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Table of Contents Contents i Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Comments on Oral History xvii ONE. Introducing the Century: 1 January 1900 1 CHARLES IVES 8 TWO. On Ragtime and Eubie Blake 47 THREE. From the Early Modernists 67 LEO ORNSTEIN 71 EDGARD VARÈSE 94 CARL RUGGLES 117 DANE RUDHYAR 127 viii Contents CHARLES SEEGER 137 HENRY COWELL 152 FOUR. On the Jazz Age and George Gershwin 183 FIVE. With a French Accent: Nadia Boulanger 235 SIX. From the Boulangerie 253 VIRGIL THOMSON 255 AARON COPLAND 285 ROY HARRIS 330 SEVEN. Exploring the World of Duke Ellington 351 Notes 417 Resources 431 List of Supplemental Interviews 445 Illustration Credits 448 CD Track Listing 450 CD Music Credits 452 Index 459 CD Music Credits i A list of musical excerpts featured on the two compact dics accompanying this book follows. Some tracks feature early and rare recordings of performances by the composers. CDs were co-produced by Perlis, Van Cleve, and Stefan Weisman. DISC 1 Track 1 Aaron Copland, Music for the Theatre. Yale Symphony Orchestra; Shinik Hahm, conductor. Live recording, 18 February 1996. Duke Ellington, “It Don’t Mean a Thing If It Ain’t Got That Swing.” Princeton University Concert Jazz En- semble; Anthony Branker, director. Live recording, 11 October 2003. Mel Powell, “Etude.” Robert Helps, piano. CRI 874. David Lang, “Anvil Chorus.” Steve Schick, percussion. CRI 646. Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, Chamber Symphony. Boston Musica Viva; Richard Pittman, conductor. CRI 621. Tracks 2–11 Charles Ives, Piano Trio, Movement III. The Monticello Trio. CRI 583. Charles Ives, Second Piano Sonata (Concord, Mass., 1840–60), “Emerson” and “Alcotts.” Charles Ives, piano. CRI 810. Charles Ives, “Some South-Paw Pitching” (Study No. 21). Donald Berman, piano. CRI 811. Charles Ives, Washington’s Birthday. Imperial Philharmonic of Tokyo; William Strickland, conductor. CRI 163. Charles Ives, “The Greatest Man.” Helen Boatwright, soprano; John Kirkpatrick, piano. CRI 675. Charles Ives, Washington’s Birthday. Daniel Stepner, violin; Stephen Drury, piano. New England Conserva- tory Series, NEC 122. Charles Ives, Thanksgiving. Iceland Symphony Orchestra; William Strickland, conductor. CRI 177. Charles Ives, Central Park in the Dark. Yale Philharmonia; Lawrence Leighton Smith, conductor. Live re- cording, 4 April 1998. CD Music Credits 453 Charles Ives, String Quartet No. 1, Movement I. Armadillo String Quartet. Live recording, 11 May 2004. Charles Ives, Fourth Symphony. Yale Philharmonia. Live recording, 31 January 1992. Charles Ives, Study No. 22. Donald Berman, piano. CRI 811. Charles Ives, The Celestial Railroad. Anthony De Mare, piano. CRI 837. Charles Ives, “They Are There!” Charles Ives, vocal and piano. CRI 810. Tracks 12–13 Eubie Blake, “Classical Rag.” Eubie Blake, piano. From video documentary Memories of Eubie, co-produced by Ruth Leon, Allan Miller, and Vivian Perlis. Broadcast American Masters, PBS, 30 December 1979. Eubie Blake, “Charleston Rag.” Eubie Blake, piano. From Memories of Eubie. Eubie Blake, “Baltimore Buzz.” Eubie Blake, piano. From Memories of Eubie. Eubie Blake, “Lucky to Me.” Eubie Blake, piano and vocal. From Memories of Eubie. Eubie