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The PGE potential in

No. 8 - February 2007 GO_08.qxp 23/02/07 13:16 Page 2

The PGE potential in Greenland

The potential for Platinum Group Elem- ent (PGE) resources in Greenland is clear and encompasses mineralisation in Precambrian to Palaeogene envi- ronments. The PGE potential in Green- land attracted interest already in the 1960s and has been part of the Survey’s considerations since the 1970s . The corporate interest in PGE tar- gets in Greenland was initiated by Hammer Dal Kryolitselskabet Øresund in the early

GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007 1960s and was related to a suite of Disko in West Greenland. Platinomino A/S was established in 1968 to search Kangerlussuaq/ Skaergaard for Merensky Reef type deposits in SSillisissanguitillisissanguit the Fiskenæsset Complex. In the late Fiskefjord NunaatNunaat 1980s, Platinova Resources prospected known PGE indications in Amitsoq peri- Qeqertarsuatsiaat dotites in southern Greenland. Since (Fiskenæsset) Index map of localities on Greenland. 1995 norites in the Tasiilaq region, East Greenland have been the target Amitsoq for Cu-Ni-PGE exploration by several companies. In 2005 NunaMinerals ini- tiated PGE exploration in the mafic intrusions of the Fiskefjord area. In Belt; a suite of leuconorite and rocks the 1980s GEUS and university groups in irregular bodies with traces of PGEs re- Archaean and Palaeo- focused on the formation of massive lated to Ni-Cu-sulphide mineralisation. proterozoic settings sulphides in the Palaeogene basalts of Within the same region, large ultramafic Disko Island, which has led to contin- bodies and mafic layered complexes locally Fiskenæsset complex: ued exploration for Noril´sk type min- show traces of PGE-mineralisation. The Chromitite layered anorthosite intrusion. eralisations. Renewed academic stud- Proteroizoic Ammassalik Belt on the East ies and exploration by Platinova coast of Greenland hosts a suite of norites The Archaean Fiskenæsset anorthosite com- Resources in the classic Skaergaard to which are related massive sulphide oc- plex, with a strike length of > 200 km, is intrusion (East Greenland) resulted in currences, potentially PGE-bearing. hosted in high grade tonalitic gneiss. The 1987 in the discovery of a reef-type, Palaeogene Ni-sulphide occurrences with complex is named after the village Fiske- world class PGE deposit. potential PGE concentrations are known in næsset/Qeqertarsuatsiaat. The floor of the the West Greenland Basalt Province. Ex- intrusion has not been identified, but the ploration has been carried out for more roof found immediately below flows of than a century in the Disko Bay region. mafic pillow lava. A detailed stratigraphy Geological environment Known occurrences are mainly hosted in shows a succession with a lower gabbro for PGEs presumably contaminated lavas, and in unit followed by an ultramafic unit with dykes at the base of the volcanic succes- mineral-graded , peridotites and Traces and showings of PGE mineralisation sion. Only reconnaissance investigations hornblendites. These are followed by a are numerous in the Precambrian terrains have been performed in similar environ- lower leucograbbro unit with minor ultra- of Greenland. The Archaean of south-west ments in East Greenland. mafic layers and a middle gabbro unit Greenland hosts anorthositic suites, like The main focus of PGE exploration in with minor layers of anorthosite and ultra- the reworked Fiskenæsset complex (south the Palaeogene of East Greenland has been mafics and peridotites (hornblende-ortho- of Nuuk). The complex hosts accumulation the layered mafic intrusions in which many pyroxene-spinel). Above these units follow of chromite in anorthosite, and traces of mineralisations have been located, includ- the upper leucogabbro unit with abundant PGE mineralisation in Ni-sulphide segrega- ing the Kap Edvard Holm complex and the chromitite bands, an anorthosite unit and tions in amphibolite. The Archaean shield world class Platinova Reef within the Skaer- the upper gabbro unit. The complex has north of Nuuk hosts the Maniitsoq gaard intrusion. been repeatedly deformed and metamor-

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THE PGE POTENTIAL IN GREENLAND

Chromitite banded from the Fiskenæsset anorthosites complex, southern West Greenland. Photo: GEUS.

phosed under amphibolite – and locally granulite facies conditions.

