and

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two of Sausalito's landmark buildings—Castle by the Sea and the Ice House. Consider policies to protect these resources from the risk of sea level rise and subsidence. • Interpretive signage for the historic district should be explored as part of the General Plan process.

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Appendices

CUL-1. Historic Resources and Archeologically Sensitive Areas CUL-2. Directory of Properties in the Historic Data File for Marin County and Chris Results

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APPENDIX CUL-1: HISTORIC RESOURCES AND ARCHEOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS

Legend

(! Property listed on the National Register (! City of Sausalito Historic Landmark (! Potentially Eligible Historic Property Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence Historic District Archaeologically Sensitive Zones Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE CUL-1 HISTORIC RESOURCES AND ARCHEOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX CUL-2: DIRECTORY OF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORIC DATA FILE FOR MARIN COUNTY AND CHRIS RESULT

City of Sausalito General Plan Update

EXHIBIT CUL-2: DIRECTORY OF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORIC DATA FILE FOR MARIN COUNTY AND CHRIS RESULTS PRIMARY # ADDRESS NAME YEAR-BUILT NRS STATUS

21-001791 120 Central Ave Sausalito Women's Club 1918 1S

21-001710 156 Bulkley Ave Barrett, William., House/Casa Madrona 1885 1D, 1S

21-001797 639 Main St Griswold House 1893 1S, 2S3

21-001738 109 Bulkley Ave Laneside/Laneside Apartments 1891 2D2

21-001706 12 El Portal Sausalito Hotel 1909 2D2

21-001730 12 Princess St Jean Baptiste Meat Market, Gemini 1892 2D2

21-001743 19 Princess St Sausalito Salvage Shop 1874 2D2

21-001742 21 Princess St Porto Bella Antiques 1886 2D2

21-001731 28 Princess St Princess Court 1913 2D2

21-001744 3 Princess St Kersting Galleries 1885 2D2

21-001732 36 Princess St The Store 1894 2D2

21-001729 4 Princess St Schnell, Jacob, Boarding House 1884 2D2

21-001733 40 Princess St (unnamed structure) 1894 2D2

21-001739 48 Bulkley Ave Apartments 1894 2D2

21-001734 52 Princess St Tapia Art Studio 1894 2D2

21-001740 54 Bulkley Ave Zephyr Cottage 1891 2D2

21-001697 558 Bridgeway San Francisco Yacht Club, Ondine 1898 2D2

21-001760 558 Bridgeway Sausalito Central Business Historic 1874 2D2

21-001758 561 Bridgeway Dexter's House Apartments 1889 2D2

21-001756 569 Bridgeway Old Ferry Grill/Swanson Art Gall 1908 2D2

21-001754 579 Bridgeway Twin Victorian Cottage #1 1886 2D2

21-001755 583 Bridgeway Twin Victorian Cottage #2 1886 2D2

21-001753 585 Bridgeway C. Frederick Faude Antiques 1914 2D2

21-001698 588 Bridgeway Langes Landing, Scomas 1887 2D2

21-001752 589 Bridgeway Sausalito Gem Shop 1904 2D2

21-001751 595 Bridgeway Ruby Begonia Boutiques 1907 2D2

21-001750 599 Bridgeway Lincoln Garage/Kebaya Company 1924 2D2

21-001749 605 Bridgeway Marin Fruit Company 1912 2D2

21-001748 605 Bridgeway Town & Company Antiques 1924 2D2

21-001735 62 Princess St Sausalito City Hall, Unitrours 1887 2D2

SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE CUL-2 DIRECTORY OF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORIC DATA FILE FOR MARIN COUNTY AND CHRIS RESULTS City of Sausalito General Plan Update

PRIMARY # ADDRESS NAME YEAR-BUILT NRS STATUS

21-001747 621 Bridgeway Flying Fish Restaurant 1910 2D2

21-001746 625 Bridgeway Venice Gourmet 1894 2D2

21-001745 639 Bridgeway Giovani's Pizza 1887 2D2

21-001700 660 Bridgeway Old Purity House 1935 2D2

21-001701 664 Bridgeway Becker Building, Saga of Finland 1897 2D2

21-001728 667 Bridgeway Mecchi & Ratto Building, Stephens 1914 2D2

21-001702 668 Bridgeway Princess Theatre, Gate Theatre, TA 1915 2D2

21-001703 670 Bridgeway Fielders General Store, Old Dime S 1885 2D2

21-001725 679 Bridgeway Cat n' Fiddle Bar 1915 2D2

21-001724 683 Bridgeway Priceless Shop 1924 2D2

21-001723 687 Bridgeway Swenson's 1902 2D2

21-001722 693 Bridgeway Sausalito News Building, Games PEO 1897 2D2

21-001721 701 Bridgeway El Monte Hotel, Del Monte Hotel 1879 2D2

21-001720 715 Bridgeway Bank of Sausalito, Wells Fargo Bank 1924 2D2

21-001719 721 Bridgeway Burlwood Gallery 1894 2D2

21-001718 731 Bridgeway Sausalito City Hall, Bank of Sausalito 1894 2D2

21-001717 737 Bridgeway Patterson's Bar 1894 2D2

21-001716 743 Bridgeway Tamalpais Stables/Arcage Shops 1894 2D2

21-001715 749 Bridgeway Sausalito News Building/The Tide 1899 2D2

21-001714 755 Bridgeway GG of Sausalito 1889 2D2

21-001713 757 Bridgeway No Name Bar 1894 2D2

21-001711 777 Bridgeway Mason's Garage/Village Fair 1924 2D2

21-001741 83 Princess St Glen Bank/Spring Bank/Richards 1884 2D2

21-001736 90 Princess St Cabana Bonita 1893 2D2

21-001709 El Portal Plaza Vina Del Mar 1904 2D2

21-001759 El Portal Ferryboat Landing 1875 2D2

21-001699 Princess St Ferryboat Landing Site, Tee Tock C 1977 2D2

21-001737 Princess St Portals of the Nook 1891 2D2

21-001707 28 El Portal Northwest Pacific Railroad Office 1916 2D

21-001778 201 Bridgeway Walhalla, Valhalla 1893 3S

21-001804 16 San Carlos Ave Villa Veneta 1892 3S

21-001782 112 Bulkley Ave Sausalito First Presbyterian Church 1909 3S

SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE CUL-2 DIRECTORY OF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORIC DATA FILE FOR MARIN COUNTY AND CHRIS RESULTS City of Sausalito General Plan Update

PRIMARY # ADDRESS NAME YEAR-BUILT NRS STATUS

21-001787 116 Caledonia St Linsley House 1903 3S

21-001807 215 South St Horn House, Victorian Gothic Cottta 1860 3S

21-001767 220 West St Kosta House 1904 3S

21-001777 221 Bridgeway Castle-by-the-Sea 1902 3S

21-001761 26 Alexander Ave Craig Hazel 1890 3S

21-001785 31 Bulkley Ave Collie House 1884 3S

21-001790 41 Cazneau Ave Laurel Lodge 1875 3S

21-001767 428 Turney St Sylva House 1900 3S

21-001794 47 Girard Ave Gardner House, The Bower 1869 3S

21-001789 76 Cazneau Ave Cottage Madrona 1874 3S

21-001801 93 San Carlos Ave Treat House 1905 3S

21-001786 Bulkley Ave O'Connell Seat 1901 3S

21-001806 Santa Rosa Ave Christ Episcopal Church 1882 3S

21-001766 603 Main St Shiller Haus 1899 3S

21-001796 50 Harrison Ave The Hearth 1893 3S

21-001768 64 Alexander Ave Spreckels Cottage 1895 7N

21-001771 Alta Ave. Shanghai Tunnel and Springs 1885 7N

21-001762 Bee Street NPC Railroad Freight Building 1901 7N

21-000619 Bickbur Gilead, Bickbur 1907 7N

21-002283 Bridgeway Vina Del Mar Park NA 7N

21-001757 565 Bridgeway Unnamed 1940 7R

21-001727 671 Bridgeway First National Bank of Sausalito 1917 7R

21-001726 675 Bridgeway Sausalito Chamber of Commerce 1924 7R

21-001704 676 Bridgeway Seven Seas Restraint 1924 7R

21-001705 688 Bridgeway Sausalito Ferry Company 1979 7R

21-001721 763 Bridgeway Medical Dental Building 1958 7R

21-001772 1705 Bridgeway Richardson School 1871 7N

21-001784 Bulkley Ave Alta Mira Hotel 1925 7N

21-001793 35 Central Ave The Heights/H.C. Campbell House 1896 7N

21-001791 108 Central Ave Du Bois House 1889 7N

21-001812 100 Harrison Ave Nesteldown/McCormack House 1884 7N

21-001812 168 Harrison Ave The Bungalow/Tanglewood 1874 7N

SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE CUL-2 DIRECTORY OF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORIC DATA FILE FOR MARIN COUNTY AND CHRIS RESULTS City of Sausalito General Plan Update

PRIMARY # ADDRESS NAME YEAR-BUILT NRS STATUS

21-000041 515 Humboldt St. Ark—"Caprice" 1880 7W

21-001764 47 Miller Ave O.C. Miller Carriage House 1897 7N

21-001799 517 Pine Street Oldlands, Wosser House 1874 7N

21-001803 86 San Carlos Ave Hazel Mount 1871 7N

21-001802 87 San Carlos Ave Sweetbriar, Cantwell House 1902 7N

21-001800 172 San Carlos Ave Bellevue Cottage 1889 7N

21-001809 26 Spencer Ave Birds Nest Cottage 1899 7N

X 725 Locust Rd Elderberry Cottage x 7N

21-000501 See NWIC Map Napa Street Pier 1945 7

21-001707 See NWIC Map NWPRR Express Office x 7

21-002568 See NWIC Map MMWD-1 x 7

21-002601 See NWIC Map Arques Shipyard and Marina x 7

21-002602 See NWIC Map Tunnel No. 27-00.40 (L and R) x 7

21-002641 See NWIC Map Gaylord India Restaurant x 7

21-002695 See NWIC Map Locust Street Pump Station x 7

21-002887 See NWIC Map 206 Second Street x 7

21-002901 See NWIC Map Sausalito Fire Station #2 x 7

Key: 1 Properties Listed in the National Register (NRHP) or the California Register (CR) 1D Contributor to a district or multiple resource property listed in NRHP by the keeper. Listed in the CR 1S Individual property listed in NRHP by the keeper. Listed in the CR 2 Properties Determined Eligible for Listing in the National Register (NRHP) or the California Register (CR) 2D Contributor to a district determined eligible for NRHP by the keeper. Listed in CR 2D2 Contributor to a district determined eligible for NRHP by consensus through Section 106 process. Listed in the CR 2D3 Contributor to a district determined eligible for NRHP by Part I Tax Certification. Listed in the CR 2S2 Individual property determined eligible for NRHP by consensus through Section 106 process. Listed in the CR 2S3 Individual property determined eligible for NRHP by Part I Tax Certification. Listed in the CR 3 Appears Eligible for National Register (NRHP) or the California Register (CR) through Survey Evaluation 3S Appears eligible for NRHP as an individual property through survey evaluation 5 Properties Recognized as Historically Significant by Local Government 5S2 Individual property that is eligible for local listing or designation 7 Not Evaluated for National Register (NRHP) or California Register (CR) or Needs Revaluation 7N Needs to be reevaluated (Formerly NRHP Status Code 4) 7R Identified in Reconnaissance Level Survey: Not evaluated. 7W Submitted to OHP for action-withdrawn

SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE CUL-2 DIRECTORY OF PROPERTIES IN THE HISTORIC DATA FILE FOR MARIN COUNTY AND CHRIS RESULTS CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions: Geology, Seismicity, & Mineral Resources City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Geology, Seismicity, & Mineral Resources ...... 105 Regulatory framework ...... 105 State Regulations ...... 105 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 106 Existing Conditions ...... 108 Geology and Soils ...... 109 Geologic Hazards ...... 109 Seismic Hazards ...... 110 Expansive Soils ...... 112 Coastal Erosion ...... 112 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 112 Appendices ...... 114

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GEOLOGY, SEISMICITY, & MINERAL RESOURCES

Sausalito is located in a geologically active part of the world. The potential for earthquakes is real, and other hazards such as landslides are a risk on the steep slopes in portions of the City. The 1982 Crescent Avenue landslide, which took the life of one Sausalito resident, is a recent reminder of this geologic hazard. The community needs to be prepared for emergencies related to geologic hazards and to minimize the potential for injury, loss of life, and property damage resulting from these hazards. The 1995 General Plan addresses geology, soils, and seismicity in the Health and Safety Element, with policies and programs designed to ensure public health and safety from these potential hazards. Additionally, the City's Disaster Preparedness/ Emergency Operations Program offers information and training to the community. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to geology, seismicity, and mineral resources in the City of Sausalito to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan Update process.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

STATE REGULATIONS

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act In response to the severe fault rupture damage to structures by the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the State of California enacted the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act in 1972. This act required the State Geologist to delineate Earthquake Fault Zones along known active faults that have a relatively high potential for ground rupture. Faults that are zoned under the Alquist-Priolo Act must meet the strict definition of being "sufficiently active" and "well-defined" for inclusion as an Earthquake Fault Zones. The Earthquake Fault Zones are revised periodically, and they extend 200 to 500 feet on either side of identified fault traces. No structures for human occupancy may be built across an identified active fault trace. An area of 50 feet on either side of an active fault trace is assumed to be underlain by the fault, unless proven otherwise. Proposed construction in an Earthquake Fault Zone is permitted only following the completion of a fault location report prepared by a California Registered Geologist.

California Seismic Hazards Mapping Act The California Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of 1990 (California Public Resources Code Section 1690-2699.6) addresses seismic hazards other than surface rupture, such as

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liquefaction and induced landslides. The Seismic Hazards Mapping Act specifies that the lead agency for a project may withhold development permits until geologic or soils investigations are conducted for specific sites and mitigation measures are incorporated into plans to reduce hazards associated with seismicity and unstable soils.

California Building Standards Code Located in Part 2 of Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations, the California Building Standards Code is the established minimum standard for the design and construction of buildings and structures in California. State law mandates that local governments enforce Title 24 standards or approved local ordinances. The 2016 California Building Standards Code came into force statewide on January 1, 2017 and is based on the 2015 International Building Code (IBC). The provisions of Chapter 34 of the 2012 IBC were relocated to the 2015 International Existing Building Code (IEBC). Accordingly, California amendments affecting building standards for existing structures have been moved to the 2016 California Existing Building Code, Part 10, Title 24. The California Building Standards Code also includes clarifications on conditions triggering rehabilitation of existing structures; clarifications on the requirements for special seismic certification of non-structural equipment; clarification regarding earthquake-actuated gas shutoff valve installation; and clarification as to when a mandatory seismic rehabilitation is required.1 The City of Sausalito has adopted the California Building Standards Code into its Municipal Code.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Association of Bay Area Governments Resilience Program The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) is the regional planning agency for the nine counties and 101 cities and towns of the San Francisco Bay region. ABAG's planning and service programs work to address regional economic, social, and environmental challenges. Working in concert with the Planning Department of ABAG, the Resilience Program assists Bay Area local governments and residents in planning for earthquakes, the effects of climate change, and other hazards. In 2016, the ABAG Resilience Program and the Bay Conservation Development Commission (BCDC) Adapting to Rising Tides Program began a partnership to support communities in developing and updating hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plans. As part of the process, ABAG and BCDC prepared a Risk Profile report for the San Francisco Bay Area that identifies earthquakes, flooding, and wildfires as the primary hazards for Sausalito and the wider Bay Area. The Risk Profile characterizes those three hazards and provides a risk assessment.

1 California Department of General Services, Summary of 2016 California Building Code Changes. Source: www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/dsa/title24/2016-CBC-FactSheet.pdf.

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Association of Bay Area Governments Hazard Mitigation Plan ABAG developed a Hazard Mitigation Plan that was approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in March 2011. The Plan's goal is to "maintain and enhance a disaster- resistant region by reducing the potential loss of life, property damage, and environmental degradation from natural disasters, while accelerating economic recovery from those disasters."2 The Plan suggests local jurisdictions commit to initiatives in eight areas to enhance their disaster resistance. These include:

• Infrastructure • Health • Housing • Economy • Government services • Education • Environment • Land use systems

The Plan also includes actions that can be taken by local jurisdiction to mitigate hazards such as earthquakes and associated hazards (landslides, ground shaking, liquefaction, etc.) and support and enhance local commitments to the eight focus areas listed in the Plan. This Plan has not been adopted by the City of Sausalito.

City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan The City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan Health and Safety Element recognizes that a substantial area within the City is subject to a range of natural hazards. To address these potential seismic and geologic hazards, the General Plan includes the following objectives and policies:

• Objective HS-1.0: Minimize the Impact of Natural and Man-Made Hazards on Humans and Property. Minimize the potential for loss of life, injury, damage to property, economic and social dislocation and unusual public expense due to natural and man-made hazards. • Policy HS-1.1: Seismic Hazards. Protect existing and new buildings and their occupants from seismic hazards. • Policy HS-1.2: Other Geologic Hazards. Require that all geologic hazards be adequately addressed and mitigated through project development.

2 Association of Bay Area Governments. 2011. Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Source: http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/2011mitigation/.

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• Objective HS-2.0: Engage in Disaster Planning. Ensure appropriate disaster preparedness planning and response. • Policy HS-2.1: Emergency Preparedness. Ensure that the City, its citizens, businesses and services are prepared for an effective response and recovery in the event of emergencies or disasters. • Policy HS-2.2: Public Facilities. Located and design emergency buildings, vital utilities, communication systems, and other public facilities so that they remain operations during and after a major earthquake or other disaster.

Sausalito Municipal Code Sausalito Municipal Code Chapter 8.43: Earthquake Hazard Analysis of Existing Buildings is intended to ensure that seismic strengthening of existing buildings is completed when a property owner conducts significant remodeling. In such cases, a structural engineering analysis of the building by a licensed professional is required, and a structural analysis report must be submitted to City.

Disaster Preparedness The Sausalito Disaster Preparedness/Emergency Operations Program provides disaster preparedness information to all City departments and to citizens' groups that request such information or assistance. The primary responsibilities of the City's Emergency Services are to plan and coordinate all response and recovery operations during a variety of potential disasters, including earthquakes.3 The City has also established a Disaster Preparedness Committee, comprised of five members local residents appointed by the City Council to serve a three-year term. The Committee advises and provides recommendations to the City Council on disaster preparedness programs, encourage citizen education in disaster preparedness, and encourage citizen participation in disaster preparedness activities.

EXISTING CONDITIONS This section discusses the existing conditions related to geology, seismicity, and mineral resources in Sausalito. In addition to identifying various hazards, the discussion below informs the City's proactive efforts to address vulnerabilities as well as developing policy and improving decision-making. A historical recount of geological events helps to establish a broader view of the natural forces that affect the city. Against that backdrop, the following describes geologic and seismic hazards, the issues associated with expansive soils, and potential impacts from coastal erosion.

3 City of Sausalito Disaster Preparedness. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/services/public- safety/disaster-preparedness.

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GEOLOGY AND SOILS Sausalito is located within the central portion of the Coast Range Geomorphic Province of California, at the base of the foothills southeast of Mount Tamalpais. This geomorphic unit is characterized by northwest-trending valleys and mountain ranges, which are generally parallel to the major geological structures such as the San Andreas system of active faults. The underlying bedrock in Sausalito is of the Franciscan Assemblage bedrock unit, which is of the upper Jurassic to Cretaceous age (140 to 65 million years old). In addition, three bedrock units are exposed within the City: Franciscan greenstone in the southwestern end of the City, chert in the southern part of the City in elevation above approximately 100 feet, and melange in the northern half of the City. Colluvium soil, found in many hillside swales and small valleys in the City, is a thick soil deposit that is formed as the result of erosion. It may include some deposits of alluvium— stream sediments—in flat-lying valley bottoms. Natural mud and man-made fill are present in the relatively flat area along the bay; a few large fills can be found along Highway 101 as well, and many small fills are found in developed hillsides throughout the City.

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

Landslides and Debris Flow In southern Marin County, landslides are common in the relatively steep local terrain, triggered by a range of factors including natural responses to changes in soil water content, earthquakes, added surface weight, or the removal of downslope support. Landslides can pose a serious risk of hazard to property located along hillside terrain and can block emergency routes, deform roadways, and destroy underground infrastructure. The best available predictor of where landslides might occur is the distribution of past hillside movements. Within the City-limits, Landslide hazard within the City limit is primarily concentrated in one area in the northwest portion of the city, in the vicinity of Sacramento Avenue, as shown on Exhibit GEO-1. Mapped slope failures that began near or within the City limit were generally the result of rainfall that caused slow-moving slump or earthflow movement; however, landslides can also be caused by movement during large earthquakes and by excavation into hillsides, which has caused several landslides along Highway 101 in Marin County. A landslide as recent as February 2017 occurred on San Carlos Avenue near Bridgeway caused city power outages. Another landslide occurred on Alexander Avenue just south of Sausalito which closed a major roadway. In response, clean-up and repair efforts were able to re-open the roadways within a week. During periods of heavy rainfall, highly fluid, fast-moving landslides or debris flows can originate on steep slopes within hillside swales filled with unstable colluvium and move

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rapidly down the swales or ravines, coming to rest in the near-level valley bottom areas. Within Sausalito, many of the swales or ravines that occupy the steep hill slopes may be capable of generating debris flows. Debris flows are less likely to occur in the northern parts of the City with underlying melange; however, in the central and southern parts of Sausalito where slopes are underlain by chert, greenstone, and sandstone, debris flows are more likely to occur. Intense storms in 1982 caused several fatalities within Marin County and the Bay Area, including one in Sausalito. The unusually heavy rainfall from these storm events triggered thousands of landslides, some of which resulted in loss of life.

SEISMIC HAZARDS Like most of western California, Sausalito is located in a seismically active region with four major active fault systems capable of producing large, ground-shaking earthquakes: San Andreas, Rodgers Creek, Hayward, and San Gregorio (see Exhibit GEO-2, Alquist-Priolo Fault Zones). The most significant of these and the only known active fault in southern Marin County is the San Andreas Fault, a right-lateral strike-strip fault approximately 6.5 miles to the southwest of the City at its nearest point. Other major active faults in the North Bay region include the Hayward Fault, approximately 13 miles to the east; and the Rodgers Fault, approximately 22 miles to the northeast. Additional faults in the area include San Gregorio, Serra, Moraga, Pinole, and Novato Faults. The San Andreas and Hayward Faults are the only faults in the area that have been zoned under the Alquist-Priolo Zoning Act. Several large earthquakes have occurred in the San Francisco Bay Area in past two centuries:4

• Earthquakes in 1836 and 1868 on the Hayward Fault in the East Bay. • The great San Francisco Earthquake in 1906 on the San Andreas Fault near San Francisco caused widespread damage due to violent ground shaking throughout west central California, including in Sausalito. • Loma Prieta Earthquake in 1989 on the San Andreas Fault near Santa Cruz, which registered 7.1 on the Richter scale. While ground shaking and structural damage occurred in the South Bay area, Sausalito experienced little damage.

Seismic risk to structures depends on a variety of influencing factors including the distance of the structure from the quake epicenter and major fault lines, the intensity and duration of the quake, the characteristics of the underlying geological substructure, and building materials used to strengthen or seismically reinforce a structure. Older structures constructed before 1950, unreinforced masonry buildings, and older wood buildings with poorly designed foundations are the most susceptible to earthquake damage. Design

4 U.S. Geological Survey. Earthquake Information by Region—California. Source: earthquake.usgs. gov/earthquakes/byregion/california.php.

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features, such as securing the building to the foundation and structural supports for chimneys, can significantly reduce structural damage due to earthquakes. In the 1990s, the City conducted an inventory of unreinforced masonry buildings that could become a significant public safety risk in the event of an earthquake and identified the need for a structural analysis of such buildings to define the extent of work that would be needed to strengthen them. The inventory identified 10 unreinforced masonry buildings within the City of Sausalito, all in the Downtown and the Caledonia Street areas. As of October 2017, not all of the structural analysis and seismic retrofitting work has been completed.

Fault Rupture and Ground Shaking Ground rupture generally occurs along lines of previous faulting, and given the absence of faults within the City and its Sphere of Influence, fault-related ground rupture in Sausalito is unlikely to occur. However, the San Andreas Fault, located approximately 6.5 miles to the southwest of Sausalito, is a known active fault, and, as such, the community is susceptible to ground shaking in the event of rupture. A key factor affecting the extent of damage a building might sustain from an earthquake is the subsurface conditions underlying the structure. Areas underlain by soft sediment, such as Bay Mud, are most susceptible to amplified ground shaking and, therefore, damage to structures. As part of development of several areas along the Sausalito coastline, fill has been placed over the Bay Mud, making these areas more likely to experience substantially stronger ground shaking than nearby areas underlain by bedrock at a shallow depth. An estimate of the amount of ground shaking amplification can be reached via careful geotechnical analysis.

Earthquake-Related Ground Failure Ground failure generally occurs during or immediately following an earthquake as a result of seismic shaking and can take any of the following forms:

• Lateral spreading: Movement of up to several feet of loose surface material over gentle slopes during an earthquake. Within the City of Sausalito, the risk for lateral spreading is moderate to low in the low-lying, coastal areas and very low in upland areas. • Lurch cracking: Development of fissures and cracks in the ground surface due to the oscillatory motion of the ground during an earthquake. Within the City of Sausalito, the risk for lurch cracking is moderate to low in the low-lying, coastal areas and very low in upland areas. • Liquefaction: Results from ground shaking, and is commonly followed by local settling or slope failure. Within the City of Sausalito, the risk for liquefaction is moderate to very low in the low-lying, coastal areas and very low in upland areas.

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Liquefiable soils do not prohibit development, nor do they require deep foundations to address associated risks. Today, in situ remediation of loose, cohesionless soils is a common practice in geotechnical engineering. Techniques such as earthquake drains can provide adequate soil liquefaction mitigation by dissipating the pore pressure before reaching critical levels. Other strategies include low mobility grouting, dynamic compaction, vibro-compaction and wet soil mixing. • Slope Failure or Landslide: Most common under non-seismic conditions, but can also be caused or enhanced by ground shaking. During an earthquake, small rockslides could occur along steep cut slopes (for example, along roadways), and movement of larger landslide may occur. The potential for seismically related landslides in the Sausalito area depends on such factors as the nature of bedrock and soils, the angle and direction of the slope, and moisture content.

Exhibit GEO-1: Landslide and Liquefaction Hazard shows the relative risk of earthquake- related ground failure in Sausalito.

EXPANSIVE SOILS Expansive soils can experience a significant volume change, due to wetting or drying over time, which can cause damage to improperly designed structures. Sources of moisture that can trigger this shrink-swell phenomenon include seasonal rainfall, landscape irrigation, utility leakage, and perched groundwater. Special building/structure design or soil treatment are often needed in areas with expansive soils. In Sausalito, there is generally a low to moderate risk of damage from expansive soils throughout most of the City, although the risk of damage is moderate to high in low-lying areas along Richardson Bay.

COASTAL EROSION While coastal erosion can be a significant factor for development in waterfront areas, the Sausalito coastline has been generally protected from large ocean waves, and the potential for coastal erosion is considered moderate to low. In Sausalito, coastal erosion protection measures have been installed as part of coastline improvement and development. However, over time projected sea level rise is likely to exacerbate coastal erosion and reduce the effectiveness of coastal erosion protection already installed.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Although there are no active faults in Sausalito, the Bay Area is a seismically active region, and the proximity of the San Andreas and Hayward Faults puts the community at risk of damage due to seismic ground shaking in the event of an earthquake. Consider continuing and enhancing policies and programs to address seismic

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hazards in new construction and encourage seismic retrofitting of older structures is recommended. • Low-lying coastal areas of Sausalito are most susceptible to liquefaction. Consider additional policies and programs that are designed to promote the use of earthquake engineering strategies to mitigate liquefaction risk. • Consider the need for additional General Plan policies/programs or a hillside development ordinance to address landslide hazards and minimize activities that destabilize terrains with steep slopes. Strategies and actions should consider appropriate mitigation for landslide risks alongside arterials. • Consider developing an ordinance or general plan policy that applies to encourage site design measures that mitigate risk of landslide. This may include identifying funding sources, constructing retaining walls, improved landscaping techniques, and managing stormwater runoff. The ordinance or policy would apply to new projects and be implemented through the development review process. • Consider the need for additional actions to address coastal erosion from wave and tidal activities, recognizing this issue is likely to be exacerbated with the onset of projected sea level rise in the Bay Area. • Consider whether subterranean flows could be added to a geologic hazards map. • Consider developing a map showing the location of historical landslide activity in the community that can be regularly updated and maintained.

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APPENDICES

GEO-1. Landslide and Liquefaction Hazard GEO-2. Alquist-Priolo Fault Zones

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APPENDIX GEO-1: LANDSLIDE AND LIQUEFACTION HAZARD

Legend Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence Landslide Hazard Mostly Landslides Few Landslides Surficial Deposits Liquefaction Hazard Very High High Medium Low Very Low

Source: MarinMap, 2017 ° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE GEO-1 LANDSLIDE AND LIQUEFACTION HAZARD City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX GEO-2: ALQUIST-PRIOLO FAULT ZONES

Legend Hunting Creek Sausalito City Limits Alquist-Priolo Fault Zones

Rodgers Creek

West Napa San Andreas Concord/Southern Green Valley

Hayward

Calaveras

Greenville

San Gregorio

Sargent

Alquist Priolo Fault Zones - Region in which a fault investigation must be conducted as a condition for a permit to construct certain buildings. The zones vary in width, but average on-quarter mile wide.

Souce: California Geological Survey ° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE GEO-2 ALQUIST- PRIOLO FAULT ZONES CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions:

Hazards & Hazardous Materials City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Hazards & Hazardous Materials ...... 121 Regulatory Framework ...... 121 Federal Regulations ...... 121 State Regulations ...... 125 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 130 Existing Conditions ...... 133 Hazardous Materials Sites ...... 134 Household Hazardous Waste ...... 137 Airport Hazards ...... 137 Wildfire Hazards ...... 137 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 138 Appendices ...... 139

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Hazards & Hazardous Materials

Planning proactively to prevent, minimize, or prepare for potential hazards is an important aspect of community planning. The 1995 General Plan addresses hazards and hazardous materials in the Health and Safety Element, with policies and programs designed to minimize the potential for injury, loss of life, and property damage resulting from these hazards. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to hazards and hazardous materials in the City of Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence (SOI) in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan Update process.

Regulatory Framework Hazardous materials generally refer to hazardous substances that exhibit corrosive, poisonous, flammable, and/or reactive properties and have the potential to harm human health and/or the environment. Hazardous materials are used in products (household cleaners, industrial solvents, paint, pesticides, etc.) and in the manufacturing of products (electronics, newspapers, plastic products, etc.). Hazardous materials can include petroleum, natural gas, synthetic gas, acutely toxic chemicals, and other toxic chemicals that are used in agriculture, commercial, and industrial uses; businesses; hospitals; and households. Accidental releases of hazardous materials have a variety of causes, including highway incidents, warehouse fires, train derailments, shipping accidents, and industrial incidents. Hazardous materials and wastes can pose a significant actual or potential hazard to human health and the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed. Many federal, state, and local programs that regulate the use, storage, and transportation of hazardous materials and hazardous waste are in place to prevent these unwanted consequences. These regulatory programs are designed to reduce the danger that hazardous substances may pose to people and businesses under normal daily circumstances and as a result of emergencies and disasters.

