District Human Development Report- Mayurbhanj (Odisha).Pdf

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Introduction

Planning Commission Government of India

Planning and Coordination Department Government of Orissa 3

District Human Development Report Mayurbhanj

Published by: Poverty and Human Development Monitoring Agency (PHDMA) Planning and Coordination Department Government of Orissa

This Report doesn’t necessarily refl ect the views of the Government of Orissa, the Planning Commission, Government of India and the United Nations Development Programme and its Executive Board.

Copy editing, lay out, design and printing by: New Concept Information Systems Pvt. Ltd. Message from Chief Minister

(0674) : 2531100 (Off.) NAVEEN PATNAIK Telephone (0674) : 2591099 (Res.) CHIEF MINISTER, ORISSA (0674) : 2535100 (Off.) Fax (0674) : 2590833 (Res.) E. Mail–cmo @ ori.nic.in ORISSA STATE D. O. No......

BHUBANESWAR

Dated ...... MESSAGE

I am glad to know that the fi rst District Human Development Report (DHDR) for Mayurbhanj district is being brought out. This is a joint endeavour of Planning & Co-ordination Department, Government of Odisha, Planning Commission, Government of India and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This initiative provides a framework for a people- centric development process. Human Development has been conceived as processes that enable the people to improve their skills, capabilities and choices to live a long, healthy and fulfilled life.

The fi rst DHDR of Mayurbhanj attempts to make an independent assessment of the status of Human Development in that district, highlights the status of levels of literacy, skills, key health indicators and livelihood options available to the people of the district and brings out intra-district variations in respect of identifi ed Human Development indicators. It also underscores the challenges ahead and offers new opportunities for the people of the district.

It is hoped that this exercise will help evolve an appropriate development strategy that ensures effective and effi cient use of available resources for furthering well-being of the people and encourages sharing of development benefi ts and opportunities in an equitable manner. It is, in this context, that this joint initiative of the State Government, Government of India and UNDP for preparation of DHDR needs to be appreciated.

I would like to thank Planning Commission, Government of India and UNDP for their assistance and support for the preparation of the DHDR of Mayurbhanj district and look forward to future cooperation in following up the recommendations of this report.

(NAVEEN PATNAIK) Message from Minister, Planning & Coordination Department

Ofﬁ ce : (0674) 2536980 SHRI A. U. SINGH DEO Phone Res. : (0674) 2536780 MINISTER PABX : 232-2184 (O) Planning & Co-ordination and D.O. No...... /MP&C/E. Exise, Orissa BHUBANESWAR

Date ......

MESSAGE

I am glad to know that Planning & Co-ordination Department, Government of Odisha has prepared the fi rst District Human Development Report (DHDR) of Mayurbhanj district with support from Planning Commission, Government of India and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It is heartening to note that the District Administration has also taken keen interest in preparation of the fi rst DHDR of the district.

The major thrust of the DHDR is to prepare a status of "Human Development" in Mayurbhanj district, to highlight intra-district variations in key indicators and to set a benchmark against which future attainments may be compared. This also identifi es gaps in "Human Development" in the district and draws attention of the decision makers to focus attention on the areas where further action is required.

I hope the fi rst DHDR of Mayurbhanj will be well received by different stakeholders and the decentralized planning process will be suitably reoriented to effectively address the challenges ahead and meet the reasonable expectations of the people of the district.

(A. U. SINGH DEO) Message from Chief Secretary

B.K. Patnaik Phone ( +91 674) 2536700/4300 Fax: (+91 674) 2536660 Chief Secretary, Orissa e-mail - [email protected] Bhubaneswar, 11th August, 2011

MESSAGE

I am glad that Planning & Coordination Department has prepared the fi rst District Human Development Report (DHDR) of Mayurbhanj district. The DHDR, aims to provide the current status of key human development indicators at district and sub-district levels and has, in fact, given detailed disaggregated analysis of human development indicators.

The report acknowledges the sincere efforts made by the Government to accelerate the process of development including improving key human development indicators such as literacy, health status and income levels in Mayurbhanj. The report has also highlighted several challenges the district faces in improving human development indicators and accelerating the process of overall development of its people. This DHDR, which is the outcome of an interactive process, has provided valuable inputs for preparation of quality district plan. This report also provides a benchmark against which future attainments may be assessed.

I warmly thank the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Planning Commission, Government of India for their support and guidance for preparation of this report. I hope that this report will be well received by the different stakeholders including policy planners, researchers, people at large and others.

(B. K. Patnaik) Message from Development Commissioner cum Additional Chief Secretary

Dr. Rabinarayan Senapati, IAS Phone - 0674-2536882 (O) Development Commissioner 0674-2536972 (Fax) - cum-Addl. Chief Secretary and 0674-2397530 (R) Secretary, Planning & e-mail- [email protected] Coordination Development, Govt. of Orissa.

Bhubaneswar 11th August, 2011 MESSAGE

It gives me immense pleasure to know that the fi rst District Human Development Report (DHDR) of Mayurbhanj district is going to be released. This report has been prepbred by Planning and Coordination Department in partnership with Planning Commission, Government of lndia and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This report provides disaggregated data and analysis as regards the current status of key human development indicators at district and sub-district level.

The concept of “Human Development” is people centric and a multi-dimensional measure of the people’s overall well-being based on several socio-economic indicators including income, literacy, health, reproductive child health, access to safe drinking water and gender issues.

The report captures the efforts made by the Government to improve the delivery of public services for the people in general and the marginalized groups including the local Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and Women in particular. There are, however, several challenges that need be tackled for continuously improving human development indicators in the district.

We express gratitude to the Planning Commission, Government of lndia and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for their support and guidance.

We in the Planning and Coordination Department hope that this report will be of great help to policy makers and others. We look forward to constructive comments and suggestions from all concerned who may fi nd this report useful and have a stake in improving human development conditions in Mayurbhanj and rest of the State.

(Dr. R. N. Senapati) Message from Planning Commission

Hkkjr ljdkj ;k stuk vk;k sx ;kstuk Hkou Tuhin K. Pandey ubZ f nYyh&110001 Joint Secretary (State Plan) Telefex: 23096757 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA E- mail: [email protected] PLANNING COMMISSION YOJANA BHAWAN t; fgUn NEW DELHI - 110001

Date: August 30. 2011

MESSAGE

I am very glad to know that the District Human Development Report (DHDR) for Mayurbhanj District has been prepared after due process of consulations with the stakeholders. Signifi cantly, this Report is the fi rst DHDR of Orissa in collaboration with Government of India under the initiative of “Strengthening State Plan for Human Development”.

Human Development has been conceptualized with three basic attributes of human well being - acquiring knowledge through education and attain socio-economic development by improving peoples’ skills & capacities; living a long & healthy and fulfi lled life and having access to resources for a reasonable standard of living. The DHDR gives a status report of the overall performance of the district with respect to the aforesaid attributes of human development. It provides a benchmark for future attainments through policy interventions and planning.

I trust that all the policy markers and other stake holders of human development will fi nd this Report to be of immense use in reorienting public policies towards inclusive, equitable and sustainable growth in Mayurbhanj District.

(Tuhin K. Pandey) Message from UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

Message

The Government of Orissa is to be commended for preparing the Mayurbhanj District Human Development Report – the fi rst in the state, prepared under a partnership between the Planning Commission, the Government of Orissa and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) India.