Exploration PGE exploration has been limited. In the 1970s Platinomino A/S searched for Meren- sky type platinum deposits. The impetus was the discovery of an approx. 1 metre wide bronzitite layer with discrete chromite banding. The bronzitite contains minor nickel sulphides. Assays gave very promis- ing results of up to 0.6 ppm Pt and 3 ppm Pd which, however, could not be confirmed. In 1980 study of one stratigraphical section in the anorthosite complex showed that PGEs are concentrated mainly in ultra- mafic lithologies and chromitites. The lat- ter contain up to 310 ppb Pt, 175 ppb Pd and 220 ppb Rh. Similar concentrations also occur in anorthosites and leucogab- bros rich in disseminated sulphides. In 1991 GEUS resampled the bronzitite and a few other parts of the anorthosite complex. The bronzitite gave 74 ppb Pt and 115 ppb Pd. In other parts of the anortho- Bronzitite layer in anorthosites from the Fiskenæsset anorthosites complex, southern West site complex, several-hundred-metre-thick Greenland. Photo: GEUS.

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THE PGE POTENTIAL IN GREENLAND

Carbonatite 52° Norite Finnefjeld gneis q Gneis undifferentiated to sor S. I Fault

Sketch map of the West Greenland Norite Belt. Sukkertoppen

suats rs iaq Geotectonic setting e s a T The Norite Belt is located along the east- ia g n ern flank of the dome of the Finnefjeld a K gneiss complex. The structure of the belt

GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007 seems controlled by the 3034 Ma old Finnefjeld gneiss. The norites appear little affected by the high grade retrograde metamorphism observed in the surround- 15 km ing basement. The Norite Belt can be

65° 52° 65° divided in a northern part characterised by few large norite bodies and a southern lenses of ultrabasites with small amounts The bodies vary in size from 2 x 4 km down part of several, but smaller bodies and of sulphide have been found. Some have to 10 x 20 m. They are predominantly com- pods of norite. been chip and channel sampled. The best posed of gabbronorite and leucogabbro, The age of the Norite Belt is uncertain, results so far are 83 ppb Pt and 693 ppb collectively referred to as norite. Primary but is probably around 3.0 Ga. Post-kine- Pd, average over 2 metres. An ultramafic textures, such as igneous layering, are local- matic intrusions in the Niaqunngu- sheet near the bronzitite unit yielded 68 ly preserved. Elevated Ni, Cu and PGE con- naq/Fiskefjord region (south of the Norite ppb Pt and 361 ppb Pd over 1 metre. centrations are found in sulphide showings Belt) are tentatively correlated to the Norite of apparently magmatic origin. The sul- Belt. The are 2975 ± 13 Ma old. phides may show some degree of meta- Sillisissanguit Nunaat - morphic remobilisation. Exploration Maniitsoq Norite Belt: The norite rocks are very homogeneous The norite bodies have been targets for Mafic intrusions and amphibolite layers. bodies with rare igneous banding composed exploration since 1965, but only a few of alternating layers of and hyp- PGE analyses are available from the early The Norite Belt (15 x 75 km) is located east ersthene with accessory chromite. Amphi- exploration. Kryolitselskabet Øresund A/S of Maniitsoq and hosts a suite of irregular bolite layers are locally associated to the reported a typical Ni:Pd+Pt ratio in sul- bodies of basic rocks intruding into the norites. phide mineralisation of 50 000:1. New regional gneiss complex of the Akia terrane. analyses from 2001 gave:

Igneous layering in a norite body from the West Greenland Norite Belt, Typical weathered surface of a norite boulder from the West Greenland Sillissisanguit nunat. Photo: GEUS. Norite Belt, Sillissisanguit nunat. Photo: GEUS.

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THE PGE POTENTIAL IN GREENLAND

Rustzone enriched in PGE (Σ 2.8 ppm) in an amphibolitic sequence along the eastern flank of the West Greenland Norite Belt. Photo:GEUS.