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

United States Environmental Protection Agency The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency that regulates hazardous materials and waste. In general, the EPA works to develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress. The agency is responsible for researching and setting national standards for a variety of environmental programs and delegates to states and Native American tribes the responsibility for issuing permits and for monitoring and enforcing compliance. EPA programs promote handling

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hazardous wastes safely, cleaning up contaminated land, and reducing waste volumes through such strategies as recycling. California falls under the jurisdiction of EPA Region 9. Under the authority of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and in cooperation with state and tribal partners, the EPA Region 9 Waste Management and Superfund Divisions manage programs for site environmental assessment and cleanup, hazardous and solid waste management, and underground storage tanks.

United States Department of Transportation Transportation of chemicals and hazardous materials are governed by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), which stipulates the types of containers, labeling, and other restrictions to be used in the movement of such material on interstate highways.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) oversees administration of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which requires specific training for hazardous materials handlers; provision of information to employees who may be exposed to hazardous materials; and acquisition of material safety data sheets (MSDSs) from materials manufacturers. MSDSs describe the risks, as well as proper handling and procedures, related to particular hazardous materials. Employee training must include response and remediation procedures for hazardous materials releases and exposures.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as Amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 Federal hazardous waste laws are generally promulgated under the RCRA. These laws provide for the "cradle to grave" regulation of hazardous wastes. Any business, institution, or other entity that generates hazardous waste is required to identify and track its hazardous waste from the point of generation until it is recycled, reused, or disposed. The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) is responsible for implementing the RCRA program as well as California's own hazardous waste laws, which are collectively known as the Hazardous Waste Control Law. Under the Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) program, California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) has delegated enforcement authority to the County of Marin for State law regulating hazardous waste producers or generators in Sausalito.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Congress enacted Comprehensive

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Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, on December 11, 1980. CERCLA established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites; provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites; and established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified. SARA amended the CERCLA on October 17, 1986. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites; required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and federal environmental laws and regulations; provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools; increased State involvement in every phase of the Superfund program; increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites; encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up; and increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion.

Emergency Planning Community Right-to-Know Act The Emergency Planning Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), also known as SARA Title III, was enacted in October 1986. This law requires any infrastructure at the state and local levels to plan for chemical emergencies. Reported information is then made publicly available so that interested parties may become informed about potentially dangerous chemicals in their community. EPCRA Sections 301 through 312 are administered by EPA's Office of Emergency Management. EPA's Office of Information Analysis and Access implements the EPCRA Section 313 program. In California, SARA Title III is implemented through California Accidental Release Program (CalARP).

Hazardous Materials Transportation Act The DOT regulates hazardous materials transportation under Title 49 CFR. State agencies that have primary responsibility for enforcing federal and state regulations and responding to hazardous materials transportation emergencies are the California Highway Patrol and the California Department of Transportation. The California State Fire Marshal's Office has oversight authority for hazardous materials liquid pipelines. The California Public Utilities Commission has oversight authority for natural gas pipelines in California. These agencies also govern permitting for hazardous materials transportation. Title 49 CFR reflects laws passed by Congress as of April 29, 2014.

Federal Response Plan The Federal Response Plan of 1999 is a signed agreement among 27 federal departments and agencies and other resource providers, including the American Red Cross, that (1) provides the mechanism for coordinating delivery of federal assistance and resources to

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augment efforts of state and local governments overwhelmed by a major disaster or emergency; (2) supports implementation of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Act, as well as individual agency statutory authorities; and (3) supplements other federal emergency operations plans developed to address specific hazards. The Federal Response Plan is implemented in anticipation of a significant event likely to result in a need for federal assistance or in response to an actual event requiring federal assistance under a Presidential declaration of a major disaster or emergency. The Federal Response Plan is part of the National Response Framework, which was most recently updated in May 2013.

The Stafford Act The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act) of 1988 authorizes Federal Government to provide assistance in emergencies and disasters when state and local capabilities are exceeded. The Stafford Act constitutes statutory authority for most federal disaster response activities especially as they pertain to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and FEMA programs.

National Response Framework The 2013 National Response Framework, published by the Department of Homeland Security, is a guide to how the Nation responds to all types of disasters and emergencies. The Framework describes specific authorities and best practices for managing incidents that range from serious local to large-scale terrorist attacks or catastrophic natural disasters. In addition, the Framework describes the principles, roles, and responsibilities, and coordinating structures for responding to an incident and further describes how response efforts integrate with those of the other mission areas.

Homeland Security Presidential Directive No. 5 Through the development of a National Incident Management System, Presidential Directive 5 is intended to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies through a single, comprehensive approach to domestic incident management. The objective of the Directive is to ensure that all levels of government across the Nation have the capability to work efficiently and effectively together, using a national approach.

Homeland Security Presidential Directive No. 8 Presidential Directive 8 establishes policies for strengthening national preparedness, including the National Preparedness Goal and Target Capabilities List. Directive 8 required the preparation of an implementation plan that described the departmental responsibilities

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and delivery timelines for the development of the national planning frameworks and associated interagency plans.

STATE REGULATIONS

California Environmental Protection Agency The California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) was created in 1991 by Executive Order W-5-91. Several state regulatory boards, departments, and offices were placed under the CalEPA umbrella to create a cabinet-level voice for the protection of human health and the environment and to assure the coordinated deployment of state resources. Among those responsible for hazardous materials and waste management are the DTSC, Department of Pesticide Regulation, and Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. CalEPA also oversees the unified hazardous waste and hazardous materials management regulatory program (Unified Program), which consolidates, coordinates and makes consistent the following six programs:

• Hazardous Materials Release Response Plans and Inventories (Business Plans) • Underground Storage Tank Program • Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Act • Hazardous Waste Generator and On-site Hazardous Waste Treatment Programs • California Uniform Fire Code: Hazardous Material Management Plans and Inventory Statements • California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program.

California Department of Toxic Substances Control The DTSC, which is a department of CalEPA, is authorized to carry out the federal RCRA hazardous waste program in California to protect people from exposure to hazardous wastes. The DTSC regulates hazardous waste, cleans up existing contamination, and looks for ways to control and reduce the hazardous waste produced in California, primarily under the authority of RCRA and in accordance with the California Hazardous Waste Control Law (California H&SC Division 20, Chapter 6.5) and the Hazardous Waste Control Regulations (Title 22, California Code of Regulations [CCR], Divisions 4 and 4.5). Permitting, inspection, compliance, and corrective action programs ensure that people who manage hazardous waste follow state and federal requirements and other laws that affect hazardous waste specific to handling, storage, transportation, disposal, treatment, reduction, cleanup, and emergency planning.

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State Water Resources Control Board The San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) is authorized by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to enforce provisions of the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act of 1969. This act gives the San Francisco RWQCB authority to require groundwater investigations when the quality of groundwater or surface waters of the State is threatened and to require remediation actions, if necessary.

California Division of Occupational Safety and Health Like OSHA at the federal level, California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal OSHA) is the responsible State-level agency for ensuring workplace safety. Cal OSHA assumes primary responsibility for the adoption and enforcement of standards regarding workplace safety and safety practices. In the event that a site is contaminated, a Site Safety Plan must be crafted and implemented to protect the safety of workers. Site Safety Plans establish policies, practices, and procedures to prevent the exposure of workers and members of the public to hazardous materials originating from the contaminated site or building.

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has mapped fire threat potential throughout California. CAL FIRE ranks fire threat based on the availability of fuel and the likelihood of an area burning (based on topography, fire history, and climate). The rankings include no fire threat, moderate, high, and very high fire threat. Additionally, CAL FIRE produced a 2010 Strategic Fire Plan for California, which contains goals, objectives, and policies to prepare for and mitigate the effects of fire on California's natural and built environments. CAL FIRE's Office of the State Fire Marshal provides oversight of enforcement of the California Fire Code as well as overseeing hazardous liquid pipeline safety.

The California Department of Transportation The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) manages more than 50,000 miles of California's highway and freeway lanes, provides inter-city rail services, permits more than 400 public-use airports and special-use hospital heliports and works with local agencies. Caltrans is also the first responder for hazardous material spills and releases that occur on those highway and freeway lanes and inter-city rail services.

California Health and Safety Code and Code of Regulations California Health and Safety Code Chapter 6.95 and 19 California Code of Regulations Section 2729 set out the minimum requirements for business emergency plans and chemical inventory reporting. These regulations require businesses to provide emergency response

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plans and procedures, training program information, and a hazardous material chemical inventory disclosing hazardous materials stored, used, or handled on-site. A business that uses hazardous materials or a mixture containing hazardous materials must establish and implement a business plan if the hazardous material is handled in certain quantities.

California Education Code The California Education Code (CEC) establishes the law for California public education. CEC requires that the DTSC be involved in the environmental review process for the proposed acquisition and/or construction of school properties that will use State funding. The CEC requires that a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment be completed prior to acquiring a school site or engaging in a construction project. Depending on the outcome of the Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, a Preliminary Environmental Assessment and remediation may be required. The CEC also requires potential, future school sites that are proposed within 2 miles of an airport to be reviewed by Caltrans Division of Aeronautics. If Caltrans does not support the proposed site, no state or local funds can be used to acquire the site or construct the school.

California State Aeronautics Act The State Aeronautics Act is implemented by Caltrans Division of Aeronautics. The purpose of this Act is to (1) foster and promote safety in aeronautics; (2) ensure that the State provides laws and regulations relating to aeronautics are consistent with federal aeronautics laws and regulations; (3) assure that persons residing in the vicinity of airports are protected against intrusions by unreasonable levels of aircraft noise; and (4) develop informational programs to increase the understanding of current air transportation issues. Caltrans Division of Aeronautics issues permits for and annually inspects hospital heliports and public-use airports, makes recommendations regarding proposed school sites within 2 miles of an airport runway, and authorizes helicopter landing sites at or near schools.

California Building Code The State of California provided a minimum standard for building design through the 2016 California Building Code, which is located in Part 2 of Title 24 of the CCR. The 2016 California Building Code is based on the 2015 International Building Code, but has been modified for California conditions. It is generally adopted on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis, subject to further modification based on local conditions. Commercial and residential buildings are plan-checked by local city and county building officials for compliance with the California Building Code. Typical fire safety requirements of the California Building Code included the installation of sprinklers in all new high-rise buildings and residential buildings, the establishment of fire-resistance standards for fire doors and building materials, and particular types of construction.

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California Fire Code California Code of Regulations, Title 24, also known as the California Building Standards Code, contains the California Fire Code (CFC), included as Part 9 of that title. Updated every 3 years, the CFC includes provisions and standards for emergency planning and preparedness, fire service features, fire protection systems, hazardous materials, fire flow requirements, fire hydrant locations and distribution, and the clearance of debris and vegetation within a prescribed distance from occupied structures in wildlife hazard areas. The Southern Marin Fire Protection District provides fire protection services for the City and, as such, implements and enforces the CFC in Sausalito.

Asbestos-containing Materials Regulations State-level agencies, in conjunction with the EPA and OSHA, regulate removal, abatement, and transport procedures for asbestos-containing materials. Releases of asbestos from industrial, demolition, or construction activities are prohibited by these regulations, and medical evaluation and monitoring is required for employees performing activities that could expose them to asbestos. Additionally, the regulations include warnings that must be heeded and practices that must be followed to reduce the risk for asbestos emissions and exposure. Finally, federal, state, and local agencies must be notified prior to the onset of demolition or construction activities with the potential to release asbestos.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls The US EPA prohibited the use of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the majority of new electrical equipment starting in 1979, and initiated a phase-out for much of the existing PCB- containing equipment. The inclusion of PCBs in electrical equipment and the handling of those PCBs are regulated by the provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2601, et seq. Relevant regulations include labeling and periodic inspection requirements for certain types of PCB-containing equipment and outline highly specific safety procedures for their disposal. Likewise, the State of California regulates PCB-laden electrical equipment and materials contaminated above a certain threshold as hazardous waste. These regulations require that such materials be treated, transported, and disposed accordingly. At lower concentrations for nonliquids, RWQCBs may exercise discretion over the classification of such wastes.

Lead-based Paint Cal OSHA's Lead in Construction Standard is contained in Title 8, Section 1532.1 of the California Code of Regulations. The regulations address all of the following areas: permissible exposure limits; exposure assessment; compliance methods; respiratory protection; protective clothing and equipment; housekeeping; medical surveillance; medical

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removal protection (MRP); employee information, training, and certification; signage; recordkeeping; monitoring; and agency notification. The Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Acts (CLPPA) of 1986 and 1989 with Subsequent Legislative Revisions (California Health & Safety Code 124125 to 124165) declared childhood lead exposure as the most significant childhood environmental health problem in the State. The CLPPA established the Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program to continue to take steps necessary to reduce the incidence of childhood lead exposure in California.

California Emergency Services Act, Chapter 7, Division 1, Title 2 of the California Government Code The California Emergency Services Act (ESA) confers emergency powers to the Governor and establishes the California Emergency Management Agency. The ESA also delineates emergency responsibilities of state agencies and establishes the State mutual aid system.

Standardized Emergency Management System Chapter 1, Division 2, Title 21 of the California Code of Regulations The standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) is intended to standardize response to emergencies involving multiple jurisdictions or multiple agencies. SEMS requires emergency response agencies use basic principles and components of emergency management, multi-agency or inter-agency coordination, the operational area concept, and established mutual aid systems. As of December 1, 1996, local government must use SEMS in order to be eligible for state funding of response-related personnel costs.

Governor's Executive Order W-9-91 In 1991, Executive Order W-9-91 established basic emergency preparedness objectives and policies to be carried out by State officials. The order states that California is to maintain a high degree of preparedness in the event of a disaster, such as fire, flood, storm, air pollution, plant or animal infestation, disease, or earthquake.

California Disaster and Civil Defense Master Mutual Aid Plan California Building Code The California Disaster and Civil Defense Master Mutual Aid Plan outlines policies, procedures, and authorities for provision of emergency management personnel from unaffected jurisdictions to support affected jurisdiction during an emergency event, in accordance with the Master Mutual Aid Agreement. The Master Mutual Aid Agreement establishes that jurisdictions should voluntarily aid and assist each other in the event that a disaster should occur, by the interchange of services and facilities, including but not limited to fire, police, medical and health, communication, and transportation services and facilities.

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State of War Emergency Orders and Regulations The State of War Emergency Orders and Regulations establishes broad powers to the Governor to have complete authority over all agencies of the state government and the right to exercise within the area or regions designated all police power vested in the State by the Constitution and laws of the State of California.

State Emergency Plan In 2009, the California State Emergency Plan was adopted to address the State's response to extraordinary emergency situations associated with natural disasters or human-caused emergencies. The State Emergency Plan describes the methods for carrying out emergency operations, the process for rendering mutual aid, the emergency services of governmental agencies, and how the public will be informed during an emergency or disaster.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Bay Area Air Quality Management District The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) has primary responsibility for control of air pollution from sources other than motor vehicles and consumer products (which are the responsibility of CalEPA and the California Air Resources Board). The BAAQMD is responsible for preparing attainment plans for non-attainment criteria pollutants, control of stationary air pollutant sources, and the issuance of permits for activities including demolition and renovation activities affecting asbestos-containing materials (District Regulation 11, Rule 2) and lead (District Regulation 11, Rule 1).

Local Hazard Mitigation Plan According to the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) Resilience Program, hazard mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards. A hazard mitigation plan identifies the hazards a community or region faces, assesses its vulnerability to the hazards, and identifies specific actions that can be taken to reduce the risk from the hazards. The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) outlines a process which cities, counties, and special districts can follow to develop a Local Hazard Mitigation Plan. Development of this plan is a requirement for certain benefits from the California Emergency Management Agency and FEMA. The City of Sausalito did not adopt the 2011 ABAG Local Hazard Mitigation Plan; however, establishing a certified local hazard mitigation plan for the City has been identified by the Sausalito City

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Council as an objective under the strategic goal of providing effective, efficient, and environmentally sustainable municipal services.1

Marin County Certified Unified Program Agency The County of Marin Hazardous Materials Area Plan (2014) established the County Department of Public Works serves as the local Certified Unified Programs Agency (CUPA). The role of the CUPA is to regulate and inspect Marin businesses' compliance with hazardous materials regulations, as well as to provide assistance and guidance in order to meet compliance requirements.2 Any facility in Marin County that handles or stores hazardous materials or hazardous waste materials in quantities that require a State Hazardous Materials Business Plan (HMBP) must report this use or storage to the County CUPA prior to business operation. The County CUPA then reviews and certifies the HMBP.3

Southern Marin County Fire Protection District Southern Marin Fire Protection District (District) is an independent special district established by the Marin County Board of Supervisors in July of 1999. The District was formed by the merger of the Alto-Richardson Fire Protection District and the Tamalpais Fire Protection District. On June 26, 2012 the City of Sausalito Fire Department was annexed into the District. In October of 2010, the District signed a contract with the National Park Service to provide services to the Marin Headlands and Fort Baker areas of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The Fire District now serves the communities of Tamalpais Valley, Almonte, Homestead Valley, Alto, Strawberry, approximately one-quarter of the town of Tiburon, the City of Sausalito, Fort Baker and the Marin Headlands. The District covers over 34 square miles, a population of approximately 34,700, and over 14,100 homes and commercial properties.4

City of Sausalito General Plan The City's 1995 General Plan contains policies about Hazards and Hazardous Materials.

• Policy HS-1.6 Hazardous Materials. Minimize the risk of property damage and personal injury resulting from the production, use, storage, disposal and transporting of hazardous

1 Strategic Plan and FY2017-18 Budget Process, City of Sausalito City Council. March 28, 2017. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id=20110. 2 Marin County Department of Public Works, CUPA Program. Website: https://www.marin county.org/depts/pw/divisions/public-services/cupa. 3 Marin County Hazardous Materials Business Plan form. Website: https://www.marincounty.org /~/media/files/departments/pw/forms/hazardous_materials_business_plan_packet.pdf. 4 http://www.smfd.org/about.

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materials and waste by adopting the Marin County Hazardous Waste Management Plan which includes the following policies. (1) Waste Reduction. Reducing hazardous waste is the top priority of the Marin County Hazardous Waste Management Plan. (2) Public/Private Partnership. Marin County and its cities and towns will continue to develop a strong public/private partnership to further develop and implement the goals and objectives identified in the Marin Hazardous Waste Management Plan. (3) Public Involvement. Marin County and its cities and towns will encourage active public involvement in continuing review and implementation of the Marin Hazardous Waste Management Plan. (4) Management Hierarchy. Marin County and its cities and towns will require and/or encourage all hazardous waste generators—including large quality generators, small quality generators, local governments and districts, and households—to adopt and implement the following hierarchy of hazardous waste management practices to the maximum extent feasible: a. Source Reduction b. On site recycling c. Off site recycling d. On site treatment e. Off site treatment, and if necessary f. Disposal in residuals repositories (5) Ongoing Education. Marin County and its cities and towns will develop and promote widespread, ongoing education regarding the use, and disposal of hazardous materials and waste. (6) Small-Quantity Generators. Marin County and its cities and towns will actively assist commercial small quantity generators in meeting the goals, policies, and objectives of the Marin Hazardous Waste Management Plan. (7) Household Wastes. Marin County and its cities and towns will develop an effective program for managing household hazardous wastes generated in the county. This will include the investigation of possible sites in Sausalito for the periodic disposal of household hazardous wastes. (8) Enforcing Standards. Marin County and its cities and towns will assist local, regional, state, and federal authorities with enacting and enforcing hazardous materials and waste regulatory standards. (9) Emergency Response. Marin County and its cities and towns support the development and maintenance of adequate response capabilities for hazardous materials and waste emergencies. This support will include coordination among all local jurisdictions and appropriate state and federal agencies.

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(10) Safe Transportation. Marin County and its cities and towns will work within their limits to ensure safe transportation of hazardous wastes in the county. (11) Siting Needed Facilities. Marin County and its cities and towns will support efforts to develop needed facilities to transfer, store, recycle, treat, or dispose of hazardous wastes generated in Marin County. In siting these facilities, Marin County and its cities and towns will participate in cooperative efforts with jurisdictions within and beyond the county. (12) Contaminated Sites. Marin County and its cities and towns will promote programs to prevent site contamination resulting from the use of hazardous materials and wastes. Timely cleanup of contaminated sites will also be encouraged. (13) Inter-county Information Exchange. Marin County and its cities and towns will share with other counties information pertaining to inter-county movement of hazardous wastes. This information will include: (a) Quantities and types of hazardous wastes imported to and exported from Marin County, (b) offsite commercial transfer, storage and disposal capacity in Marin County, and impending actions that would significantly reduce or expand such capacity; (c) changes in hazardous waste generation patterns, such as new industries or changes in local regulations that would result in a significantly increased need for out-of-county disposal. Marin County will request and encourage the State Department of Health Services to develop a program to provide annual summaries of the hazardous waste manifest data that will provide counties with import/export data necessary to meet inter-county information sharing requirements.

City of Sausalito Municipal Code The Sausalito Municipal Code contains requirements that pertain to hazards and hazardous materials. For example, Title 125 discusses health and safety, including fire prevention (12.04), burglary (12.02), noise (12.16), and other nuisance abatement (12.20). Title 8 discusses buildings and construction, including California Building Code (8.08); Fire Code (8.40), and Floodplain Management (8.48).

Existing Conditions This section describes existing conditions related to Hazardous materials sites and wildfire hazards in Sausalito and its SOI.

5 http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Sausalito/?Sausalito10/Sausalito1010.html.

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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SITES

EnviroStor The EnviroStor database, maintained by the DTSC, identifies sites that have known contamination or sites for which there may be reasons to further investigate. The database includes federal Superfund sites (National Priorities List); state response sites, voluntary cleanup sites; school investigation and cleanup sites; corrective action sites; and tiered California permit sites. It also includes sites that are being investigated for suspected but unconfirmed contamination. A search of this database, using zip codes within the jurisdictional boundaries of the City of Sausalito, found a total of seven sites in the Sausalito area. These sites are listed on Table HAZ-1 below and shown on Exhibit HAZ-1. Two of the sites are listed as active or requiring action, although both are both located outside the City and its SOI:

• Fort Baker is located approximately 2 miles south of Sausalito and was used for coastal defense; the site has been inactive as of June 30, 2016. The site originally consisted of 1,464.43 acres, 183 buildings, and supporting infrastructure.6 According to EnviroStor, the site has a long history that begins in 1866 when approximately 1,068.83 fee acres were conveyed to the United States. In 1897, the State of California ceded approximately 395.60 acres of tidelands adjacent to and contiguous with the original reservation to the U.S. In 1904, the reservation was divided into two forts, Fort Barry and Fort Baker. The Sixth U.S. Army used the site as a sub-installation of the Presidio of San Francisco. The East Fort Baker site as of July 26, 2002 requires no further action. Fort Baker status is inactive–further action required, which EnviroStor defines as a non-active site where, through a Preliminary Endangerment Assessment or other evaluation, DTSC has determined that a removal or remedial action or further extensive investigation is required. • Fort Barry is located approximately 9 miles northwest of San Francisco and is active as of February 10, 2010. The site was used for housing, administration, and an anti- aircraft artillery Nike Battery; 10 inactive underground storage tanks, one aboveground tank, and one former day tank with associated piping have been identified at the site.7 Fort Barry originally was part of the Fort Baker Military Reservation, which was established in 1866. The reservation was divided into two forts in 1904: the west is Fort Barry and the east is Fort Baker. Fort Barry was used by Sixth U.S. Army as an AAA Nike site. Improvements consisted of 132 buildings, utilities, and related facilities, including family housing and administration buildings. In 1965, 271.00 fee acres were reported excess to the Government Services

6 http://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/profile_report.asp?global_id=71000063. 7 http://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/profile_report.asp?global_id=71000009.

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Administration (GSA). The disposal of Fort Barry began in November 1965 when the U.S. Coast Guard acquired 253 acres. In 1967, 271 acres of Fort Barry were conveyed to the State of California, and in 1972, 811.52 fee acres were transferred by the Department of the Army to the Department of the Interior, National Park Service (as part of the GGNRA).

TABLE HAZ-1: ENVIROSTOR CLEANUP PROGRAM SITES IN CITY OF SAUSALITO POSTAL CODE ENVIROSTOR ID PROJECT NAME STATUS PROJECT TYPE ADDRESS

91 acres; 2 miles south of 21970003 East Fort Baker Certified State Response Sausalito, California

Fort Baker— Inactive—Action 2 miles south of Sausalito, 71000063 State Response IR/MMRP Required California

Fort Barry 9 miles northwest of San 71000009 Active State Response (J09CA3107) Francisco in GGNRA

Certified O&M— Galilee Harbor, Voluntary 21760001 Land Use 300 Napa Street Parcel 1 Cleanup Restrictions Only

Spring Street and Gate 5 Road 21370002 Marinship No Further Action Evaluation to the Bay

Photo Waste CAD981161367 CLOSED Non-Operating 200 Gate 5 Road, #115 Recycling

South Pacific Certified O&M— 80001193 Division Land Use State Response 25 Liberty Ship Way Laboratory Restrictions Only

GeoTracker The GeoTracker database, maintained by the SWRCB, lists a range of types of hazardous materials sites that could affect groundwater quality, including underground storage tank sites, cleanup program sites, land disposal sites, and military sites. A search of this database using zip codes within jurisdictional boundaries of the City of Sausalito found one open— eligible for closure site, two O&M Land Use Restrictions only sites, one no further action sites, and one open—inactive site. The sites are listed on Table HAZ-2 and shown on Exhibit HAZ- 2. GeoTracker documents Leaking Underground Fuel Tank sites undergoing cleanup because of an unauthorized release from an UST system. An underground storage tank system (UST) is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10 percent of its combined volume underground. UST regulations apply only to underground tanks and piping storing either petroleum or certain hazardous substances. GeoTracker SLIC sites is a cleanup program site that investigates and regulates non-permitted discharges.

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• Former Anderson's Boat Yard is defined as open—eligible for closure as of June 8, 2016. It is a Cleanup Program Site, which includes all "non-federally owned" sites that are regulated under the SWRCB's Site Cleanup Program and/or similar programs conducted by each of the nine RWQCBs. Cleanup Program Sites are varied and include but are not limited to pesticide and fertilizer facilities, rail yards, ports, equipment supply facilities, metals facilities, industrial manufacturing and maintenance sites, dry cleaners, bulk transfer facilities, refineries, mine sites, landfills, RCRA/CERCLA cleanups, and some brownfields. Unauthorized releases detected at Cleanup Program Sites are highly variable and include but are not limited to hydrocarbon solvents, pesticides, perchlorate, nitrate, heavy metals, and petroleum constituents.8 • Marinship's cleanup status is defined as open—inactive as of April 17, 2009. Marinship was an active shipyard from 1942 through 1945 under the ownership of Bechtel AG. Industrial activities have occurred at the site, including painting, metalworking, maintenance and manufacturing. A CERCLA site inspection was conducted on January 12, 1995, and it was concluded that no further investigation was necessary under CERCLA.

TABLE HAZ-2: GEOTRACKER CLEANUP PROGRAM SITES IN CITY OF SAUSALITO POSTAL CODE GLOBAL ID PROJECT NAME STATUS SITE TYPE ADDRESS

Former Open—Eligible Cleanup T10000002070 Anderson's boat 400 Harbor Drive for Closure Program Site yard

Certified O&M— Galilee Harbor, Land Use Voluntary 21760001 300 Napa Street Parcel 1 Restrictions Cleanup Only

No Further Spring Street and Gate 5 Road to 21370002 Marinship Evaluation Action the Bay

Cleanup SLT2O315206 Marinship Open—inactive 2330 Marinship Way Program Site

Certified O&M— South Pacific Land Use 80001193 Division Closed Base 25 Liberty Ship Way Restrictions Laboratory Only

8 https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/site_type_definitions.

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HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE Hazardous materials are toxic to both people and the environment. Examples of hazardous materials include asbestos, antifreeze, fluorescent bulbs, gasoline, herbicides, household chemicals, pesticides, paint, solvents, and spray cans. The City of San Rafael and Zero Waste Marin sponsor the Marin Household Hazardous Waste Facility (MHHWF). The Marin Recycling & Resource Recovery Association works in partnership with these agencies to provide Marin County households (except Novato) and businesses who are Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators with safe and convenient hazardous waste disposal.9

AIRPORT HAZARDS There are no airports located within Sausalito; however, there is a private airstrip located approximately 0.7 mile north of the city limits in the unincorporated community of Manzanita. Oakland International Airport and San Francisco International Airport are both located south of Sausalito, approximately 17 miles from Sausalito. The Richardson Bay Seaplane Base/Heliport operates under a use permit from the County of Marin. In 1981, the original 1953 use permit terms were modified to include a number of new conditions, such as limiting noise levels to 86 decibels; limiting the number of commercial aircraft to four with only two permitted for simultaneous revenue producing purposes; banning approaches over Strawberry Point except when necessary for safety; requiring no-power approaches except when necessary for safety; banning use of the landing area by transient airplanes; and specifying that Richardson Bay can be used only for arrivals and departures. The County has not adopted an Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan or established an airport safety zone for the Richardson Bay Seaplane Base/Heliport.

WILDFIRE HAZARDS The severity of the wildlife hazard is determined by the relationship between three factors: fuel classification, topography, and critical fire weather frequency. CAL FIRE defines Fire Hazard Severity Zones for areas within the State: a fire hazard is defined as a "measure of the likelihood of an area burning and how it burns," with a zone being an area characterized by a particular level of fire hazard. CAL FIRE Fire Hazard Severity Zone maps indicate areas for which the State of California has fiscal responsibility of wildland fire protection services as the State Responsibility Area (SRA), and areas for which local jurisdictions have fiscal responsibility as the Local Responsibility Area (LRA). CAL FIRE describes "wildland/urban interface" as the condition where highly flammable native vegetation meets high-value structures, such as homes. In most cases, there is not a clearly defined boundary or interface between the structures and vegetation that present the hazard. Historically, homes in these ill-defined wildland/urban intermix boundaries area

9 http://marinhhw.com/about-mhhwf/.

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were particularly vulnerable to wildfires because they were built with a reliance on fire department response for protection rather than fire resistance, survivability, and self- protection. However, more recently, a greater appreciation has developed for the need to regulate development in these hazardous areas as a result of a number of serious wildland fire conflagrations throughout the State. The State Fire Marshal included adoption of Chapter 7A in the California Building Code, which requires ignition resistant exterior construction in hazardous fire areas. As shown in the Wildfire Hazards Exhibit HAZ-3, the City of Sausalito contains Local Responsibility Area of moderate, high, and very high Wildfire Hazard risk. These areas are located in the residential hillside areas, as well as the commercial areas in the northwestern portion of the City. There are no areas of state responsibility within the city limits.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Policies should be explored to address the fact that some non-military sites in the city have only been remediated to a level appropriate for commercial (not residential) use, or otherwise still require further remediation (e.g. Caledonia Street, Marinship Area, Dunphy Park). • Asbestos and lead mitigation and management for redevelopment/demolition of privately owned sites are governed by Federal and State regulations. Consider policies to identify funding sources to assist the City with lead and asbestos issues on city- owned properties. • Portions of the hills in the Nevada Valley, Wolfback Ridge, and New Town areas of Sausalito are designated at Very High Risk of Wildfire. The General Plan Update should consider strategies to mitigate and manage risk from wildfires in collaboration with other locally responsible agencies. • Evacuation routes, methods, communications (e.g. stairs) should be made public, and should be updated in coordination with So. Marin Fire District and police department. • Explore policies to identify, improve access, and advertise formal and informal evacuation routes throughout the community.