India is a unique example of preparing the maximum number of State and District Human Development Reports in the world. The experience of India in deepening the understanding and reporting on human development is highly inspiring for countries across the world.

In very simple terms, human development is defi ned as expansion of people’s capability to lead long, healthy and creative lives and to advance other goals that they cherish. This is, to a large extent, determined by historical, socio-cultural, institutional, governance, infrastructural, and geographical or environmental factors.

The Mayurbhanj District Human Development Report succinctly captures these various facets of human development and highlights how human capability is a function of access to basic services, immediate environment, human security and governance. One of the core messages emerging from this District Human Development Report is that varying attainments across social groups is the result of differential access behaviour rooted in the socio-cultural context. This calls for fl exibility in policy making that can address such specifi cities.

The district level Human Development Reports provide a unique opportunity to embark on district planning with a human development lens. The fact that the Mayurbhanj District Human Development Report complements secondary data with the information collected through special surveys conducted for the purpose and other community based monitoring instruments such as PAHELI provides it with voices from the fi eld which are the foundation stone for any bottom-up planning exercise. I am confi dent that the Mayurbhanj District Human Development Report will provide a sound basis for future district plans oriented to fasten the progress on key human development goals and for addressing challenges of persistent inequalities.

We once again felicitate the Government of Orissa for preparing the Mayurbhanj District Human Development Report and look forward to the key messages of the report being translated into policy and action that will signifi cantly improve the quality of life for the people of the district.

Caitlin Wiesen Patrice Coeur-Bizot Country Director, UNDP India United Nations Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative, India

55, Lodi Estate, Post Box No.3059, New Delhi 110 003, India. Tel:91-11-2462 8877 Fax: 91-11-2462 7612 www.undp.org.in Message from District Collector

Smt. Aswathy S., IAS Collector & District Magistrate, Mayurbhanj

PREFACE

Ever since the publication of the Human Development Report 1999 by UNDP, economic development has started looking beyond income for human well-being. Human Development is a development paradigm that is about much more than the rise or fall of national incomes. It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accordance with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus about expanding the choices that people have. It is thus about much more than economic growth, which is only a means though a very important one of enlarging people's choices. The most basic capabilities for human development are to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community. Without these, many choices are simply not available, and many opportunities in life remain inaccessible.

Human Development Reports like that of UNDP have been published at national as well as state levels in India. The district level reports also have come out in some states. Orissa Human Development Report 2004 was published at the state level. The District Human Development Report, Mayurbhanj is one of the fi rst four such district level reports attempted in the state. Besides depicting the status of human development in the district, it will also serve as a benchmark for the assessment of future attainments. It throws light on the complex relationship between income and human development and how economic growth translates into human development in a tribal dominated backward district like Mayurbhanj.

Mayurbhanj was the last princely state in Orissa to be merged with the Indian Union. It is a border district having common boundary with West Bengal and Jharkhand states. A hill range at the centre divides the & strict into two parts. About 42% of the district's geographical area is covered under forest. Some parts of the district cannot be accessed during the rainy season. Railways have a symbolic presence. It is tribal dominated with 56.50% ST population and economically backward.

Prior to independence, the enlightened Bhanja rulers had taken various measures for promoting education in Mayurbhanj. The district also has made good progress in education sector over the years. Sarva Sikshya Ahhiyan is being implemented for universalisation of elementary education. Health scenario in the district is not bad. Mayurbhanj ranked ninth among 30 districts of the state's in the Health Index computed in Orissa Human Development Report 2004. Healthcare services in the district are being provided mostly through public healthcare system. NRHM initiatives have helped increase institutional delivery from 10% to 70% within a span of 5 years and decrease IMR to 42/1000 live births.

Most people in the district depend on agriculture for their livelihood, but it is shrinking and cultivation has remained traditional. Though the district is richly endowed with mineral resources, there is no large-scale industry. The industrial sector mainly comprises handloom, handicraft, village and cottage industries. Government implements various employment generation progmmmes to improve people's livelihood. Even then, incidence of poverty in the district is as high as 78% in rural areas. Besides poverty, natural calamities like flood, drought and cyclone, and crimes add to the vulnerabiliy of people. The vulnerable groups are the socially marginalized sections like ST, SC, women, old, disabled, children and migrants. These categories of people fail to create enough surpluses to meet the contingencies. Many government programmes, starting with ICDS up to social security measures operate in the district to reduce people's vulnerability.

Mayurbhanj is famed for its bio-diversity. A vast land mass of the district is covered with forests and hill ranges. The famous Smilipal Biosphere Reserve and National Tiger Park are located here. The landscape of the Similipal is densely wooded and beautifully dotted with magnificent water falls. It is unique for its flora and fauna. There are varieties of trees, plants, animals and buds. The role of the biosphere reserve in preserving the ecosystem and maintaining ecological balance in the region is significant. It acts as life line for the people of Mayurbhanj, particularly for those living inside and on the forest fringe.

There have been concerted efforts by the government to bring about development in the district and thereby better quality of life. But still a lot remains to be done. The District Human of Development Report has identified the areas of concern like illiteracy, inadequate primary healthcare, poverty, food & security and gender disparity. The challenges of the district, as pointed out in the report, are lack of adequate irrigation facilities, degradation of natural resources, acute unemployment and rising extremism. The report has also outlined the potential and strength of the district economy. The emerging development trends have been traced in considerable detail. Strategies to overcome the challenges and exploit the opportunities and potentials of the district have been outlined. The suggested policy interventions emphasize on the comparative advantages of the district.

Presently the state plan is being prepared by integrating district plans. The district plan is the result of grassroots planning through Panchayati Raj Institutions. In the process of preparation of the report, people have been sensitized about the Importance of their effective participation in the planning process.

The report was prepared with the support given by the UNDP and Planning Commission and encouragement of the Planning and Co-ordination Department, Government of Orissa. Preparation of the report was the outcome of two years of concerted efforts. In the process of its preparation there were open consultations with political leaders, officials, PRI members, academicians, common men and stakeholders. Besides interaction with the stakeholders, FGDs and PRAs were organized in most of the panchayats. The report was finalized at the sub-divisional and district level meetings. DHDR preparation process was outlined by the Core Committee and Steering Committee constituted for the purpose. Dr. Aurobindo Behera, IAS, Principal Secretary to Government, as Advisor for District Human Development Report, Mayurbhanj had taken keen interest and extended timely help for the preparation of the document. The Technical Support Institute (TSI), namely, Research and Information Centre for Orissa (RICOR) has made sincere efforts in preparing and bringing out the document. We would like to place on record our gratitude to all those who have contributed to and helped the preparation of the report.

Collector and District Magistrate Mayurbhanj Acknowledgement

Many organizations and individuals have contributed for preparation of the fi rst District Human Development Report (DHDR) of Mayurbhanj district. We are grateful to Sj. Naveen Patnaik, Hon’ble Chief Minister, Orissa, who inspired us to take up the task of preparation of the fi rst DHDR of Mayurbhanj. We are also grateful to Sj. A.U. Singh Deo, Hon’ble Minister, Planning & Coordination and Excise, who lent his wholehearted support for completion of this assignment.