• Peak values for Pd of 0.6 ppm in three No economic deposit has been located, the predominant mineral accompanied by sulphide-bearing samples of norite and despite the common occurrence of sul- chalcopyrite, pyrite and pentlandite in a amphibolite, and of 0.2–0.4 ppm in phide accumulations. The mineral assem- primary texture together with pyrite, lin- five sulphide-bearing samples of norite blage is rather uniform, with pyrrhotite as neaite, bravoite and magnetite in replace- and amphibolite.

• A peak value for Pt of 2.2 ppm in one sample and of 0.7 ppm in four sam- ples, all from heavily mineralised and altered gabbro and amphibolite related to the norites. Five samples of miner- alised norite showed concentrations of 0.2–0.6 ppm.

• Four mineralised samples show a total PGE (Pd+Pt) of 1.0–2.7 ppm

Mineralisation and associated rock types Elevated PGE numbers are found in norites and amphibolites related to zones enriched in sulphides. Rust zones and gos- sans identify zones enriched in sulphides. The sulphides occur as disseminations, veinlets, interstitial fillings and as more massive lenses. The showings are general-

ly a few tens of metres long. The sulphide Slope with weathered from the Fiskevandet region, southern West Greenland. Photo: occurrences show an uneven distribution. NunaMinerals A/S.

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THE PGE POTENTIAL IN GREENLAND GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007

Drilling in dunite by NunaMinerals A/S in the Fiskevandet region, southern West Greenland. Photo: NunaMinerals A/S.

ment textures. The average sulphide con- trations from weakly anomalous to a max- Exploration drilling is ongoing in the Amikoq tent in the mineralised rocks is around 2 imum content of >600 ppb, combined Pt area. vol.% and locally up to 25 vol.%. and Pd. NunaMinerals named the two Analysis of whole-rock samples has re- The Ni-Cu sulphide occurrences show a prospect subareas Amikoq and Fiskevandet. turned values up to 4.5 ppm PGE (com- rather uniform Pd /Pt, but the absolute concentration is dependent on the sul- phide content. High concentration - up to 2.7 ppm - is believed to be the result of remobilisation.

Fiskefjord–Amikoq: Ultramafic intrusions: irregular bodies of dunite and peridotite.

Several layered mafic to ultramafic intru- sions are embedded in a supracrustal belt within the Archean gneiss terrain. Igneous layering is common, despite strong defor- mation.

Exploration and ore composition NunaMinerals A/S acquired the Fiskefjord licenses in 2005 and initiated PGE explo- ration soon after. Stream sediment samples Sampling site in scree with Pt-enriched weathered amphibolite bordering dunite, Fiskevandet region, demonstrate a wide range of PGE concen- southern West Greenland. Photo: NunaMinerals A/S.

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THE PGE POTENTIAL IN GREENLAND

Hornblendite intrusion from the Amitsoq locality, South Greenland. Photo: GEUS.

bined) and samples show high Pt/Pd ratios. and the Torngat orogen in Canada. The 0.33 % copper, 553 ppm cobalt and 510 Most samples have high contents of Cr belt consists of alternating re-worked ppb combined Au-PGE. and Ni (up to 3.7 % and 2.8 %, respec- Archaean rocks, with tectonically inter- The Ammassalik occurrence displays tively) and moderately high Cu. The majority leaved sheets of quartzo-feldspathic ortho- Proterozoic komatiite-related Ni-Cu deposits. of samples are depleted in S and sulphides gneisses and early Proterozoic supracrustal The komatiitic host rock has a high magne- are rarely observed in hand specimens. rocks including komatiitic ultramafics. sium content ranging from 25 to 30 wt.%. Whole-rock samples are Pt-dominated The Ammassalik Igneous complex in the Diamond drilling at three localities in 2005 with Pt/Pd ratios around 2.7. Cu/Pd displays Tasiilaq area is enveloped by supracrustal outlined a new sulphide occurrence with a wide range, indicating that the physical gneisses and has been the object of explo- up to 1.5% nickel. conditions were favourable for substantial ration since 1995. Exploration in the Am- PGE enrichment in the melt during mantle massalik Island and Kitak concessions has melting. The parental (s) were rela- been conducted since 1998 by NunaMin- Amitsoq: tively PGE-rich and S-undersaturated and erals A/S and later by Inco Ltd and Diamond Amitsoq-Nanortalik peridotite intrusions. could potentially have generated significant Fields International. A joint venture opera- PGE mineralisation. A high Pt/Pd ratio is tion between Diamond Fields International Four PGE-bearing ultramafic hornblende observed at three localities. and GEOARC/PF&U was initiated in 2003. peridotite intrusions have been recorded on Nanortalik peninsula and the island of Exploration Amitsoq in South Greenland. The intrusions Tasiilaq: Early exploration led to the discovery of were investigated in 1987 by Platinova Ammassalik Igneous complex. Ni-Cu sulphides hosted in a komatiitic set- Resources Ltd. and Boulder Gold N.L. ting. A lens of massive sulphide (440 m2) Exploration ceased after a few years due The syntectonic norite complex is located was found in partly serpentinised ultramafic to modest PGE contents. The ultramafic within the northern half of the Ammassalik rocks hosted in gossanous supracrustals on plugs in the Nanortalik region may be re- Mobile Belt, assumed to be the eastern the south coast of the Ammassalik Island. lated to an appinite suite observed through- continuation of the Paleoproterozoic Nag- Systematic surface sampling of the lense out the Ketilidian orogen across the south- ssugtoqidian orogen in West Greenland showed an average of 0.98 % nickel, ern tip of Greenland.