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APPENDICES

HAZ-1. EnviroStor Cleanup Program Sites HAZ-2. GeoTracker Sites HAZ-3. Wildfire Hazards HAZ-4. Geologic Hazards – Slope Stability

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APPENDIX HAZ-1: ENVIROSTOR CLEANUP PROGRAM SITES

Legend 0# Evaluation 0# Non-Operating 0# Voluntary Cleanup 0# State Response 0# geotracker selection Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HAZ-1 ENVIROSTOR CLEANUP PROGRAM SITES City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX HAZ-2: GEOTRACKER SITES

Legend 0# CLEANUP PROGRAM SITE 0# CLOSED BASE 0# EVALUATION 0# VOLUNTARY CLEANUP Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HAZ-2 GEOTRACKER SITES City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX HAZ-3: WILDFIRE HAZARDS

Legend

Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence State Responsibility Area Very High High Local Responsibility Areas Very High High Moderate

° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HAZ-3 WILDFIRE HAZARDS City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX HAZ-4: GEOLOGIC HAZARDS – SLOPE STABILITY

GEOLOGIC HAZARDS - SLOPE STABILITY ClfY OF SAUSALITO - GENERAL PLAN

LEGEND RICIIARDSON BA Y INCREASING RISK OF SLOPE JNSTA.BIIJTY f mu I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I

AREAS OF HISTORIC LANDSLIDE DAYAGE

Sfrocfure desfroyed or removed

Structure damaged

Rood damaged Report of landslide, extent of damonge not reported

NOTES: Modified frC/m Rice et al, 1976. JOYCE ASSOC/A1IS Geologic Consultants

I

O' l00D' RODD'

This base map was developed primarily for General Planning usage. The City uf Sausalito is no/ responsible nor liable for use of this map be}'f)nd its intended purpose. GP 17 SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HAZ-4 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS - SLOPE STABILITY CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions: Hydrology & Water Quality Resources City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Hydrology & Water Quality Resources ...... 151 Regulatory Framework ...... 151 Federal Regulations ...... 151 State Regulations ...... 156 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 158 Existing Conditions ...... 164 Richardson Bay Watershed ...... 164 Water Quality Standards ...... 165 Hazards Impacting Hydrology and Water Quality ...... 166 Approaches to Mitigation...... 170 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 171 Appendices ...... 172

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Hydrology & Water Quality Resources

With severe droughts in California on the one hand, and potential flooding hazards on the other, water resources are vital for all forms of life, both for Sausalito residents as well as for natural habitats and wildlife. The 1995 General Plan addresses hydrology and water quality in the Environmental Quality and the Health and Safety Elements, with policies and programs designed to protect and enhance water quality, encourage water conservation, and protect the City from natural hazards such as floods. This report describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to hydrology and water quality in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan update process.

Regulatory Framework

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Clean Water Act The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the lead federal agency responsible for water quality management. The Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 is the primary federal law that governs and authorizes water quality activities by the EPA, as well as the States.1 Certain elements of the CWA address water quality, as discussed below. Permits to dredge or fill waters of the United States are administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) under Section 404 of the CWA. “Waters of the United States” are defined as all waters subject to the ebb and flow of the tide (which includes harbors), interstate waters, water impoundments, streams, rivers, and wetlands (see Figure HYDRO- 1). The regulatory branch of the USACE is responsible for implementing and enforcing Section 404 of the CWA and issuing permits.

1 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1376.

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FIGURE HYDRO-1: CORPS OF ENGINEERS REGULATORY JURISDICTION

Any activity that discharges fill material and/or requires excavation in waters of the United States must obtain a Section 404 permit. Before issuing the permit, the USACE requires that an analysis be conducted to demonstrate that the proposed project is the least environmentally damaging practicable alternative. In addition, the USACE is required to comply with the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) before it may issue an individual Section 404 permit. Under Section 401 of the CWA, every applicant for a Section 404 permit that may result in a discharge to a water body must first obtain State Water Quality Certification that the proposed activity will comply with State water quality standards. Certifications are issued in conjunction with USACE Section 404 permits for dredge and fill discharges. In addition, a Water Quality Certification must be sought for any activity that would result in the placement of structures in waters of the United States that are not jurisdictional to the USACE, such as isolated wetlands, to ensure that the proposed activity complies with State water quality standards. In California, the authority to either grant water quality certification or waive the requirement is delegated by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to its nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs).

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Water Quality Standards and Total Maximum Daily Loads Under federal law, the EPA has published water quality regulations requiring states to adopt water quality standards.2 Section 303 of the CWA requires states to adopt water quality standards for all surface waters of the United States. Water quality standards are typically numeric, although narrative criteria based upon biomonitoring methods may be employed where numerical standards cannot be established or where they are needed to supplement numerical standards. Standards are based on the designated beneficial use(s) of the water body. Where multiple uses exist, water quality standards must protect the most sensitive use. Pollution may cause water quality to fall below CWA standards and subsequently impact designated beneficial use. Section 303(d) of the CWA requires the EPA (or State when delegated such authority) to identify impacted water and list them as “impaired.” Once a water body has been designated as impaired, the EPA must determine and establish a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the impairing pollutant(s). A TMDL identifies pollutants from point, non-point, and natural sources entering the water body. As a regulatory tool, the TMDL establishes the quantity of pollutants the water body may receive from these sources without exceeding applicable water quality standards. Once established, the TMDL allocates the “pollutant loads” among current and future pollutant sources to the water body.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System The CWA established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program to regulate municipal and industrial discharges into surface waters of the United States. Generally, federal law defines the term “discharge” to mean any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source.3 Federal law further defines “point source” to generally mean any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance of any pollutant from, for example, a pipe, ditch, well, container, or vessel. Under the NPDES program, all facilities that discharge pollutants are required to obtain a NPDES permit. Requirements for stormwater discharges are also regulated under this program. In California, the NPDES permit program is administered by the State Water Resources Control Board. In 1990, the US EPA established a stormwater program within the Clean Water Act’s existing NPDES program and included regulations that apply to storm drain systems owned and operated by cities, towns and unincorporated local governments. In California, larger municipalities with populations of 100,000 or more were then required to apply for Area Wide Municipal Stormwater Permits (Phase I Permits) issued by the nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards.

2 40 CFR 131. 3 Clean Water Act, Section 502 (12)

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In 2003, smaller (less than 100,000 population) municipalities and unincorporated counties were required to obtain coverage under a statewide NPDES Municipal General Stormwater Permit (Phase II Permit) issued by the State Water Resources Control Board. In Marin, the County and all Marin’s municipalities, including Sausalito, are subject to the conditions of the regulations described in the current 2013 Phase II Permit.

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan A local agency may control stormwater discharges from construction activities by issuing a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). A SWPPP describes all the construction site operator’s activities to prevent stormwater contamination, control sediment and erosion, and comply with the requirements of the CWA. The SWPPP accompanies the EPA’s Construction General Permit, discussed below. The CWA provisions and Construction General Permit contain legally binding requirements to control erosion and sediment from construction sites. In California, a Regional Water Quality Control Board issues the permit and monitors construction activities to ensure compliance with its conditions. To comply with permitting conditions, the SWPPP must contain several items and actions. This includes conformance with applicable best management practices (BMPs); a site map that shows the construction site perimeter, existing and proposed buildings, lots, roadways, stormwater collection, and discharge points; the general topography both before and after construction; and drainage patterns across the project site. The SWPPP must list BMPs that would be implemented to prevent soil erosion and discharge of other construction-related pollutants that could contaminate nearby water resources. Additionally, the SWPPP must provide a visual monitoring program, a chemical monitoring program for nonvisible pollutants (if there is a failure of the BMPs), and a sediment- monitoring plan if the site discharges directly to a water body listed on the 303(d) list for sediment. Some sites also require implementation of a Rain Event Action Plan (REAP).

Federal Emergency Management Agency The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) administers the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to provide subsidized flood insurance to communities that comply with FEMA regulations limiting development in floodplains. FEMA also issues Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) that identify which land areas are subject to flooding. These maps provide flood information and identify flood hazard zones in the community. The design standard for flood protection is established by FEMA. FEMA’s minimum level of flood protection for new development is the 100-year flood event, also described as a flood that has a 1-in-100 chance of occurring in any given year. Additionally, FEMA has developed requirements and procedures for evaluating earthen levee systems and mapping the areas affected by those systems. Levee systems are

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evaluated for their ability to provide protection from 100-year flood events and the results of this evaluation are documented in the FEMA Levee Inventory System. Levee systems must meet minimum freeboard standards and must be maintained according to an officially adopted maintenance plan. Other FEMA levee system evaluation criteria include structural design and interior drainage. As required by the FEMA regulations, all development constructed within the Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs as delineated on the FIRM) must be elevated so that the lowest floor is at or above the base flood elevation level. The term “development” is defined by FEMA as any man-made change to improved or unimproved real estate, including but not limited to buildings, other structures, mining, dredging, filling, grading, paving, excavation or drilling operations, and storage of equipment or materials. Per these regulations, if development in these areas occurs, a hydrologic and hydraulic analysis must be performed prior to the start of development, and must demonstrate that the development does not cause any rise in base flood elevation levels, as no rise is permitted within regulatory floodways. Upon completion of any development that changes existing Special Flood Hazard Areas, the NFIP directs all participating communities to submit the appropriate hydrologic and hydraulic data to FEMA for a FIRM revision, as soon as practicable, but not later than six months after such data becomes available.

Floodplain Regulations Executive Order (EO) 11988 for Floodplain Management (May 24, 1977) directs all federal agencies to evaluate potential effects of any actions it may take in the floodplain and to avoid all adverse impacts associated with modifications to floodplains. It also directs federal agencies to avoid floodplain development whenever there is a practicable alternative and to restore and preserve the natural and beneficial values served by the floodplains. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) oversees floodplains and administers the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) adopted under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. The program makes federally subsidized flood insurance available to property owners within communities that participate in the program. Areas of special flood hazard (those subject to inundation by a 100-year flood) are identified by FEMA through regulatory flood maps titled Flood Insurance Rate Maps. The NFIP mandates that development cannot occur within the regulatory floodplain (typically the 100-year floodplain) if that development results in an increase of more than 1 foot in flood elevation. In addition, development is not allowed in delineated floodways within the regulatory floodplain.

Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 Under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, the USACE requires permits for activities involving the obstruction of the navigable capacity of any waters of the United States or the construction of any structures in or over navigable waters of the United States, including

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ports, canals, navigable rivers or other waters. “Navigable waters” under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act are defined as “those waters of the United States that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide shoreward to the mean high water mark and/or are presently used, or have been used in the past, or may be susceptible to use to transport interstate or foreign commerce.” Pursuant to Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act, the USACE administers this regulatory program separate from the Section 404 program. A Section 10 permit may be required for structures or work outside the limits of navigable waters if the structure or work affects the course, location, condition, or capacity of the water body.

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act The Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA) provides the basic authority for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to evaluate impacts to fish and wildlife from proposed water resource development projects. The FWCA requires that all federal agencies consult with the FWS, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and State wildlife agencies (i.e., the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW)) for activities that affect, control, or modify waters of any stream or bodies of water. The FWS has responsibility for reviewing and commenting on all water resources projects. For example, the FWS provides consultation to the USACE with regard to issuance of a Section 404 permit.

STATE REGULATIONS

Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act of 1969 authorized the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) to provide comprehensive protection for California’s waters through water allocation and water quality protection. The SWRCB implements the requirement of the Clean Water Act Section 303, indicating that water quality standards have to be set for certain waters by adopting water quality control plans under the Porter-Cologne Act. The Porter-Cologne Act established the responsibilities and authorities of the nine RWQCBs, which include preparing water quality plans for areas in the region, identifying water quality objectives, and issuing NPDES permits and Waste Discharge Requirements. Water quality objectives are defined as limits or levels of water quality constituents and characteristics established for reasonable protection of beneficial uses or prevention of nuisance. The Porter-Cologne Act was later amended to provide the authority delegated from EPA to issue NPDES permits.

State Water Resources Control Board In California, the SWRCB has broad authority over water quality control issues for the State. The SWRCB is responsible for developing statewide water quality policy and exercises the powers delegated to the State by the federal government under the CWA. The state agency

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implements and enforces permits through nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs). As discussed below, the City of Sausalito is within the jurisdictional boundaries of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB. The SWRCB issues Construction General Permits for proposed land use development projects. Construction activities that disturb one or more acres of land that could impact hydrologic resources must comply with SWRCB requirements under a Construction General Permit (see discussion above). Under the terms of the permit, a person proposing to develop land (i.e. “applicant”) must first file Permit Registration Documents (PRDs) with the SWRCB prior to construction. A PRD generally includes a Notice of Intent (NOI), a risk assessment, site maps, and a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The applicant then pays an annual fee and provides a signed certification statement. The applicant then submits the PRD electronically to the SWRCB via the Storm Water Multiple Application and Report Tracking System (SMARTS) website.

California Executive Order S-13-08 The executive order requires the California Natural Resources Agency to develop a Climate Adaptation Strategy in coordination with local, regional, state, and federal public and private entities. Under the order, the Natural Resources Agency requested that the National Academy of Sciences convene an independent panel to complete a Sea Level Rise Assessment Report that studies the effects of sea level rise on California. The order further directs all state agencies planning construction projects in areas vulnerable to sea level rise should consider a range of scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100. This allows state agencies to assess a project’s vulnerability and, to the extent feasible, reduce expected risks and increase resiliency.4

State Updated Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (Assembly Bill 1881) The Water Conservation in Landscaping Act was enacted in 2006, requiring the Department of Water Resources (DWR) to update the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO). In 2009, the Office of Administrative Law approved the updated MWELO, which required a retail water supplier or a county to adopt the provisions of the MWELO by January 1, 2010, or to enact its own provisions equal to or more restrictive than the MWELO provisions. The City has not adopted its own provisions for water-efficient landscaping.

4 State of California, Office of the Governor. Executive Order S-13-08. Website: https://www.gov. ca.gov/news.php?id=11036.

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LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board Regional authority for planning, permitting, and enforcement in California is delegated to the nine RWQCBs. The regional boards are required to formulate and adopt water quality control plans for all areas in the region and establish water quality objectives in the plans. As previously stated, the City of Sausalito is within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB (Region 2). The San Francisco Bay RWQCB addresses region-wide water quality issues through protecting beneficial water uses, establishing water quality objectives, and implementing strategies and time schedules for achieving those objectives. By law, the San Francisco Bay RWQCB is required to develop, adopt, and implement a plan that provides the basis for water quality regulation in the San Francisco Region.

Water Quality Control Plan for the San Francisco Bay Basin Updated in May 2017, the Water Quality Control Plan for the San Francisco Bay Basin (Basin Plan) is the RWQCB’s master water quality control planning document.5 The Basin Plan designates beneficial uses of State waters within Region 2, a 4,603-square-mile basin. The Basin Plan incorporates a larger statewide effort to establish water quality standards, as described in Resolution 95-84 (as adopted on November 16, 1995), the Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California.6 The Resolution contains water quality standards and establishes principles and guidelines designed to prevent water quality degradation. The standards are based on current scientific studies and technical data that inform efforts to maintain and support beneficial uses. In turn, the Basin Plan must demonstrate that it will achieve standards described in the Resolution through programs, projects, and other necessary actions. The Basin Plan identified beneficial uses in Richardson Bay such as navigation and recreational activities. The Bay’s wetlands also support aquatic life and provide opportunities for shellfish harvesting, so the Basin Plan includes water control objectives measures necessary to protect those uses. For example, the Basin Plan includes specific objectives to address high levels of mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and coliform. Richardson Bay is listed by the US EPA as an impaired water body for chlordane (a pesticide), coliform bacteria, DDT (a pesticide), Dieldrin (a pesticide), dioxin-containing compounds, furan-containing compounds, invasive species, mercury and PCBs. On December 18, 2009, the US EPA approved a Basin Plan amendment incorporating TMDLs for Richardson Bay and

5 San Francisco Bay RWQCB, 2013. San Francisco Bay Basin (Region 2) Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan), latest version May 4, 2017. 6 State Water Resources Control Board, 1995, Water Quality Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California, as Adopted by Resolution No. 95-84 on November 16, 1995.

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including an implementation plan to control pollutant sources and achieve needed reductions. The amendment was formerly adopted by the San Francisco Bay Water Board and the SWRCB. The Richardson Bay TMDL examines water quality issues, identifies sources of contamination, and specifies actions to restore the health of the Bay. Among the identified responsible parties, the City of Sausalito is designated to implement and track certain measures. For addressing pathogens, these include improving its sanitary sewer systems as well as improving, implementing, and monitoring a local stormwater management plan.

Bay Conservation and Development Commission The Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) is a planning and regulatory agency with regional authority over the San Francisco Bay, the Bay’s shoreline, and the Suisun March. Under the McAteer-Petris Act, BCDC has original jurisdiction over development that occurs in the Bay (including all sloughs and marshlands between high tide and five feet above mean sea level, tidelands, and submerged lands) and lands within 100 feet of the Bay shoreline. The agency is responsible to ensure continued public access to the Bay shoreline and minimize fill. To achieve its statutory objectives and policies, the agency issues permits and conditions land use development. In 1984, the BCDC adopted the Richardson Bay Special Area Plan7 in order to provide uniform policies for the five local governments that have jurisdiction over its waters and shoreline (Marin County, and Cities of Sausalito, Mill Valley, Tiburon, and Belvedere). These policies address natural resources such as aquatic and wildlife resources, water quality, and habitat enhancement, as well as public use issues such as navigation channels and marinas, dredging and spoils disposal, residential vessels, and public access and views.

Association of Bay Area Governments Hazard Mitigation Plan The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) developed a multi-jurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) to address and mitigate the natural hazards that affect the San Francisco Bay Area. 8 The LHMP was intended to serve as a catalyst for dialogue on the needed public policies. The LHMP was reviewed and approved by FEMA in March 2011. The City of Sausalito has not adopted the LMHP. The LHMP identified nine natural hazards related to two broad events, earthquakes and weather, which affect the Bay Area. The plan’s findings and recommendations are based on the region’s history the State’s Hazard Mitigation Plan. Generally, Bay Area communities are impacted by surfacing faulting, ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis; or flooding, wildfires, drought, and climate

7 Bay Conservation and Development Commission, Richardson Bay Special Area Plan. 1984. Available at http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/reports/RichardsonBaySpecialAreaPlan_Apr1984.pdf. 8 Association of Bay Area Governments 2011 Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Website: http://resilience.abag.ca.gov/2011mitigation/.

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change. As part of ABAG’s process to identify hazards, the agency created a web site that provides access to 53 hazard maps. The Plan suggests local jurisdictions commit to eight areas to address natural hazards and enhance local resiliency. These include infrastructure, health, housing, economy, government services, education, environment, and land use systems. Within each area, the LHMP offers implementation strategies for mitigation to provide local context for potentially complex regional problems. For example, the LHMP includes mitigation actions that can be taken by local jurisdiction to mitigate hazards such as flooding, dam and levee failure, and tsunami. Strategies address all types of hazards known to the Bay Area. The LHMP generally categorizes strategies in terms of a locally taken action to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property. For example, the City of Sausalito may consider strategies to:

• Alleviate dependencies and vulnerabilities associated with infrastructure • Maintain and enhance its local emergency response and recovery capacity • Prioritize resources and designate responsive agencies or departments • Enhance communication and logistical systems to coordinate responses

Marin Municipal Water District The Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) provides the City of Sausalito with drinking water and related services.9 A five-member board of elected directors manages the MMWD operations and water rate setting. The Marin Municipal Water District Code provides the MMWD with authority to set water rates.10 Pursuant to the California Urban Water Management Planning Act, MMWD prepares an Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) to address water supply and demand every five years. In 2016, the MMWD updated its UWMP to address water quality and supply issues, capital improvements, and demand forecasting over the next 25 years. The UWMP reflects the State’s acknowledgement that water planning is best addressed at the local level. The UWMP further emphasizes MMWD’s commitment to implementing conservation measures as well as water efficiency and recycling programs to reduce consumption.11

9 Marin Municipal Water District. Website: https://www.marinwater.org/27/About. Accessed October 19, 2017. 10 Marin Municipal Water District Code. Marin, California. Website: https://www.marinwater.org /231/District-Code, accessed October 19, 2017. 11 Marin Municipal Water District. Website: Urban Water Management Plan, 2015 Update. June 2016. http://marinwater.org/DocumentCenter/View/3828. Accessed October 19, 2017.

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Marin County Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program A joint effort of Marin’s cities, towns and unincorporated areas, Marin County Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program (MCSTOPPP) was established in 1993 to prevent stormwater pollution; protect and enhance water quality in creeks and wetlands; and preserve beneficial uses of local waterways. MCSTOPPP is administered by the Marin County Flood Control and Water Conservation District and staffed by Marin County Department of Public Works employees. Countywide MCSTOPPP staff enforce permit compliance, track stormwater regulations, and document local and countywide permit compliance efforts in annual reports to the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. Member agencies implement a local stormwater pollution prevention program and funds the countywide MCSTOPPP.

Richardson Bay Regional Agency The Richardson Bay Regional Agency (RBRA) is a Joint Powers Agency formed by the County of Marin and the Cities of Belvedere, Mill Valley, Sausalito, and Tiburon in 1985 to provide for local control of the anchorage areas of Richardson Bay and Belvedere Cove. RBRA administers specific rules governing the anchoring and mooring of transient vessels in order to implement the policies contained in the Richardson Bay Special Area Plan. RBRA also conducts regular beach clean-ups along the public shoreline utilizing volunteers from the Community Service Program of Marin. In 2017, the City of Sausalito severed ties with the RBRA in order to pursue its own enforcement of anchorage areas and water management.

City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan The 1995 Sausalito General Plan Health and Safety Element identifies the following objective and policies related to water quality:

• Minimize the Impact of Natural and Man-Made Hazards on Humans and Property. Objective HS-1.0: Minimize the potential for loss of life, injury, damage to property, economic and social dislocation and unusual public expense due to natural and man-made hazards. • Flooding. Policy HS-1.3: Protect all existing and future structures, and their occupants, from the threat of potential flooding. • Tsunami. Policy HS-1.3.2: Zoning ordinance (tsunami hazards). Continue to review the effects of tsunamis on parcels that have an elevation of 20 feet of less above Mean Lower Low Water level datum through the environmental review process. • Shoreline Safety. Policy HS-1.4: Minimize the potential for personal injury and damage to shoreline property from waves and flooding. • Engage in Disaster Planning. Objective HS-2.0: Ensure appropriate disaster preparedness planning and response.

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• Emergency Preparedness. Policy HS-2.1: Ensure that the City, its citizens, businesses and services are prepared for an effective response and recovery in the event of emergencies or disasters.

The Environmental Quality Element of the General Plan includes the following objective and policies related to water quality:

• Conserve Natural Resources. Objective EQ-3.0: Conserve natural resources and enhance the quality of the environment with appreciation for the history of the area and archeological factors. • Water Quality. Policy EQ-3.4: Improve the water quality in Richardson Bay and San Francisco Bay consistent with all pertinent Health and Water Quality regulations. • Bay Waters. Policy EQ-3.5: Preserve and enhance the open waters of Richardson and San Francisco Bays. • Water Conservation. Policy EQ-3.12: Promote and encourage water conservation measures to assure that an adequate supply of high quality water is available for local residents.

The Environmental Quality Element also provides guidance for water conservation by requiring compliances with the Marin Municipal Water District regulations for landscaping plans and irrigation. The Land Use and Growth Management Element of the General Plan includes the following policies related to water quality:

• Water Circulation Patterns. Policy LU-4.8 Support the maintenance and enhancement of the existing circulation patterns of the water in Richardson Bay. • Marin City. Policy LU-6.2 Preserve the ridgeline and hillsides of the Marin City area as a physical and visual community separator, watershed and as an area of wildlife habitat and vegetational variety. • Richardson Bay Shoreline. Policy LU-6.5 Preserve the existing shoreline of Richardson Bay as open shoreline and natural habitat. • Adequacy of Facilities. Policy LU-7.2 Allow construction to proceed for only those projects that demonstrate the availability of adequate potable water, sewer, septic leach fields and storm drainage.

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Sausalito Municipal Code Chapter 8.43, Floodplain Management This revised chapter provides updated flood hazard maps for Sausalito and Marin County.12 The maps were completed in 2016 and available to the public. In Sausalito, the City’s Engineer serves as the City’s Floodplain Administrator. Pursuant to city regulations, the City Floodplain Administrator is responsible for review of permit applications to ensure the proposed development is reasonably safe from flooding and that it would not increase the flood risk in the area. Chapter 8.48, Floodplain Management This section describes methods for reducing losses due to floods such as restricting uses that could pose risk to health, safety, and property due to water or erosion hazards; requiring that uses and facilities that are vulnerable to floods incorporate flood damage protection at the time of initial construction; controlling actions, such as filling, grading, and dredging, that may increase flood damage, or actions, such as alteration of stream channels and construction of barriers, that can divert flood water and therefore increase flood hazards in other areas. Chapter 11.17, Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Ordinance The Ordinance is intended to prevent or minimize water pollution from run off attributed to storm drains.13 The Ordinance calls for reducing, preventing, controlling, and responding to spills to the maximum extent practicable. For example, construction site operates are required to implement best management practices on-site controls such as scheduling and timing of grading activities, revegetation of graded areas, using hydro-seed and mulches to stabilize slopes, and control blankets. As another example, newly developed or redeveloped lands are required to maintain pre-development storm water runoff rates and prevent storm water pollution where possible through low impact development design. Chapter 11.18, Regulatory Fee for Clean Storm Water Activities This section is intended to protect and enhance the water quality of watercourses, water bodies, and wetlands in a manner consistent with the Clean Water Act. It establishes a funding source for urban runoff pollution prevention ordinance enforcement; maintenance, repair, and improvement of storm water drainage facilities; and provide other clean storm water activities.

12 City of Sausalito Department of Public Works, Engineering Division. Sea Level Rise and FEMA Flood Insurance. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/departments/public-works/engineering- division/sea-level-rise-and-fema-flood-insurance. 13 Sausalito Municipal Code. Website: http://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Sausalito/.

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Chapter 18.12 Sewers This section regulates connections and discharge to the City’s sanitary sewer system. The ordinance specifically prohibits the discharge of toxic substances including cooking grease, waste automotive radiator coolant, explosive mixtures, radioactive wastes and solid or viscous wastes which may cause obstruction to the flow in a sewer pipeline.

Existing Conditions

RICHARDSON BAY WATERSHED A watershed is an area of land where all of the streams and the rain drain into a common outlet such as a reservoir or mouth of a bay. Generally, a watershed is comprised of surface water (lakes, streams, reservoirs, and wetlands) and all the underlying ground water.14 Sausalito is located within the Richardson Bay Watershed. Richardson Bay and its immediate upland area provide an environment for a wide range of aquatic and wildlife species. Richardson Bay’s general orientation provides shelter from strong winds, waves, and tides. Richardson Bay is an area of high value for fish that spend part of their life in the ocean and part in an estuary, and for sea birds and migratory waterfowl, as a refuge during winter storms. Because of its close proximity to the greater San Francisco Bay, it hosts diverse habitats generally classified as: marine, estuarine, and subtidal channel and basin water areas; tidal and diked marshes; rocky shore, sandy-pebble beaches, mudflat, and artificial structure shorelines; and upland areas. The upper slopes and ridges of the watershed, in the Mt. Tamalpais area, are largely protected from development, but the remaining of the watershed area is developed with residential and commercial areas.15 According to the California Department of Water Resources, there is no groundwater basin in the Sausalito area.16 Richardson Bay is part of the San Francisco Bay system. Richardson Bay is situated in southern Marin County and is the subject of five local government jurisdictions: Marin County and the cities of Sausalito, Mill Valley, Tiburon, and Belvedere, as does the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission. Richardson Bay is recognized for its pristine qualities and located on the Pacific Flyway, an important refuge for thousands of migrating waterfowl. Because of its shallow waters, many acres of mudflats are exposed at low tide providing important feeding areas for shorebirds and habitat for algae and small

14 US Geological Survey. The USGS Water Science School. Website: https://water.usgs.gov/edu/ watershed.html. 15 Marin County Watershed Program. Richardson Bay Watershed. Website: http://www.marinwater sheds.org/richardson_bay.html. 16 California Department of Water Resources. SGM Sustainable Groundwater Management. Website: http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/sgm/basin_boundaries.cfm.

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crustaceans. Moreover, Richardson Bay is one of the few areas in the San Francisco Bay system in which harbor seals reside. The majority of Richardson Bay’s open water is estuarine. Estuaries provide a rich habitat for aquatic vegetation and wildlife. For example, large eelgrass beds, rare in San Francisco Bay, flourish in Richardson Bay and provide a major source of detritus, a primary food source in the Bay’s ecological food chain. In addition, herring, an important commercial fish, attach their eggs to the eelgrass leaves during the spawning season.

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS Clean estuarine water provides opportunities for recreational activities such as swimming, wading, wind surfing, fishing, and shellfish harvesting. In addition, shoreline recreational activities such as hiking, bicycling, and picnicking are far more enjoyable when water is unimpaired with visible signs of water pollution. The measurement of water quality is highly complex. Standards for drinking water and other types of water uses are set by the SWRCB. These include both bacterial and bio-chemical. The most commonly used bacterial standards are those for coliform and E. coli bacteria.17 A numeric target for pathogens was established by the SWRCB when it created the Richardson Bay TMDL in 2008. The SWRCB’s adopted a resolution that provides a target in terms of the density of organisms per 100 milliliter sample.18 The Resolution specifies that periodic sampling must demonstrate a density of less than 14 organisms per 100 milliliters (mL), with no more than 10 percent of water sampling exceeding 43 organisms per 100 mL in a 30-day period. Recent sampling indicates that water quality in Richardson Bay fails to meet the standard. As described above, the Richardson Bay TMDL for pathogens includes an implementation plan to control pollutant sources and achieve needed reductions. Specific actions for the City of Sausalito in this regard include improving its sanitary sewer systems as well as improving, implementing, and monitoring a local stormwater management plan. The most recent Marin County Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program (MCSTOPPP) Annual Report identified Richardson Bay as exceeding coliform bacteria water quality standards. The report includes monitoring and reporting data at 16 sites.19 Sampling indicated two sites exceeded the coliform standards in the dry season and three sites in the wet season. Only one site exceeded the E. coli standards in the dry season, and three sites in the wet season.

