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Degradation of Phenol and P-Cresol in Reactors Water Science and Technology
m33 18/9/00 6:35 pm Page 237 Degradation of phenol and p-cresol in reactors Water Science and Technology Herbert H. P. Fang* and Gong-Ming Zhou** * Environmental Engineering Research Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China ** National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Abstract The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and phenol concentration on the degradation of phenol and p-cresol in wastewater were investigated in two respective UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors with effluent recirculation at 37 oC for over 440 days. After acclimation, nearly all the Vol 42 Nos 5–6pp 237–244 phenol and p-cresol at moderate concentrations could be degraded without carbohydrate as a co-substrate. Treating a wastewater containing 800 mg/l of phenol and 300 mg/l of p-cresol at HRT ranging 2-12 hours, the first reactor consistently removed 95% of phenol, 65% of p-cresol and 85% of COD at 8-12 hours of HRT; the efficiency, however, decreased at lower HRT. Treating wastewater containing a constant p-cresol concentration of 400 mg/l at 24 hours of HRT, the second reactor was able to remove 75-80% of COD when the phenol was 1200 and 1500 mg/l; the removal efficiency decreased as phenol concentration further increased. High levels of residual phenol and p-cresol in the effluent suppressed the activity of biogranules. The suppression of bioactivity was not permanent. Biomass was able to regain its activity fully after lowering the phenolic concentrations in the wastewater. -
Category Assessment Document For
U.S. EPA HPV Challenge Program Category Assessment Document for Acids and Caustics from Petroleum Refining Category Tar acids, cresylic, sodium salts, caustic solutions (CAS No. 68815-21-4); Neutralizing agents (petroleum), spent sodium hydroxide (CAS No. 064742- 40-1); Phenols, sodium salts, mixed with sulfur comp; gasoline alky scrubber residues (CAS No. 68988-99-8); Sludges (petroleum), acid (CAS No. 064742-24-1). Submitted by: American Petroleum Institute Petroleum HPV Testing Group American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street NW Washington, DC 20005 Consortium Registration # 1100997 July 6, 2009 Acids and Caustics From Petroleum Refining Consortium Registration # 1100997 CATEGORY ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT Acids and Caustics from Petroleum Refining Table of Contents Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Annexes........................................................................................................................................ 3 Plain Language Summary ......................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 2. Category Description ........................................................................................................ -
Oxidation of Phenol and Cresol by Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Method in Homogeneous Medium: Application to Treatment of A
Oxidation of phenol and cresol by electrochemical advanced oxidation method in homogeneous medium : application to treatment of a real effluent of aeronautical industry Marcio Pimentel To cite this version: Marcio Pimentel. Oxidation of phenol and cresol by electrochemical advanced oxidation method in homogeneous medium : application to treatment of a real effluent of aeronautical industry. Other. Université Paris-Est, 2008. English. NNT : 2008PEST0271. tel-00742470v2 HAL Id: tel-00742470 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00742470v2 Submitted on 7 May 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Paris-Est Marne-La-Vallée Institut Francilien des Sciences Appliquées (IFSA) Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Géologie de l'Ingénieur THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée Spécialité : Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement présentée et soutenue publiquement par Marcio PIMENTEL le 24 septembre 2008 Etudes de l'oxydation de phénol et crésols par l'oxydation électrochimique avancée en milieu homogène. Application au traitement d'effluent de l'industrie aéronautique Phenol and cresols treatment in aqueous solution by electro-Fenton process: Application to the mineralization of aeronautic wastewater industry. Directeur de thèse : Prof. -
New Strategies for Separations Through Reactions