Shri T. K. Mishra, former Chief Secretary and Chief Development Commissioner and Shri Bijay Kumar Patnaik, Chief Secretary and Chief Development Commissioner, Orissa both guided us during the tedious process of preparation of this DHDR. This document would not have been completed without full support and guidance of Shri S. P. Nanda, former Development Commissioner and Additional Chief Secretary and Shri R. N. Senapati, Development Commissioner and Additional Chief Secretary. Their guidance and support are gratefully acknowledged.

We are also thankful to the District Administration of Mayurbhanj. Shri P. K. Meherda and Smt. Aswathy S, both Collectors of Mayurbhanj district steered the process for completion of this report of the district. They were ably assisted by Shri S. K. Khuntia, Deputy Director and his team in DPMU, Mayurbhanj. Various District Level Offi cers provided their inputs to facilitate this report. Their co-operation and support is greatly appreciated.

This exercise would not have been possible without full support and guidance from Planning Commission, Government of lndia and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In particular, Dr. K. Seeta Prabhu, Ms. Sumeeta Banerji, Ms. Ritu Mathur, Dr. Ambika Prasad Nanda and others from UNDP were of great help. We also thank the United Nations Joint Programme on Convergence team, which provided valuable inputs for preparation of this report. Shri Tuhin K. Pandey, Joint Secretary (Plan Coordination), Shri Rajat Sachar, Director (RD), Dr. lndu Patnaik, Joint Adviser, and Shri K. K. Tripathy, Project Manager (SSPHD), HDRC Unit, all of Planning Commission, Government of lndia extended their unstinted support and guidance for this new initiative in Orissa. We gratefully acknowledge their support and place on record our sincere thanks.

Prof. (Dr.) A. K. Mohanty and his team from Research & Information Centre for Orissa (RICOR) took the major responsibility for researching, writing and completing this report. They took all the pains and made sincere efforts for collection and analysis of data presented in this report. We sincerely acknowledge and appreciate their efforts. Dr. Aurobindo Behera, Principal Secretary to Govt. of Orissa voluntarily offered his efforts for completion and editing of this report. M/S New Concept Information System Pvt Ltd, helped us in cover lay and layout design, copy editing, and printing of this document. We sincerely thank them for fi nalizing and printing this report.

xii District Human Development Report Acknowledgement

This work would not have been possible without the active co-operation of my colleagues in Planning & Coordination Department and Poverty and Human Development Monitoring Agency (PHDMA). They made untiring efforts from the beginning to the end of the entire process of preparation of the DHDR. Shri R. C. Kar, Director (DF&C)-cum-Additional Secretary to Govt., Shri B. N. Dash, Deputy Director (DPC), Shri C. R. Satapathy, Deputy Director, Shri Niranjan Mishra, CAO, Shri B. K. Sahu, Specialist (MIS) and other offi cials from PHDMA assisted at different stages for completion of this DHDR. Shri Arabinda Acharya, Demographer, Shri Mainak Sarkar, State Project Offi cer, Shri Debashish Dash and Shri Abhishek Mohanty, State Facilitators, Dr. J. K. Patnaik, Shri Manoranjan Barik, Ms. Vaibhavi Bhandekar and Ms. Srabani Das, all UNVs, also assisted and expedited the process. Their efforts and contributions are sincerely appreciated.

We hope that this report will be well received by all stakeholders and will be useful to all those, who intend to use it. We welcome constructive suggestions and comments for further improvement of this document from all those who fi nd this document useful and who have a stake in improving human development indicators in Mayurbhanj and Orissa.

(Dr. R. V. Singh) Special Secretary to Government Planning & Coordination Department

xiii

Executive Summary

Mayurbhanj was the last princely state in teachers in schools. Sarva Siksha Abhijan Orissa to be merged with the Indian Union. (SSA) programme is being implemented for It is spread over 10,418 sq. km. and is the universalisation of elementary education. largest district in the state. The district lies However, teachers’ absenteeism is a big between 85o 40’E and 87o 11’E longitude and problem and it needs to be checked to 21o and 23o N latitude. It is a district bordering improve quality of education. Intensifi cation West Bengal and Jharkhand states. There of current government measures would is a hill range at the centre which slopes bring about desired results in the district’s gradually to east. The Similipal Biosphere education sector. Reserve and National Tiger Park are located in the district. About 42% of the district’s As per the Health Index computed for geographical area is under forest cover. The Mayurbhanj in Orissa, Human Development district has vast stretches of upland and is Report 2004, the district ranked 9th among served by a network of nine rivers. The two 30 districts of the state. However, healthcare broad soil groups of the district are red and infrastructure in the district is not adequate laterite soils. Climate of the district is hot, and its healthcare system is overloaded with moist and sub-humid. high bed-occupancy and bed- turnover rates. Maternal and child health situation cannot As per 2001 census, population of the district be described satisfactory. On an average, is 22, 23,456 of which ST and SC constitute 6 children were born to a married woman 56.60% and 7.68% respectively. Sex ratio in and 16% of deliveries were of 3rd or higher the district kept on declining till 1991, but order, and MMR was 320/100,000 live births. marginally increased to 980 in 2001. Full ANC was received by only 24.25% of pregnant women. Children suffered from Roadways and railways in the district are malnutrition, diarrhoea, pneumonia and inadequate. However, annual addition of other childhood diseases. People mostly more than 600 km of Prime Minister’s Gram suffer from communicable diseases like Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) roads has succeeded diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Tract in solving the problem of communication Infection. Malaria is endemic in the district. considerably. Though almost all habitations in the district have been provided with safe But there are many redeeming features of drinking water, only 25.85% of households the health situation in the district. Through have sanitary facilities. NRHM initiatives, institutional deliveries in the district have increased to as high as 70% The district has made good strides in and IMR has come down to 42/1000 live births education sector over the years, for which (2009). Achievement rates of immunisation, literacy rate increased from 5.20% in 1951 to Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) about 52% in 2001 and gender and spatial and family welfare programmes have been disparities in literacy have consistently very high. Malarial deaths have declined, declined. School enrolment of both boys and leprosy has been completely eliminated girls has remained high and school drop-out and tuberculosis is under control. Health rate in the district is lower than that at the status in the district can be bettered by state level. There are relatively more trained the expansion of NRHM initiatives, fi lling