17 San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. Water Quality Control Plan. 1995 at page 3–2. 18 State Water Resources Control Board. Resolution No. 2009-0063. Available at https://www.water boards.ca.gov/board_decisions/adopted_orders/resolutions/2009/rs2009_0063.pdf. 19 Appendix G-2: Richardson Bay regional Agency. Richardson Bay Water Quality Testing Results.

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Stormwater runoff is the principal source of pollution entering surface and ground waters in the San Francisco Bay region.20 Typical pollutants include oil leaking from cars or trucks; paint or paint products; leave or yard waste; pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers from yards and gardens; solvents and household chemicals; animal wastes, litter, or sewer leakage; and construction debris such as fresh concrete, mortar, or cement. To address these sources, the City of Sausalito’s Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program targets construction and new development to retain runoff on-site and implement certain measures. The City’s Stormwater Ordinance incorporates low impact development principles as conditions for permitting purposes. The City Engineer, Stormwater Coordinator, and Planning Department provide recommendations and monitoring. Concerns have been raised about water pollution from sewage dumped by live-aboard and houseboat residents. Many liveaboard and houseboat residents pay to have their bathroom holding tanks pumped, although a free mobile sewer service funded by the Richardson’s Bay Regional Agency is also available. While there are also concerns about damage to eel grass from dragging boat keels, a recent study by the San Francisco Bay Subtidal Habitat Goals Project showed eel grass coverage in Richardson Bay increased from 13 acres in 1987 to 670 acres in 2009.21

HAZARDS IMPACTING HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY Sausalito is situated at a point where the Marin Headlands meet Richardson Bay. The resulting topography creates a sharp gradient that extends down to the City waterfront. In this context, the low-lying and unprotected coastal areas of the community are subject to flooding from extreme weather events, storm surges, exceptional high tides, and sea level rise. Inadequate drainage and land subsidence also contribute to the problem of flooding.

Flood Risk As shown on Exhibit HYDRO-1, the 2016 updated FEMA Flood Insurance Maps designate the City’s entire shoreline as Special Flood Hazard areas (areas with high risk of flooding).22 Exhibit HYDRO-1 shows the “100-year coastal flood,” which refers to a flooding event that statistically has a one percent chance of occurring in any given year.23 In addition, adjacent to the northwest corner of the City, a portion of Marin City (mostly enclosed between

20 San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, 2003. Final Staff Report, Water Quality Protection and Nonpoint Source Pollution Control in San Francisco Bay, page 1. 21 Peter Fimrite, “As more ‘anchor-outs’ live on SF Bay, tension mounts on land,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 2017. 22 City of Sausalito. Sea Level Rise and FEMA Flood Insurance. Available at http://www.sausalito.gov /departments/public-works/engineering-division/sea-level-rise-and-fema-flood-insurance. 23 US Geological Survey. The USGS Water Science School. Available at https://water.usgs.gov/edu/100 yearflood.html.

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Highway 1 and Donahue Street) is shown as having a moderate flood risk.24, 25 Remaining portions of the city are located at higher elevations where the risk of flooding is relatively low.26 Wind wave action in the Richardson Bay can also result in flooding hazard. The City’s 1995 General Plan discussed the need to cooperate with the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) and explore options and possible mitigation approaches to reduce flooding by wind wave hazards. Flooding causes impacts to physical property, roadway access, and City infrastructure such as underground utility lines. Damage is usually assessed in terms of depth, duration, and timing of the flood as well as the number of people and properties effected. Therefore, the risk of flooding can be expressed as the expected economic damage per year (dollar/year). Tidal flooding also poses environmental pollution risks due to bay waters spilling onto roadways and draining into neighboring properties. As tidal water recede, a variety of substances are deposited. For example, flood waters in the Marinship carries with it contaminates like nitrogen from fertilizers; herbicides and insecticides, from uphill residential areas and city parks; or oil and other toxic chemicals from urban runoff and the nearby freeway. Furthermore, tidal flooding creates potential health hazards from defective sewer and storm drain systems.

Sea Level Rise As part of the City’s General Plan Update process, a technical report was prepared by Mott- MacDonald to review and summary of projected sea level rise (SLR).27 The report is intended to provide the City with a general overview of estimated projections that may be used to address issues associated with flood and storm events. As the process moves forward, further reports will be produced for each element of the General Plan that explores SLR that describes conditions and provides policy direction. Projections for sea level rise along the greater San Francisco Bay Area shoreline range from 0.14-0.97 feet by 2030 to 0.40-1.99 feet by 2050, and 1.39-5.46 feet by 2100. These projections are becoming increasingly important for local coastal planning and resiliency. This issue bears relevancy to the City’s land use planning process, infrastructure investments, and roadways improvements. In the future, the City will need to consider the interrelated land use and development criteria, as well as strategic planning priorities. Addressing SLR

24 FEMA National Flood Insurance Program. Marin County, California, Panel 507 of 531, Map Number 06041C0507E. March 16, 2016. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id= 17803. 25 FEMA National Flood Insurance Program. Marin County, California, Panel 526 of 531, Map Number 06041C0526E. March 16, 2016. Website: http://www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id= 17802. 26 City of Sausalito. 1995 General Plan Health and Safety Element. Available at http://www.sausa lito.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=4036. 27 Mott MacDonald, M-Group. Sea Level Rise in Sausalito: Overview of Potential Impacts to the Waterfront. October 3, 2017.

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along the shoreline may create inherent conflicts with existing development standards, such as view-shed preservation. Several municipalities and regulatory agencies in the San Francisco Bay Area have adopted various estimates of sea level rise for use in planning and engineering. In the vicinity of Sausalito, Marin County has two sea level rise assessment projects: C-SMART along the coast and BayWAVE along the bay. Sausalito is within the Marin Bay Waterfront Adaptation Vulnerability Evaluation (BayWAVE) project area. The BayWAVE project evaluates 100-year storm scenarios with SLR scenarios to demonstrate the amplifying effects of storm waves in sea level rise flooding predictions. These projections estimate sea level rise of 0.83 feet by 2030, 1.67 feet by 2050, and 5.0 feet by 2100. The Mott-MacDonald report found that measured relative sea levels in the San Francisco area have increased at a rate of approximately 0.2 mm (0.008 inch) per year, and this rate is expected to increase in the future.28 Another report further identified affected areas, a majority of Sausalito waterfront properties.29 For example, Clipper Properties and areas along Gate 5 Road would be particularly affected. In Sausalito, specifically the Marinship neighborhood, subsidence is likely to play a significant role in local sea level rise and impacted areas.

Subsidence Land subsidence refers to the motion of the earth’s surface as it shifts downward relative to sea level. The causes of subsidence include seasonal effects such as the expansion and contraction of soils affected by changes in moisture content; depletion of underlying ground water; seismic faulting; or the extraction of natural gas or minerals. In Sausalito, areas created by fill, such as Marinship, may experience subsidence over a period of years. In turn, subsidence can intensify flooding and the effects of sea level rise. Subsidence presents an on-going issue for numerous structures and infrastructure in Sausalito. For example, the City documented parts of Marinship, particularly the north end, are settling at a rate of between ½ and ¾ inches per year.30 Similarly, infrastructure has sunk as the ground settled. Local building occupants have also measured a gradual sinking over the years. The most dramatic evidence of subsidence is the stairways at the north and south entrances to the ICB Building, formerly the Mold Loft. At the time of construction, the

28 Mott MacDonald, M-Group. Sea Level Rise in Sausalito: Overview of Potential Impacts to the Waterfront. October 3, 2017. 29 City of Sausalito. Sausalito Waterfront and Marinship Vision. Waterfront and Marinship Committee. 2010. Available at http://www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id=6426. 30 City of Sausalito. Sausalito Waterfront and Marinship Vision. Waterfront and Marinship Committee. 2010. Available at http://www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id=6426.

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building entrances were level with the ground surface. Now the entrances require a six foot high staircase.

Tsunami A tsunami is a series of large, long period sea waves generated by seismic activity.31 The coastal low-lying portions of Sausalito, portions of the low-lying plain along Richardson Bay, and most of the area east of Bridgeway are subject to the risk of tsunami inundation. For example, a 7.5-foot tsunami wave hit the San Francisco Bay which resulted from the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. Within Richardson Bay, the tsunami rose about 3.75 feet and caused damage in Sausalito harbors. The Sausalito Police Department has responsibility to prepare for and respond to natural disasters. The Police Department administers the Sausalito Emergency Operations-Disaster Preparedness Program which coordinates disaster response and provides information and training to city departments and citizens, including information on how to identify areas at risk of tsunamis, how to prepare for a tsunami, and appropriate actions to take after a tsunami has struck.

Levees and Dams The Marin County Flood Control District maintains one levee in the immediate vicinity of Sausalito, approximately one mile-long, extending east of Highway 101 and runs parallel to the roadway. The levee ends south of the intersection at Shoreline Highway and Highway 101, near the community of Manzanita.32 The levee was constructed by the USACE in the 1960s to provide protection from tidal action and flooding and responsibility for maintenance was subsequently released to the Marin County Flood Control District for operations and maintenance. The levee is periodically inspected, most recently in September 2010.33 Available records indicate that the levee received a minimally acceptable inspection. Nevertheless, tidal flooding does cause closure of the Shoreline Highway, the CalTrans Manzanita Park-and-Ride lot, and the Mill Valley-Sausalito Pathway. Alpine Dam is an arched concrete gravity structure located approximately 10 miles northwest of Sausalito. The dam was built in 1917 to create a reservoir and provide flood control. The Marin Municipal Water District owns and operates the dam, providing its customers with clean, affordable water from a reservoir. According to State records, the

31 City of Sausalito. 1995. General Plan Health and Safety Element. Available at http://www.sausa lito.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=4036. 32 Conservation Biology Institute Data Basin. San Francisco Bay Levees. Website: https://databasin. org/datasets/ed05b99c85e94df5befb6e619847e378. 33 US Army Corps of Engineers. National Levee Database. Available at http://nld.usace.army.mil/ egis/f?p=471:1:.

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dam is 143 feet high with a crest length of 524 feet. The reservoir’s capacity is approximately 8,892 acre-feet. The State requires “emergency action plans” (EAP) for dams located upstream of areas where more than 1,000 people reside. An EAP is a formal document that identifies potential emergency conditions at a dam. The EAP further specifies actions that must take place to minimize loss of life and property damage. In July 2017, the Division of Safety of Dams notified MMWD that it must update and submit an EAP for Alpine Dam by January 2018. The California Department of Water Resources designated the downstream hazard as “extremely high” but a 2017 assessment report lists the dam’s condition as “satisfactory.”34 In the event of a failure, the outflow from Alpine Lake will flow into Kent Lake, located 1.5 miles downstream, and pass through the spillway at Peters Dam. If the Peter Dam spillway were to subsequently fail, outflow will continue downstream and empty into Tomales Bay. As such, Sausalito is not at risk of inundation in the event of failure of the Alpine Dam.

APPROACHES TO MITIGATION Approaches to mitigating the risk associated with flooding, seal level rise, subsidence, tsunami and levee or dam failure can include the use of natural features or structural engineering. Bay lands and tidal marshes, including wetlands, often provide the first line of defense to flooding. The effective buffers that these natural features create serve to dampen tidal energy thereby lowering wave heights, erosive forces, and ability to cause damage along the shoreline. Available guidance suggests that a natural feature’s effectiveness to mitigate flood risks largely depends on specific characteristics to a project location, design, and its relation to the shoreline.35 A local agency must also consider the public benefits and detriments increasing or restoring habitat, such as wetlands. For example, habitat restoration is resource intensive and not likely to yield immediate, short-term benefits. In areas with no land buffer, traditional engineering approaches may be appropriate. These may include levees and sea walls to manage risks; however, the cost and complexity of these strategies is such regional collaboration is required for implementation. At the local level, proper drainage and runoff control are important for controlling the potential for soil instability (which could result in landslides), erosion control, and flooding at hillside developments. The City’s 1995 General Plan Health and Safety Element contain guidelines for lot grading and stormdrain collection systems in order to minimize these

34 California Department of Water Resources. Jurisdictional Dams. 2017. Available at http://www.water.ca.gov/damsafety/docs/Dams%20by%20Dam%20Name_Sept%202017.pdf. 35 See, e.g. BCDC Policies for a Rising Bay. Available at http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/prb/Policies-for-a- Rising-Bay.pdf.

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hazards. For example, grading of new lots should be done at minimum of 2 percent, and water from impervious surfaces should be collected and piped into the stormdrain system.36

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• The City has identified, prioritized and begun implementing 32 capital improvement projects needed to modernize the sanitary sewer system. These improvements will help prevent leakage from the system that can result in water pollution, as identified in the Richardson Bay Special Area Plan. Consider revised or additional policies to emphasize the importance of improvements to the sanitary and storm sewer systems for local water quality with policies and programs. • Explore regional collaboration opportunities to address coastal hazards due to the complexity of the issues and the high cost of solutions to address them. • Explore regional hazard mitigation planning initiatives for strategies and actions that Sausalito could pursue in order to address local hazards, including flooding, coastal erosion, and tsunamis. • Explore opportunities to update the stormwater policy framework in the General Plan to ensure that it reflects the latest best practices and applicable regulatory requirements. • General Plans are designed to operate over a 20-year time horizon. Sea level rise policies that may be considered within the current General Plan Update should be implementable and responsive to sea level rise impacts within this timeframe. However, sea level rise is a global force that will continue to be an issue beyond the timeframe of the General Plan Update. Therefore, explore policies that prepare the community for the next set of steps to respond to sea level rise beyond 2040. • Sea level rise projection scenarios indicate that Sausalito’s waterfront stands to be substantially impacted. SB 379 requires the General Plan Safety Element to address climate adaptation and resiliency strategies applicable to the City. Utilize the best available data to develop feasible implementation measures to address this critical issue in the General Plan Update. • Explore policies and programs to address deferred maintenance, which exacerbates water quality issues (e.g. storm drains that leak contaminated flow into the Bay). Explore water quality data that may be held by the SF Baykeeper and incorporate as necessary into the General Plan Update. Keefe Kaplan Marine has taken actions to prevent water pollution, which could potentially inform the General Plan Update.

36 City of Sausalito. 1995. General Plan Health and Safety Element. Website: http://www.sausa lito.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=4036.

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APPENDICES

HYDRO-1. Flood Hazard Areas

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APPENDIX HYDRO-1. FLOOD HAZARD AREAS

Legend

Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence Flood Zone An area inundated by 1% annual chance flooding, for which Base Flood Elevations have been determined. An area inundated by 1% annual chance flooding with velocity hazard (wave action); BFEs have been determined.

Source: FEMA, 2017 ° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE HYDRO-1 FLOOD HAZARD AREAS CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions: Noise City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Noise ...... 177 Noise Fundamentals ...... 177 Noise Descriptors ...... 178 Tone Noise ...... 179 Noise Propagation ...... 179 Ground Absorption ...... 180 Traffic Noise Prediction ...... 180 Noise Attenuation ...... 180 Noise Barriers ...... 181 Setbacks ...... 181 Site Design ...... 181 Building Facades ...... 181 Vibration Descriptors ...... 183 Vibration Perception ...... 183 Vibration Propagation ...... 183 Construction-Related Noise Level Prediction ...... 184 Construction-Related Vibration Level Prediction ...... 184 Regulatory Framework ...... 186 Federal Regulations ...... 187 State Regulations ...... 187 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 188 Environmental Setting ...... 193 Existing Noise Conditions ...... 194 Roadways ...... 194 Airport Operations ...... 194 Stationary Noise Sources ...... 194 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 195 Appendices ...... 196

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NOISE

In an urban environment, noise is a part of everyday life. Excessive noise, however, is an annoyance and at elevated levels can even disrupt sleep, cause stress and tension, or interfere with other aspects of day-to-day life. As such, the adverse effects of noise on the community need to be considered during site planning in order to protect public health and the quality of life. The 1995 Sausalito General Plan addresses noise primarily in the Health and Safety Element, but also in the Environmental Quality Element through policies and programs designed to minimize excessive noise levels throughout the City. This report describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to noise sources and the overall noise environment in Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan update process.

NOISE FUNDAMENTALS Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound becomes unwanted when it interferes with normal activities, when it causes actual physical harm, or when it has adverse effects on health. Sound is produced by the vibration of sound pressure waves in the air. Sound pressure levels are used to measure the intensity of sound and are described in terms of decibels. The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that expresses the ratio of the sound pressure level being measured to a standard reference level. The 0 point on the dB scale is based on the lowest sound level that the healthy, unimpaired human ear can detect. A-weighted decibels (dBA) approximate the subjective response of the human ear to a broad frequency noise source by discriminating against very low and very high frequencies of the audible spectrum. The A-weighted decibel (dBA) scale is adjusted to reflect only those frequencies that are audible to the human ear. Noise sources can emit a broad spectrum of noise levels that vary in intensity. A list of A-Weighted noise levels associated with common noise sources is listed in Table NOI-1. Because decibels are logarithmic units, they cannot be added or subtracted by ordinary arithmetic means. For example, if one noise source produces a noise level of 70 dB, the addition of another noise source with the same noise level would not produce 140 dB; rather, they would combine to produce a noise level of 73 dB. This is because each doubling of sound sources with equal strength increases the noise level by approximately 3 dBA.

TABLE NOI-1: TYPICAL A-WEIGHTED NOISE LEVELS NOISE LEVEL INDOOR NOISE SOURCE (DBA) OUTDOOR NOISE SOURCES

(Threshold of Hearing in Laboratory) 0 —

Library 30 Quiet Rural Nighttime

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NOISE LEVEL INDOOR NOISE SOURCE (DBA) OUTDOOR NOISE SOURCES

Refrigerator Humming 40 Quiet Suburban Nighttime

Quiet Office 50 Quiet Urban Daytime

Normal Conversation at 3 feet 60 Normal Conversation at 3 feet

Vacuum Cleaner at 10 feet 70 Gas Lawn Mower at 100 feet

Hair Dryer at 1 foot 80 Freight Train at 50 feet

Food Blender at 3 feet 90 Heavy-duty Truck at 50 feet

Inside Subway Train (New York) 100 Jet Takeoff at 2,000 feet

Smoke Detector Alarm at 3 feet 110 Unmuffled Motorcycle

Rock Band near stage 120 Chainsaw at 3 feet

— 130 Military Jet Takeoff at 50 feet

— 140 (Threshold of Pain)

Inside Subway Train (New York) 100 Jet Takeoff at 2,000 feet

Source: FirstCarbon Solutions, 2014.

NOISE DESCRIPTORS Noise equivalent sound levels are not measured directly but are calculated from sound pressure levels typically measured in A-weighted decibels (dBA). The equivalent sound level

(Leq) represents a steady-state sound level containing the same total energy as a time-varying signal over a given sample period. The peak traffic hour Leq is the noise metric used by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for traffic noise impact analyses.

The Day-Night Average Level (Ldn) is the weighted average of the intensity of a sound, with corrections for time of day and averaged over 24 hours. The time of day corrections require the addition of 10 decibels to sound levels at night between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m. While the

Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) is similar to the Ldn, it uses the addition of 5 decibels to sound levels during the evening hours between 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. These additions are made to the sound levels at these periods because, compared with daytime hours, there is a decrease in the ambient noise levels during the evening and nighttime hours, which creates an increase in sensitivity to sounds. For this reason, sound seems louder in the evening and nighttime hours and is weighted accordingly. Due to the additional evening penalty CNEL values are always higher than Ldn values; however, the difference is usually between 0 and 1 dB.

Other noise rating scales of importance include the maximum noise level (Lmax), which is the highest exponential time-averaged sound level that occurs during a stated time period.

Noise environments discussed in terms of maximum levels are typically denoted by Lmax and

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are designated for short-term noise impacts. Lmax reflects peak operating conditions and addresses the annoying aspects of intermittent noise.

Noise standards in terms of percentile exceedance levels, Ln, are often used together with

Lmax for noise enforcement purposes. When specified, the percentile exceedance levels are not to be exceeded by an offending sound over a stated time period. For example, the L10 noise level represents the level exceeded 10 percent of the time during a stated period. The

L50 noise level represents the median noise level (which means that the noise level exceeds the L50 noise level half of the time, and is less than this level half of the time). The L90 noise level represents the noise level exceeded 90 percent of the time and is considered the lowest noise level experienced during a monitoring period. The L90 noise level is normally referred to as the background noise level. For a relatively steady noise, the measured Leq and L50 are approximately the same.

TONE NOISE A pure tone noise is a noise produced at a single frequency, and laboratory tests have shown that humans are more perceptible to changes in noise levels of a pure tone. For a noise source to contain a "pure tone," there must be a significantly higher A-weighted sound energy in a given frequency band than in the neighboring bands, thereby causing the noise source to "stand out" against other noise sources. A pure tone occurs if the sound pressure level in the one-third octave band exceeds the average of the sound pressure levels of the two contiguous one-third octave bands by 5 dB for center frequencies of 500 hertz (Hz) and above; by 8 dB for center frequencies between 160 and 400 Hz; and by 15 dB for center frequencies of 125 Hz or less.

NOISE PROPAGATION From the noise source to the receiver, noise changes both in its intensity and frequency spectrum. The most obvious is the decrease in noise as the distance from the source increases. The manner in which noise reduces with distance depends on whether the source is a point or line source, ground absorption, atmospheric effects and refraction, and shielding by natural and man-made features. Sound from point sources such as air conditioning condensers radiate uniformly outward as it travels away from the source in a spherical pattern. The noise drop-off rate associated with this geometric spreading is 6 dBA per each doubling of the distance (dBA/DD). However, in order for the point source drop-off rate to provide accurate results, the nearest receiver needs to be placed a minimum distance away from the source that is greater than double the width of the noise source. Transportation noise sources such as roadways are typically analyzed as line sources, since at any given moment the receiver may be impacted by noise from multiple vehicles at various locations along the roadway. Because of the geometry of a line source, the noise drop-off rate associated with the geometric spreading of a line source is 3 dBA/DD.

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GROUND ABSORPTION The sound drop-off rate is highly dependent on the conditions of the land between the noise source and receiver. To account for this ground-effect attenuation (absorption), two types of site conditions are commonly used in traffic noise models: soft-site and hard-site conditions. Soft-site conditions account for the sound propagation loss over natural surfaces such as normal earth and ground vegetation. For point sources, a drop-off rate of 7.5 dBA/DD is typically observed over soft ground with landscaping, compared with a 6.0 dBA/DD drop-off rate over hard ground such as asphalt, concrete, stone, and very hard packed earth. For line sources, a 4.5 dBA/DD is typically observed for soft-site conditions compared with the 3.0 dBA/DD drop-off rate for hard-site conditions. Caltrans research has shown that the use of soft-site conditions is more appropriate for the application of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) traffic noise prediction model used in noise analysis.

TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION The level of traffic noise depends on the three primary factors: (1) the volume of the traffic, (2) the speed of the traffic, and (3) the number of trucks in the flow of traffic. Generally, the loudness of traffic noise is increased by heavier traffic volumes, higher speeds, and a larger number of trucks. Vehicle noise is a combination of the noise produced by the engine, exhaust, and tires. Because of the logarithmic nature of traffic noise levels, a doubling of the traffic volume (assuming that the speed and truck mix do not change) results in a noise level increase of 3 dBA. Based on the FHWA community noise assessment criteria, this change is "barely perceptible."1 For reference, a doubling of perceived noise levels would require an increase of approximately 10 dBA. The truck mix on a given roadway also has an effect on community noise levels. As the number of heavy trucks increases and becomes a larger percentage of the vehicle mix, adjacent noise levels increase.

NOISE ATTENUATION Noise-related land use issues are typically composed of three basic elements: (1) the noise source, (2) a transmission path, and (3) a receiver. The appropriate acoustical treatment for a given project should consider the nature of the noise source and the sensitivity of the receiver. When the potential for noise-related problem is present, noise control techniques should be selected to provide an acceptable noise environment for the receiver while remaining consistent with local aesthetic standards and practical structural and economic limits. Fundamental noise control options are described below.

1 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2006. Highway Construction Noise Handbook. August.

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NOISE BARRIERS Noise barriers include solid fences, walls, berms, and other structures that serve to reduce noise levels from a noise source. Effective noise barriers can reduce noise levels by 10 to 15 dBA, cutting the loudness of traffic noise in half. For a noise barrier to work, it must be high enough and long enough to block the view of a road. A noise barrier is most effective when placed close to the noise source or receiver. An effective noise barrier can typically achieve a 5-dBA noise level reduction when it is tall enough to break the line-of-sight. When the noise barrier is a berm instead of a wall, the noise attenuation can typically be increased by another 3 dBA.

SETBACKS Noise exposure may be reduced by increasing the setback distance between the noise source and the receiving use. Setback areas can take the form of open space, frontage roads, recreational areas, and storage yards. The available noise attenuation from this technique is limited by the characteristics of the noise source.

SITE DESIGN Buildings can be placed on a property to shield other structures or outdoor use areas affected by noise, and to prevent an increase in noise levels caused by reflections. The use of one building to shield another can significantly reduce overall noise control costs, particularly if the shielding structure is insensitive to noise. Site design should guard against creating reflecting surfaces that may increase on-site noise levels. For example, two buildings placed at an angle facing a noise source may cause noise levels within that angle to increase by up to 3 dBA. The open end of U-shaped buildings should point away from noise sources for the same reason. Landscaping walls or noise barriers located within a development may inadvertently reflect noise back to a noise- sensitive area. The location and orientation of noise barriers, buildings, and structural elements should be considered with the intent of minimizing acoustical reflections and maximizes acoustical shielding of noise-sensitive use.

BUILDING FACADES Certain uses—such as buildings where people sleep (residences, hotels, hospitals, etc.)—have a higher sensitivity to noise and thus typically require lower noise environments. When interior noise levels are of concern in a noisy environment, noise reduction may be obtained through acoustical design of building facades. Standard construction practices provide a noise reduction of 12 to 15 dBA for building facades with open windows, and a noise reduction of 20 to 25 dBA when windows are closed. Typical exterior-to-interior noise reduction values based on building type is shown in Table NOI-2. These estimates assume adequate ventilation

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systems, designed to building code standards, which allows windows facing a noise source to remain closed, even during periods of excessively warm weather.

TABLE NOI-2: NOISE REDUCTION AFFORDED BY COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION RANGE OF NOISE TYPE TYPICAL OCCUPANCY GENERAL DESCRIPTION REDUCTION (DB)1 1 Residential, Commercial, Wood frame, stucco or wood 15 to 20 Schools sheathing exterior. Interior drywall or plaster. Sliding glass windows, with windows partially open.

2 Same as 1 above Same as 1 above, but with windows 25 to 30 closed.

3 Commercial, Schools Same as 1 above, but with fixed 30 to 35 0.25-inch plate glass windows.

4 Commercial, Industrial Steel or concrete frame, curtain 30 to 40 wall, or masonry exterior wall. Fixed 0.25-inch plate glass windows.

Notes: 1 Range depends on the amount windows are open, degree of window seal, and glass area of windows. Source: Caltrans 2002: 7–37. Where greater noise reduction is required, acoustical treatment of the building facade may be necessary. Noise reduction treatments include providing acoustical glazing (e.g., thicker glass or increased air space between panes) within frames with low air infiltration rates, using fixed (non-movable) acoustical glazing, reducing the overall relative window area, or eliminating windows altogether. Noise transmitted through walls can be reduced by increasing wall mass (e.g., using stucco or brick in lieu of wood siding) or isolating wall members by using double or staggered stud walls, while noise transmitted through doorways can be lessened by reducing door area, using solid-core doors, or sealing door perimeters with suitable gaskets. Noise-reducing roof treatments include using plywood sheathing under roofing materials.

Groundborne Vibration Fundamentals Groundborne vibrations consist of rapidly fluctuating motions within the ground that have an average motion of zero. Vibrating objects in contact with the ground radiate vibration waves through various soil and rock strata to the foundations of nearby buildings. Although groundborne vibration can be felt outdoors, it is typically only an annoyance to people indoors where the associated effects of the shaking of a building can be notable. Groundborne noise is an effect of groundborne vibration and only exists indoors, since it is produced from noise radiated from the motion of the walls and floors of a room and may consist of the rattling of windows or dishes on shelves.

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VIBRATION DESCRIPTORS Several different methods are used to quantify vibration amplitude, such as the maximum instantaneous peak in the vibrations velocity, which is known as the peak particle velocity (PPV) or the root mean square (rms) amplitude of the vibration velocity. Because of the typically small amplitudes of vibrations, vibration velocity is often expressed in decibels; it is denoted as (Lv) and is based on the rms velocity amplitude. A commonly used abbreviation is "VdB," which in this text, is when Lv is based on the reference quantity of 1 microinch per second.

VIBRATION PERCEPTION Typically, developed areas are continuously affected by vibration velocities of 50 VdB or lower. These continuous vibrations are not noticeable to humans, whose threshold of perception is around 65 VdB. Common sources that may produce perceptible vibrations are construction equipment, steel-wheeled trains, and traffic on rough roads. Traffic on smooth roads rarely produces perceptible groundborne noise or vibration.

VIBRATION PROPAGATION The propagation of groundborne vibration is not as simple to model as airborne noise. This is because noise in the air travels through a relatively uniform medium, while groundborne vibrations travel through the earth, which may contain significant geological differences. There are three main types of vibration propagation: surface, compression, and shear waves. Surface waves, or Rayleigh waves, travel along the ground's surface. These waves carry most of their energy along an expanding circular wave front, similar to ripples produced by throwing a rock into a pool of water. P-waves, or compression waves, are body waves that carry their energy along an expanding spherical wave front. The particle motion in these waves is longitudinal (i.e., in a push-pull fashion). P-waves are analogous to airborne sound waves. S-waves, or shear waves, are also body waves that carry energy along an expanding spherical wave front, but unlike P-waves, the particle motion is transverse or side-to-side and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. All three types of vibration propagation result in earth movement that can be measured through the use of a vibration meter; however, a vibration meter captures only the amount of movement and cannot decipher between the different types of propagation. As vibration waves propagate from a source, the vibration energy decreases in a logarithmic nature, and the vibration levels typically decrease by 6 VdB per doubling of the distance from the vibration source. As stated above, this drop-off rate can vary greatly depending on the soil composition, but it has been shown to be effective enough for screening purposes, in order to identify potential vibration impacts that may need to be studied through actual field tests.

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CONSTRUCTION-RELATED NOISE LEVEL PREDICTION Construction is performed in discrete steps or phases, each of which has its own mix of equipment and, consequently, its own noise characteristics. Typical phases of construction include demolition, excavation, grading, and building construction. These various sequential phases would change the character of the noise generated on each construction site and, therefore, would change the noise levels as construction progresses. Despite the variety in the type and size of construction equipment, similarities in the dominant noise sources and patterns of operation allow construction related noise ranges to be categorized by work phase. Construction-period noise levels are higher than background ambient noise levels, but eventually cease once construction is complete. The FHWA has compiled noise measurement data regarding the noise generating characteristics of various types of construction equipment. Table NOI-3 provides a summary of these typical noise levels of construction equipment as measured at a distance of 50 feet from the operating equipment.

