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Current Trends in Historical Sociolinguistics Cinzia Russi (Ed.) Current Trends in Historical Sociolinguistics Cinzia Russi (Ed.) Current Trends in Historical Sociolinguistics Managing Editor: Katarzyna Grzegorek Series Editor: Cinzia Russi Language Editor: Manuela Rocchi Open Access Historical Linguistics ISBN: 978-3-11-048839-5 e-ISBN: 978-3-11-048840-1 ISBN EPUB 978-3-11-048844-9 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. © 2016 Cinzia Russi and Chapters’ Contributors Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Managing Editor: Katarzyna Grzegorek Series Editor: Cinzia Russi Language Editor: Manuela Rochci www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © johnnorth / www.thinkstockphotos.com Complimentary copy, not for sale. Contents Acknowledgments X List of Contributors XI Contributors XII Cinzia Russi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical sociolinguistics: Origins and developments 1 1.2 Historical sociolinguistics: The field 4 1.3 The present volume 8 References 14 Georgios Alexandropoulos 2 Stylistic devices of Christians expressing contradiction against the Gentiles 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Athenagoras: A plea for the Christians (Πρεσβεῖα περί Χριστιανῶν) 26 2.2.1 Context of the speech 26 2.2.2 Mechanisms of expressing contradiction 26 2.3 Tatian: Address to the Greeks (Πρὸς Ἕλληνας) 30 2.3.1 Context of the speech 30 2.3.2 Mechanisms of expressing contradiction 30 2.4 St. Justin Martyr: First and Second Apology 34 2.4.1 Context of the speeches 34 2.4.2 Mechanisms of expressing contradiction 34 2.5 St. Gregory Nazianzen: First and Second Invective against Julian the Emperor 36 2.5.1 Context of the speeches 36 2.5.2 Mechanisms of expressing contradiction 37 2.6 Conclusion 40 References 42 J. Camilo Conde-Silvestre 3 A ‘third-wave’ historical sociolinguistic approach to late Middle English correspondence: Evidence from the Stonor Letters 46 3.1 ‘Communities of practice’ and the third-wave approach in historical sociolinguistics 47 3.2 Identity in the late English Middle Ages and in the Stonor Letters 49 3.3 Oxfordshire cofeoffees and civil servants: a fifteenth-century community of practice in the Stonor letters 52 3.4 Linguistic analysis 58 3.4.1 Letter writing and code choice 58 3.4.2 Keyness and n-gram analysis 59 3.5 Conclusion 63 References 64 Marina Dossena 4 Advice to prospectors (and others). Knowledge dissemination, power and persuasion in Late Modern English emigrants’ guides and correspondence 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.1.1 Beyond explorers 68 4.2 Guidance and advice in published sources 70 4.2.1 Keywords in titles 70 4.2.2 Maps and more 73 4.3 Guidance and advice in familiar correspondence 75 4.4 Description and evaluation 77 4.5 Concluding remarks 78 References 79 James Hawkey and Nils Langer 5 Language policy in the long nineteenth century: Catalonia and Schleswig 81 5.1 Language policy and the long nineteenth century 81 5.2 Catalonia 85 5.2.1 Precursors to the long nineteenth century 85 5.2.2 The Catalan language and the beginnings of nationalism 88 5.2.3 Catalan language ideologies and the development of nationalism 90 5.2.4 Catalan language status planning measures at the turn of the twentieth century 91 5.2.5 Catalan language corpus planning measures at the turn of the twentieth century 92 5.3 Schleswig 94 5.3.1 Low German: The disappearance of a language and renaissance as a dialect 95 5.3.2 The Danish-German national conflict 97 5.3.3 The promotion of Frisian as a distinct language 99 5.4 Discussion 102 References 105 Juan M. Hernández-Campoy 6 Authorship and gender in English historical sociolinguistic research: Samples from the Paston Letters 108 6.1 Introduction: historical sociolinguistics 108 6.2 Literacy, authorship and gender in England 112 6.3 Objectives 114 6.4 Evidence from the Paston family 116 6.4.1 Grammatical variables: Personal and relative pronouns 121 6.4.2 Orthographic variable: (th) 126 6.5 Conclusion 136 References 137 Robert McColl Millar 7 Dialect death? The present state of the dialects of the Scottish fishing communities 143 7.1 Introduction: The eclipse of the traditional dialect 143 7.2 Koineisation 145 7.3 Regional koineisation in the modern age 148 7.4 Fisher speak: The terminal phase of the traditional dialect 150 7.4.1 Findings of the project 154 7.4.1.1 Survival of lexical items 154 7.4.1.2 Loss of lexical items 155 7.4.1.3 ‘Thinning’ of lexis and meaning 156 7.4.1.4 Broadening of meaning 157 7.4.1.5 Knowledge and use 159 7.4.2 Summary 159 7.5 Dialect death? 