xv up vacant positions and arousing people’s welfare measures to take care of the old, awareness about sanitation and hygiene. destitute and physically challenged children. By strengthening disaster management, Mayurbhanj is an economically backward social security, social welfare measures district. Its per capita income in 2004-05 was and employment generation schemes, less than the State average income as its share vulnerability of people can be mitigated. (4.59%) of the State income was less than the Vulnerability of people from left wing proportion (6.04%) of the State population. extremism warrant tightening of security Most of the district population depends on in the Maoist infected border areas. agriculture for their livelihood. But agriculture sector is shrinking and returns from it are Gender disparity persists in the district in uncertain due to low irrigation potential and many spheres. Sex-ratio has been declining other factors. The district is richly endowed throughout the last century and literacy with mineral resources, but there is no among women is less than that among large scale industry and medium industries men. Women face disadvantage in accessing numbered only four. Industrial sector mainly healthcare services on desired scale. They comprises handloom, handicraft, village and also experience other discriminations at family cottage industries. and society levels. Women’s WPR is less than that of men. But gender disparities in literacy, Government has taken various steps to enrolment and WPR in the district have kept improve people’s livelihood by providing on declining over time. Of late, women have self and wage employment. This includes been empowered economically through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Self Help Groups (SHGs). They have started Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and other participating appreciably in the political infrastructure development schemes. process with reservations of seats for them. Solution to livelihood problems in the district is to be sought in diversification of agriculture, Biodiversity of Mayurbhanj is unique. The development of horticulture and promotion well known Similipal Biosphere Reserve is of non-farm sectors like agro and forest based located in Mayurbhanj. For a common man industries, herbal pharmaceuticals, textiles, in Mayurbhanj, it is a symbol of reverence sericulture and village and cottage industries. and awe. The Similipal is unique for its flora Besides, tourism holds out great possibilities and fauna. Its varieties of trees, plants, for economic expansion and employment animals, birds, landscape and waterfalls generation. are spectacular. The Similipal Biosphere Reserve plays important functional and Vulnerability of the district population regulatory role in preserving ecosystem arises due to natural calamities, poverty and maintaining ecological balance in and crimes. Subarnarekha irrigation project the region. Government earns revenue has reduced the intensity of flood and from timber, trade and tourism. People irrigation potential is being expanded to inside the Similipal Biosphere Reserve fight out drought. Provision of rice @ Rs. and villages on its fringes depend on it for 2/- per kg has succeeded in solving food their livelihood. They collect food, fodder, insecurity problem of the poor. Government timber and NTFPs from these forests. There employment generation programmes are is threat to the biosphere from soil erosion expected to help the poor to come out and anthropogenic activities like grazing, of poverty and stop migrating. There are lopping, surface burning and illegal felling a number of social security and social of trees. Preservation of the biosphere calls

xvi District Human Development Report Executive Summary

for active government interventions and young men and women can be improved public co-operation in forest management. through technical education. The SHG strategy has been effective in empowering Concerted efforts are being made by women economically and socially. It has the State Government to make people’s also contributed to inclusive growth. The life better in the district. But still there is effectiveness of government programmes much to be desired. Provision of PDS rice can be improved through convergence of at Rs.2/- per kg has ensured food security different government schemes and their of the common people. Employability of effective implementation.

xvii

Contents

Message from Chief Minister iii Message from Minister, Planning & Coordination Department iv Message from Chief Secretary v Message from Development Commissioner cum Additional Chief Secretary vi Message from Planning Commission vii Message from UNDP viii Message from District Collector (Preface) ix Acknowledgement xii Executive Summary xv Acronyms xxvii Glossary xxxi

Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1. Background 3 1.2. District Human Development Report 4 1.3. District Background 4 1.4. Geography 5 1.5. Administrative Set-up 5 1.6. Demographic Profi le 6 1.7. Natural Resources 9 1.8. Economic Infrastructure 10 1.9. Social Infrastructure 11 1.10. Production Sector 12 1.11. Culture 14 1.12. Challenges 16 1.13. Conclusion 17

Chapter 2: Education 19 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Growth of Education in Mayurbhanj 22 2.3. Levels of Literacy in Mayurbhanj 22 2.4. Schools 26 2.5. Enrolment 28 2.6. Teachers 33 2.7. Infrastructure 39 2.8. Public Intervention 40 2.9. Conclusion 42

xix Chapter 3: Healthcare 43 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Healthcare Infrastructure 47 3.3. Performance of the District Hospital 49 3.4. Rural Healthcare System 49 3.5. Maternal and Child Health 52 3.6. Endemicity of Diseases 62 3.7. Tribal Health 69 3.8. NRHM Initiatives 69 3.9. Drinking Water and Sanitation 70 3.10. Conclusion 73

Chapter 4: Livelihood 75 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. District Domestic Product 78 4.3. Workforce Participation 80 4.4. Agriculture & Allied Sectors 84 4.5. Industry 99 4.6. Employment in the Unorganised Sector 105 4.7. Tourism 107 4.8. Tribal Livelihood and Forest Management Policy 108 4.9. Conclusion 111

Chapter 5: Gender Issues 113 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Gender Disparity in Population 116 5.3. Gender Differences in Education 118 5.4. Women’s Work Participation 125 5.5. Women’s Health 128 5.6. Violence against Women 128 5.7. Trafficking in Women 130 5.8. Gender-Equality through Institution Building 131 5.9. Gender and Governance 133 5.10. Conclusion 134

Chapter 6: Human Vulnerability 137 6.1. Introduction 139 6.2. Natural Calamities 139 6.3. Damage by Wild Animals 144 6.4. Crimes 144 6.5. Child Labour 144 6.6. Physically Challenged Children 145 6.7. Migration 146

xx District Human Development Report Contents

6.8. Food Insecurity and Poverty 147 6.9. Social Security and Social Welfare Measures 154 6.10. Housing 156 6.11. Conclusion 156

Chapter 7: Biodiversity 147 7.1. Biodiversity of Mayurbhanj 149 7.2. The Similipal Biosphere 151 7.3. Biodiversity and Livelihood 154 7.4. Threat to Biodiversity 156 7.5. Biodiversity and People 156 7.6. Management Strategies 158

Chapter 8: The Way Ahead 161 8.1. Approach 163 8.2. Strategies 165 8.3. Suggested Policy Intervention 166

Annexures 169 Annexure I: Methodology of Primary Data Collection 171 Annexure II: G. P. Profile 172 Annexure III: References 193

List of Tables Table 1.1: Demographic Profile of Mayurbhanj and Orissa, 1901-2001 6 Table 1.2: Distribution of Population by Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2001 7 Table 1.3: Land use Pattern in Mayurbhanj [Area in ’000 hectares] 8 Table 1.4: ST Population of Mayurbhanj, 2001 15 Table 2.1: Growth of Literacy in Mayurbhanj, 1951-2001 23 Table 2.2: Rural and Urban Literacy in Mayurbhanj, 1991-2001 23 Table 2.3: Literacy Rates in Blocks and Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 and 2001 24 Table 2.4: Inter-Block Variation in Literacy Rate in Mayurbhanj, 1991 and 2001 25 Table 2.5: Literacy Rates among STs and SCs in Mayurbhanj, 2001 26 Table 2.6: Private and Public Schools in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 27 Table 2.7: Growth of School Enrolment in Mayurbhanj, 1971/72 - 2006/07 29 Table 2.8: GER in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 30 Table 2.9: Net Enrolment Ratio of Children (6-14 years) in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 30 Table 2.10: Drop out Rates (6-14 years) in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 31 Table-2.11: Out-of-School Children (6-14 yrs) in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 32 Table 2.12: Reasons for Out of School Children in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 34 Table 2.13: Block-wise Trained Teachers in Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary Schools in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 36