CONSTRUCTION-RELATED VIBRATION LEVEL PREDICTION Common sources of groundborne vibration include construction activities such as blasting, pile driving and operating heavy earthmoving equipment. In extreme cases, excessive groundborne vibration has the potential to cause structural damage to buildings. Construction vibration impacts on building structures are generally assessed in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV). Typical vibration source levels from construction equipment are shown in Table NOI-4. The vibration level at a distance from a source can be calculated using the following propagation formula (this formula is based on point sources with normal propagation conditions):2

n PPVequip = PPVref x (25/D) Where: PPV (equip) is the peak particle velocity in inches per second of the equipment adjusted for distance; PPV (ref) is the reference vibration level in in/sec at 25 feet from Table NOI-4; D is the distance from the equipment to the receiver; and n is the vibration attenuation rate through ground. According to Chapter 12 of the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment manual (2006), an "n" value of 1.5 is recommended to calculate vibration propagation through typical soil conditions. Because vibration propagates in waves through the soil, multiple pieces of equipment operating simultaneously would each produce vibration waves in different phases that

2 Federal Transit Administration (FTA). 2006. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment. May.

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typically would not increase the magnitude of the vibration; instead, multiple pieces of equipment would just lengthen the duration of the vibration impact.

TABLE NOI-3: TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT MAXIMUM NOISE LEVELS, LMAX SPECIFICATION MAXIMUM SOUND LEVELS FOR ANALYSIS TYPE OF EQUIPMENT IMPACT DEVICE? (YES/NO) (DBA AT 50 FEET)

Pickup Truck No 55

Pumps No 77

Air Compressors No 80

Backhoe No 80

Front-end Loaders No 80

Portable Generators No 82

Dump Truck No 84

Tractors No 84

Auger Drill Rig No 85

Concrete Mixer Truck No 85

Cranes No 85

Dozers No 85

Excavators No 85

Graders No 85

Jackhammers Yes 85

Man Lift No 85

Paver No 85

Pneumatic Tools No 85

Rollers No 85

Scrapers No 85

Concrete/Industrial Saws No 90

Impact Pile Driver Yes 95

Vibratory Pile Driver No 95

Source: FHWA, 2006.

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TABLE NOI-4: VIBRATION LEVELS OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT RMS VELOCITY IN DECIBELS (VDB) PPV AT 25 FEET AT CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT (INCHES/SECOND) 25 FEET Water Trucks 0.001 57 Scraper 0.002 58 Bulldozer—small 0.003 58 Jackhammer 0.035 79 Concrete Mixer 0.046 81 Concrete Pump 0.046 81 Paver 0.046 81 Pickup Truck 0.046 81 Auger Drill Rig 0.051 82 Backhoe 0.051 82 Crane (Mobile) 0.051 82 Excavator 0.051 82 Grader 0.051 82 Loader 0.051 82 Loaded Trucks 0.076 86 Bulldozer—Large 0.089 87 Caisson drilling 0.089 87 Vibratory Roller (small) 0.101 88 Compactor 0.138 90 Clam shovel drop 0.202 94 Vibratory Roller (large) 0.210 94 Pile Driver (impact-typical) 0.644 104 Pile Driver (impact-upper range) 1.518 112

Source: Compilation of scientific and academic literature, generated by FTA and FHWA.

Regulatory Framework The General Plan Update Planning Area encompasses the City of Sausalito and its Sphere of Influence. Noise regulations are addressed through the efforts of various federal, state, and local government agencies. The agencies responsible for regulating noise and applicable policies and regulations are discussed below.

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FEDERAL REGULATIONS The adverse impact of noise was officially recognized by the federal government in the Noise Control Act of 1972, which serves three purposes:

• Promulgating noise emission standards for interstate commerce • Assisting state and local abatement efforts • Promoting noise education and research

The Federal Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) was initially tasked with implementing the Noise Control Act. However, the ONAC has since been eliminated, leaving the development of federal noise policies and programs to other federal agencies and interagency committees. For example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) agency limits noise exposure of workers to 90 dB Leq or less for 8 continuous hours, or 105 dB Leq or less for 1 continuous hour. The Department of Transportation (DOT) assumed a significant role in noise control through its various operating agencies. The Federal Aviation Administration regulates noise of aircraft and airports. Surface transportation system noise is regulated by a host of agencies, including the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Transit noise is regulated by the federal Urban Mass Transit Administration, while freeways that are part of the interstate highway system are regulated by the FHWA. Finally, the federal government actively advocates that local jurisdictions use their land use regulatory authority to arrange new development in such a way that either "noise sensitive" uses are prohibited from being sited adjacent to a highway or, alternately, that the developments are planned and constructed in such a manner that potential noise impacts are minimized. Since the federal government has preempted the setting of standards for noise levels that can be emitted by the transportation sources, local jurisdictions are limited to regulating the noise generated by the transportation system through nuisance abatement ordinances and land use planning.

STATE REGULATIONS Established in 1973, the California Department of Health Services Office of Noise Control (ONC) was instrumental in developing regularity tools to control and abate noise for use by local agencies. One significant model, which is shown in Exhibit NOI-1, is the "Land Use Compatibility for Community Noise Environments Matrix," which allows a local jurisdiction to clearly delineate compatibility of sensitive uses with various incremental levels of noise. Title 24, Chapter 1, Article 4 of the California Administrative Code (California Noise Insulation Standards) requires noise insulation in new transient (e.g., hotels, motels) and multi-family dwellings (other than single-family detached housing) that provides an annual average noise level of no more than 45 dBA CNEL. When such structures are located within a 60-dBA CNEL

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(or greater) noise contour, an acoustical analysis is required to ensure that interior levels do not exceed the 45-dBA CNEL annual threshold. In addition, Title 21, Chapter 6, Article 1 of the California Administrative Code requires that all habitable rooms, hospitals, convalescent homes, and places of worship shall have an interior CNEL of 45 dB or less due to aircraft noise. Government Code Section 65302 mandates that the legislative body of each county and city in California adopt a noise element as part of its comprehensive general plan. The local noise element must recognize the land use compatibility guidelines published by the State Department of Health Services. The guidelines rank noise land use compatibility in terms of normally acceptable, conditionally acceptable, normally unacceptable, and clearly unacceptable.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS The City of Sausalito addresses its noise policies and regulations in the Health and Safety Element of the General Plan and in the City's Municipal Code. These policies and regulations are described below.

City of Sausalito 1995 General Plan

• Objective HS-3.0: Prevent Exposure of People to Unacceptable Noise Levels. Minimize excessive sound intrusions in the City of Sausalito and prevent exposure of residents to unacceptable noise levels. • Policy HS-3.1: Noise Guidelines. Establish noise level guidelines to direct the siting, design and insulation of new residential, commercial and industrial development. • Program HS-3.1.1: Land Use Compatibility Standards. Apply the Land Use Compatibility Standards (see Table 7-4 [see Table NOI-5] in the Background section) along with the noise contours shown on GP Map 19 [see Exhibit NOI-1] when reviewing the siting and design of new or substantially remodeled structures. • Program HS-3.1.2: Noise Insulation Standards. Adopt and continue to enforce the noise insulation standards of the State of California Administrative Code, Title 24 and the Uniform Building Code, Chapter 35 for residential development. • Program HS-3.1.3: Interior Noise Guidelines. Rely on the interior noise guidelines in Table 7-5 [see Table NOI-6] when considering the feasibility of new or substantially remodeled commercial and industrial structures. • Program HS-3.1.4: Environmental and Design Review Assessment of Noise. Identify conditions which should be imposed to achieve desired noise levels specified in the Background section of this element through environmental and development review. • Policy HS-3.2: Impacts on Existing Developed Areas. Prohibit unnecessary, excessive and annoying noise in existing developed areas.

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TABLE NOI-5: LAND USE COMPATIBILITY FOR COMMUNITY NOISE ENVIRONMENTS

EXTERIOR NOISE EXPOSURE (LDN OR CNEL, DB)

LAND USE TYPE 55 60 65 70 75 80

Residential, Hotels and Motels

Outdoor Sports and Recreation, Neighborhood Parks and Playgrounds

Schools, Libraries, Museums, Hospitals, Churches, Personal Care, Meeting Halls

Office Buildings, Business Commercial, and Professional

Auditoriums, Concert Halls, Amphitheaters

Industrial, Manufacturing, Utilities and Agriculture

Key:

Normally Acceptable: Specified land use is satisfactory, based upon the assumption that any buildings involved are of normal conventional construction, without any special noise insulation requirements.

Conditionally Acceptable: Specified land use may be permitted only after detailed analysis of the noise reduction requirements and needed noise insulation features included in the design.

Unacceptable: New construction or development should generally not be undertaken because mitigation is usually not feasible to comply with noise element policies. Source: City of Sausalito. 1995. City of Sausalito General Plan. Health and Safety Element. September. • Program HS-3.2.1: Noise Ordinance Review. Review the existing Noise Ordinance and consider changes including the provision of realistic quantifiable noise standards and effective enforcement. • Policy HS-3.3: Traffic Noise. Strive to reduce traffic noise levels in existing residential areas. • Program HS-3.3.1: Enforcement of Vehicle Noise Standards. Continue enforcement of vehicle noise standards through noise readings and enforcement actions. • Program HS-3.3.2: Purchase of New City Vehicles. Consider noise criteria in the purchase of new City vehicles, their components and other equipment. • Program HS-3.3.3: Coordination with CalTrans. Work with CalTrans to explore alternatives to the construction of sound walls along Highway 101. • Policy HS-3.4: Single-Event Noise. Allow single-event occurrences at specific sites per Policy EQ-2.2 subject to special permit conditions which alleviate noise to the greatest extent possible [Policy EQ-2.2 appears below].

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TABLE NOI-6: INTERIOR NOISE LEVELS CONSIDERED COMPATIBLE FOR VARIOUS LAND USES USE INL

Residential 45

Commercial

Hotel-Motel 45

Offices, Conference Rooms 45

Restaurant, Markets, Retail Stores 60

Sports Arena, Bowling Alley 75

Industrial

Offices 60

Laboratory 60

Machine Shop, Assembly 75

Public or Semi-Public Facility

Auditorium, Movie Theatre & Church 45

Hospital, Nursing Home 45

School Classrooms 45

Library 40

Source: City of Sausalito. 1995. City of Sausalito General Plan. Health and Safety Element. September. • Program HS 3.4.1: Special Events Permits. Continue to require special permits for special events. • Program HS-3.4.2: Special Events. Limit the number of special single events that are allowed to take place a year. • Policy EQ-2.2: Special Events. Restrict large special events to specific sites in order to minimize the associated impacts of parking, noise, congestion and lighting. • Program EQ-2.2.1: City Permit (Special Events). Continue to require that special events obtain a City permit (see Policy HS-3.4). • Policy HS-3.5: Construction Noise. Strive to reduce noise levels associated with construction activities. • Program HS-3.5.1: Equipment Noise. Require noise baffling devises to be installed on heavy equipment during site excavation, grading, or construction. • Program HS-3.5.2: Construction Noise. Continue to restrict construction activities to acceptable time periods. • Program HS-3.5.3: Sound Walls. Consider constructing temporary sound walls surrounding construction sites during the course of construction.

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Sausalito Municipal Code Chapter 12.16, Noise Control, Articles 1–5, of the Sausalito Municipal Code establish excessive noise guidelines and exemptions. The following portions of the Municipal Code address noise: SEC. 12.16.020 Definitions. A. "Ambient noise" is the all-encompassing noise associated with a given environment, being usually a composite of sounds from many sources near and far. For the purpose of this chapter, "ambient noise level" is the level obtained when the noise level is averaged over a period of 15 minutes without inclusion of noise from isolated identifiable sources, at the location and time of day near that at which a comparison is to be made. B. "Commercial purpose" means and includes the use, operation, or maintenance of any sound amplifying equipment for the purpose of advertising any business, or any goods, or any services, or for the purpose of attracting the attention of the public to, or advertising for, or soliciting patronage or customers to or for any performance, show, entertainment, exhibition, or event, or for the purpose of demonstrating such sound equipment. C. "Decibel" means a unit for measuring the relative loudness of sounds equal approximately to the smallest degrees of difference of loudness ordinarily detectable by the human ear, whose range includes about 130 decibels on a scale beginning with one for the faintest audible sound. D. "Emergency work" means work made necessary to restore property to a safe condition following a public calamity or work required to protect persons or property from an imminent exposure to danger or work by private or public utilities when restoring utility service. E. "Motor vehicles" includes, but is not limited to, mini-bikes and go-carts. F. "Noncommercial purpose" means the use, operation, or maintenance of any sound equipment for other than a commercial purpose. "Noncommercial purpose" means and includes, but shall not be limited to, philanthropic, religious, political, patriotic, and charitable purposes. G. "Person" means a person, firm, association, copartnership, joint venture, corporation, or any entity, public or private in nature. H. "Sound amplifying equipment" means any machine or device for the amplification of the human voice, music, or any other sound. "Sound amplifying equipment" shall not include standard automobile radios when used and heard only by the occupants of the vehicle in which the

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automobile radio is installed. "Sound amplifying equipment," as used in this chapter, shall not include warning devices on any vehicle used only for traffic safety purposes. I. "Sound level" (noise level), in decibels (dB), is the sound measured with the A weighting and slow response by a sound level meter. J. "Sound level meter" means an instrument including a microphone, an amplifier, an output meter, and frequency weighting networks for the measurement of sound levels which satisfies the pertinent requirements in American Standard Specifications for sound level meters S1.4-1971 or the most recent revision thereof. K. "Sound truck" means any motor vehicle, or any other vehicle regardless of motive power, whether in motion or stationary, having mounted thereon, or attached thereto, any sound amplifying equipment.

SEC. 12.16.030 Sound level measurement criteria. Any sound level measurement made pursuant to the provisions of this chapter shall be measured with a sound level meter using the A weighting and slow response.

SEC. 12.16.040 Ambient Noise Levels. Where the ambient noise level is less than designated in this section, the respective noise level in this section shall govern. SOUND LEVEL A, DECIBELS COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT ZONE TIME CLASSIFICATION

R1 and R2 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. 45

R1 and R2 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. 50

R1 and R2 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. 55

R3 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. 50

R3 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 55

CN, RC 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. 55

CC, W, OA, and CW 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 60

CM Anytime 70

Source: City of Sausalito. 2017. Sausalito Municipal Code. SEC. 12.16.130 Machinery, equipment, fans and air conditioning It is unlawful for any person to operate any machinery, equipment, pump, fan, air conditioning apparatus, or similar mechanical device in any manner so as

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to create any noise which would cause the noise level at the property line of any property to exceed the ambient base noise level by more than five decibels.

SEC. 12.16.140 Time restrictions on operating construction devices in residential zones. A. The operation of construction, demolition, excavation, alteration or repair devices and equipment shall only take place during the following hours: 1. Weekdays: Between 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. 2. Saturdays: Between 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. 3. Sundays: Prohibited. 4. Holidays officially recognized by the City of Sausalito not including Sundays: Between 9:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. B. Homeowners currently residing on the property and all other legal residents may operate construction, demolition, excavation, alteration or repair devices and equipment themselves on their own property on Sundays and holidays officially recognized by the City; provided, that such operations occur between 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. and otherwise comply with the City's laws regulating noise. C. For purposes of this section, "holidays officially recognized by the City" are those holidays indicated on the official City Calendar which is adopted by the City Council as it currently exists and may hereinafter be amended.

SEC. 12.16.150 Repairing, rebuilding or testing in residential zones. It is unlawful for any person within any residential zone, as defined in the zoning regulations of the City, to repair, rebuild, or test any motor vehicle in such a manner that a reasonable person of normal sensitiveness residing in the area is caused discomfort or annoyance.

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The principal sources of noise that affect the City of Sausalito and its residents are transportation-related. These sources include automobiles, trucks and buses traveling along Highway 101 and Bridgeway, as well as in the Marinship area. However, traffic on Highway 101 and Bridgeway creates the primary noise environment. Noise in the Marinship area is primarily from traffic sources on Bridgeway. Other notable noise sources within the City include commercial activity such as loading and unloading of trucks, mechanical ventilation equipment operations, and landscaping maintenance activities such as leaf blowers and lawn mowers. Boat and ferry activity is also audible in areas adjacent to the Bay.

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EXISTING NOISE CONDITIONS Exhibit NOI-1 shows the Day-Night noise levels in Sausalito as projected for 2005 in the 1995 General Plan. Based on traffic counts and other data collected in October 2017, FCS will characterize the existing noise environment in the Planning Area through an ambient noise monitoring effort. FCS staff will conduct short-term noise measurements taken at up to 10 locations and long-term 24-hour ambient noise measurements taken at up to three locations.

ROADWAYS Those areas in the City that experience the greatest noise levels are typically near major vehicular traffic corridors. Highway traffic noise levels typically depend on three factors: (1) the volume of traffic, (2) the average speed of traffic, and (3) the vehicle mix (the percentage of trucks versus private automobiles in the traffic flow. Vehicle noise includes noises produced by the engine, exhaust, tires, and wind generated by taller vehicles. Other factors that affect the perception of traffic noise include the distance from the highway, terrain, vegetation, and natural and structural obstacles. While tire noise from automobiles is generally located at ground level, truck noise sources can be located as high as 10 to 15 feet above the roadbed because of tall exhaust stacks and higher engines. FCS will identify existing mobile noise sources in the City. Projections of the existing Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) traffic noise levels along selected roadway segments, based on the traffic study to be prepared for the General Plan Update, will be provided in a table format to show the distance/contour relationship. FCS will also utilize SoundPlan Version 7.4, with the FHWA TNM algorithm, to generate a flat-plane roadway noise contour map for existing noise conditions along modeled roadway segments throughout the City.

AIRPORT OPERATIONS There are no airports located in the City of Sausalito; however, there is a private airstrip located approximately 0.7 mile north of the city limit in the unincorporated community of Manzanita. As referenced in the City's existing Health and Safety Element, Marin County conducted a study of the Richardson Bay Seaplane Base/Heliport for the Countywide Plan that revealed that the noise exposure from these aircraft operations is less than that from adjacent Highway 101 and off-ramp traffic.

STATIONARY NOISE SOURCES Stationary noise sources can also have an effect on the population, and—unlike mobile, transportation-related noise sources—these sources generally have a more permanent and consistent impact on people. These stationary noise sources involve a wide spectrum of

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uses and activities, including various industrial uses, commercial operations, school playgrounds, high school football games, HVAC units, generators, lawn maintenance equipment, and swimming pool pumps. Even with incorporation of the best available noise control technology, noise emanating from industrial uses can be substantial and exceed local noise standards. These noise sources can be continuous and may contain tonal components that may be annoying to nearby receptors. It should be noted that the Noise Ordinances of the Municipal Code regulate stationary noise sources within the City.

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• Together, the goals, policies, and programs of the 1995 General Plan Noise Element and the standards in the Municipal Code provide solid protection from noise-related impacts for the community and adequate compliance with state regulations and guidelines established for that purpose. One opportunity for refinement of the existing standards and guidelines relates to the interior noise guidelines in Program HS-3.1.3 and the associated Table 7-5 for which no relevant noise metric is currently specified, making implementation problematic. Consider an 8-hour average noise level measured in dBA to provide adequate protection for noise exposure of persons residing or working in such environments. • The principal sources of noise in Sausalito are transportation-related. When current traffic volume data is available, updated noise contours will be produced to characterize the current and projected noise environment in the community. On the basis of the updated data, identify areas where noise levels could exceed community standards and consider appropriate actions to remedy these impacts. • The unique topography of Sausalito gives the community an amphitheater-like quality; sound produced on the waterfront can be heard in the hills. The General Plan Update and EIR should consider strategies that proactively address this condition.

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APPENDICES

NOI-1. 2005 Projected Noise Contours

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APPENDIX NOI-1. 2005 PROJECTED NOISE CONTOURS

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CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions: Public Services & Recreation

City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Public Services & Recreation ...... 201 Fire ...... 201 Regulatory Framework ...... 201 State Regulations ...... 201 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 203 Existing Conditions ...... 206 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 208 Police ...... 208 Regulatory Framework ...... 208 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 208 Existing Conditions ...... 210 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 211 Parks and Recreation ...... 211 Regulatory Framework ...... 211 Federal Regulations ...... 211 State Regulations ...... 212 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 213 Existing Conditions ...... 214 Open Space and Recreation ...... 214 City Parks and Recreational Facilities ...... 215 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 217 Appendices ...... 218

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Public Services & Recreation

Public services are described as general services that are provided by the City, such as police protection, fire protection, schools, libraries, and parks and recreation services. These services are important to maintaining the public health, safety, and welfare of the residents of Sausalito, and contribute a better quality of life by providing parklands and opportunities for recreation, as well as education. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to public services and recreation in Sausalito in order to provide context for the upcoming General Plan Update and Environmental Impact Report (EIR).

FIRE

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to fire prevention and protection services in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

STATE REGULATIONS This section describes the State regulations and plans that pertain to fire protection services in Sausalito.

California Code of Regulations

Division 1 of Title 19, Public Safety Division 1 of Title 19, Public Safety, of the California Code of Regulations pertains to fire and life safety and constitutes the Basic Building Design and Construction Standards of the Office of the State Fire Marshal. Title 19 includes prevention and engineering measures for new construction. Title 19 is regularly reviewed and updated by the Office of the State Fire Marshal.

California Building Code (Title 24, Part 2) Located in Part 2 of Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations, the California Building Standards Code is the established minimum standard for the design and construction of buildings and structures in California. State law mandates that local government enforce Title 24 standards or approved local ordinances. The 2016 CBC came into force statewide on

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January 1, 2017 and is based on the 2015 International Building Code (IBC). The provisions of Chapter 34 of the 2012 IBC were relocated to the 2015 International Existing Building Code (IEBC). Accordingly, California amendments effecting building standards for existing structures have been moved to the 2016 California Existing Building Code, Part 10, Title 24. Typical fire safety requirements of the CBC include the installation of sprinklers in all high- rise buildings; the establishment of fire resistance standards for fire doors, building materials, and particular types of construction; and the clearance of debris and vegetation within a prescribed distance from occupied structures in wildfire hazard areas. The City of Sausalito has adopted the California Building Standards Code into its Municipal Code.

California Fire Code (Title 24, Part 9) The California Fire Code incorporates, by adoption, the International Fire Code of the International Code Council, with California amendments. This is the official Fire Code for the State and all political subdivisions. It is located in Part 9 of Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations. The California Fire Code is revised and published every three years by the California Building Standards Commission.

Assembly Bill 337 (Sections 51175-51189) In response to the Oakland Hills fire of 1991, the Bates Bill was passed in 1992 and incorporated into the California Code of Regulations, Sections 51175–51189. Pursuant to this law, all new construction that is located in any fire hazard zone must implement brush clearance and fire-resistant roof material.

California Public Resources Code

Fire Protection Fee (Section 4210) Adopted as California Public Resources Code Section 4210, Assembly Bill X1 29 (ABX1 29) establishes an annual Fire Prevention Fee to help pay for fire prevention services within State Responsibility Areas (SRAs). Under ABX1 29, owners of habitable structures defined as a "building that contains one or more dwelling units or that can be occupied for residential use" located within an SRA, which is an area that includes State and privately owned forest, watershed, and rangeland where the State of California has primary financial responsibility for the prevention and suppression of wildfires. As such, Marin County works in cooperation with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CALFIRE).

California Government Code Senate Bill (SB) 1241 amended Section 65302(g)(3) of the Government Code to require the Safety Element of the General Plan to address the risk of fire for land classified as SRAs and

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land classified as very high fire hazard severity zones. The Safety Element is required to address historical data on wildfires; information on existing and planned land uses in very high fire hazard severity zones and in SRAs; and local, State, and federal agencies with responsibility for fire protection. It is also required to include goals, policies, and objectives to protect the community from the unreasonable risk of wildfire, as well as feasible implementation measures to carry those goals and objectives, such as avoiding or minimizing the wildfire hazards associated with new uses of land, locating new essential public facilities outside of high fire risk areas, ensuring that adequate emergency access and water supplies are available for fire suppression, and working cooperatively with public agencies with responsibility for fire protection.

California Health and Safety Code The California Health and Safety Code provides regulations pertaining to the abatement of fire-related hazards. This Code also requires that local jurisdictions enforce the Uniform Building Code, which as discussed above provides standards for fire-resistant building and roofing materials and other fire-related construction methods.

California Strategic Fire Plan, 2010 The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) is responsible for mapping fire threat potential throughout California. The Department published the Strategic Fire Plan in 2010 to identify goals, objectives, and policies to prepare for and mitigate the effects of fire on California's natural and built environments. The Plan has implications for the General Plan Safety Element.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

City of Sausalito General Plan The health and safety element of the City's general plan contains the following policies and programs that address fire safety.

• Policy HS-1.5: Fire Safety. Minimize the risk of property damage and personal injury resulting from structural and wildland fires. • Program HS-1.5.1: Building and Fire Codes Application. Require that all new construction and upgrading of existing structures adhere to the fire safety standards contained in the Building and Fire Codes. • Program HS-1.5.2: Building and Fire Codes Amendment. Amend the Building and Fire codes as necessary to address fire hazard conditions unique to Sausalito.

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• Program HS-1.5.3: Plant Materials List. Develop a list of plant materials selected to minimize fire hazards to residential structures as a resource to potential applicants. • Program HS-1.5.4: Water Fire and Rescue Equipment. Continue to study the potential location of a boathouse or other means to house City water based fire and rescue safety equipment. • Program HS-1.5.5: Roofing Material. Continue to require that all roofing material used in new construction be fire rated "A." • Program HS-1.5.6: Removal of Brush. Establish a program for the removal of brush, certain trees, and other excess fuel materials on public and/or lands in coordination with open space management programs (see Policy EQ-1.4). • Program HS-1.5.7: Public Awareness of Fire Safety. Develop and initiate a public awareness educational program about fire safety through the Disaster Preparedness Committee. • Program HS-1.5.8: Use of Treated Water for Fire Fighting. Investigate the use of treated waste water for fire-fighting. • Program HS-1.5.9: Mapping of Fire Hazard Areas. Initiate a mapping program which identifies and maps fire hazard areas. • Program HS-1.5.10: Fire Suppression Plans. Develop fire suppression plans and strategies for those areas that are mapped as fire hazard areas. • Program HS-1.5.11: Water Deficient Areas. Develop a plan to correct the fire suppression water supply deficiencies for the areas designated on map GP-20. • Program HS-1.5.12: Inter-Jurisdictional Cooperation. Cooperate with local and regional jurisdictions to maintain adequate water capacity for fire protection. • Program HS-1.5.13: Floating Homes. Require that all floating home areas, whether in the City or within the Sphere of Influence, have a dedicated fire main at MMWD pressure. • Program HS-1.5.14: Construction Requirements. Require that all floating homes have the same fire construction requirements as land based homes. • Policy HS-2.1: Emergency Preparedness. Ensure that the City, its citizens, businesses and service are prepared for an effective response and recovery in the event of emergencies or disasters. • Program HS-2.1.2: Coordinate City-wide and neighborhood disaster planning efforts through the Emergency Preparedness Committee and the Fire and Police Departments, the American Red Cross, and the County. • Program HS-2.1.4: Specific Action Plan: Develop an emergency response action plan to address identifiable risks in the case of an emergency or disaster. • Policy HS-2.3: Access for Emergency Vehicles. Provide adequate access for emergency vehicles and equipment, particularly fire-fighting equipment.

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• Program HS-2.3.1: Street Encroachment Permit Process. Develop a temporary street encroachment permit process so that construction and other large pieces of equipment or vehicles occupying the public right-of-way may be regulated.

City of Sausalito Municipal Code

Section 8.40: Fire Code The City of Sausalito Fire Code codified the adoption of the 2016 California Fire Code, 2015 International Fire Code, and Appendix A of the 2015 International Wildland-Urban Interface Code. It also established the following:

• Risk Reduction Prevention and Mitigation Division. • Geographic limits of areas in which storage of Class I, Class II and Class III liquids in outside aboveground tanks is prohibited. • Geographic limits of areas in which storage of Class I, Class II and Class III liquids in aboveground tanks is prohibited. • Geographic limits of areas in which the storage of stationary tanks of flammable cryogenic fluids is prohibited. • Geographic limits of areas in which storage of liquefied petroleum gases is restricted. • Geographic limits of areas in which storage of explosives and blasting agents is prohibited. • Geographic limits of areas in which the storage of compressed natural gas is prohibited. • Geographic limits of areas in which the storage of hazardous materials is prohibited or limited.

Sausalito Ordinance No. 1240 The Ordinance updates and amends Section 8.40: Fire Code with building standards as defined in Health and Safety Code Section 18909, and the associated referenced conditions for modification due to local climatic, geographical, and topographical reasons.

Section 12.04: Fire Prevention Regulations The Fire Prevention Regulations make outdoor fires unlawful and creates a penalty for violating the regulation. An oral permit can be obtained for confined outdoor fires in the form of barbecue pit, barbecue stove, or other outdoor cooking device from the Sausalito Fire Department.

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EXISTING CONDITIONS With buildings and people concentrated in an approximately 2.25-square-mile area between Richardson Bay and the surrounding hills, wildfires and structural fires are the principal fire risk factors in Sausalito. Portions of the hills in the western part of the city are classified as having High and Very High risk of wildfire (see Exhibit HAZ-3 in the Hazards Report). The mix of annual grasses and weeds, brush, and trees that grow in the hills can burn intensely when ignited and contribute to a rapid spread of fire, particularly when temperatures and low relative humidity dry out wildland fuels.1 Topography and weather conditions significantly increase wildfire risk. As a basic rule, the rate of spread will double as the slope percentage doubles and high winds increase fire spread, particularly during the autumn. The risk of wildfire in Marin County is generally greatest from late spring through fall when a climate pattern of low annual rainfall, hot, dry summers, and moderate winds predominates. The risk of structural fire is highest in the eastern and central portions of Sausalito, where development is concentrated. Older structures that do not have sprinkler systems and taller buildings generally pose the highest risk. In southern Marin County, there were 86 building fires between 2013 and 2015, representing less than 1 percent of the total demand for fire protection services.2 The Southern Marin Fire Protection District (SMFPD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services within a 34-square-mile area that includes the City of Sausalito, Fort Baker and the Marin Headlands as well as the communities of Tamalpais Valley, Almonte, Homestead Valley, Alto, Strawberry, and a portion of the town of Tiburon. SMFPD is an independent special district established by the Marin County Board of Supervisors in 1999 through the merger of the Alto-Richardson Fire Protection District and the Tamalpais Fire Protection District.3 The City of Sausalito Fire Department was annexed into the SMFPD on June 26, 2012. SMFPD has a staff of 52 full-time employees including a Fire Chief, 2 Battalion Chiefs, a Deputy Fire Marshal, a Fire Inspector, nine captains, 36 firefighters/engineers (15 of whom are also paramedics), three administrative staff, and nine reserve firefighters. They serve a population of roughly 34,700 and over 14,100 homes and commercial properties. SMFPD participates in automatic and mutual aid agreements with neighboring agencies. SMFPD operates three stations and provides emergency response, fire suppression, fire protection and emergency medical services in response to about 3,000 incidents per year.

1 Citygate Associates, Fire and Emergency Medical Services Deployment Analysis: Southern Marin Fire Protection District, Vol.2 Technical Report, September 22, 2016, page 21. 2 Citygate Associates, Fire and Emergency Medical Services Deployment Analysis: Southern Marin Fire Protection District, Vol.2 Technical Report, September 22, 2016, page 29. 3 Southern Marin Fire Protection District, "About Us," www.southernmarinfire.org/about, accessed on September 29, 2017.