Blake, “I’m Just Wild About Harry.” Eubie Blake, piano. From Eubie Blake: Live Concert, recorded 22 May 1973. Eubie Blake Music EBM 5. Eubie Blake, “Love Will Find a Way.” From interview, Eubie Blake with Vivian Perlis, OHAM, 1972. Eubie Blake and Andy Razaf, “Memories of You.” Eubie Blake, piano. From Memories of Eubie. Tracks 14–15 Leo Ornstein, String Quartet No. 3. Lydian String Quartet. New World Records #80509-2. Leo Ornstein, Wild Men’s Dance. Michael Sellers, piano. Orion ORS 75194. Leo Ornstein, Piano Quintet. Janice Weber, piano; Lydian String Quartet. New World Records #80509-2. Leo Ornstein, “Joy” and “Anger,” from The Three Moods. William Westney, piano. CRI 339. Leo Ornstein, “Tarantelle.” Leo Ornstein, piano. From private recording. Track 16 Edgard Varèse, Density 21.5. Thomas Nyfenger, Flute. Live recording, Yale University. Recordings of Nyfenger appear on the CD The Flutistry of Thomas Nyfenger, available through Paul Nyfenger, 347 High St., Closter NJ 07624, 201-784-9247. Edgard Varèse, Offrandes. Yale Contemporary Ensemble; Arthur Weisberg, conductor. Live recording, 12 December 1984. Edgard Varèse, Poéme électronique. Edgard Varèse, Octandre. Yale Contemporary Ensemble; Arthur Weisberg, conductor. Live recording, 9 De- cember 1981. Edgard Varèse, Intégrales. Yale Contemporary Ensemble; Arthur Weisberg, conductor. Live recording, 15 December 1982. Track 17 Dane Rudhyar, Paeans. William Masselos, piano. CRI 584. Dane Rudhyar, Five Stanzas. Colonial Symphony; Paul Zukofsky, conductor. Musical Observations CP2 13. 454 CD Music Credits Dane Rudhyar, “Tumult of the Soul,” from Advent. Kronos Quartet. CRI 604. Dane Rudhyar, “Stars,” from Pentagram No. 3 (Release). William Masselos, piano. CRI 584. Dane Rudhyar, Granites. William Masselos, piano. CRI 584. Tracks 18–19 Henry Cowell, Ostinato Pianissimo. New Jersey Percussion Ensemble; Raymond DesRoches, conductor. Nonesuch 9 9150-2. Henry Cowell, “The Tides of Manaunaun.” Henry Cowell, piano. CRI 109. Henry Cowell, “Tiger.” Anthony De Mare, piano. CRI 837. Henry Cowell, Persian Set. Leopold Stokowski, conductor, with members of his orchestra. CRI 114. Henry Cowell, Variation for Orchestra. Polish National Radio Orchestra; William Strickland, conductor. CRI 740. Henry Cowell, “Aeolian Harp.” Henry Cowell, piano. CRI 109. Henry Cowell, “Sinister Resonance.” Henry Cowell, piano. CRI 109. Henry Cowell, “Exultation.” Anthony De Mare, piano. CRI 837. DISC 2 Tracks 1–7 George Gershwin, An American in Paris. Wei-Yi Yang and Indhuon Srikaranonda, pianos. Live recording, 8 December 1998, Yale University. George Gershwin, “Swanee.” Al Jolson, vocal; Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra; Victor Young, conduc- tor. The Radio Years RY 9. George Gershwin, Rhapsody in Blue. George Gershwin, piano; Paul Whiteman and his orchestra. Pearl GEMM CDS 9483. George and Ira Gershwin, “Fascinatin’ Rhythm.” Fred and Adele Astaire, vocals; George Gershwin, piano. Pearl GEMM CDS 9483. George and Ira Gershwin, “Someone to Watch Over Me.” Frances Gershwin, vocal; Alfred Simon, piano. ACD-116. George and Ira Gershwin, “Let’s Call the Whole Thing Off.” Marnie Nixon, vocal. Reference Recordings RR-19. George and Ira Gershwin, “Hi-Ho.” Ira Gershwin, vocal; Harold Arlen, piano. Recorded 