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Palaeogene settings (West and East coast)

Disko Island: related Palaeogene Ni-sulphide occurrences with PGE (Noril´sk type).

For more than a century the Palaeogene West Greenland Basalt province has seen exploration for Ni-sulphides and PGE. The known occurrences in the Disko Bugt region are mainly hosted in contaminated lavas,

GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007 and in dykes at the base of the volcanic Rusty layer of iron basalt at the Asuk beach on the northern coast of Disko, central West Greenland. succession. The province is believed to have Photo: A.K.Pedersen. a significant potential for PGE-Ni-minerali- sation. Palaeogene picrite and basalt lavas over- Two small plugs of layered ultramafics • A hornblendite-peridotite intrusion lie thick Upper Cretaceous and Palaeogene occur on the south shore of Søndre . occurs on central Amitsoq. It has been sediments. Most of the voluminous on- observed over a length of 1.5 km, and shore volcanics were deposited in a short • A hornblende peridotite body is ex- from the shore and inland to 335 m period of time 61–59 Ma ago. The Palaeo- posed five km south of the Ippatit valley. a.s.l. It is an E-W striking dyke-like body gene dyke intrusions, such as the Hammer It hosts the “Waldorf” PGE showing. that pinches and swells in three dimen- Dal complex on northwest Disko, contain The peridotite body is exposed > 200 sions. Widths vary between 90 and nickel-bearing pyrrhotite and native iron metres along the shore and 350 metres 250 metres. The sulphide content is formed by processes akin to Noril´sk type inland. Small exposures of peridotite about 0.2 vol. % , but reaches 15% in Ni-Cu-PGE deposits. The analogy to Noril´sk indicate that the body is >2.5 km across. 10-20 cm wide zones. Pyrrhotite, pent- has attracted exploration, e.g. by Falcon- The peridotite contains about 1 vol.% landite, chalcopyrite, and cubanite domi- bridge and Vismand. The Hammer Dal disseminated sulphides. Grab samples nate the sulphides, accompanied by 5- complex on Disko belongs to a swarm of showed up to 280 ppb platinum and 10 vol. % magnetite. Traces of gold, mineralised dykes fed by contaminated 330 ppb palladium, and drill-core sam- platinum, and palladium were reported magma and the complex has a number of ples yielded up to 100 ppb Pt and only from the showing in 1970. attractive characteristics. It is the richest 40 ppb Pd. metallic iron deposit in the region and it relates spatially to the most intense hydro- thermal alteration field on Disko. A field that may imply the existence of a large in- trusion at depth. Ground geophysics have revealed a large conductor at 400–500 m below the present surface. The conducter could represent a volcanic body with sul- phides and metallic iron.