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SMFPD Headquarters is located at Station 9 in Strawberry, which houses the administrative offices and as well as the following equipment and personnel: an Engine, a Paramedic Medium Rescue, a Battalion Chief, and a California RTF Swift Water Rescue Unit. SMFPD Station 1 is located at 333 Johnson Street in Sausalito (see Exhibit PF-1). From this station, SMFPD serves an area that includes Sausalito, the unincorporated Wolfback Ridge Homeowners development on the west side of US 101, and the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The Sausalito Station houses an Engine, a Paramedic Ambulance, and a dive unit. The crews there cross-staff the Fireboat, an Inflatable Rescue Boat, and are members of the Dive Team. National best practices for fire and emergency medical response set out a response time goal of arrival on the site of an emergency within 7 minutes for 90 percent of calls for service, including call processing time, crew turnout time and travel time.4 This is based on typical time constraints for emergency situations, such as the length of time it takes for an incipient fire to grow beyond the room of origin or the point at which brain death becomes irreversible. Table PF-1 shows SMFPD call-to-arrival times between 2013 and 2015. As shown, SMFPD is not meeting the best practice response time standard. Local topography, smaller streets, and the non-grid pattern of the roadway network are all contributing factors; however, a response time study commissioned by SMFPD in 2016 concluded that current engine locations are adequate to meet needs and that relocating or adding a station is not a necessary or cost-effective investment. Instead, the study recommended that SMFPD focus on reducing crew turnout times to fall consistently below 2 minutes.5

TABLE PF-1: CALL TO ARRIVAL RESPONSE TIME (MINUTES/SECONDS)—90% PERFORMANCE AREA OVERALL 2013 2014 2015 DISTRICT-WIDE 9:34 9:12 9:42 9:37 STATION 1 9:52 9:27 9:44 10:12 STAION 4 10:51 11:00 11:14 10:04 STATION 9 8:08 8:12 8:00 8:20 Source: Citygate Associates, 2016.

SMFPD operates a Reserve Firefighter training program designed to give on-the-job experience to men and women seeking to become career firefighters while also augmenting engine company personnel.6 Additionally, SMFPD participates in a countywide Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT) program to train amateur emergency workers to assist

4 Citygate Associates, Fire and Emergency Medical Services Deployment Analysis: Southern Marin Fire Protection District, Vol.2 Technical Report, September 22, 2016, page 75. 5 Citygate Associates, Fire and Emergency Medical Services Deployment Analysis: Southern Marin Fire Protection District, Vol.1 Executive Summary, September 22, 2016, page 11. 6 Southern Marin Fire Protection District. About: Services. Source: www.southernmarin fire.org/about/services. Accessed September 29, 2017.

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in the initial aftermath of a disaster to augment official emergency service staff. Established in 2011 by the Marin County Disaster Council, the CERT program provides 15 hours of hands- on training from Marin County fire professionals. In cases of large-scale disasters such as the Loma Prieta earthquake, the recent Sonoma/Napa County fires, Oakland Hills fire, and the Northridge earthquake, self-reliance and the use of volunteers has proven to be highly effective.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Direct responsibility for fire protection and emergency medical services shifted from the City to the SMFPD in 2012. Additionally, fire hazards mapping data is now available from the State and required for inclusion in the General Plan. Consider updating General Plan policies and programs to reflect these changed conditions. • Local topography, smaller streets and the non-grid pattern of the roadway network in Sausalito present challenges for maintaining best practices for emergency response times. The 1995 General Plan contains programs identifying on-street parking regulation as a means to improve travel times for first-responders. Assess the need for these and other measures, and assign an appropriate priority for implementation to any such measures. • Regional collaboration and volunteer programs can significantly improve a community's disaster response. Consider policies and programs that foster regional collaboration and encourage volunteerism as part of a coordinated response to emergencies and natural disasters.

POLICE

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to police protection and law enforcement services in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Sausalito General Plan The Health and Safety element contains the following policies and programs:

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• Policy HS-1.7: Police Safety. Maintain a crime free environment while minimizing increases in police service needs. • Program HS-1.7.1: Crime Prevention Design. Require that crime prevention design be considered in construction through appropriate project referrals to the Police Department. • Program HS-1.7.2: Lighting Along Bridgeway and the Waterfront. Study options to provide low key lighting and access for patrol purposes on pathways and steps along Bridgeway and the waterfront. • Policy HS-2.1: Emergency Preparedness. Ensure that the City, its citizens, businesses and service are prepared for an effective response and recovery in the event of emergencies or disasters. • Program HS-2.1.2: Coordinate City-wide and neighborhood disaster planning efforts through the Emergency Preparedness Committee and the Fire and Police Departments, the American Red Cross, and the County • Program HS-2.1.4: Specific Action Plan: Develop an emergency response action plan to address identifiable risks in the case of an emergency or disaster.

City of Sausalito Municipal Code

12.02.030: Alarm Permit The City requires owners of any alarm system to obtain a permit for the duration of the alarm system, unless suspended or revoked. The Chief of Police, Fire Chief, or his/her designee is authorized and empowered to adopt reasonable rules to enforce this provision. However, such rules must be in writing and given to each permittee at the time of the issuance or reinstatement.

13.04.010: Imposed Upon Minors Minors caught loitering on public streets, avenues, alleys, parks and public places between 10:00 p.m. and sunrise, when not accompanied by a parent or legal guardian having legal custody, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

13.24.10: Restriction on Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages In Public Any person may not consume any alcohol in or on any public street, sidewalk or passageway, or in or on any park or playground or highway. However, the City may allow such consumption at civic event provided that certain provisions were made for policing. Furthermore, restaurants may serve alcoholic beverages along City sidewalks provided a City-issued sidewalk dining encroachment permit was issued.

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EXISTING CONDITIONS The Sausalito Police Department (SPD) provides professional law enforcement services that enhance, protect, and promote the quality of life for local residents, businesses and visitors, operating with an annual budget of approximate $5.3 to $5.6 million.7 SPD headquarters is located at 29 Caledonia Street. The department is organized into three main divisions— support services, records supervisor, and operations—headed by the chief of police.8 The police force consists of a chief, two lieutenants, four sergeants, two corporals, a detective, 11 officers, and a support staff of nine civilian employees. In total, there are 30 employees, including City employees and volunteers. Overall, crime rates in Sausalito are relatively low. Based on a review of the online Community Crime Map provided by SPD to help citizens visualize crime incidents and statistics in their neighborhoods, between September 2016 and 2017, reported crimes varied from motor vehicle theft to commercial and residential robberies.9 The majority of reported crimes and violations involve theft and traffic and alcohol-related incidences. SPD offers a variety of resources and avenues of assistance to local residents and business owners to help prevent crime, including the Surveillance Camera Registry program, the Marine Patrol, the Homeless Advocacy program, and the Postal Carrier Alert program. The SPD also collaborates with local neighborhood watch groups in a community-based approach to law enforcement. Each year, SPD runs a Citizen's Police Academy, designed to provide an inside look at how the department operates. Academy classes are held weekly over a period of two months, focusing on topics such as use of force, drug recognition, DUI investigation, officer safety and laws of arrest. Additionally, in conjunction with Southern Marin Fire Department, Sausalito residents and businesses, and other concerned members of the public, SPD operates the Volunteers In Public Safety (VIPS) program to train volunteers to help resolve problems in our community using every available resource, including organizational partnerships, with the goal of long-term solutions. Design of the built environment can also help prevent crime, reduce the fear of crime, and improve the quality of life in urban areas. Research has shown that the most effective deterrent to criminal activity is the risk of being caught, and design of public spaces that places more eyes on the street and limits access points can create safer environments. Strategies for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) include locating windows to overlook sidewalks and parking lots, increasing pedestrian and bicycle traffic,

7 City of Sausalito, 2016–2018 Strategic Resource Allocation Plan (FY 2016-17 Budget), at page 24. 8 For more detail, see Sausalito Police Department, 2017 Organizational Chart. Source: www.sausalito.gov/home/showdocument?id=20094. Accessed September, 2017. 9 City of Sausalito, Crime Statistics & Mapping. Source: www.sausalito.gov/departments/police- department/programs-services/crime-statistics-mapping. Accessed September, 2017.

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and selectively installing fencing, landscaping, or lighting to control access. Well-maintained buildings and grounds also signal alert, active owners and can deter criminal activity. Among other duties, the police department is tasked to prepare the City for disasters. Department staff train and respond to disasters through the Sausalito Disaster Preparedness Operations Program. The program provides information, training, and coordinate with citizens' groups. For example, the program aims to address small and large disasters, including earthquakes, floods, fires, airplane crashes, chemical spills, and pipeline leaks.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• The 1995 General Plan contains policies and programs aimed at promoting Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), which can reduce calls for police protection services and increase public safety. Explore opportunities to enhance CPTED in the General Plan Update in consultation with City staff. • Consider incorporating policies and programs that recognize and support the Police Department’s community-based policing initiatives, which are important for delivering efficient and effective police protection services to the community.

PARKS AND RECREATION

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to parks and recreation in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Golden Gate National Recreation Area The 2015 National Park Service General Management Plan for Golden Gate National Recreation Area identifies several Management Concepts and Goals that apply to the protection and preservation of natural resources.10 Goals for the "Connecting People with the Parks" for Management Concept:

10 Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National Monument General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Summary Edition. Pages 22–23.

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• Maintain the integrity and diversity of natural resources and systems and mitigate the effects of climate change and urban pressures. • Enhance the public's access to natural resources to promote visitor understanding and appreciation. • Integrate natural resource preservation and concepts with visitor stewardship opportunities to deepen visitor understanding. • Increase visitor understanding, awareness, and support for park resources through education and interpretive opportunities that include messages about the sensitivity of park resources, park regulations, and appropriate visitor behavior.

Goals for the "Focusing on National Treasures" for Management Concept:

• Emphasize the preservation of fundamental natural resources that contribute to the significance of each park unit. Manage all other resources to complement the distinctive resources and experiences. • Protect or restore the integrity of fundamental natural resources and processes that support the significance of each park unit. • Manage distinctive natural resources to ensure their ecological integrity while providing opportunities to engage visitors in hands-on stewardship and exploration.

In addition, the Plan identifies several Management Zones intended to outline the desired conditions for resources, visitor experience, and level of development. For example, the "Natural" Management Zone would "retain natural, wild, and dynamic characteristics and ecological functions" and would strive to ensure that natural resources are managed in a such a way as to "preserve and restore resource integrity while providing for backcountry types of visitor experiences;" the "Sensitive Resources" Management Zone would "consist of fundamental natural resources that are highly sensitive to a variety of activities and would receive the highest level of protection" through preservation, monitoring, and studying of these resources.11

STATE REGULATIONS

Quimby Act Since the passage of the 1975 Quimby Act (California Government Code §66477), cities and counties have been authorized to pass ordinances requiring that developers set aside land,

11 Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Muir Woods National Monument General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Summary Edition. Page 25.

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donate conservation easements or pay fees for park improvements. Revenues generated through Quimby Act ordinances cannot be used for the operation and maintenance of park facilities.12 A 1982 amendment (AB 1600) requires agencies to clearly show a reasonable relationship between the public need for the recreation facility or park land and the type of development project upon which the fee is imposed. Cities with a high ratio of park space to inhabitants can set a standard of up to 5 acres per 1,000 population for new development. Cities with a lower ratio can only require the provision of up to 3 acres of park space per 1,000 population. The calculation of a city's park space to population ratio is based on a comparison of the population count of the last federal census to the amount of City-owned parkland.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

City of Sausalito General Plan The Environmental Quality element contains the following policies and programs:

• Policy EQ-2.1: Parklands and Open Recreation Areas. Preserve and improve existing parklands and recreation areas for passive and active recreation use by City residents. • Program EQ-2.1.1: Capital Improvement Program. Schedule regular maintenance and improvements to City parks in the Capital Improvement Program (CIP) budget. • Program EQ-2.1.2: Private Funding. Continue to encourage private groups in the community, such as Friends of the Parks and Recreation foundation, to raise funds or establish programs such as adopt-a-park. • Program EQ-2.1.3: Volunteer Maintenance Programs. Promote a program of individual volunteers to assist in the maintenance of City parks, pathways, trails, and median strips. • Policy EQ-2-3: Martin Luther King Site. Expand the recreational uses of the Martin Luther King site. • Program EQ-2.3.1: Park and Recreation Facilities Master Plan. Prepare a Park and Recreation Facilities Master Plan/or recreational development of MLK site (see Policy LU-5.3). • Policy EQ-2.4: Recreation Programs. Maintain recreational programs responsive to the assessed need. • Program EQ-2.4.1: Annual Review. Prepare annual recommendations to the City Council by the Parks and Recreation Commission after review of City sponsored programs.

12 Westrup, Laura, 2002, Quimby Act 101: An Abbreviated Overview, Sacramento: California Department of Parks and Recreation. Source: www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/quimby 101.pdf.

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• Program EQ-2.4.2: Publicity. Continue to publicize information on City parks and recreation programs to encourage increased use by local residents. • Program EQ-2.4.3: Marin City Joint Use. Pursue cooperation and joint use of recreational facilities at Marin City and conduct a preliminary investigation into joining the Marin City Recreational District. • Program EQ-2.4.4: East Fort Baker. Continue the use of the fields and facilities at East Fort Baker in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. • Policy EQ-2.5: Trails and Pathways. Include the recreational trails and pathways system in the City in the inventory of City recreation resources. • Program EQ-2.5: CIP. Schedule regular maintenance to the City's pathways and steps in the Capital Improvement Program (CIP) budget.

City of Sausalito Municipal Code

Chapter 10.20: Open Space & Public Districts In addition to the general purposes established in SMC 10.10.030 (Title and purpose), the specific purposes of the open space and public zoning districts are as follows: A. To preserve existing City-owned open space and parks; and B. To provide guidelines for development and use of facilities on City- and Federally owned lands. [Ord. 1167 § 2, 2003.]

EXISTING CONDITIONS

OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION The southeastern area of the Golden Gate National Park borders the southern and southwestern area of the City of Sausalito. Managed by the National Park Service, the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA) encompasses 82,027 acres of ecologically and historically significant landscapes stretching from southern San Mateo County to northern Marin County. Each year, the GGNRA attracts over 15 million visitors to its scenic and historic attractions that include Muir Woods National Monument, Alcatraz, and the Presidio of San Francisco. GGNRA provides an abundance of recreational and educational opportunities, with diverse active and passive recreational and educational opportunities from contemplative to active pursuits, including participation in stewardship and volunteer activities. A system of designated trails and scenic park roads supports access to sites that provide visitors with a broad range of activities and varied experiences. GGNRA's proximity allows an urban population to connect with nature and history.

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Within the city limits, the GGNRA holds title to approximately 182 acres of open space, while the City owns approximately 17 acres, including Shelter Cove, a 1.95-acre waterfront tidelands area containing underwater lots preserved as open space on the southern waterfront; and Cypress Ridge, a 14.9-acre open space and view area located north and east of Highway 101 and south and west of Rodeo Avenue.

CITY PARKS AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES The City of Sausalito owns and operates 20 parks and recreational facilities. These facilities are mapped in Exhibit PF-2 and described in Table PF-3. City parks and recreational facilities are relatively well distributed throughout the community, although areas of the city with the steepest terrain generally have fewer parks. Most City parks are less than one acre in size, offering passive recreational amenities, art structures and children's play areas. The largest City park is MLK park, which comprises 17.2 acres and provides a range of recreational amenities including basketball courts, tennis courts, a ball field and running track. Several City facilities located on the waterfront, including Dunphy Park, Turney Street Boat Ramp and the three beaches, provide water-based recreational activities. There is also approximately 17 acres of natural open space within the City limit. The City has not adopted a Quimby Act ratio; however, the National Recreation and Parks Association recommends 5 acres of park land per 1,000 residents. With park and beach facilities totaling 34.95 acres and a population of 7,327 in 2017, the city has a ratio of 4.77 acres per 1,000 residents. Factoring in natural open space areas, the recommended ratio is exceeded. Additionally, residents have access to the natural open space areas in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, as well as fields at Fort Baker. The 1995 General Plan recommends pursuing joint programming with the Marin City Recreation Department to supplement facilities and programming available to Sausalito residents. The City of Sausalito Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide range of social and recreational programs and activities for people all ages, including the Bocce League, Edgewater Seniors, Playland, and Children's Birthday Parties. The Department also puts on special events throughout the year, including Jazz and Blues by the Bay, Chili Cook-Off, Fourth of July Parade, Fourth of July Picnic, Fourth of July Fireworks, Arias in the Afternoon, City Wide Yard Sale, Halloween Sausalito, Outdoor Movie Night, Breakfast with Santa, Sausalito's Souper Bowl, WAG Dog Festival, and Easter Parade and Egg Hunt. The City also coordinates with Willow Creek Academy on their After School Program for children.

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TABLE PF 2: SAUSALITO PARKS & AMENITIES FACILITY AMENITIES ACRES* Beaches Schoonmaker Beach Beach 1.1 Swede's Beach Beach 0.12 Tiffany Beach Beach n/a Parks Cloud View Park Lawn area, children's playground, meeting room 0.52 Cazneau Park Open space 0.04 Dunphy Park Lawn area, shoreline access, bocce ball court, volley 9.72 ball court Gabrielson Park Art structures, lawn area, picnic area 0.75 Langendorf Playground BBQ area, lawn area, children's play area 0.33 Marinship Park Art structures, picnic area, tennis courts 2.78 Mary Ann Sears Park Picnic area, children's playground 0.13 MLK Park Basketball courts, dog park, gym, lawn area, picnic area, children's playground, tennis courts, softball field, running track 15.5 Remington Dog Park Dog park Robin Sweeny Park Basketball courts, lawn area, picnic area, children's 0.8 playground Southview Park Basketball courts, lawn area, picnic area, children's 0.61 playground, tennis courts Tiffany Park Art structures, plants/landscaping, benches 0.26 Unnamed Open Space Undeveloped (near Woodward/Marin Ave) 0.14 Viña Del Mar Plaza Art structures, plants/landscaping, benches 0.32 Yee Tock Chee Park Plants/landscaping, benches 0.07 Recreational Facilities 420 Litho Street Meeting room, exercise area, game room 0.93 Turney Street Boat Ramp Boat Launch * ACREAGE IS LESS KNOWN BUILDING FOOTPRINT AREAS AS REPORTED ON THE MARIN COUNTY GIS DATABASE MARINMAPS. SOURCE: CITY OF SAUSALITO, 2017.

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GENERAL PLAN UPDATE

• Consider ways to promote improved access to parks and recreational facilities in Sausalito and the wider area, including wayfinding and bicycle, pedestrian, trail and transit connections. • Explore additional policies and programs regarding maintenance of City park and recreational facilities, including improvement and maintenance of trails and stairs within the community. • Examine and explore policies to ensure access to recreational facilities for all age groups (infants, youth, teens, adults, and the elderly) and incorporating measures from the Age Friendly Sausalito Plan. • Consider daylighting creeks in Sausalito following identification, inventory, and study of subterranean water flows for daylighting opportunities.

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APPENDICES

PF-1. Public Facilities PF-2. Parks and Open Space

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APPENDIX PF-1: PUBLIC FACILITIES

Legend !( City Hall !( School !( Library !( Law Enforcement !( Fire Station Sausalito City Limits Sphere of Influence

Source: MarinMap, 2017 ° SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PF-1 PUBLIC FACILITIES City of Sausalito General Plan Update

APPENDIX PF-2: PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

ID Park Name 1 Gabrielson Park 2 Vina Del Mar Plaza 3 Yee Tock Chee Park 4 Tiffany Park WOLFBACK RIDGE 5 Southview Park 6 Mary Ann Sears 7 Cazneau Park CLOUDVIEW 8 Langendorf Park 9 Marinship Park 10 Dunphy Park

MARION 11 Cloudview Park

SAUSALITO HWY 101

CENT CENT RE S E C R S C O

LIT HWY O 101 WEST

USA L

DS USALIT C SA S SA EY R

AR E LL 4TH W A V CENT ED TH O S U 3RD ALEXANDER

2ND MAIN WEST S O A CRE C R I ENTA

ECT A 4TH O GL LINCOLN S SANT EN TOYON LAUREL RDSON LIT O P

PR RICHA 3RD SAUSA GEORGE MONTE

2ND CLOUD VIEW M MARIN AR WOODW SACRAMENT A LINCOLN PLA RD O SPENCER BUCHANAN

TH E TT CURREY LEY N WRA NOR I Y SPRING

L H OLIMA GLEN U K S

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U D EASTERBY O E S CAZN R EAU TOMALES

6 OLIVE NEV ARD

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RT SAN COLOMA CARLOS MARIE MLK GLEN GIRARD 4 FILBE MARINSH BRI I P WAY DGEW RT AY 8 BONITA

HARRISON LOCUST LITHO NAP

T R CITY BEE

U EBBTID TEST BU K JOHNSON HALL A L PINE 7 LEY NEY HARBOR

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9 GATE 5 5

3 10 2

1 Sausalito City Limits

Open Space, Park s, and Recreation Public Institutional with Recreation (P I) Public Parks (PP) Open Space (OS) SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE PF-2 Parks and Open Space CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE: environmental & infrastructure conditions: Schools City of Sausalito General Plan Update

Table of Contents

Schools ...... 225 Regulatory Framework ...... 225 State Regulations ...... 225 Local/Regional Regulatory Agencies ...... 226 Existing Conditions ...... 227 Public Schools ...... 227 Private Schools ...... 229 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 229

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SCHOOLS

Schools are one of the building blocks of a vibrant, healthy community. They are a focal point of life in the community and a place for local families to interact and build bonds. State regulations governing the siting of new schools encourage locations within walking distance of homes and adjacent to parks, playgrounds, and sports facilities. This easy accessibility makes school sites excellent for co-locating a variety of other public facilities as well, including post offices and healthcare and social services. The City can also collaborate with local school districts on mutually beneficial issues, such as facilitating safe routes to schools. The 1995 General Plan addresses school primarily in the Land Use and Growth Management Element, with policies and programs designed to locate schools in residential neighborhoods and plan for the reuse of former school sites. This report discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to schools in the City of Sausalito in order to inform and support the Sausalito General Plan Update process.

Regulatory Framework

STATE REGULATIONS

Senate Bill 50 Senate Bill (SB) 50 (funded by Proposition 1A, approved in 1998) limits the power of cities and counties to require mitigation of school facilities impacts as a condition of approving new development and instead provides for a standardized developer fee. SB 50 generally provides for a 50/50 State and local school facilities funding match. SB 50 also provides for three levels of statutory impact fees. The application level depends on whether State funding is available, whether the school district is eligible for State funding and whether the school district meets certain additional criteria involving bonding capacity, year-round school, and the percentage of moveable classrooms in use.

California Government Code, Section 65995(b), and Education Code Section 17620 SB 50 amended California Government Code Section 65995, which contains limitations on Education Code Section 17620, the statute that authorizes school districts to assess development fees within school district boundaries. Government Code Section 65995(b)(3) requires the maximum square footage assessment for development to be increased every 2 years, according to inflation adjustments.

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Mitigation Fee Act (California Government Code 66000-66008) Enacted as AB 1600, the Mitigation Fee Act requires a local agency establishing, increasing, or imposing an impact fee as a condition of development to identify the purpose of the fee and the use to which the fee is to be put. The agency must also demonstrate a reasonable relationship between the fee and the purpose for which it is charged, and between the fee and the type of development plan on which it is to be levied. The Act came into force on January 1, 1989.

Mello-Roos Communities Facilities Act (California Government Code 53311, et seq.) The Mello-Roos Community Facilities Act, Government Code Section 53311, et seq. provide an alternative method of financing certain public capital facilities and services through special taxes. This State law empowers local agencies to establish community facilities districts to levy special taxes for services such as schools.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATORY AGENCIES

Sausalito Marin City School District The Sausalito Marin City School District (SMCSD) provides elementary and middle school services to the City of Sausalito, the unincorporated community of Marin City, and generally the unincorporated area south of State Highway 1. The SMCSD operates two schools: Bayside Martin Luther King Jr. Academy and the charter school Willow Creek Academy. Both schools provide educational services from kindergarten to 8th grade. The SMCSD is governed by an elected, five-member Board of Trustees that makes decisions on policies and budgets, along with decisions regarding school facilities. Daily operations are managed by a District Superintendent, who is appointed by the Board of Trustees. The Willow Creek Academy is operated by The Willow Creek Foundation, a non-profit corporation with a 10-member Board of Directors.

Tamalpais Union High School District The Tamalpais Union High School District (TUHSD) provides high school services to students residing in communities and unincorporated areas generally to the south and west of San Rafael, including the City of Sausalito. It operates three comprehensive high schools and two alternative programs. Like the SMCSD, the TUHSD is governed by an elected, five-member Board of Trustees that makes decisions on policies, budgets, and school facilities. The Board of Trustees, in turn, appoints a District Superintendent to oversee daily operations.

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Marin Community College District The Marin Community College District provides community college educational services to most of Marin County, including Sausalito. It is governed by an elected, seven-member Board of Trustees, which in turn appoints a Superintendent/President to oversee daily operations. The Marin Community College District operates two facilities: the College of Marin in Kentfield and the Indian Valley Campus in Novato. There are no community college facilities in Sausalito, nor are there any other college facilities.

Existing Conditions

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Sausalito Marin City School District As noted above, the SMCSD operates two schools. Only Willow Creek Academy is within the Sausalito city limits; Bayside Martin Luther King Jr. Academy is located in Marin City. As shown in Table SC 1, Bayside Martin Luther King Jr. Academy has had periods of lean and heavy enrollment in the last 10 years, while Willow Creek Academy has seen steady enrollment increases during the same time period. Enrollment projections from SMCSD show a steady increase into the future, however expanded facilities are not anticipated as a need at this time.

TABLE SC-1: SMCSD CURRENT AND HISTORICAL ENROLLMENT SCHOOLS 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

BAYSIDE MLK JR. 84 98 135 131 122 92 72 145 160 140 126

WILLOW CREEK ACADEMY 144 140 147 188 216 247 289 322 357 377 396

TOTAL 228 238 282 319 338 339 361 467 517 517 557 Source: Dataquest, 2017.

In 2004, voters in the SMCSD passed Measure I, a $15.9 million bond measure ($29.90 per $100,000 of assessed value; bonds can be issued in a series with no bond maturing more than 25 years from the date borne1), to build and renovate schools in the district. The facilities improvements to schools within Sausalito included community parking and drop- off zones; improved school bus access; improvements for compliance with the American with Disabilities Act; improvements to meet requirements of fire, safety, and building codes; communications infrastructure improvements; replacement and repair of playfields and

1 Measure I Factsheet. Website: https://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/rv/ elections/past/2004/nov/measurei.pdf?la=en. Accessed September 2017.

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play areas; replacement/upgrading of restroom facilities; and modernization of electrical, plumbing, lighting, heating, ventilation, windows, walls, floors, ceilings, and cabinets. In 2006, bonds were approved to construct and furnish the Martin Luther King Jr. Academy, a middle school. The middle school has since merged with Bayside Elementary School to form the K–8 Bayside Martin Luther King Jr. Academy. In 2012, a Facilities Needs Analysis was put together for the two schools outlining $18.5 million of work needed for the schools.2 For the Bayside Martin Luther King Jr. Academy, proposed improvements included a new K–5 building, a modular preschool/parent center, a baseball field, the demolition of an annex, roof replacement, and other upgrades and improvements. For Willow Creek Academy, proposed improvements included painting, siding repair/replacement, and a fabric shade structure among others. A new gym/multi-use room and installation of solar facilities also were identified. The Facilities Needs Analysis did not identify any new school facilities for construction, in Sausalito or within the SMCSD, and it did not provide any enrollment projections. During a 2016 conversation with Bob Ferguson, the interim District Superintendent at the time, there was a renewed conversation on the needs for bonds to potentially fund ballfield improvements, portable classroom upgrades, heating and cooling improvements, and other general upgrades.3 As of October 2017, SMCSD has not placed any new bond measures on the ballot. In addition, there has been recent discussion of a potential consolidation of the two schools in the SMCSD, but no action to date has been taken.

Tamalpais Union High School District As noted above, the TUHSD provides high school services to the City of Sausalito. There are no high schools in Sausalito. High school students residing in Sausalito attend Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley. As shown in Table SC 2, the TUHSD experienced a decline in enrollment from 2007 to 2010 but a steady increase in enrollment since 2010. Tamalpais High School also has experienced growth in enrollment since 2010, however expanded facilities are not anticipated as a need at this time

TABLE SC-2: TUHSD CURRENT AND HISTORICAL ENROLLMENT SCHOOLS 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

TAMALPAIS HIGH SCHOOL 1,180 1,075 1,116 1,110 1,162 1,231 1,229 1,281 1,321 1,527 1,567

DISTRICT TOTAL 3,984 3,889 3,823 3,810 3,836 3,839 3,907 4,060 4,165 4,483 4,693

2 Sausalito Marin City School District. 2012. Facilities Needs Analysis. Website: http://www.smcsd.org /files/SMCSD%20Needs%20Estimate%20Costing%20Greystone%20West.pdf. Accessed September 2017. 3 Article discussing potential new bond improvements. Website: http://www.marinij.com/article/ NO/20160606/NEWS/160609871. Accessed September 2017:

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Source: Dataquest, 2017.

In 2004, voters in the TUHSD approved a parcel tax that expired on June 30, 2012. The parcel tax provided funding for maintaining small class sizes and academic programs. In 2012, TUHSD voters approved a 10-year extension of the parcel tax, beginning July 1, 2012. Voters in the TUHSD passed Measure A in 2001, which authorized the issuance of bonds totaling $121 million for the modernization of school facilities. In 2006, voters passed a separate bond authorization to provide funding for technology infrastructure upgrades, classroom renovations, and new and renovated athletic facilities.

PRIVATE SCHOOLS Several private schools serve pre-school-aged children through Grade 12 within the Sausalito city limits: • New Village School, with 140 students in kindergarten through Grade 8 • Marin School, with 70 students in grades 9 through 12.4 • Lycee Francais de San Francisco (LFSF), accommodates 203 children from age 2 through 5th grade at the Sausalito campus. • Women Helping All People Scholastic Academy, accommodates 14 children in grades K-8.

Private schools offer alternatives to the public education system, including specialized serves such as early child care and immersive French programs.

Considerations for the General Plan Update We find that the following require further consideration for the General Plan Update:

• Based on anticipated population and development trends, it is expected that future development in Sausalito would not require new or expanded school facilities in the SMCSD or the TUHSD. Consider General Plan policies and programs in light of these infrastructure conditions. • Explore collaboration opportunities with local schools—public and private—on mutually beneficial initiatives such as safe routes to schools. • Consider effective means to promote safety and security at schools. • Enrollment at local schools has increased over the past 10 years, but the property tax allocation has not increased at the same rate, leaving a funding gap. Public

4 Zillow School Reviews. "School Reviews for Sausalito." Website: https://www.zillow.com /sausalito- ca/schools on October 20, 2017.