xxi Table 2.14: Female Teachers in Schools of Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 37 Table 2.15: Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 38 Table 2.16: Student-Classroom Ratio in Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 39 Table 2.17: School Amenities in Primary and Upper Primary Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 41 Table 2.18: Expenditure for Elementary Education in Mayurbhanj, 2001-02 to 2008-09 42 Table 3.1: Monitorable Targets for Health during the 11th Plan 47 Table 3.2: Distribution of Health Institutions in Mayurbhanj, 2008 48 Table 3.3: Healthcare Personnel in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 50 Table 3.4: Vacancy Positions in PHC & CHC of Mayurbhanj, 2008 51 Table 3.5: Ratio Analysis of Healthcare Indicators in Mayurbhanj, 2008 51 Table 3.6: Performance Indicators of Rural Hospitals in Mayurbhanj, 2008 (in %) 52 Table 3.7: Maternal Health Situations in Mayurbhanj, 2009 53 Table 3.8: Antenatal Care among Eligible Couples of Mayurbhanj, 2008 55 Table: 3.9: Delivery Status in Blocks /Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2009 56 Table 3.10: Use of Family Planning Methods in Mayurbhanj, 2002-2009 57 Table 3.11: Infant Mortality Rates in Blocks and Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2009 59 Table 3.12: Distribution of Malnourished Children in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007- 08 60 Table 3.13: Incidence of Selected Diseases among Children in Mayurbhanj, 2008 61 Table 3.14: Achievement of Immunisation Programme in Mayurbhanj, 2003-09 61 Table 3.15: Status of Implementation of Supplementary Nutrition Programme in Mayurbhanj, 2003-09 62 Table 3.16: Burden of Communicable Diseases in Mayurbhanj, 2008 63 Table 3.17: Panchbyadhi Patients in Mayurbhanj, 2006 - 2009 63 Table 3.18: Distributions of All Deaths by Major Cause Groups in Mayurbhanj, 2008 64 Table 3.19: Prevalence of Malaria in Mayurbhanj, 1997-2008 64 Table 3.20: Cases under Different TB Units in Mayurbhanj, 2007 66 Table 3.21: Achievement of RNTCP in Mayurbhanj, 2000-08 66 Table 3.22: Leprosy Situations in Mayurbhanj, 2001-2009 67 Table 3.23: Operational Performance of Leprosy Elimination Programme in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 68 Table 3.24: Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mayurbhanj, 2006-08 67 Table 3.25: Arsenicosis Incidence in Mayurbhanj, 2007 69 Table 3.26: Expenditure under NRHM in Mayurbhanj, 2002-03 to 2009-10 71 Table 3.27: Drinking Water Facility in Primary and UP Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2008 72 Table 3.28: Status of Sanitary Latrines in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2009 74 Table 4.1: Net District Domestic Product of Mayurbhanj, 1993-94 - 2004-05 79 Table 4.2: Trend of Per Capita NDDP of Mayurbhanj 80 Table 4.3: Trends of Population, Workers and Non-Workers in Mayurbhanj 81 Table 4.4: Work Participation Rate in Blocks / Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 & 2001 82 Table 4.5: Sectoral and Regional distribution of Workforce in Mayurbhanj, 2001 83 Table 4.6: Farming Situation in Mayurbhanj, 2006-07 84

xxii District Human Development Report Contents

Table 4.7: Productions of Crops in Mayurbhanj 85 Table 4. 8: Yield Gap Analysis of Different Crops in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 85 Table 4.9: Landholding Pattern in Mayurbhanj, 2008 86 Table 4.10: Land & Agricultural Workforce Relation in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2001 87 Table 4.11: Distribution of Rainfall in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 88 Table 4.12: Irrigation Potential in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 88 Table 4.13: Consumption of Chemical Fertiliser in Mayurbhanj, 2005-09 89 Table 4.14: Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2006-2007 90 Table 4.15: Facilities Available in Agri-Polyclinics in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 91 Table 4.16: Agricultural Implements & Farm Machineries in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 92 Table 4.17: Loan Disbursement in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-09 93 Table 4.18: Area, Yield and Production of Horticultural Crops in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 96 Table 4.19: Distribution of Livestock in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2008 97 Table 4.20: Distribution of Sources of Fisheries in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 98 Table 4.21: Pisciculture in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 99 Table 4.22: Flow of Funds to Agriculture & Allied Sectors of Mayurbhanj, 2002-03 to 2008-09 100 Table 4.23: Product-wise SSI Units in Mayurbhanj (Rs. In Lakh) 100 Table 4.24: Growth of Small-scale and Cottage Industries in Mayurbhanj, 2001-2008. 101 Table 4.25: Distribution of Product Ranges of Pottery in Mayurbhanj, 2008 103 Table 4.26: Employment Generation by Traditional Crafts and Trades in Mayurbhanj, 2008 104 Table 4.27: Status of Sericulture Sector in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 106 Table 4.28: Flow of Funds to Village & Small Industries of Mayurbhanj, 2002/03 - 2008/09 106 Table 4.29: Government Expenditure for Rural Employment in Mayurbhanj, 2002-2009 107 Table 4.30: Inflow of Tourists to Similipal 108 Table 4.31: Forest and Tribal Livelihood in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 110 Table 5.1: Regional Distribution of Male-Female Population in Mayurbhanj, 2001 116 Table 5.2: Sex Ratio across Social Groups in Mayurbhanj, 1981-2001 116 Table 5.3: Sex Ratios in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991& 2001 117 Table 5.4: Sex Ratios (0-6 years) in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2001 118 Table 5.5: Literacy among STs and SCs of Mayurbhanj, 1991 & 2001 119 Table 5.6: Gender Disparities in Literacy in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 - 2001 120 Table 5.7: Girls’ Enrolment in Mayurbhanj, 1971-72 to 2007-08 121 Table 5.8: Status of Girls’ Enrolment in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 122 Table 5.9: Out of School Children (6-14 years) in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 124 Table 5.10: Causes of Girls’ School Dropout in Mayurbhanj 125

xxiii Table 5.11: Gender Differentials in Work Participation Rates in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 & 2001 126 Table 5.12: Occupational Structure of Female Workers in Mayurbhanj, 2001 127 Table 5.13: Rural Women’s Daily Work Profile 128 Table 5.14: Crimes against Women [CAW] Recorded in Mayurbhanj, 2007 and 2008 129 Table 5.15: Dowry-Related Cases in Mayurbhanj, 2003-2008 129 Table 5.16: Cases of Trafficking in Women in Mayurbhanj 131 Table 5.17: Rural Households Covered under Self Help Groups, 2008 132 Table 5.18: Major Activities of WSHG in the District 133 Table 5.19: Women Members in Local Self Governing Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2009 134 Table 6.1: Occurrences of Natural Calamities in Mayurbhanj, 2006-08 140 Table 6.2: Flood Vulnerable Areas in Mayurbhanj 141 Table 6.3: Flood Damage in Mayurbhanj, 2007 142 Table 6.4: Drought Affected Area in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 143 Table 6.5: Status of Crimes in Mayurbhanj, 2006-07 & 2007-08 144 Table 6.6: Child Labour in Blocks /Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1997 145 Table 6.7: Category-wise Disabled Children in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 146 Table 6.8-A: Migration in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 148 Table 6.8-B: Migration in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 148 Table 6. 9: Distribution of BPL Families in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 1992 & 1997 149 Table 6.10: Group-wise BPL Families in Mayurbhanj, 1997 150 Table 6.11: Beneficiaries under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana & Annapurna Yojana in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2004-05 151 Table 6.12: Monthly Requirement of Rice @ Rs.2/- per kg in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 152 Table 6.13: Density of Fair Price Shops in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2008 153 Table 6.14: Coverage under Oldage, Widow and Disability Pension in Blocks /Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 155 Table 6.15: Expenditure on Social Security Measures in Mayurbhanj, 2002-03 to 2008-09 156 Table 6.16: Provisions of Houses to Rural Families in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 157 Table 7.1: Ethno Medicines Found in Mayurbhan 154