Exploration and evaluation of potential resources The prospective area on north-west Disko (Hammer Dal) is defined by a swarm of NW-SE to N-S striking dykes and subvol- canic intrusions of basaltic melt. The dykes were probably feeders to large volumes of contaminated lavas. The intrusions host deposits of metallic iron and sulphides, all Basalt chunk with accumulation of metallic iron, Disko Island, central West Greenland. of which at the moment are too small to Photo: A.K.Pedersen. be economically viable. "Branched iron

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500 m high mountain slope of iron-rich basalt layers in the southern part of Disko Island, central West Greenland. Photo: A.K.Pedersen.

bodies" dominate the ore cumulates de- iron typically reflects local conditions of vated PGE contents, up to 0.5 ppm. A posited along the steep (70º) contacts by deposition rather than the general poten- final evaluation of the PGE potential in a mechanism that is not completely under- tial of the intrusive system. Apart from this setting is not possible at present. stood. native (metallic) iron (and alloys), pyrrhotite Exploration was carried out in the area The presence of iron cumulates suggests and pentlandite are common. Sulphide- in the 1980s by Greenex/Cominco Ltd. A considerable magma transport capability enriched basalt (together with accumulat- Platinova A/S-Falconbridge Greenland A/S in the magma. The amount of deposited ed, metallic iron) shows > 1% Ni and ele- joint venture conducted an extensive pro-

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North South

Triple Group: 1600 m PGE-Au Horizons 1600 m Exploration and resources Ice 1000 m Mafic intrusions at Kangerlussuaq (68ºN) 1000 m and down the east coast to Nualik (67ºN) sea level Upper Border Series have seen focussed PGE exploration since Bas sea level isto U 1987. Plationova A/S, Quadrant Resources Lo ppe ppen Marginal wer r Z Sh and later Galahad Gold Ltd and Skaergaard Zo one eet Border Hidden Z ne Middle Basalt Zone Minerals Corp. have conducted the explo- Series one ? ration. In 1987 the Skaergaard intrusion

Fault was recognised as a large low-grade PGE Gneiss Marginal and Au deposit. The concession is present- Border ly held by Platina Resources Ltd. Several Series other mafic intrusions show PGE minerali-

GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007 Map of a N–S section through the Skaergaard intrusion in southern East Greenland. sation, but apart from Skaergaard, no sig- nificant deposits have been identified. The Skaergaard intrusion (68ºN) and the gramme between 1991 and 1996. The ed with the surfacing of the proto-Iceland Kap Edvard Holm complex (68ºN) are rep- programme included regional mapping and plume (55–50 Ma). Early picritic lavas show resentatives of stratiform PGE and Au miner- sampling and diamond drilling. strong similarities to Hawaiian lavas, where- al accumulation where the mineralisation Since 2003 Vismand Exploration Inc. has as overlying flood basalts show increasing is caused by sulphur saturation. Drilling in searched for possible deposits on Disko Icelandic affinities. A transition from intra- the Skaergaard intrusion has delineated a Island. The company collected three geo- plate to spreading-ridge magmatism is 1500 million tonne multi-element (platinum physical "Titan 24" cross-sections in the illustrated. group elements, gold, silver, copper, titani- northern part of Disko Island. The aim was Coast-parallel dyke swarm systems are um and vanadium) occurrence. The Kap to locate nickel-enriched, deeper-lying, lava mostly related to magmatic centres dotted Edvard Holm complex contains large-ton- conduits that connect to successions of con- along the East Greenland coast. Deep ero- nage, low-grade, stratiform PGE-Au horizon taminated flood basalts. A large conductor sion has exposed a number of magmatic developed in a replenish magma chamber. at 400–500 m below the present surface centres at and south of 68ºN. They com- The Kruuse Fjord intrusion (67ºN) and may be such a mineralised magma conduit. prise early - some with PGE and Mikis Fjord Macrodyke (68ºN) are repre- Au mineralisations, followed by intermedi- sentatives of contact-related and sulphide- ate to felsic intrusions. hosted PGE mineralisation. Sulphides rich East Greenland Palaeogene in platinum group elements are found at intrusions: Layered gabbro intrusions.