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schools are seeking funding at the state level through the Proposition 51 School Bond measure to address the shortfall. Consider recommendations to engage more actively in State-level discussions that affect Sausalito’s schools to continue to advocate for school needs as well as fiscal sustainability.

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Table of Contents

Utilities & Service Systems ...... 234 Water Supply And Distribution ...... 234 Regulatory Framework ...... 234 Federal Regulations ...... 234 State Regulations ...... 236 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 238 Existing Conditions ...... 239 Water Supply Sources ...... 239 Water Distribution System ...... 240 Water Treatment ...... 241 Recycled Water ...... 242 Water Conservation ...... 242 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 243 Wastewater Collection and Treatment ...... 243 Regulatory Framework ...... 244 Federal Regulations ...... 244 State Regulations ...... 244 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 245 Existing Conditions ...... 247 Wastewater Collection System ...... 248 Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 248 Capital Improvements ...... 248 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 251 Stormwater Collection and Treatment ...... 252 Regulatory Framework ...... 252 Federal Regulations ...... 252 State Regulations ...... 253 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 254 Existing Conditions ...... 256 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 257 Solid Waste Collection, Recycling and Disposal ...... 257

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UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS | 232 Regulatory Framework ...... 257 State Regulations ...... 257 Local/Regional Regulations ...... 259 Existing Conditions ...... 261 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 262 Telecommunications, Electricity and Natural Gas Supply ...... 262 Regulatory Framework ...... 262 State Regulations ...... 262 Existing Conditions ...... 265 Considerations for the General Plan Update ...... 266 Appendices ...... 267

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UTILITIES & SERVICE SYSTEMS

Effective management of utilities and service systems is an important civic responsibility. Supply and distribution of water, electricity, and natural gas; collection and treatment of wastewater; collection and management of storm drainage; collection/recycling/disposal of solid waste, and provision of telephone and internet services are essential services that play important roles in the economic development, public health, and quality of life in Sausalito. This section discusses the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to utilities and service systems in Sausalito in order to provide context for the upcoming General Plan Update.

WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to water supply and distribution in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update. The City is served treated, potable water and water for fire suppression and irrigation by the Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD). The MMWD is also the agency responsible for regulating the distribution of raw (untreated) and reclaimed or recycled water (municipal wastewater treated to comply with specific water criteria established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the State of California).

Regulatory Framework

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Federal Safe Drinking Water Act The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the federal law that protects public drinking water supplies throughout the nation. Under the SDWA, the EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and, with its partners, implements various technical and financial programs to ensure drinking water safety.

Clean Water Act Section 404 of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA), which is administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), regulates the discharge of dredge and fill material into “waters of the United States.” Once Section 404 jurisdiction is established, several different types of permitting procedures cover the discharge of dredge and fill material. The first category of permits is the General Permit (falling into two sub-categories: nationwide and

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regional permits), which provides standing authority for certain specified activities, and sets forth various compliance requirements necessary to obtain coverage without further USACE involvement. The second category is the Individual Permit. Unlike the General Permit process, individual permit applications are subject to public notice and public interest review, which involve a comprehensive analysis of identified factors to evaluate the probable impacts on the public interest of the proposed activity. These permit applications also require preparation of an alternatives analysis that evaluates whether there is a “practicable alternative” to the proposed discharge. The USACE has established a series of nationwide permits that authorize certain activities in waters of the United States, if a proposed activity can demonstrate compliance with standard conditions. Normally, the USACE requires an individual permit for an activity that would affect an area equal to or in excess of 0.5 acre of waters of the United States. Projects that result in impacts to less than 0.5 acre can normally be conducted pursuant to one of the nationwide permits, if consistent with the standard permit conditions. The USACE also has discretionary authority to require an Environmental Impact Statement for projects that result in impacts to an area between 0.1 and 0.5 acre. Use of any nationwide permit is contingent on the activities having no impacts to endangered species. Section 401 of the CWA requires that “any applicant for a federal permit for activities that involve a discharge to waters of the State shall provide the federal permitting agency with a certification from the State, in which the discharge is proposed, that states the discharge will comply with the applicable provisions under the federal Clean Water Act.” Therefore, before the USACE will issue a Section 404 permit, applicants must apply for and receive a Section 401 water quality certification from the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB). This certification requirement applies to both General and Individual Permits. In the waters of Richardson Bay and the San Francisco Bay area in general, dredge and fill are regulated by the Dredged Material Management Office (DMMO). The DMMO is a joint program of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB), State Lands Commission (SLC), the San Francisco District USACE, and the EPA. Also participating are the California Department of Fish and Game, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Fish and Wildlife Service who provide advice and expertise to the process. The purpose of the DMMO is to cooperatively review sediment quality sampling plans, analyze the results of sediment quality sampling and make suitability determinations for material proposed for disposal in San Francisco Bay. The DMMO's goal is to increase efficiency and coordination between the member agencies and to foster a comprehensive and consolidated approach to handling dredged material management issues. Applicants using DMMO fill out one application form, which the agencies then jointly review at bi-weekly meetings before issuing their respective authorizations.

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STATE REGULATIONS

California Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act Under the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (Porter-Cologne), the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) has the ultimate authority over State water rights and water quality policy. Porter-Cologne also establishes nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs) to oversee water quality on a day-to-day basis at the local and regional level. RWQCBs regulate all pollutant or nuisance discharges that may affect either surface water or groundwater. The City of Sausalito is within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB.

California Senate Bill 610 Both Senate Bill (SB) 610 and SB 221 amended State law to ensure better coordination between local water supply and land use decisions and confirm that there is an adequate water supply for new development. Both statutes require that detailed information regarding water availability be provided to City and County decision-makers prior to approval of large development projects. SB 610 requires the preparation of a water supply assessment (WSA) for certain types of projects, as defined by Water Code Section 10912, that are subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

California Urban Water Management Planning Act Through the Urban Water Management Planning Act of 1983, the California Water Code requires all urban water suppliers within California to prepare and adopt an Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) and update it every 5 years. This requirement applies to all suppliers providing water to more than 3,000 customers or supplying more than 3,000 acre- feet of water annually. The Act requires that total projected water use be compared with water supply sources over the next 20 years in 5-year increments; that planning occur for single and multiple dry water years; and that plans include a water recycling analysis that incorporates a description of the wastewater collection and treatment system within the agency’s service area along with current and potential recycled water uses. As discussed further below, the MMWD adopted its Final 2015 UWMP in June 2016 (the most recent), and its Water Resources Plan 2040 in March 2017.

California Groundwater Management Act The Groundwater Management Act of the California Water Code (Assembly Bill [AB] 3030) provides guidance for applicable local agencies to develop voluntary Groundwater Management Plans in State-designated groundwater basins. Sausalito does not overly a State-designated groundwater basin.

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Water Conservation Act of 2009 (SB X7-7) Senate Bill X7-7, which was enacted in 2009, requires all water suppliers to increase water use efficiency. The legislation sets an overall goal of reducing per capita water use by 20 percent by 2020.

State Updated Model Efficient Landscape Ordinance (AB 1881) The Water Conservation in Landscaping Act was enacted in 2006, requiring the Department of Water Resources (DWR) to update the Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance (MWELO). In 2009, the Office of Administrative Law approved the updated MWELO, which required a retail water supplier or a county to adopt the provisions of the MWELO by January 1, 2010, or to enact its own provisions equal to or more restrictive than the MWELO provisions. The City has not adopted its own provisions for water-efficient landscaping.

Title 22, California Administrative Code Title 22 establishes the responsibility for regulating the application and use of reclaimed or recycled water in two state agencies: the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and the SWRCB. The CDPH establishes statewide effluent bacteriological and treatment reliability standards for recycled water, while the SWRCB establishes and enforces requirements for recycled water application and use. Water recycling operations are required to obtain permits from the SWRCB. Permit applicants must demonstrate the operation will be in compliance with Title 22 requirements, and that the proposed operation will not exceed ground and surface water quality objectives in the applicable basin management plan. The MMWD is responsible for compliance with these requirements within the City of Sausalito.

Green Building Standards Code In January 2010, the California Building Standards Commission adopted the statewide mandatory Green Building Standards Code (CAL Green Code) that requires the installation of water-efficient indoor infrastructure for all new projects beginning after January 1, 2011, along with mandatory construction waste reduction measures and waste management plan requirements. Specifically, the 2010 CAL Green Code required residential and non- residential water efficiency and conservation measures for new buildings and structures that will reduce the overall potable water use inside each building and structure by 20 percent. The 20 percent water savings can be achieved in one of two ways: (1) installation of plumbing fixtures and fittings that meet the 20 percent reduced flow rate specified in the CAL Green Code, or (2) by demonstrating a 20 percent reduction in water use from the building “water use baseline.” In 2013, the California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen or CALGreen Code) was modified and expanded. New sections were added in the areas of water efficiency and

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conservation, including a requirement for a 20 percent reduction in outdoor water use in conformance with the Governor’s emergency drought proclamations. References to the California Energy and Plumbing Codes were also included, while demolition and recycling requirements were further defined. The CALGreen Code was updated again in 2016 to incorporate a new universal waste code section and to include a new section on water efficiency and conservation for food waste disposers. The 2016 CALGreen Code update carried over water efficient landscape-related emergency standards from the 2013 Code to address ongoing drought conditions. The CAL Green Code has been incorporated as Part 11 into Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations and applies to the planning, design, operation, construction, use, and occupancy of every newly constructed building or structure. All land uses must satisfy the indoor water use infrastructure standards necessary to meet the CAL Green Code and must also comply with outdoor, water-related emergency standards established in the Code.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Marin Municipal Water District The Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) is a special district that provides water services to much of Marin County. It is overseen by an elected Board of Directors. The MMWD has developed a District Code that sets rules for connection to its water services and charging for its services. Chapter 13.02 sets forth the MMWD’s Water Conservation and Dry Year Program. The MMWD adopted a UWMP in 2016 that evaluates water deliveries and uses, water supply sources, efficient water uses, and demand management measures. Additionally, in 2017, MMWD adopted Water Resources Plan 2040, which seeks to enhance the resiliency of MMWD’s water supply in the face of events such as earthquakes and drought.

City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan Adopted in 2015, the City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan (CAP) notes that the City is subject to MMWD’s water conservation measures, which reduce electricity use and the need for additional wastewater processing, both of which generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The CAP recommends several actions related to water use, including increased indoor and outdoor water efficiency, promotion of rainwater catchments and rainwater storage facilities, and improvements to plumbing fixtures, pipes, and irrigation systems in City buildings, facilities, and landscaping.

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Sausalito Municipal Code The Sausalito Municipal Code contains all ordinances for the City. The Sausalito Municipal Code is organized by Title, Chapter and Section. The current Sausalito Municipal Code is up to date through Ordinance No. 1243, passed March 14, 2017. The following chapters of the Sausalito Municipal Code pertain to water service.

Chapter 18.16, Water Wells The purpose of this chapter is to protect public health and groundwater quality by assuring that wells are constructed, repaired, or destroyed in an environmentally and biologically safe manner, and to establish standards regulating the use of private water supplies for human consumption in order to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public. Design and construction of domestic water systems shall be in accordance with the current “Rules and Regulations for Establishing Minimum Domestic Water Supply Requirements” adopted by resolution of the City Council and the provisions of Title 9.10 (Subdivision Regulations) of the Municipal Code. No person shall develop any well within the City without first submitting an application to and receiving a permit from the City Engineer. The Marin County Community Development Agency, Environmental Health Services Division also regulates water wells, groundwater monitoring wells, heat exchange or groundwater source heat pump wells, cathodic protection wells and soil borings within the City of Sausalito.

Existing Conditions Water for the City of Sausalito is provided by the MMWD, which serves the populous eastern corridor of Marin County from the Golden Gate Bridge northward up to, but not including, Novato, Muir Woods, Stinson Beach, Olema, Pt. Reyes Station, Nicasio or other West Marin communities. The MMWD's service area covers approximately 147 square miles and serves a population of approximately 190,000 customers12

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES The 2015 UWMP describes existing and future sources of water available to the MMWD. As indicated in its 2015 UWMP, the MMWD's water supply comes primarily from a network of seven local, rain-fed reservoirs, supplemented with water from the Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA). In the 2015 UWMP, MMWD estimated that the "operational yield" of its water supplies totaled approximately 28,500 acre-feet per year (afy) (Ibid.). Of this total, approximately 20,000 afy was provided by MMWD surface reservoirs, and 8,500 afy provided by SWCA. In its March, 2017 Water Resources Plan 20403, "operational yield" is defined as the maximum annual demand that can be met by the MMWD's local water supply system during

1 http://www.marinwater.org/documentcenter/view/601. 2 2015 UWMP (MWWD), http://marinwater.org/DocumentCenter/View/3828. 3 2017, Water Resources Plan 2040, (MMWD), http://marinwater.org/DocumentCenter/View/5095.

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the hydrologic record, assuming 25 percent of supply capacity (beyond unusable storage) is reserved for emergency purposes. The baseline operational yield of the MMWD's reservoir system is reported as 29,020 afy in the 2017 Water Resources Plan 2040. MMWD began the use of recycled water during the drought of 1976–77. In 1981, a direct filtration plant with a capacity to produce 1.0 million gallons per day (mgd) of recycled water was completed as a joint project with the Las Gallinas Valley Sanitary District. In 1989, the MMWD upgraded this facility to full conventional treatment and expanded its capacity to 2.0 mgd. The 2015 Urban Water Management Plan indicates that MMWD’s recycled water system currently delivers about 650 afy through 343 service connections, and has 1.7 million gallons of storage. Irrigation for parks, playgrounds, and landscaping uses 95 percent of the recycled water produced by MMWD. According to its 2015 Urban Water Management Plan, almost all of the SCWA’s water supply (98 percent) comes from surface reservoirs, with the remainder provided by groundwater. Since 1975, the MMWD has contracted with SCWA for a supplemental supply of water, primarily from Lake Sonoma via the Russian River. Russian River water is diverted by SCWA at a series of sub-surface Ranney4 collectors near Wohler Bridge in Sonoma County. The majority of the SCWA’s water supply comes from a network of seven local, rain-fed reservoirs. The contract allows MMWD to take deliveries of up to 14,300 afy subject to availability. Total reservoir storage operated by MMWD is 25.9 billion gallons (79,566 afy), but MMWD estimates that operational yield of the reservoirs is just under 30,000 afy. According to the MMWD’s UWMP, no future potable water supply projects are considered necessary at this time, as conservation measures are projected to maintain the water demand at a level that can be supplied from existing water sources. The Water Resources Plan 2040 affirms this assessment but recommends that MMWD evaluate expanding its existing water conservation programs, invest in watershed management, and explore groundwater partnering opportunities to improve water supply resiliency.

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The MMWD’s potable water distribution system (Exhibit UTIL-1) includes approximately 886 miles of water mains, 94 pump stations, and 127 treated water storage tanks with a total storage capacity of 81.9 million gallons. MMWD treats water at its three treatment plants, the Bon Tempe Treatment Plant west of Ross, the San Geronimo Treatment Plant in Woodacre, and the Ignacio Water Quality and Pumping Station. Water from SCWA flows through SCWA pipelines to Petaluma. From Petaluma, the water flows southward in MMWD’s aqueduct for 8 miles to the northern end of MMWD’s pipeline facilities in Novato. Water imported from SCWA is naturally filtered in the deep sand and gravel below the river bed and requires no further clarification. This water enters MMWD’s

4 http://www.owp.csus.edu/glossary/ranney-collector.php.

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system at the Ignacio treatment facility, where the water is further treated and water quality is monitored continually and adjusted as needed. MMWD's raw and potable water pipelines range from ¾-inch pipes connecting customers’ water meters to the MMWD’s mains, to the 42-inch transmission mains that carry source water to the treatment plants. The pipes are made of various materials depending on when and where they were installed. The water system within Sausalito comprises 10 reservoir tanks with a total storage capacity of just over 3 million gallons. The distribution system within Sausalito consists of over 32 miles of pipeline ranging in size from ¾-inch service connections to 16-inch water mains.5 The pipes are made of various materials depending on when and where they were installed. There are also six pump stations that serve the area. MMWD’s recycled water system consists of nearly 25 miles of pipeline, 1.7 MG of storage, 4 pump stations, and serves about 520 afy of recycled water through 342 service connections —all of which are located along the recycled water transmission pipeline network between the Marin County Civic Center, the Terra Linda district of the City of San Rafael and the Marinwood Community Service District area in Marin County. No recycled water is currently produced at the Sausalito-Marin City Sanitary District's Treatment Plant at Ft. Baker and the production at the Sewerage Agency of Southern Marin Plant in Mill Valley is currently very small.

WATER TREATMENT To treat raw water before supplying it to customers, MMWD operates three water treatment plants, as previously noted: the Bon Tempe Treatment Plant, the San Geronimo Treatment Plant, and the Ignacio Treatment Facility. Together, these facilities have a combined design capacity of 71 mgd. Observed high flows have reached 58 mgd, but the average daily maximum flow is approximately 25 mgd. In 2015, the total production of the three plants averaged 20.4 mgd. Figure UTIL-1 shows historical and projected future demand. As shown, under the highest demand scenario, demand for MMWD water services would increase to approximately 25,860 afy by 2040. This projected demand would approach the current operational yield of MMWD reservoirs (29,020 afy, 2017 Water Resources Plan 2040), but is would less than the total storage capacity (79,566 afy). The MMWD also would have access to up to 14,300 afy of SCWA water. Finally, this highest demand scenario assumes no implementation of water conservation measures. Other scenarios that assume certain conservation measures being in place project lower water demand.

5 GIS database file provided by MMWD.

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FIGURE UTIL-1: MMWD HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED FUTURE DEMAND

RECYCLED WATER There are five wastewater treatment plants within the area that collectively treat roughly 17,000 afy. Of this amount, just over 2,000 afy is recycled for non-potable purposes such as landscape irrigation. The majority of recycled water production occurs at MMWD’s facility co- located at the Las Gallinas Valley Sanitary District (LGVSD). The wastewater originates from within the LGVSD service area, which is also within MMWD’s service area. The collected wastewater is treated to secondary level at LGVSD’s wastewater treatment plant and then receives further treatment at MMWD’s Las Gallinas Valley Water Recycling Facility before being distributed to customers. As previously noted, most of the recycled water is used for irrigation of parks, playgrounds, and other landscapes. In 2014, the LGVSD began supplying approximately 150 afy of tertiary-treated recycled water produced at the newly constructed LGVSD recycled water membrane plant to North Marin Water District. It is anticipated that MMWD will partner with LGVSD to expand recycled water production at the LGVSD facility to replace MMWD’s aging recycled water treatment plant.

WATER CONSERVATION As previously noted, Chapter 13.02 of the MMWD Code establishes a program for water conservation, both for years of normal precipitation and for dry years. The normal year conservation programs are based on industry standards promulgated by the American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (ARCSA), Bay-Friendly Landscape and Gardening Practices (Bay-Friendly), Best Management Practices developed by the California Urban

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Water Conservation Council (CUWCC), DWR, California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC), California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS), Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE), University of California Cooperative Extension (U.C. Extension), EPA WaterSense Program (WaterSense), Water Use Classification of Landscape Species (WUCOLS), and other recognized conservation industry standards. Water conservation measures include:

• Installation of high-efficiency plumbing fixtures (e.g., showerheads, faucets, toilets) • Installation of commercial equipment that meet water efficiency standards • Installation of water-efficient landscaping, including plant types and irrigation systems • Installation of “graywater” and rain harvesting systems

Normal-year conservation measures apply to new and rehabilitated buildings and facilities. Additional conservation measures would be imposed during dry years. The MMWD has set forth programs for 10-percent and 25-percent reductions in water use. The MMWD Board would activate water reduction programs in accordance with conditions specified in the District Code. A 10-percent reduction program would involve voluntary use reduction by consumers, while a 25-percent reduction would involve mandatory reductions. The latter would include residential water use allocations on an allotment per resident basis, and limits on non-residential use between 50 and 80 percent, based on billing code.

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• MMWD’s 2017 Water Resources Plan 2040 concluded that MMWD’s current supply portfolio is sufficient to meet demands under the majority of conditions evaluated and that there is no immediate need to invest in infrastructure to secure additional resiliency at this time. Nevertheless, MMWD is committed to evaluating expansion of its existing water efficiency programs and certain other potential improvements to bolster resiliency of supply. Consider adding policies and programs to encourage and promote water conservation. • Explore policies and programs to encourage and promote increased gray water reuse and development of recycled water production and distribution infrastructure in and near Sausalito.

WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to wastewater collection and treatment in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update.

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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Clean Water Act The federal government regulates wastewater treatment and planning through the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, more commonly known as the Clean Water Act (CWA). The CWA regulates the discharge of pollutants into watersheds throughout the nation. The CWA consists of two parts: (1) the provisions that authorize federal financial assistance for municipal sewage treatment plant construction, and (2) the regulatory requirements that apply to industrial and municipal dischargers. Under the CWA, the EPA implements pollution control programs and sets wastewater standards.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System The NPDES permit program was established in the CWA to regulate municipal and industrial discharges to surface waters of the United States. Federal NPDES permit regulations have been established for broad categories of discharges, including point source municipal waste discharges and non-point-source stormwater runoff. NPDES permits generally identify effluent and receiving water limits on allowable concentrations and/or mass emissions of pollutants contained in the discharge; prohibitions on discharges not specifically allowed under the permit; and provisions that describe required actions by the discharger, including industrial pretreatment, pollution prevention, self-monitoring, and other activities. Wastewater discharge is regulated under the NPDES permit program for direct discharges into receiving waters and by the National Pretreatment Program for indirect discharges to a sewage treatment plant. The Sausalito-Marin City Sanitary District (SMCSD) operates the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for Sausalito, Marin City, and a portion of the Tamalpais Community Services District. The WWTP is currently regulated under NPDES Permit No. CA0038607. The City operates the wastewater collection system within the City Limits. The City, SMCSD and the Tamalpais Community Services District are joint respondents under USEPA Amended Order for Compliance, Docket No CWA-309(a)-08-031 dated November 24, 2008.

STATE REGULATIONS

State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) On May 2, 2006 the SWRCB adopted a General Waste Discharge Requirement (Order No. 2006-0003) for all publicly owned sanitary sewer collection systems in California with more than 1 mile of sewer pipe. The order provides a consistent statewide approach to reducing

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sanitary sewer overflows by requiring public sewer system operators to take all feasible steps to control the volume of waste discharged into the system, to prevent sanitary sewer waste from entering the storm sewer system, and to develop a Sewer System Management Plan. The General Waste Discharge Requirement also requires that storm sewer overflows be reported to the SWRCB using an online reporting system. The SWRCB has delegated authority to nine RWQCBs to enforce these requirements within their region. The City of Sausalito is within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB.

Sanitary District Act of 1923 The Sanitary District Act of 1923 (Health and Safety Code Section 6400, et seq.) authorizes the formation of sanitation districts and empowers them to construct, operate, and maintain facilities for the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater. The Act was amended in 1949 to allow the districts to also provide solid waste management and disposal services, including refuse transfer and resource recovery. The SMCSD owns and operates the WWTP for Sausalito, Marin City, and a portion of the Tamalpais Community Services District. The City owns and operates the wastewater collection system within its corporate limits.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board Regional authority for planning, permitting, and enforcement is delegated to the nine RWQCBs. The regional boards are required to formulate and adopt water quality control plans for all areas in the region and establish water quality objectives in the plans. Sausalito is within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB (Region 2). The San Francisco Bay RWQCB addresses region-wide water quality issues through the creation of the Water Quality Control Plan for San Francisco Bay Basin (Basin Plan). The Basin Plan was updated most recently in May 2017. This Basin Plan designates beneficial uses of the State waters within Region 2, describes the water quality that must be maintained to support such uses, and provides programs, projects, and other actions necessary to achieve the standards established in the Basin Plan.

Regional Monitoring Program The Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) is run and operated by San Francisco Estuary Institute. The RMP monitors contamination in the Estuary and provides water quality regulators with information they need to manage the Estuary effectively. The RMP is an innovative collaborative effort between San Francisco Estuary Institute, the RWQCB, and the regulated discharger community, which includes the SMCSD.

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The RMP has combined shared financial support, direction, and participation by regulatory agencies and the regulated community in a model of collective responsibility. The RMP has established a climate of cooperation and a commitment to participation among a wide range of regulators, dischargers, industry representatives, non-governmental agencies, and scientists. The RMP has produced a world-class dataset on estuarine contaminants. Monitoring performed in the RMP determines spatial patterns and long-term trends in contamination through sampling of water, sediment, bivalves, bird eggs, and fish, and evaluates toxic effects on sensitive organisms and chemical loading to the Bay.

Bay Area Clean Water Agencies The Bay Area Clean Water Agencies (BACWA) is a local government agency created by a joint powers agreement in 1984. BACWA’s membership includes local clean water agencies that provide sanitary sewer services to more than 7 million people living in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. Since it was founded, BACWA has continued to assist agencies in carrying out mutually beneficial projects, and to facilitate the development of scientific, economic, and other information about the San Francisco Bay environment and the agencies that work to protect it and public health. BACWA is governed by a five-person Executive Board comprising one representative from each of the joint powers agreement signatory agencies: Central Contra Costa Sanitary District, East Bay Dischargers Authority, East Bay Municipal Utility District, the City and County of San Francisco, and the City of San José. The committees and groups facilitate communication about key issues affecting the municipal wastewater community, keep agency staff apprised of regulatory and policy developments, and provides a venue for establishing regional collaboration. The SMCSD is an affiliate member of BACWA. BACWA is committed to serving its member agencies and helping them protect the San Francisco Bay environment. Through BACWA committees and the use of technical experts, BACWA provides its members with region-specific information about regulatory and utility management concerns and facilitates the pooling and leveraging of member resources, talent, and expertise. As the regional “voice” for Bay Area clean water agencies, BACWA strives to ensure that the region’s needs and concerns are clearly communicated at regional, state, and national forums. BACWA pursues collaborative partnerships and projects that help members fulfill regulatory requirements and conserve resources while also benefiting the San Francisco Bay and its residents.

Sausalito Municipal Code The following chapters of the Sausalito Municipal Code pertain to sewer service.

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Chapter 18.12, Sewers Under this chapter, adopted in 1991, with the exception of the Wolfback Ridge area of the City (where no public sewer mains have been constructed), every premises improved with a building where persons reside, congregate or are employed shall be connected to the sewer main by the owner of the premises. No such premises shall utilize a septic tank, cesspool or other individual sewage disposal system. Any business, institution or industry that may discharge oil, grease, flammable substances, sand or other materials that may be harmful to the sewage system shall have a properly functioning interceptor. Interceptors shall be designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with the provisions of the most recent editions of the Uniform Plumbing Code. All new residential, apartment, industrial and commercial buildings shall have installed a new sewer service lateral. No person shall discharge or deposit or cause or allow to be discharged or deposited into the City sewer system any wastewater which contains material specified in the chapter, such as cooking grease, petroleum products, and Solid or viscous wastes which may cause obstruction to the flow in a sewer pipeline.

Chapter 18.14, Regulations for Design, Construction and Repair of Individual Sewage Disposal System This chapter adopts all of the provisions of Marin County Code Chapter 18.06 for Regulations for Design, Construction and Repair of Individual Sewage Disposal System, such as septic tanks, with modifications by the City.

Existing Conditions A network of gravity sewer pipes within Sausalito is owned and operated by the City. Wastewater is collected and conveyed to the Sausalito Marin City Sanitary District (SMCSD) sewer interceptor and then by the SMCSD to its wastewater treatment plant for treatment and disposition. City sewer customers are billed for the fees associated with wastewater collection by the City, and by the SMCSD for the fees associated with treatment, as separate line item charges along with their property tax bills. These fees are set from time to time by the City (and the SMCSD) under a process established with the November 1996 Proposition 218, the “Right to Vote on Taxes Act” (Proposition 218) which protects taxpayers by limiting the methods by which local governments can create or increase taxes, fees and charges without taxpayer consent. Proposition 218 requires voter approval prior to imposition or increase of general taxes, assessments, and certain user fees. Proposition 218 recognized that sewer services are essential City services so the law prescribes that cities use the protest hearing as the voter approval process to ensure continuation of services that protect health, safety and welfare.

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WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM On the basis of the City's most recent Sewer Rate Study Report6, the City’s sanitary sewer system serves approximately 4,000 equivalent dwelling units (EDUs) and approximately 1,200 EDUs in the form of 200 non-residential customers. Wastewater is collected through approximately 28 miles of gravity sewer pipes that are owned and operated by the City of Sausalito (Exhibit UTIL-2). Between May 2014 through September 2015 the City conveyed an average dry weather flow of approximately 0.54 million gallons per day (mgd) to SMCSD7. The wastewater is conveyed to the SMCSD conveyance interceptor, where it is delivered to the WWTP for treatment and discharge through a deep-water outfall to the San Francisco Bay. The City owns three pump stations that are maintained by SMCSD. The SMCSD interceptor includes approximately 8,100 feet of gravity sewer pipeline located within the City of Sausalito. The gravity interceptor includes both a 21- to 24-inch pipe extending from Gate 5 Road to the Locust Street Pump Station, and a 24-inch pipe from south of Princess Street to the Main Street Pump Station. SMCSD conveyance facilities also include approximately 19,500 feet of force mains extending from Shoreline Highway to the northerly City Limits and then Gate 5 Road, from the Locust Street Pump Station to south of Princess Street, and from the Main Street Pump Station up Second, South and Alexander across the southerly City Limits and then to the SMCSD WWTP. A wet-weather force main travels from Scottie’s Pump Station parallel to the gravity interceptor from Coloma Street to the Locust Street Pump Station.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT The SMCSD operates and maintains a WWTP on East Road just south of Sausalito City limits within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The WWTP provides secondary treatment of wastewater, which is subsequently discharged into San Francisco Bay. It processes an average daily dry flow of 1.8 mgd of wastewater, and a maximum daily wet weather flow of 6.6 mgd. The WWTP has a maximum design capacity of 6.0 mgd, which is currently limited by fixed-film reactor treatment capacity. Wet weather conditions sometimes cause influent flow to exceed 6.0 mgd. Under these conditions, excess flow above 6.0 mgd is diverted from a primary clarifier directly to secondary clarifiers.

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS The SMCSD is engaged in construction of more than $30 million in critically needed improvements to its sewer pipelines, pumps, manholes and treatment facilities. In 2017 the

6 Sewer Rate Study Report, February 27, 2014, NBS. 7 Annual EPA Report, City of Sausalito, Amended Order for Compliance EPA Docket No.: CWA 309(a)‐ 08‐031, p. IV-2.

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SMCSD began construction of a major upgrade project at its treatment plant to improve capacity and reliability of the WWTP and is expected to be completed by the spring of 2019. The City of Sausalito has been in the process of rehabilitating its aging sanitary sewer infrastructure. The 2014 Sewer Rate Study identified 32 sewer capital improvement projects totaling approximately $8 million over 9 years. Since then, four projects have been completed, another four are under construction, and four have either been designed or are currently in the design process. The status of all the sewer capital improvement projects is listed below in Table UTIL-1.