List of Charts Chart 1.1: Sex Ratio in Mayubhanj and Orissa, 1901-2001 6 Chart 1.2: Land Use Pattern in Mayurbhanj, 1994-95 & 2006-07 8 Chart 1.3: Distribution of District Population by Religion, 2001 14 Chart 1.4: Communitywise ST population of Mayurbhanj, 2001 15 Chart 2.1: Growth of Literacy in Mayurbhanj, 1951-2001 23 Chart 2.2: Growth of Schools in Mayurbhanj, 1973/74-2007/08 26 Chart 2.3: Proportion of Private schools in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 28 Chart 2.4: Canses of Dropout /Never enroled in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 33 Chart 2.5: Percentage of Trained Teachers in Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 35 Chart 2.6: Female Teachers in Rural and Urban areas of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 36 Chart 2.7: Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Rural and Urban Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 40

xxiv District Human Development Report Contents

Chart 3.1: Performance Indicators of District Hospital, Mayurbhanj, 2006-08 49 Chart 3.2: Delivery Status in Mayurbhanj, 2003-04 to 2008-09 55 Chart 3.3: Infant Mortality Rate in Mayurbhanj, 2001-08 58 Chart 3.4: Malaria Deaths in Mayurbhanj, 1997-2008 65 Chart 3.5: Prevelance of HIV/AIDS Positive Cases, 2006-08 68 Chart 3.6: Coverage under Sanitation in Mayurbhanj, 2004-05 to 2008-09 73 Chart 4.1: Growth Rate of NDDP of Mayurbhanj at Constant and Current prices 79 Chart 4.2: Landholding Pattern in Mayurbhanj, 2008 86 Chart 4.3: Production of Milk, Egg & Meat in Mayurbhanj, 2002-2008 95 Chart 5.1: Sex Ratio in Enrolment at Primary, UP and Elementary Levels in Mayurbhanj, 1971-72 to 2007-08 121 Chart 5.2: Girls’ Enrolment in Rural and Urban Areas of Mayurbahnj, 2007-08 122 Chart 5.3: Trend of Dowry Cases in Mayurbhanj, 2003-2008 130

List of Maps Map 6.1: Flood Occurrence of Mayurbhanj District 141 Map 6.2: Cyclone Affected Blocks of Mayurbhanj District (2006-07) 142 Map 6.3: Drought Affected Blocks of Mayurbhanj Districts (2007-08) 143

xxv

Acronyms

AAY Antyodaya Anna Yojana AFA Amino Folic Acid AIE Alternative and Innovative Education AIDS Acquired Immuno Defi ciency Syndrome ANC Ante Natal Care ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife APL Above Poverty Line ARTI Acute Respiratory Tract Infection ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist AWC Anganwadi Centre AY Annapurna Yojana BCG Bacille Calmette-Guerin BPL Below Poverty Line BRGF Backward Region Grant Fund CC Conventional Contraceptive CDMO Chief District Medical Offi cer CHC Community Health Center CV Co-effi cient of Variation CWSN Children with Special Needs DDA Deputy Director, Agriculture DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DES Directorate of Economic & Statistics DHDR District Human Development Report DIC District Industry Centre DISE District Information System for Education DOTS Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course DPEP District Primary Education Programme DPT Diphtheria Pertussis and Tetanus DSWO District Social Welfare Offi cer EGS Education Guarantee Scheme FFS Farm Field Schools FGD Focus Group Discussion GER Gross Enrolment Ratio

xxvii GMFR General Marital Fertility Rate GP Gram Panchayat HI Hearing Impaired HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HHs Households IAY Indira Awas Yojana ICDS Integrated Child Development Services ICTC Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre IFA Iron and Folic Acid IMR Infant Mortality Rate INM Integrated Nutrient Management IPM Integrated Pest Management ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency IHDS Integrated Handloom Development Scheme IUD Intra - Uterine Device JFM Joint Forest Management KGBV Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya LAMPS Large Area Multipurpose Societies LEU Leprosy Elimination Unit LHV Lady Health Visitor MTP Medical Termination of Pregnancy MDG Millennium Development Goal MDM Mid-Day Meals MDT Multi-Drug Therapy ME Middle English MFP Minor Forest Produces MGNREGS Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme MLCU Modified Leprosy Care Unit MHU Mobile Health Unit MMR Maternal Mortality Rate MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio MR Mental Retardation MT Metric Tons N Nitrogen NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NAC Notified Area Council

xxviii District Human Development Report Acronyms

NACP National AIDS Control Programme NDDP Net District Domestic Product NER Net Enrolment Ratio NGO Non-Government Organisation NHM National Horticulture Mission NLEP National Leprosy Elimination Programme NPCB National Prevention and Control of Blindness NPEGL National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level NRHM National Rural Health Mission NSDP Net State Domestic Product NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produces NUEPA National University of Educational Planning Administration NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme OBC Other Backward Castes OH Orthopaedically Handicapped OP Oral Pill / Out - Patient OPD Outpatient Department OPEPA Orissa Primary Education Programme Authority ORS Oral Re-hydration Salt PAHELI People’s Audit of Health, Education and Livelihood Pry Primary PCCS Primary Co-operative Credit Societies PDS Public Distribution System PF Plasmodium Falciparum PHC Primary Health Center PHIS Promotion of Handloom Industries Scheme PIP Program Implementation Plan PR Prevalence Rate PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions PTR Pupil-Teacher Ratio PWS Piped Water Schemes RCH Reproductive Child Health RDAC Rural Development Action Cell RNTCP Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme RRB Regional Rural Bank RTI Reproductive Tract Infection

xxix SC Scheduled Caste / Sub - Centre SD Standard Deviation SGRY Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana SGSY Swarnajayanti Gram Sworozgar Yojana SHG Self Help Group SNP Supplementary Nutrition Programme SRRs Seed Replacement Rates SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhijan SSI Small Scale Industry ST Scheduled Tribe STI Sexually Transmitted Infections TB Tuberoculosis TT Tetanus Toxoid TPDS Targeted Public Distribution System TRCS Tassar Rearers’ Cooperative Society TSC Total Sanitation Campaign TSP Tribal Sub-Plan UPHC Upgraded Primary Health Centre UNDP United Nations Development Programme UP Upper Primary VI Visually Impaired VSS Vana Surakhya Samiti WCS Weavers’ Co-operative Societies WPR Work Participation Rate WSHGs Women Self Help Groups

xxx District Human Development Report Glossary

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Number of births per 1000 population

Elementary School Primary schools and Upper Primary schools taken together

General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR) Average number of children born to married women in a year

Gender Disparity Index (GDI) in Literacy The gap between male and female literacy rates as a percentage of female literacy rates

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) (Total Enrolment in Grade I-V / Population of age 6-11 years)* 100

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Number of deaths of infants aged below 1 year per 1000 live births in a year

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is deﬁ ned as the number of maternal deaths in a given time period per 100,000 women of reproductive age, or woman-years of risk exposure, in same time period.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths during given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time.

Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) [(Enrolment in Grade I-V in 6-11 years age group)/ Population in age 6-11 years age group]* 100

Rural- Urban Disparity Index The difference between urban and rural rates in respect of a dimension as percentage of the rural rate

Work Participation Rate (WPR) Total workers as percentage of total population

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) The Gross State Domestic Product is deﬁ ned as a measure in monetary terms of the volume of all goods and services produced within the boundaries of the State during a given period of time, accounted without duplication.