More than sixty intrusions are recorded in the Palaeogene East Greenland volcanic rifted margin. The plutonic suites range from ultramafic to felsic, from depleted basaltic to highly alkaline, and from upper crustal intrusions to subvolcanic centres and breccia pipes with related epithermal vein systems. The East Greenland magma- tism occurred from 61 to 13 Ma ago. The province hosts the world-class Skaergaard PGE and Au deposit. The East Greenland volcanic rifted mar- gin developed prior to, during and after the onset of seafloor spreading in the North Atlantic. The flood basalt succession is >7km thick. Major complexes occur in Meso- zoic to Paleocene sediments below the lavas.

A large domal uplift at the “Kanger- Channel sampling of mineralised layers in the Upper Zone, of the Skaergaard Intrusion, southern East lussuaq Triple Junction” (68ºN) is associat- Greenland. Photo: GEUS.

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GEMSTONES OF GREENLAND

contacts between mafic intrusive units and basement or other intrusive units.

The Skaergaard intrusion The intrusion was emplaced during the build up of the regional flood basalts and the initial stages of continental rifting and seafloor spreading in the North Atlantic. The intrusion is currently modelled as a box- like magma chamber c. 11 by 7.5 km in surface area with an original stratigraphy of c. 3.8 km. The magma solidified in concentric zones toward the centre of the intrusion. Phase layering, i.e., liquidus parageneses, and cryptic variation in liquidus minerals allow a subdivision of the intrusion. The cryptic variation in minerals is significant. evolves from c. Fo70 to Fo1, and plagioclase from c. An70 to An10.The deepest gabbros in the Layered Series (LS) are not exposed and are referred to as the Hidden Zone (HZ). The exposed rocks of LS are divided in Lower Zone (LZ), Middle Zone (MZ), and Upper Zone (UZ). The mineralisation is hosted in the Triple Group in the upper part of the MZ after the crystallisation of c. 70 % of the parental ferrobasalt magma. The Triple Back scatter images of selected Skaergaard minerals. c–d: skaergaardite (PdCu) in a sulphide droplet; Group is the name of a c. 100 m thick e–f: free intergrowths of various noble metals minerals. stratigraphy characterised by three, distinct, leucogabbro layers. The mineralisation is composed of five main levels and in total site). The precious metal grains occur in gold zone is estimated to contain 107 mil- ten well-defined levels of enrichment in sulphide droplets in liquidus minerals or lion tonnes with 1.68 g/t Au, 0.59 g/t Pd PGE (Pd-levels). The stratigraphic separa- groundmass or as free precious metal and 0.05 g/t Pt. tion between main Pd-levels is c. 10 metres. droplets in the groundmass of the Ti-, V- All Pd-levels are perfectly parallel to the and Fe-rich host rock. The dominant PGE well-developed saucer-shaped magmatic mineral is skaergaardite (PdCu) in the cen- layering in the host gabbros. tre of the intrusion, and zviagintsevite Concluding remarks

The number of developed Pd-levels de- (Pd3Pb) at the eastern margin. The Au min- creases systematically toward the margins eralogy is more complex, but dominated The magmatic provinces in Greenland’s of the intrusion, where only one Pd-level by tetra-auricupride (AuCu). geology cover all periods of crustal evolu- (Pd5) is developed. Au is always concen- The Skaergaard deposit is a PGE-Au tion. Today PGE exploration can benefit trated in or just above the top of the locally dominated multi-element mineralisation. from dedicated exploration efforts for pre- developed Pd-levels irrespective of the The host rocks are rich in titanium, vanadi- cious elements and an increased search number of developed Pd-levels. The strati- um and iron. A 44 m profile across the de- for nickel, which has been carried out in graphic separation between the base of posit indicates average contents of 6.6% recent years within a variety of magmatic

Pd5 level and the top of the Au-rich zones TiO2, 1.3 kg/t V2O5 and 19% Fe2O3 in the provinces. increases from c. 5 metres at the margin host rock of the precious metal accumula- Greenland has promising PGE deposits to c. 60 metres in the centre of the miner- tion. The lowest Pd-level (Pd5) is the main of world-class scale, as well as smaller alistion. source of PGE and estimated to contain scale occurrences, some with a proven The mineralisation has a low suphide 104 million tonnes with of 0.11 g/t Au, PGE potential, and others not yet fully content (<0.5 vol. % bornite and chalco- 1.91 g/t Pd and 0.16 g/t Pt. The combined explored.