Sddhand, Vol. 10, Parts 1 & 2, April 1987, pp. 163-183. © Printed in India. New strategies for separations through reactions V G GAIKAR and M M SHARMA* Department of'Chemical Techno[ogy, University of Bombay, Matunga, Bombay 400 019, India Abstract. Separations through reactions can provide reliable and economically viable alternatives to established methods of separation, particularly for close boiling substances. New strategies in 'Dissociation Extraction' and "Dissociation Extractive Crystallization' for separation of close boiling acidic/basic mixtures have been highlighted. Separations with aqueous solutions of hydrotrope and aqueous micellar solutions have been brought out. Separations by membranes with facilitated transport is potentially attractive. Keywords. Separations through reactions; dissociation extraction; reactive crystallization; dissociation extractive crystallization; reactive distillation; separations with hydrotropes; micelles in separations: membrane separations; hydrometallurgical separations; separations with supercritical fluids. I. Introduction In chemical process industries separations of a variety of mixtures are frequently encountered and the cost of separation may dominate the capital investment and operational expenses. Quite often physical methods of separation, such as distillation, crystallization, solvent extraction followed by distillation and adsorp- tion, are used, which exploit the differences in physical properties like boiling points, solubility, melting points etc. However, for systems having close boiling points or which are thermally unstable, these methods are either not applicable or not economically viable. In such cases the strategy of selective reactions may prove to be attractive. There is, therefore, a clear incentive to probe newer methods of separations through reactions to achieve better selectivity and higher throughput. An ideal situation would be where separation and the desired reaction are conducted simultaneously. -
Download Safety Assessment of BHT As Used in Cosmetics
Safety Assessment of BHT as Used in Cosmetics Status: Re-Review for Panel Review Release Date: May 10, 2019 Panel Meeting Date: June 6-7, 2019 The 2019 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D., Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Executive Director is Bart Heldreth, Ph.D. This safety assessment was prepared by Alice Akinsulie, Scientific Analyst/Writer. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200 ♢ Washington, DC 20036-4702 ♢ ph 202.331.0651 ♢ fax 202.331.0088 ♢ [email protected] Distributed for Comment Only -- Do Not Cite or Quote Commitment & Credibility since 1976 Memorandum To: CIR Expert Panel Members and Liaisons From: Alice Akinsulie Scientific Analyst/Writer Date: May 10, 2019 Subject: Re-Review of the Safety Assessment of BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) The CIR Expert Panel first published an assessment of BHT in 2002 with the conclusion “safe as used in cosmetic formulations” (BHT062019origrep). Minutes from is the original proceedings are included in this packet (BHT062019min). Because it has been at least 15 years since the report was published, in accord with CIR Procedures, the Panel should consider whether the safety assessment of BHT should be re-opened. An exhaustive search of the world’s literature was performed for studies dated 1997 forward. A brief synopsis of the relevant data is enclosed (BHT062019newdata). -
Analysis of the Most Appropriate Risk Management Option (Rmoa) ______
ANALYSIS OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE RISK MANAGEMENT OPTION (RMOA) _________________________________________________________________ Analysis of the most appropriate risk management option (RMOA) Substance Name: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol EC Number: 204-881-4 CAS Number: 128-37-0 Authority: France Date: March 2016 Cover Note 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)) belongs to the broad group of alkyl phenols and as alkyl phenol ethoxylates BHT is on the Danish EPA “List of Undesirable Substances” latest updated in 2009. The group was recently reviewed in a report: “Survey of alkyl phenols and alkyl phenol ethoxylates (Danish EPA 2012). The group includes substances that are hazardous to the environment and substances that have or may have endocrine disrupting effects. The substance is also listed in the Danish inventory of carcinogenic substances. BHT is included in the framework on the French national Strategy on Endocrine Disruptors (Stratégie Nationale sur les Perturbateurs Endocriniens or SNPE) in 2015. ANSES was commissioned by the French Competent Authority (Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy) and identified BHT as a good candidate for working further on its ED properties. Consequently, France initiated a RMOA on BHT, mainly focused on the ED properties of this substance. EC no 204-881-4 Anses (on behalf FR-MSCA) Page 1 sur 48 ANALYSIS OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE RISK MANAGEMENT OPTION (RMOA) _________________________________________________________________ Indeed, alerts on BHT come from different sources. BHT shares common uses with BHA, that was analysed within the framework of SNPE in 2014 and which has been identified numerous times as a potential endocrine disruptors: European Commission on Endocrine Disruption (EDC Database): Listed BHA as a Category 1 priority substance, based on evidence that it interferes with hormone function. -
Bht) (Casrn 128-37-0)