Malnutrition Is the condition that develops when body doesn’t get the right amount of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues & organ functions

Nutrition Food or nourishment needed to keep an organism growing Healthy & Viable

xxxi

Chapter 1 Introduction

“What we are doing is just a drop in the ocean. But if that drop was not in the ocean, I think the ocean would be less because of that missing drop. I do not agree with the big way of doing things.” -Mother Teresa Mayurbhanj at a Glance

Indicator Value Indicator Value District Human Development Index (HDI) (2004) rank 09 SC Literacy Rate (2001)** [%] 53.56 Total Population (2011)* [lakh] 25.14 ST Literacy Rate (2001) ** [%] 38.8 Male 12.54 Infant Mortality Rate (2002-04) # 62 Female 12.60 Standard of Living Index (2007-08) ## [%] ST (2001)** [%] 56.6 Low 83.8 SC (2001)** [%] 7.68 Medium 10.5 Population Density (2011) * 241 High 5.7 Sex Ratio (2011) * 1005 Institutional delivery (2007-08) ## [%] 43.1 Child Sex Ratio (0-6) Yrs (2011) * 952 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (2007-08) ## [%] 49.8 Literacy Rate (2011)* [%] Unmet need of Family Planning (2007-08) ## [%] 21.3 Person 63.98 Girl marrying before completing 18 years ## [%] 37.5 Male 74.92 No. of People infected with HIV *** 223 Female 53.18 Real Gross District Domestic Product (Rupees in 292,804 lakh)*** 2006 - 07 at 1999-2000 prices Sources ***Economic Survey-2010-11 * Provisional Population Report-2011 # DLHS-II: 2002-04 ** Census of India, 2001 ## DLHS-III: 2007-08 Introduction

1.1. Background The underlying philosophy of human development is that income, though With the publication of Human Development indispensable for a person’s living, is not Report, 1990, human development has become everything for well-being. Experience shows the cornerstone of development programmes that there is an imperfect correspondence all over the world. The real wealth of a nation between economic growth and quality of life. is its people and the purpose of development Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are examples is to create an enabling environment for them of two Indian states where a high level of to enjoy a long, healthy and creative life. social development has been achieved with a Impediments in the way of optimal capacity relatively low level of economic growth. This utilisation by exploiting opportunities need does not imply that economic growth is not to be removed so that they can effectively necessary for human development. Human participate in normal economic and social well-being cannot be sustained without activities. Human well-being is the central economic growth, but economic growth is a theme of such development. It comprises subset of the human development paradigm. expansion of capabilities, widening of choices While human development has been defi ned and enhancement of freedom. Fulfi lment of in a very broad sense by Amartya Sen as human rights is embedded in this concept, enhancing capabilities, it is very often bringing into focus problems arising from interpreted narrowly in terms dimensions deprivation, discrimination and inequality. that are measurable namely knowledge,

3 health and standard of living. However, district, with respect to human development. human development goes much beyond It provides a benchmark for the assessment this and includes aspects such as people’s of future attainments by the district. Further, participation in all spheres of life, equity, apart from a description of the state of respect for human rights and sustainability. human development, it is important to As the 2010 HDR states, human development study how economic growth translates into is about steadily sustaining positive human development in a region. Failures of outcomes and combating processes that the automatic market process need public impoverish people or underpin oppression intervention. The report would help identify and structural injustice. areas of concern including illiteracy, primary healthcare, poverty, food security, gender At a basic level, human development has disparity, vulnerability and others. Besides, been conceptualised with three attributes it would highlight government initiatives of human well-being: acquiring knowledge and achievements in different spheres through education, leading a long and healthy and outline the future policy directions to life and having access to resources required enhance human development in the district. for a reasonable standard of living. With the The report would also generate people’s attainment of these attributes, an individual awareness for a better life and sensitise them can effectively participate in all activities and about their deprivation and potentials. It lead a fulfilled life. The respective indices of would draw the attention of planners and these attributes are literacy, longevity and policy makers in the state to the importance per capita income. of human development, rather than only to the economic growth perspective. Public 1.2. District Human policies need to be reoriented towards Development Report inclusive growth and social well-being on a sustainable basis. Therefore, besides Since the publication of the Human delineating the present status of human Development Report by UNDP in 1990, development in Mayurbhanj, the report will similar reports have been published at facilitate future evaluation of policy initiatives national, state and district levels. In Orissa, the and progress in the district. government has prepared the Orissa Human Development Report 2004. Mayurbhanj is 1.3. District Background the largest district of Orissa with 10418 sq km landmass. It is predominantly a tribal district, Prior to independence, Mayurbhanj was a tribal population being more than 50% of princely state, ruled by the Mayurs and Bhanjas the total population. The district is very rich since the ninth century A.D. The dynasty ruled in biodiversity and is home to the similipal continuously for more than 1000 years. The Biosphere. The district stood 9th in Human state became a part of the Indian Union on Development district has in recent years November 9, 1948 after the Instrument of witnessed considerable progress in literacy Merger was signed. It was the last feudal state and other human development indicators. to be annexed with Orissa on January 1949 More interestingly there is a reduction of 6.36 and became a district. Mayurbhanj is unique percentage point in literacy gap between in many respects. It is a tribal dominated male and female. border district in northern Orissa with a rich tradition and vibrant culture. Chhau dance One of the objectives of the DHDR is to give of Mayurbhanj is a famous tribal dance form. an account of the overall performance of the The Similipal forest is known for its biodiversity

4 District Human Development Report Introduction

and natural panorama. It is also the largest soil is found near river banks. The third type district in Orissa. of red soil, a clayed loamy variety is found in Kaptipada and Baripada sub-divisions. 1.4. Geography Late varieties of paddy, grams and lentils are usually grown on this soil. Laterite soil, 1.4.1. Location classified into laterite morum and laterite Spread over 1,042 thousand hectares (10,418 rock, is seen in the hill and plateau regions. sq km), the district accounts for 6.69 % of the Nitrogen and phosphorous contents in total land mass of Orissa. It is the largest the soils of the district are generally low. among thirty districts of the state. It lies Potassium content is of medium level, while between 85° 40’E and 87° 11’ E longitude acid content exceeds 70%. and 21° and 23° N latitude. It is bounded on the north by the state of Jharkhand and 1.4.4. Climate West Bengal, on the south by Keonjhar and The district comes under the North Central Balasore districts of Orissa, on the east by Plateau agro-climatic zone, characterised West Bengal state and Balasore district by hot, moist and sub-humid climate. and on the west by Keonjhar district and Summers are generally hot and humid. Jharkhand state. May is the hottest month of the year with a mean daily maximum temperature of 41°C. 1.4.2. Topography During the rainy season, i.e., from July to Three distinct topographical formations are September, the district gets more than half found in the district. At the centre, there its total annual rainfall. The normal average are hills and lesser elevations running from annual rainfall is 1,648.2 mm spread over north to south. These hills divide the plains 85 rainy days. December usually is the into two parts: eastern and western. The coolest month of the year with an average eastern part slopes gradually towards the temperature of 14°C to 16°C. The minimum sea. Kaptipada and Baripada sub-divisions temperature occasionally falls to 4°C at lie on this side. A number of hill streams pass a few places. During peak winter, the through this region. On the western side, high reaches of Similipal get frost. The there are many rocky mounds and hills, for climate of the district is generally humid which the landscape is marked by a number throughout the year with maximum of rises and falls. The soils on the northern humidity rising to 87 %. part of this plain is fertile. Bamanghaty sub- division is located in the north and Panchapir 1. 5. Administrative Set-up sub-division in the south. For administrative convenience, the 1.4.3. Soils district has been organised into 4 sub- The two main soil groups found in the district divisions, namely, Panchpir, Bamanghaty, are red soil and laterite soil. The deep dark Baripada and Kaptipada. There are variety of red soil found in the plains is fertile. 9 Tehsils and 28 Police Stations. The Uplands generally have poor quality red soil. district is divided into 26 Community Three sub-groups of red soil exist: typical Development Blocks, which comprise 382 red soil, red loamy soil and clay-loamy soil. Gram Panchayats and 3,950 villages (of Typical red soils are found mostly in the hills which, 202 are uninhabited). There are of Bamanghaty and Panchapir sub-divisions. four towns, three Notified Areas Councils Paddy, millet, sabai grass and other minor (NACs) and one Municipality. The number crops are grown on these soils. Red-loamy of Assembly Constituencies is 10.