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TABLE UTIL-1: CITY OF SAUSALITO SANITARY SEWER CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS UNDER DESIGN NOT YET PROJECT PROJECT COST1 COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION PHASE DESIGNED

GATE 5 ROAD $826,000 X

SPINNAKER MAIN AND ANCHOR $1,114,000 X PUMP STATION

PROSPECT TO SAUSALITO $15,000 X

WOODWARD TO TOYON $150,000 X

BEE STREET $110,000 X

WHISKEY SPRINGS GENERATOR $100,000 X

ALEXANDER AVE./BEACH $550,000 X

BRIDGEWAY WATERFRONT $881,000 X

COLOMA ST. $423,000 X

NEVADA ST. $194,000 X

CALEDONIA AT TURNEY $459,000 X

JOSEPHINE $238,000 X

SANTA ROSA AVE. $277,000 X

PINE STREET $212,000 X

MAIN ST. $260,000 X X

BULKLEY AVE. $259,000 X

BRIDGEWAY AT EBBTIDE $119,000 X

FILBERT AVE. $152,000 X

WEST ST. $138,000 X

BRIDGEWAY AT DUNPHY PARK $229,000 X

CRESCENT AVE. $139,000 X

CAZNEAU AVE. $207,000 X

TOMALES ST. $120,000 X

BRIDGEWAY AT PRINCESS $127,000 X

SPRING ST. $192,000 X

CALEDONIA AT LITHO $183,000 X

WOODWARD AVE. $89,000 X

SAUSALITO BLVD. $185,000 X

MONTE MAR DR. $112,000 X

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UNDER DESIGN NOT YET PROJECT PROJECT COST1 COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION PHASE DESIGNED

KENDELL CT. $97,000 X

LIBERTY SHIP WAY $39,000 X

WHISKEY SPINGS PUMP STATION $500,000 X PROJECT2

FUTURE PROJECTS3 $2,872,000 X

TOTAL $11,568,000

1 Cost estimates listed are estimated construction cost in 2013 dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation or include other project delivery costs. 2. The current estimate for the City's share of the Whiskey Springs Project is $1.5 million with design less than 50% complete. 3. The cost of otherwise necessary projects in FY 20/21 and 21/22 was estimated at $2.872 million with another $1 million per year for the period beyond FY 23/24. Source: City of Sausalito Sewer Rate Study Report dated February 27, 2014 and City of Sausalito Public Works Department

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• The City has identified critical sewer capital improvement projects with a combined value of $8 million needed over the next 9 years. Implementation of these projects will modernize the system ensure that the City can adequately accommodate current and projected wastewater flows largely by reducing inflow and infiltration into the existing system. Consider additional expenditures to reconstruct sewer mains in years beyond those accounted for in the City's most recent sewer rate study can be expected owing to the age of most of the City's sewer infrastructure. • In part as a result of being joint respondents to the EPA Administrative Order, the City, the SMCSD and the Tamalpais Community Services District continue to collaborate to normalize levels of service across the three agencies. Consider policies to sustain these efforts in the interest of providing the best value to all involved rate payers. • With the October, 2017 enactment of SB 231 amending Section 53750 of the California Government Code, the definition of "sewer" for purposes of the Proposition 218 Omnibus Implementation Act of 1997 was expanded to include stormwater collection and treatment. Consider this change in the City's General Plan Update.

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STORMWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to stormwater collection infrastructure in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update including the increasing regulatory requirements for treatment of stormwater prior to discharge to the Bay.

Regulatory Framework

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Clear Water Act The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the lead federal agency responsible for water quality management. The Clean Water Act (CWA, codified at 33 U.S.C. Sections 1251- 1376) of 1972 is the primary federal law that governs and authorizes water quality control activities by the EPA, as well as the States. Various elements of the CWA address water quality, and they are discussed below. Wetland protection elements, including permits to dredge or fill wetlands, are administered by the USACE under Section 404 of the CWA. The EPA has promulgated water quality regulations under Volume 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR). Section 303 of the CWA requires states to adopt water quality standards for all surface waters of the United States. As defined by the CWA, water quality standards consist of two elements: (1) designated beneficial uses of the water body in question and (2) criteria that protect the designated uses. Section 304(a) requires the EPA to publish advisory water quality criteria that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and extent of all effects on health and welfare that may be expected from the presence of pollutants in water. Where multiple uses exist, water quality standards must protect the most sensitive use. In California, the EPA has delegated to the SWRCB and its RWQCBs the authority to identify beneficial uses and adopt applicable water quality objectives. When water quality does not meet CWA standards and compromises designated beneficial uses of a receiving water body, Section 303(d) of the CWA requires that water body be identified and listed as “impaired.” Once a water body has been designated as impaired, a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) must be developed for the impairing pollutant(s). A TMDL is an estimate of the total load of pollutants from point, non-point, and natural sources that a water body may receive without exceeding applicable water quality standards, with a factor of safety included. Once established, the TMDL allocates the loads among current and future pollutant sources to the water body. In the current 303(d) listing8 Richardson Bay is listed as

8 https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/integrated2010.shtml.

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a Section 303(d) impaired water body for chlordane (a pesticide), coliform bacteria, DDT (a pesticide), Dieldrin (a pesticide), dioxin-containing compounds, furan-containing compounds, invasive species, mercury and PCBs. The central San Francisco Bay (waters south of Spinnaker Point) is listed for the same chemicals with the exception of coliform bacteria and with the addition of selenium and trash.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program was established by the CWA to regulate municipal and industrial discharges to surface waters of the United States, including discharges from municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s). NPDES permit regulations have been established for broad categories of discharges, including point-source municipal waste discharges and non-point-source stormwater runoff. NPDES permits generally identify effluent and receiving water limits on allowable concentrations and/or mass emissions of pollutants contained in the discharge; prohibitions on discharges not specifically allowed under the permit; and provisions that describe required actions by the discharger, including industrial pretreatment, pollution prevention, self-monitoring and other activities. Under the NPDES Program, all facilities that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States are required to obtain an NPDES permit. Requirements for stormwater discharges are also regulated under this program. In California, the NPDES permit program is administered by the SWRCB through the nine RWQCBs. The City of Sausalito is subject to the conditions of the NPDES Municipal General Stormwater Permit (Phase II Permit) issued by the SWRCB in 2013 (NPDES Permit No. CAS000004) which regulates both the City's facilities and obligates the City to more stringent regulation of private facilities within its jurisdiction.

STATE REGULATIONS

California Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act (Water Code, Division 7, Section 13000, et seq.) (the "Act") is California's principal water quality control law. The Act established the SWRCB and divided the State into nine regional basins, each under the jurisdiction of a RWQCB. The SWRCB is the primary state agency responsible for the protection of California’s water quality. The RWQCBs carry out the regulation, protection, and administration of water quality in each region. Each regional board is required to adopt a water quality control plan or basin plan that recognizes and reflects the regional differences in existing water quality, the beneficial uses of the region’s ground and surface water, and local water quality conditions

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and problems. As previously noted, Sausalito is within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB (Region 2) and the current Basin Plan as of May 4, 20179. The Act also authorizes the SWRCB (and therefore the RWQCBs) to issue and enforce waste discharge requirements, NPDES permits, Section 401 water quality certifications, and other regulatory approvals. Other State agencies with jurisdiction over water quality in California include the California Department of Health Services (for drinking water regulations), the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (programs to identify potential groundwater or surface water pollution associated with pesticides and regulate the use of such pesticides to protect water quality), the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (spill prevention and response and other programs to protect wildlife resources), the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, CalRecycle and the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Several of these agencies are departments under the California Environmental Protection Agency.

State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) In California, the SWRCB has broad authority over water quality control issues for the State. The SWRCB is responsible for developing statewide water quality policy and exercises the powers delegated to the State by the federal government under the CWA. It also issues the construction general permit to ensure that water quality is not degraded by construction activities.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board Regional authority for planning, permitting, and enforcement is delegated to the nine RWQCBs. The regional boards are required to formulate and adopt water quality control plans for all areas in the region and establish water quality objectives in the plans. As previously noted, Sausalito is within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay RWQCB (Region 2). The San Francisco Bay RWQCB addresses region-wide water quality issues through the creation of the Water Quality Control Plan for San Francisco Bay Basin (Basin Plan). The Basin Plan was updated most recently in May 2017. This Basin Plan designates beneficial uses of the State waters within Region 2, describes the water quality that must be maintained to support such uses, and provides programs, projects, and other actions necessary to achieve the standards established in the Basin Plan.

9 https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/basin_planning.html.

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Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association The Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association (BASMAA) is a consortium of nine San Francisco Bay Area municipal stormwater programs. BASMAA provides programs and training in an effort to promote regional consistency and efficiency to meet Phase II Permit requirements. Marin County Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program (MCSTOPPP), described in more detail below, is part of BASMAA.

Marin County Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program The City of Sausalito, along with Marin County and its 10 other cities and towns, is part of the MCSTOPPP, whose goals are to:

• Prevent stormwater pollution • Protect and enhance water quality in creeks and wetlands • Preserve beneficial uses of local waterways • Comply with State and Federal regulations

Each MCSTOPPP member agency implements a local stormwater pollution prevention program and contributes funds to the countywide MCSTOPPP, which provide for the coordination and consistency of approaches between the local stormwater programs. MCSTOPPP also is in the process of preparing a Stormwater Resource Plan (SWRP) in accordance with SB 985, passed in 2014. SB 985 requires preparation of an SWRP for municipalities to be eligible for bond-funded grants for stormwater and dry weather runoff capture projects. An SWRP must be a watershed-level resource planning document that describes watershed issues, identifies project opportunities with multiple benefits, and creates a prioritized list of project opportunities based on quantifying multiple benefits. For stormwater capture and reuse projects, multiple benefits might include augmenting the water supply, improving water quality, reestablishing the natural water drainage or mimicking natural ecosystems, enhancing or restoring habitat, and/or providing community benefits. A draft SWMP was prepared and made available to the public for comment in 2017. The draft SWRP identified publicly owned parcels and streets as potential sites for stormwater capture and reuse projects, and scores the sites through a multi-benefit project opportunity analysis methodology. MCSTOPPP worked with many public agencies to stitch together existing documentation, reports, and in September 2017 completed a Functionally Equivalent SWRP that is consistent with planning efforts and satisfies the SWRP Guidelines.10

10 https://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/pw/mcstoppp/marin-county-swrp- 2017-final.pdf?la=en.

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Sausalito Municipal Code The following chapters of the Sausalito Municipal Code pertain to stormwater.

Chapter 11.17, Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention This chapter requires that discharges of materials other than stormwater must be in compliance with the NPDES permit issued for the discharge, with limited exceptions. Discharges that result in or contribute to a violation of the Phase II Stormwater Permit is prohibited. Construction activities are required to implement appropriate Best Management Practices to prevent discharges from entering the storm drain system.

Chapter 11.18, Regulatory Fee for Clean Storm Water Activities This chapter establishes an annual fee that owners of real property pay to be used for specified clean storm water activities, including but not limited to the operation and maintenance of the City’s stormwater system. The regulatory fee was established with Ordinance No. 1111 in 1995—prior to the promulgation of the Phase II permit and without contemplating the requirements for stormwater quality treatment that are now required as part of the City's infrastructure. As originally enacted, the fee primarily serves to generate the funds necessary for the City's contribution to the cost of MCSTOPPP. As discussed under Wastewater Collection and Treatment above, with the October 2017 enactment of SB 231 amending Section 53750 of the California Government Code, the definition of "sewer" for purposes of the Proposition 218 Omnibus Implementation Act of 1997 was expanded to include stormwater collection and treatment.

Chapter 18.12, Sewers No connections shall be made to any sewer lines for the purpose of conducting any storm water into the City’s sewer system.

Existing Conditions Because of its steep terrain and proximity to Richardson and San Francisco Bays, the City of Sausalito does not depend on a large storm drain network for flood control. Rather, the City’s storm drainage infrastructure consists of a collection of catch basins, inlets and outlets, vaults, and storm drainage lines, both publicly and privately owned. The public facilities were largely constructed first with property taxes enabled by the Improvement Act of 1911 and the Municipal Improvement Act of 1913 (codified in the California Street & Highways Code ("S&HC") in sections 5000 et seq., and 10000 et seq.), and the Improvement Bond Act of 1915 (S&HC § 8500 et seq.); secondly when the then California Department of Transportation constructed US 101 and California SR 1 as part of the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge11; and finally when Bechtel constructed the Marinship Corporation Yard beginning in

11 See, for example, http://www.marinmagazine.com/May-2009/History-of-a-Highway/.

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March, 194212. Storm water runoff coming down from the hillside is conveyed through overland flow, along curbs and gutters, culverts, and smaller individual storm drain pipe networks. All stormwater is discharged into Richardson or San Francisco Bay from overland flow or through one of at least 30 bay outlets. Most of the City’s storm drain infrastructure is beyond its expected useful life. Storm drain facilities are rehabilitated as part of street improvement projects as funding permits and necessity dictates. Locations where capacity issues or infrastructure failures occur are rehabilitated or replaced as necessary, but the funds available are not dedicated for storm drainage. As indicated above, the fees currently collected under SMC Chapter 11.18 are used almost completely to cover the cost of the City's benefits from the MCSTOPPP.

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• Consider the possible implications of sea level rise and subsidence on the City’s stormwater infrastructure and develop policies and programs as appropriate. • Consider funding options for reconstruction, capacity increases, and technologies for stormwater quality improvement.

SOLID WASTE COLLECTION, RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to solid waste collection, recycling, and disposal in Sausalito and summarizes key considerations for the General Plan Update.

Regulatory Framework There are no federal laws or regulations pertaining to solid waste collection, disposal, and recycling.

STATE REGULATIONS

California Integrated Waste Management Act California’s Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 (AB 939) requires that cities and counties divert 50 percent of all solid waste from landfills as of January 1, 2000 through

12 EVALUATION OF HISTORIC RESOURCES IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL HISTORIC PRESERVATION ACT OF 1966 (as amended) 36 CFR PART 800 – SECTION 106 To Consider the Potential for Historic Resources to be Affected by the Development of a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Facility in Sausalito, California, Advance Design Consultants, Inc., March, 2011.

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source reduction, recycling, and composting. AB 939 also establishes a goal for all California counties to provide at least 15 years of ongoing landfill capacity. To help achieve this, the act requires that each City and County prepare a Source Reduction and Recycling Element to be submitted to the Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), a new department within the California Environmental Protection Agency, which administers programs formerly managed by the State’s Integrated Waste Management Board and Division of Recycling. In 2007, SB 1016 amended AB 939 to establish a per capita disposal measurement system. The per capita disposal measurement system is calculated as a jurisdiction’s reported total disposal of solid waste divided by a jurisdiction’s population. CalRecycle sets a target per capita disposal rate for each jurisdiction. Each jurisdiction must submit an annual report to CalRecycle with an update of its progress in implementing diversion programs and its current per capita disposal rate. In 2011, Assembly Bill 341 was passed, which sets a state policy goal of not less than 75 percent of solid waste that is generated to be source reduced, recycled, or composted by the year 2020.

California Solid Waste Reuse and Recycling Access Act of 1991 The California Solid Waste Reuse and Recycling Access Act of 1991 required CalRecycle to develop by March 1, 1993 a model ordinance for adoption of recyclable materials in development projects. Local agencies were then required to adopt the model, or an ordinance of their own, that establishes standards that include space allocation for the collection and loading of recyclable materials in new development projects by September 1, 1993. In 1992, the City amended Title 10 (Zoning) of its Municipal Code to establish standards that include space allocation for the collection and loading of recyclable materials in new development projects.

Mandatory Commercial Recycling Measure Pursuant to the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, which set the 2020 GHG emissions reduction into law, the Air Resources Board (ARB) adopted the AB 32 Scoping Plan, which includes the Mandatory Commercial Recycling Measure. The Mandatory Commercial Recycling Measure focuses on increasing commercial waste diversion as a way to reduce GHG emissions. Its goal is to reduce GHG emissions by 5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). To achieve the measure’s objective, an additional 2 to 3 million tons of materials annually will need to be recycled from the commercial sector by the year 2020 and beyond. CalRecycle adopted the regulation at its January 17, 2012 Monthly Public Meeting. The regulation was approved by the Office of Administrative Law on May 7, 2012 and became effective immediately.

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On June 27, 2012, the Governor signed SB 1018, which included an amendment that requires businesses that generate 4 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste per week or a multi-family residential dwelling with five or more units to arrange for recycling services. This requirement became effective on July 1, 2012.

CALGreen Building Code CALGreen came into effect for all projects beginning after January 1, 2011. The City of Sausalito has incorporated the 2016 version of CALGreen within its Municipal Code. CALGreen Section 4.408, Construction Waste Reduction Disposal and Recycling, mandates that, in the absence of a more stringent local ordinance, a minimum of 50 percent of non- hazardous construction and demolition debris must be recycled or salvaged. CalGreen requires that all applicants have a waste management plan for on-site sorting of construction debris. The waste management plan shall do the following:

• Identify the materials to be diverted from disposal by recycling, reuse on the project, or salvage for future use or sale. • Specify if materials will be sorted on-site or mixed for transportation to a diversion facility. • Identify the diversion facility where the material collected will be taken. • Identify construction methods employed to reduce the amount of waste generated. • Specify that the amount of materials diverted shall be calculated by weight or volume, but not by both.

LOCAL/REGIONAL REGULATIONS

Marin County Integrated Waste Management Plan The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 (AB 939) was passed to address concerns about increases in waste and a decrease in landfill capacity. As noted, AB 939 mandated jurisdictions to divert 50 percent of their landfill waste by the year 2000. AB 939 also requires that each county adopt a Countywide Integrated Waste Management Plan (CIWMP) to provide structure and guidance for waste management programs on a countywide basis. The CIWMP for Marin County, approved by CalRecycle in 1998, incorporates the following solid waste planning documents:

• Source Reduction and Recycling Element • Non-disposal Facility Element • Household Hazardous Waste Element

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Zero Waste Marin The Marin Hazardous and Solid Waste Joint Powers Authority, also known as Zero Waste Marin, consists of representatives from all over Marin County. Their mission is to help residents and businesses meet the County’s Zero Waste goal by 2025 by reducing and recycling their solid waste and safely disposing of hazardous materials. Zero waste can be defined as systematically avoiding and eliminating the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserving and recovering all resources, and not burning or burying them. Zero Waste Marin has developed programs and services aimed at residents and businesses that are designed to achieve the Zero Waste goal. Residential programs include a recycling guide, online suggestions for recycling various wastes, and required composting for multifamily complexes generating 4 cubic yards of trash per week. Business programs include 65 percent diversion of construction and demolition waste, and compliance with state recycling and composting statutes.

City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan Adopted in 2015, the City of Sausalito CAP recommends an increase in the waste diversion rate to 86 percent by the year 2020. Recommended measures to implement this action include mandatory recycling and composting for all City residents and businesses, required recycling and composting at all public events, increased construction and demolition diversion rates, and outreach and educational campaigns. The 86 percent waste diversion rate also would apply to City government operations.

Sausalito Municipal Code The following chapters of the Sausalito Municipal Code pertain to solid waste.

Chapter 12.24, Garbage Collection and Disposal This chapter, last modified with Ordinance No. 1113 of 1995, sets the City’s policies on the collection, removal, and disposal of solid waste and recyclable materials. The City requires every owner or occupant of a City residence and of business premises to use garbage and recycling service as often as necessary to keep the premises clean and free from odor and, in any event, shall arrange for not less than weekly residential garbage and recycling service and not less than twice weekly for wet garbage from businesses and weekly for other business-generated garbage and recyclables.

Chapter 11.20, Environmentally Acceptable Packaging Materials This chapter, last modified with Ordinance 1188 of 2007, was adopted to be consistent with and help implement the County solid waste management plan, and the legislative findings and intent of AB 939 to:

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• eliminate (to the maximum extent practicable) the use of nonbiodegradable, nonreusable, nonreturnable, and nonrecyclable packaging originating at establishments and events within the City • promote public health, conserve energy and resources, • reduce solid waste and litter, and • protect wildlife and the environment.

Specifically, it prohibits the use of polystyrene foam food packaging by retail food establishments and nonprofit food providers and at special events sponsored by the City, with specified exemptions.

Chapter 11.30, Single Use Carryout Bags The purpose of this chapter, enacted with Ordinance No. 1216 of 2014, is to reduce the amount of plastic bag pollution in the environment, to reduce the impacts of paper bags which cause other forms of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and to encourage reusable bags by consumers and retailers. This chapter prohibits the use of plastic carryout bags and requires stores to provide or make available to a customer only recyclable paper carryout bags or reusable bags for the purpose of carrying away goods or other materials from the point of sale.

Existing Conditions Bay Cities Refuse is the City of Sausalito’s franchised provider of garbage and recycling services as of 2017. As previously noted, all City residents and businesses are required to use solid waste, recycling and composting services on at least a weekly basis. Bay Cities Refuse provides three bins—one for garbage, one for recyclable materials, and one for “green waste” (yard waste, plant materials, food scraps, etc.). Collection days are based on geographical location. Bay Cities Refuse transports waste to the Golden Bear Waste Recycling Center in Richmond, California—a shorter trip than the Redwood Landfill and related facilities north of Novato in Marin County. The Golden Bear Waste Recycling Center is a large volume waste transfer and processing facility that also contains a composting facility. Golden Bear accepts mixed municipal, agricultural, and construction/demolition solid waste, along with biosolids, asbestos, tires, ash, and wood waste. The facility has a permitted maximum tonnage of 1,000 tons per day (tpd) (7-day average) and a peak tonnage of 1,400 tpd, not to exceed 7,000 tons per week. Permitted traffic volume is 1,706 vehicle tips per day. The facility is permitted to operate through 2021. The Marin Household Hazardous Waste Facility, at 565 Jacoby Street in San Rafael, accepts a wide variety of hazardous materials such as electronic products, batteries, light bulbs, cleaning products, auto care products, and pressurized containers. Hazardous waste may also be taken to the Novato Hazardous Waste Facility at 500 Davidson Street in Novato. There

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is also a collection bin for batteries in the central hallway on the main floor of Sausalito City Hall. The City hosts occasional e-waste collection events in the City Hall parking lot and at other locations as appropriate.

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• Landfills serving southern Marin County would likely have adequate capacity to accommodate future solid waste generated in Sausalito through the planning horizon of the General Plan Update. Consider including recycling policies in the General Plan to reduce the waste stream. • Consider incorporating policies and programs from the Climate Action Plan into the General Plan in order to synchronize the two documents.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS, ELECTRICITY AND NATURAL GAS SUPPLY

This section describes the regulatory framework and existing conditions related to telecommunications, electricity and natural gas supply in Sausalito. This section also provides key considerations for the General Plan Update.

Regulatory Framework There are no federal regulations applicable to electricity or natural gas services in Sausalito.

STATE REGULATIONS

California Public Utilities Commission The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) was established by constitutional amendment as the California Railroad Commission in 1911, and in 1912, the Legislature passed the Public Utilities Act. This Act expanded the CPUC’s regulatory authority to include natural gas, electric, telephone, and water companies as well as railroads and marine transportation companies. In 1946, the Commission was renamed the California Public Utilities Commission. The CPUC is responsible for ensuring California utility customers have safe, reliable utility service at reasonable rates, protecting utility customers from fraud, and promoting the health of California’s economy.

California Renewables Portfolio Standard Under Senate Bill X1-2, signed into law on April 2011, the Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) applies to all electricity retailers in California including all publicly owned utilities, investor-owned utilities, electricity service providers, and community choice aggregators. All

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of these entities must meet the RPS goals of 20 percent of retail sales from eligible renewables by the end of 2013, 25 percent by the end of 2016, and 33 percent by 2020.

California Building Standards Code Title 24, Part 6, Energy, of the California Code of Regulations, and Part 11, CALGreen, regulate energy conservation standards and green building, respectively.

Energy Code (Title 24, Part 6) Energy conservation standards for new residential and nonresidential buildings were adopted by the California Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission in June 1977 and most recently revised in 2008 (Title 24, Part 6, of the California Code of Regulations [CCR]). Title 24, Part 6 (Energy Code) requires the design of building shells and building components to conserve energy. The standards are updated periodically to allow for consideration and possible incorporation of new energy efficiency technologies and methods. On May 31, 2012, the California Energy Commission (CEC) adopted the 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which will go into effect on July 1, 2014. Buildings that are constructed in accordance with the 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards are 25 percent (residential) to 30 percent (nonresidential) more energy efficient than the 2008 standards as a result of better windows, insulation, lighting, ventilation systems, and other features that reduce energy consumption in homes and businesses. CEC has a goal of achieving Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building standards by 2020 for residential buildings and by 2030 for commercial buildings.

CALGreen Code (Title 24, Part 11) On July 17, 2008, the California Building Standards Commission adopted the nation’s first green building standards. The California Green Building Standards Code (Part 11, Title 24, known as “CALGreen”) was adopted as part of the 2010 California Building Standards Code (Title 24, California Code of Regulations), and has since been updated as discussed below. CALGreen established planning and design standards for sustainable site development, energy efficiency (in excess of the California Energy Code requirements), water conservation, material conservation, and internal air contaminants. The mandatory provisions of the updated CALGreen became effective January 1, 2014 as part of the 2013 California Building Standards Code (Title 24, California Code of Regulations). Additional requirements may be adopted by local jurisdictions in recommended “tiers,” or in accordance with local preferences. Local jurisdictions may use a local Green Building Ordinance that is equal to or more stringent than CALGreen. The building efficiency standards are enforced through the local building permit process. The purpose of CALGreen is to improve public health, safety, and general welfare by enhancing the design and construction of buildings through the use of building concepts having a reduced negative impact or positive environmental impact and encouraging sustainable construction practices in the following categories:

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• Planning and design. • Energy efficiency. • Water efficiency and conservation. • Material conservation and resource efficiency. • Environmental quality.

2012 Appliance Efficiency Regulations The 2012 Appliance Efficiency Regulations (Title 20, CCR Sections 1601 through 1608) were adopted by the CEC on January 12, 2012, and went into effect on February 1, 2013. The regulations include standards for both federally regulated appliances and non-federally regulated appliances. Though these regulations are now often viewed as “business-as-usual,” they exceed the standards imposed by all other states and they reduce GHG emissions by reducing energy demand.

California Environmental Quality Act In order to ensure that energy implications are considered in project decisions, CEQA Guidelines, Appendix F requires that EIRs include a discussion of the potential energy impacts of proposed projects, with particular emphasis on avoiding or reducing inefficient, wasteful, and unnecessary consumption of energy. However, no specific thresholds of significance for potential energy impacts are suggested in the CEQA Guidelines. Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 5126.4(a) and Appendix F (Energy Conservation), EIRs must include a discussion of the potential energy impacts of proposed projects with particular emphasis on avoiding or reducing inefficient, wasteful and unnecessary consumption of energy. Impacts are assessed based on an evaluation of consumption of energy by the project. Development generally results in the consumption of energy in three forms: (1) the fuel energy consumed by construction vehicles; (2) bound energy in construction materials such as asphalt, steel, concrete, pipes, and manufactured or processed materials such as milled lumber and glass; and (3) operational use of energy by future businesses for transportation, equipment operation, and cooling of buildings. Construction materials and the operational use of energy should be addressed.

Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings AB 758 (2009) requires the California Energy Commission, in collaboration with the CPUC and stakeholders, to develop a comprehensive program to achieve greater energy savings in the State’s existing buildings.

City of Sausalito Climate Action Plan Adopted in 2015, the City of Sausalito CAP recommends several actions designed to increase energy efficiency in residential and non-residential buildings, and to encourage the use of

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renewable energy. These include higher efficiency standards for new buildings, providing incentive programs for improvement energy efficiency in existing building and for installation of solar energy systems. City government actions include replacing all street lights and traffic signals with LED lighting and purchasing 100 percent renewable electricity for all City facilities.

Sausalito Municipal Code The following chapters of the Sausalito Municipal Code pertain to electrical and natural gas systems.

Chapter 8.24, California Green Building Standards Code This chapter adopts all of the provisions of the 2016 California Green Building Standards Code.

Chapter 18.08, Underground Electrical Wiring and Facilities This chapter requires all new extensions of existing utility distribution facilities (including, but not limited to, electric lines), hereafter constructed or installed in the City, to be placed underground. All electrical lines and facilities shall be underground, with limited exceptions.

Existing Conditions The electrical power distribution system within the City of Sausalito is owned and operated by Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E). This electrical power grid consists of both overhead and underground electrical lines located predominantly in the public street rights- of-way and easements. Provision of electricity is through PG&E with the option of purchasing electricity through Marin Clean Energy (MCE) which is delivered by PG&E. MCE is a public, nonprofit electricity provider established in 2008 under State legislation permitting the formation of community choice aggregation (CCA) agencies. As of 2017, MCE’s service area includes all of Marin and Napa Counties, along with several cities in the Easy Bay region. Customers of MCE can have the option of receiving 50 percent or 100 percent of their electricity from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydroelectric. The natural gas distribution system within the City of Sausalito is also owned and operated by PG&E. It consists of a pipe network that lies predominantly beneath the traveled roadway in public street rights-of-way. Sausalito residents and businesses have a growing range of telecommunications services and options to choose from today. As in communities throughout California the shift from traditional home phone service (landlines) to wireless telephone connections and other options has been pronounced in Sausalito in recent years. In 2017, wireless (or cell) phone service is the most commonly used phone service in Sausalito, largely because of its

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portability and convenience.13 Another option is DSL service, which runs over copper lines and makes use of a modem in the home to allow customers to connect to both the internet and a telephone line at the same time. Today, more than 90 percent of Sausalito residents make use of multiple wired providers for telephone, internet and cable services. Traditional home phone service (landline service) is provided by ATT, ECG, and Pioneer Telephone. Additionally, there are 21 internet providers in Sausalito with 13 of them specializing in services for business. Based on speed tests conducted between May 2016 and April 2017, the average download speed in Sausalito was 75.19 mbps, which is 28.5 percent faster than the state average and 43.5 percent faster than the national average.14 Wired broadband services are not uniformly available throughout Sausalito however, and it is estimated that approximately 8 percent of households in the community have limited choice of providers.

Considerations for the General Plan Update

• Consider incorporating policies and programs from the Climate Action Plan into the General Plan in order to synchronize the two documents. • Consider evolving telecommunications technologies and services. • Consider additional funding sources to cover the funding gap left over from the recent rate study on sanitary sewer improvements. Undergrounding PG&E infrastructure provides an opportunity for enhancement if funding can be identified. • Explore opportunities to improve the quality of cellphone coverage in the city.

13 Wirefly, “Home Phone Service Providers in Sausalito,” accessed on November 3, 2017 at https://www.wirefly.com/compare-home-phone-service/california/Sausalito. 14 Broadband Now, “Sausalito Broadband Stats,” accessed on November 3, 207 at: https://broadbandnow.com/California/Sausalito.

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APPENDICES

UTIL-1. Water Distribution System UTIL-2. Sanitary Sewer System UTIL-3. Storm Drain System

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APPENDIX UTIL-1: WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

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Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community SSAUSALITOAUSALITO GENERALGENERAL PLANPLAN UPDATEUPDATE SUTIL-3TORM DStormRAIN S YDrainSTEM System

CITY OF SAUSALITO GENERAL PLAN UPDATE CONDTIONS REPORT