EPA/690/R-13/003F l Final 6-05-2013 Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) (CASRN 128-37-0) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS CHEMICAL MANAGER J. Phillip Kaiser, PhD National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH DRAFT DOCUMENT PREPARED BY ICF International 9300 Lee Highway Fairfax, VA 22031 PRIMARY INTERNAL REVIEWERS Ghazi Dannan, PhD National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC Q. Jay Zhao, PhD, MPH, DABT National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, OH This document was externally peer reviewed under contract to Eastern Research Group, Inc. 110 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421-3136 Questions regarding the contents of this document may be directed to the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development’s National Center for Environmental Assessment, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center (513-569-7300). i TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... iii BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................1 DISCLAIMERS ...............................................................................................................................1 QUESTIONS REGARDING PPRTVS ...........................................................................................1 -
Identification of in Vitro Metabolites of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Identification of In Vitro Metabolites of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants BHT, BHA, and TBHQ by LC-HRMS/MS Ons Ousji and Lekha Sleno * Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Downtown Station, P.O. Box 8888, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and its analogs, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert-butyl-hydroquinone (TBHQ), are widely used synthetic preservatives to inhibit lipid oxidation in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Despite their widespread use, little is known about their human exposure and related biotransformation products. The metabolism of these compounds was investigated using in vitro incubations with human and rat liver fractions. Liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was employed to detect and characterize stable and reactive species formed via oxidative metabolism, as well as phase II conjugates. Several oxidative metabolites have been detected, as well as glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates, many of which were not previously reported. A combination of accurate mass measurements, MS/MS fragmentation behavior, and isotope-labeling studies were used to elucidate metabolite structures. Keywords: BHT; BHA; synthetic antioxidant; metabolites; in vitro incubations; liquid chromatography; high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry 1. Introduction Synthetic phenolic antioxidants were developed in the late 1940s [1]. They have been used in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic, and petrochemical industries to increase shelf life and to improve the quality, freshness, taste, and texture of consumer products [2]. They are widely used to trap free radicals and delay lipid oxidation in various products [1]. -
Natural Sources and Bioactivities of 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol and Its Analogs
toxins Review Natural Sources and Bioactivities of 2,4-Di-Tert-Butylphenol and Its Analogs Fuqiang Zhao 1,2, Ping Wang 3, Rima D. Lucardi 4 , Zushang Su 3 and Shiyou Li 3,* 1 College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, Liaoning, China; [email protected] 2 CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China 3 National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA; [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (Z.S.) 4 Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 October 2019; Accepted: 16 December 2019; Published: 6 January 2020 Abstract: 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol or 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2,4-DTBP) is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms. The biosources and bioactivities of 2,4-DTBP have been well investigated, but the phenol has not been systematically reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive review of 2,4-DTBP and its analogs with emphasis on natural sources and bioactivities. 2,4-DTBP has been found in at least 169 species of bacteria (16 species, 10 families), fungi (11 species, eight families), diatom (one species, one family), liverwort (one species, one family), pteridiphyta (two species, two families), gymnosperms (four species, one family), dicots (107 species, 58 families), monocots (22 species, eight families), and animals (five species, five families). -
Micellization, Interaction and Thermodynamic Study of Butylated
Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2012) xxx, xxx–xxx King Saud University Journal of Saudi Chemical Society www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Micellization, interaction and thermodynamic study of butylated hydroxyanisole (synthetic antioxidant) and sodium dodecyl sulfate in aqueous-ethanol solution at 25, 30 and 35 °C Varun Bhardwaj a, Poonam Sharma a,*, M.S. Chauhan b, S. Chauhan b a Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234 Himachal Pradesh, India b Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, 171005 Himachal Pradesh, India Received 28 May 2012; accepted 14 September 2012 KEYWORDS Abstract Surfactants are found to enhance the diffusion significantly depending on hydrophobic/ Critical micelle concentra- hydrophilic group lengths and the structure of the surfactant molecule. Aggregation properties of tion; sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole (synthetic antioxidant), SDS; at a range of temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C) have been measured by the conductometric study in Butylated hydroxyanisole aqueous-ethanolic composite solution. The experimental data of aqueous-ethanolic solutions as a (synthetic-antioxidant); function of SDS concentration ranging from 1 to 14 mM dmÀ3 show the presence of inflexion Interaction points indicating micellization and interaction mechanisms. Effect of temperature was also observed in increasing the CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration) in the narrow composition. From the CMC values as a function of temperature, various thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated viz: (a) the standard enthalpy change (DHm), (b) standard entropy change (DSm), and (c) standard Gibbs energy change (DGm). The results showed that the presence of alcohol, as well as the compo- sition of water + ethanol may have effect on thermodynamic parameters. -
Butylated Hydroxyanisole Troleum Products (IARC 1986)
Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition For Table of Contents, see home page: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc Butylated Hydroxyanisole troleum products (IARC 1986). Food-grade BHA contains over 85% 3-BHA and less than 15% 2-BHA, while cosmetic-grade BHA con- CAS No. 25013-16-5 tains 90% 3-BHA and 8% 2-BHA. Since 1947, BHA has been added to edible fats and fat-containing foods for its antioxidant properties. Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen It is also used in foods cooked or fried in animal oils, because of its First listed in the Sixth Annual Report on Carcinogens (1991) high thermal stability and its ability to remain active in baked and Also known as BHA or or (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol fried foods (HSDB 2009). BHA is added to butter, lard, meats, cereals, baked goods, sweets, beer, vegetable oils, potato chips, snack foods, H3C H3C nuts and nut products, dehydrated potatoes, and flavoring agents. It O CH3 O is used in sausage, poultry and meat products, dry mixes for bever- CH3 C ages and desserts, glazed fruits, chewing gum, active dry yeast, de- CH3 foaming agents for beet sugar and yeast, and emulsion stabilizers for CH3 C shortening (IARC 1986). BHA stabilizes the petroleum wax coatings CH3 of food packaging (HSDB 2009). BHA is considered by the U.S. Food OH CH OH 3 and Drug Administration (FDA) to be generally recognized as safe 2-BHA 3-BHA when the antioxidant content does not exceed 0.02% by weight of the Carcinogenicity food’s total fat or oil content. -
Safe Handling of Cresols, Xylenols & Cresylic Acids
Safe Handling of Cresols, Xylenols & Cresylic Acids I. Introduction Cresols, xylenols and cresylic acids are hazardous substances and dangerous both to people and the environment if handled improperly. Cresols, xylenols and cresylic acid products produced by Sasol Chemicals (USA) LLC are highly versatile materials and are used as intermediates in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial products such as resins, flame retardants, antioxidants, and coatings. In these and other applications, cresylic acids can be stored, transferred, processed and disposed of safely when proper procedures and safeguards are used. “Cresol” refers to any of the three isomers of methylphenol (C7H8O) or combinations thereof. “Cresols” commonly refer to a mixture which is predominantly methylphenol but may also contain lesser amounts of other alkylphenols. “Xylenol” is a common name for any of the six isomers of dimethylphenol (C8H10O) or their various combinations. Material which is predominantly dimethylphenol but which also contains ethylphenols and other alkylphenols may be referred to as “Xylenols”. “Cresylic acid” is a generic term referring to various combinations of cresols, xylenols, phenol or other alkylphenols (ethylphenols, propylphenols, trimethylphenols, etc.). See Table A for specific information on individual isomers. Purpose & Scope The purpose of this document is to provide information gathered through Sasol’s long experience in the safe handling of cresylic acids. It focuses on basic and practical information about working safely with these substances. Additional references are provided and it is strongly recommended that these and others be consulted prior to working with cresylic acids. Please do not hesitate to contact your regional Sasol office if we can be of assistance in the safe storage, handling, processing and disposal of our products.