160 References 162 Hanna Rutkowska 8 Orthographic regularization in Early Modern English printed books: Grapheme distribution and vowel length indication 165 8.1 Aims, corpus and methodology 165 8.2 Distribution of graphemes 168 8.2.1 <v> and <u> 168 8.2.2 <i> and <j> 169 8.2.3 <i> and <y> 170 8.2.4 Theoreticians’ opinions on the distribution of graphemes 171 8.3 Indication of vowel length 172 8.3.1 Early Modern English /iː/ reflecting Middle English /eː/ 173 8.3.2 Early Modern English /ɛː/ and /eː/ reflecting Middle English /ɛː/ 175 8.3.3 Early Modern English /uː/ reflecting Middle English /oː/ 177 8.3.4 Early Modern English /ɔː/ and /oː/ reflecting Middle English /ɔː/ 180 8.3.5 Indication of vowel length in The Schoole editions: Summary of changes 181 8.3.6 Theoreticians’ opinions on the vowel length indication 182 8.4 Conclusions 186 List of abbreviations 188 References 188 Gijsbert Rutten 9 Diaglossia, individual variation and the limits of standardization: Evidence from Dutch 194 9.1 Introduction 194 9.2 Sociolinguistic space past and present 195 9.3 Sociolinguistic space from below 198 9.4 Case study: Negation in Dutch 200 9.4.1 The change 201 9.4.2 Conditions on the change from bipartite to single negation 203 9.4.3 Individual variation 205 9.5 The limits of standardization 210 9.6 Standardization as a datable phenomenon 212 9.7 Conclusions 214 References 215 Anni Sairio 10 ‘Like a pack-hors trying to copy after an antilope’: A case of eighteenth- century non-native English 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 The life, letters and autobiography of Joseph Emin (1726–1809) 221 10.3 Identity construction: Reference terms, Asiatic tinctures and cultural identity 224 10.4 Spelling variation 230 10.5 Emin as an L2 writer: Returning to the question of identity 232 10.6 Conclusion 234 References 235 Anja Voeste 11 A mensa et thoro. On the tense relationship between literacy and the spoken word in early modern times 237 11.1 Introduction 237 11.2 Syntax 240 11.2.1 Subject gaps in asymmetric coordination 240 11.2.2 Afinite constructions 244 11.3 Morphology 246 11.4 Graphematics 252 11.5 Conclusions 257 References 257 List of Figures 262 List of Tables 263 Index 264 Acknowledgments There are many people I am indebted to for assisting me in the realization of this volume. First of all, I would like to extend heartfelt thanks to Katarzyna Grzegorek for her trust and precious assistance throughout the project, and to the authors for giving me the opportunity of expanding my knowledge in the field of historical sociolinguistics: without them this volume would have never been possible. I am deeply grateful to Bryan Donaldson for reviewing the book proposal and providing insightful comments, and to Roger Lass for his invaluable help and kind support during several important stages of the work. Many warm thanks also go to the editorial staff at De Gruyter Open for carefully reviewing and preparing the final version of the manuscript. Finally, I am immensely grateful to my daughters Chiara (who kindly edited my English) and Alice, my husband Dario, and my son-in-law Case for continuing to show interest and enthusiasm for my work and for always being there there to make me happy with their love and understanding. List of Contributors Chapter 1 Chapter 6 Cinzia Russi Juan M. Hernández-Campoy The University of Texas at Austin Universidad de Murcia Chapter 2 Chapter 7 Georgios Alexandropoulos Robert McColl Millar National and Kapodistrian University of University of Aberdeen Athens Chapter 8 Chapter 3 Hanna Rutkowska J. Camilo Conde-Silvestre Faculty of English, Universidad de Murcia Adam Mickiewicz University Chapter 4 Chapter 9 Marina Dossena Gijsbert Rutten Università degli Studi di Bergamo (I) Universiteit Leiden Chapter 5 Chapter 10 James Hawkey Anni Sairio University of Bristol University of Helsinki Nils Langer Chapter 11 University of Bristol Anja Voeste Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Contributors Georgios Alexandropoulos received his PhD in Byzantine Greek Literature and Linguistics from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in 2013. He is tutor of Ancient and Modern Greek language and his interests lie in historical sociolinguistics, dialectology rhetoric, discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics. He is author of The text and context in Julian’s political speeches: coherence, intertextuality and communicative goal (in Greek; Lincom, 2013), The vocabulary of the idiom in Vasilaki of the Ancient Olympia (in Greek; Lincom, 2014a), Christians against the Ethnics (in Greek; Lincom, 2014b), The epitaphs of Gregory of Nazianzus: a stylistic approach (Lincom, 2014c), The stabilization of the set expressions of the Modern Greek language (in Greek; Lincom, 2015).
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