1937 or 1938 “at an impromptu gathering.” George Gershwin, “Of Thee I Sing,” from live broadcast of the Rudy Vallee Show, recorded 9 November 1933. Pearl GEMM CDS 9483. George Gershwin, “Bess, You Is My Woman Now,” from Porgy and Bess. Todd Duncan, baritone; Anne Brown, soprano; George Gershwin, conductor. Musicmasters D111175 5062-2-C. George Gershwin, “Summertime,” from Porgy and Bess. Arthur Gershwin, piano. From interview with Robert Kimball and Alfred Simon, 30 November 1972. George Gershwin, “Oh Lawd, I’m On My Way,” from Porgy and Bess. Todd Duncan, vocal. Included in interview with Berthe Schuchat, 1976. CD Music Credits 455 George Gershwin, “I Loves You, Porgy,” from Porgy and Bess. Cynthia Haymon, soprano; London Philhar- monic; Simon Rattle, conductor. EMI CDS 7 49568 2. George Gershwin, “I Loves You, Porgy.” Paul Bley, piano. IAI 37.38.53 AXIS. George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, “Love Is Here to Stay.” Joan Morris, mezzo-soprano; William Bolcolm, piano. Nonesuch CD 9 79151-2. Track 8 Nadia Boulanger, Vers la vie nouvelle. Angela Gassenhuber, piano. Trouba Disc TRO-CD 01407. Nadia Boulanger, Three Compositions for Violoncello and Piano, Friedemann Kupsa, cello; Angela Gassen- huber, piano. Trouba Disc TRO-CD 01407. Nadia Boulanger, “Soir d’hiver,” from Sept mélodies. Melinda Paulsen, mezzo-soprano; Angela Gassenhuber, piano. Trouba Disc TRO-CD 01407. Track 9 Virgil Thomson, Symphony No. 3, Movement II. New Hampshire Symphony Orchestra; James Bolle, con- ductor. CRI 750. Virgil Thomson, “Tiger! Tiger!” from Five Songs of William Blake. Mack Harrell, baritone; the Philadelphia Orchestra; Eugene Ormandy, conductor. CRI 398. Virgil Thomson, “Solitude: A Portrait of Lou Harrison.” David Del Tredici, piano. CRI 864. Virgil Thomson, “Before Sleeping.” Betty Allen, mezzo-soprano; Virgil Thomson, piano. CRI 670. Philip Glass, Einstein on the Beach. The Philip Glass Ensemble. Nonesuch #79323. Virgil Thomson, Four Saints in Three Acts. Orchestra of Our Time; Joel Thome, conductor. Electra/None- such 9 79035-2. Tracks 10–12 Aaron Copland, Latin American Sketches. Live recording, 26 September 1991, Yale School of Music. Aaron Copland, “Jazzy,” from Three Moods. Ramon Salvatore, piano. From Copland Piano Music—Roman- tic & Modern, Cedille Records CDR 90000 021. Aaron Copland, Piano Concerto. Noël Lee, piano; Orchestre National de France, Aaron Copland, conduc- tor. Etcetera CD KTC 1098, 1990. Aaron Copland, Dance Symphony. Japan Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra; Akeo Watanabe, conductor. CRI 129. Aaron Copland, Music for Theatre. Yale Symphony Orchestra; Shinik Hahm, Conductor. Live recording, 18 February 1996. Aaron Copland, Piano Quartet. Gilbert Kalish, piano; Boston Symphony Chamber Players. Nonesuch 79168-2. Aaron Copland, Piano Sonata. Sara Laimon, piano. Live recording, 20 February 1991, Yale School of Music. Aaron Copland, Lincoln Portrait. American Symphony Orchestra; Leonard Bernstein, conductor; Aaron Copland, narrator. Live recording, 9 November 1980. 456 CD Music Credits Aaron Copland, The Heiress. From video documentary Aaron Copland: A Self-Portrait, co-produced by Ruth Leon and Vivian Perlis, directed
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