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Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum (BMP) Government of Greenland P.O. Box 930 DK-3900 Nuuk Greenland

Tel: (+299) 34 68 00 Fax.: (+299) 32 43 02 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bmp.gl GEOLOGY AND ORE 7 / 2007 GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007 GEOLOGY AND ORE 8 / 2007

Layered sequences in the Upper Zone of the Skaergaard Intrusion, southern East Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark Photo: GEUS. and Greenland (GEUS) Øster Voldgade 10 DK-1350 Copenhagen K Key references Denmark

Appel, P. W. U. 1993: Gold and platinum-group Page, N. J., Myers, J. S., Haffty, J., Simon, F. O. Tel: (+45) 38 14 20 00 element anomalies in the Fiskenæsset stratiform & Aruscavage, H. R. 1980: Platinum, paladium Fax.: (+45) 38 14 20 50 anorthosite complex, West Greenland. Geological and rhodium in the Fiskenæsset Complex, South- E-mail: [email protected] Survey of Greenland. Open File Series. 93/6, 24 pp. western Greenland. Economic Geology. 75, Internet: www.geus.dk Harpøth, O., Pedersen, J. L., Schønwandt, H.K. 907–915. & Thomassen, B. 1986: The mineral occurrences Schönwandt, H. K. 1971: Mineralised ultramafic of central East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grøn- rocks in South Greenland. Rapport Grønlands land, Geoscience 17, 1–139. Geologiske Undersøgelse, 35: 30–31. Lightfoot, P. C. and C. J. Hawkesworth 1997: Schönwandt, H. K. 1972: Geological and geo- Flood basalts and magmatic Ni, Cu, and PGE sul- physical work on ultramafic rocks in the Nanortalik phide mineralization: Comparative geochemistry area, South Greenland. Rapport Grønlands of the Noril'sk (Siberian Traps) and West Greenland Geologiske Undersøgelse, 45, 35–36. sequences. In: Large igneous provinces: conti- Secher, K.1982: Noritic rocks and associated nickel- Front cover photograph nental, oceanic, and planetary flood volcanism. copper-sulphide occurrences in Sukkertoppen Layered dunite from the region of J. J. Mahoney and M. F. Coffin (eds). American district, central West Greenland, GGU Rapport Fiskevandet, southern West Greenland. Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 115, 30–34. Photo: NunaMinerals A/S. Series, 100, 357–380. Secher, K. 2001: The Pd + Pt dispersion in noritic Myers, J. S., 1985: Stratigraphy and structure of and undifferentiated mafic rocks of the Archaean the Fiskenæsset Complex, southern West Green- craton east of Maniitsoq, southern West Green- Author land. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Bulletin land, Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Under- K. Secher, P. Appel and T.F.D. Nielsen 150, 72pp. søgelse Rapport 2001/123, 22 pp. Nielsen T.F.D. 2004: The shape and volume of Steenfelt, A. 2001: Geochemical atlas of Editor the Skaergaard intrusion: implications for mass Greenland – West and South Greenland, Dan- Karsten Secher, GEUS balances and bulk composition. Journal of marks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Petrology 45, 507–530. Rapport 2001/46, 40 pp. (CD-ROM included). Graphic Production Carsten E. Thuesen, GEUS Nielsen, T.F.D. & Bernstein, S. 2004: Maturation Stendal, H. (ed.) 2000: Exploration in Greenland: of areas in the Tertiary of East Greenland for PGE- discoveries of the 1990s. Transactions of the Photographs Ni-Cu exploration. Danmarks og Grønlands Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, section B, GEUS unless otherwise stated Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport 2004/6, 59 Applied Earth Science 109, B1–B66. pp. (CD-ROM included). Ulff-Møller, F.1991: Magmatic platinum-nickel Printed Nielsen, T.F.D., Andersen, J.C.Ø. & Brooks, C.K. occurrences in the Tertiary West Greenland Basalt February 2007 © GEUS 2005: The Platinova Reef of the Skaergaard Province: prospecting by Greenex A/S in 1985- intrusion. Mineralogical Association of Canada 1988." Open File Series Grønlands Geologiske Printers Short Course 35, 431–455. Undersøgelse, 91/1. 37pp. Schultz Grafisk

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