5 1.6. Demographic Profile ratio (females per 1000 males) in the district declined consistently throughout the last During the previous century, the district century from 1,013 in 1901 to 980 in 2001 population increased 3.64-fold, from 6, 10,383 (Chart 1.1). The state also witnessed a similar in 1901 to 22, 23,456 (2001 Census). The trend over this period. The sex ratio in the decennial rate of increase was slightly less than district was less than that in the state till 1971, that in the state, which witnessed 3.75 times but this trend reversed during the last three increase from 1, 03, 02,917 to 3, 68, 04,660 over decades, i.e., between 1971 and 2001. the corresponding period. Table 1.1 compares some demographic attributes of the district The decennial growth rate of the district with those of Orissa between 1901 – 2001. population fluctuated during the last century. The growth rate of the district population It may be observed from Table 1.1 that the sex was higher than that of Orissa till 1941.

Table 1.1: Demographic Profile of Mayurbhanj and Orissa, 1901-2001 Year Total Population Decadal Growth Rate (%) Sex Ratio Mayurbhanj Orissa Mayurbhanj Orissa Mayurbhanj Orissa 1901 6,10,383 1,03,02,917 1,013 1,037 1911 7,29,218 1,13,78,875 19.46 10.44 1,011 1,056 1921 7,54,314 1,11,58,586 3.44 -1.94 1,015 1,086 1931 8,89,603 1,24,91,056 17.94 11.94 1,011 1,067 1941 9,84,741 1,37,67,988 10.69 10.22 1,005 1,053 1951 10,28,825 1,46,45,946 4.48 6.38 1,001 1,022 1961 12,04,043 1,75,48,846 17.03 19.82 991 1,001 1971 14,34,200 2,19,44,615 19.82 25.05 987 988 1981 15,81,873 2,63,70,271 10.30 20.17 989 981 1991 18,84,580 3,16,59,736 19.14 20.06 979 971 2001 22,23,456 3,68,04,660 17.98 16.25 980 972 Source: Census of India, Various Years

Chart 1.1: Sex Ratio in Mayubhanj and Orissa, 1901-2001

1100 Mayurbhanj Orissa 1086 1080 1067 1056

1060 1053

1040 1037 1022

1020 1015 1013 1011 1011 1005 1000 1001 1001 991 989 988 987 981 979 980

980 972 971 < Sex Ratio > < Sex 960 940 920 900 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 < Year >

6 District Human Development Report Introduction

Being contiguous with Jharkhand and West state population from 1951 onwards, except Bengal, the district often witnessed an influx between 1991 and 2001 when its population of migrants from these two states. However, growth rate of 17.98% was higher than the its population grew at a slower rate than the state population growth rate of 16.25%.

Table 1.2: Distribution of Population by Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2001 Block / Urban Total Sex SC ST Total Male Fe male Work Body Population Ratio Population Population Literacy literacy Literacy participation (%) (%) Rate (%) Rate Rate Rate (%) (%) (%) Bahalda 75,842 1,007 5.73 56.27 51.11 66.58 35.83 47.81 Bangiriposi 91,603 975 5.26 67.84 46.45 61.36 31.25 46.63 Baripada 60,341 948 2.90 71.70 46.40 66.16 31.41 51.19 Barasahi 1,30,850 965 8.81 48.82 51.48 59.10 40.18 45.33 Betnati 1,28,908 971 8.68 40.43 54.51 67.27 41.41 43.38 Bijetola 58,174 1,030 3.61 76.61 42.30 58.42 26.82 37.10 Bisoi 66,724 1,013 5.22 67.84 47.29 64.44 30.54 48.16 Gopabandhunagar 66,309 975 12.78 53.78 56.38 69.43 43.12 42.85 Jamda 55,801 1,020 5.61 73.83 48.18 65.71 31.20 50.38 Jashipur 88,845 997 8.10 67.40 45.23 58.31 32.13 49.22 Kaptipada 1,26,371 969 5.09 63.58 43.22 55.60 30.48 47.16 Karanjia 81,390 994 12.21 62.10 50.10 63.75 36.47 49.25 Khunta 68,528 987 3.59 78.20 46.49 60.33 35.54 49.80 Kuliana 88,647 959 5.45 66.01 49.72 64.07 34.83 44.89 Kusumi 82,188 1,019 6.92 63.44 49.74 66.04 33.89 48.54 Morada 94,015 985 9.76 42.41 52.83 67.08 38.46 51.81 Rairangpur 56,056 999 8.48 53.41 53.41 68.70 38.26 46.03 Raruan 59,041 1,004 8.82 50.67 52.14 61.91 37.54 50.05 Rasgovindpur 83,632 978 6.65 53.52 54.76 69.37 39.88 42.17 Samakhunta 70,889 979 3.90 64.40 48.00 62.05 33.24 46.12 Sarasakana 89,374 951 6.18 56.80 52.18 67.03 36.57 43.88 Sukruli 52,239 1,012 16.32 52.74 54.03 68.37 39.06 44.32 Suliapada 92,108 976 5.78 39.80 54.01 68.73 39.00 50.65 Thakurmunda 90,115 1,011 15.57 63.29 38.05 51.59 24.68 49.07 Tiringii 48,556 1,018 5.96 74.61 47.94 65.38 31.05 48.27 Udala 66,857 987 5.37 73.40 46.37 59.69 32.96 46.92 Rural Total 20,73,403 990 7.41 60.90 49.32 63.71 34.98 46.96 Baripada (M) 95,004 876 10.10 13.70 85.10 90.98 76.87 30.28 Karanjia (NAC) 21,441 901 18.30 26.30 76.81 84.93 67.66 32.20 Rairangpur (NAC) 21,896 960 8.30 8.30 17.50 88.37 73.57 28.8 Udala (NAC) 11,712 923 7.10 23.00 83.22 88.82 77.12 33.79 Urban Total 1,50,053 915 10.96 17.83 65.66 88.28 73.81 31.27 Mayurbhanj 22,23,456 980 7.68 56.60 51.91 65.76 37.84 46.23 Source: Census of India-2001

7 According to the 2001 Census, the district tribal population, namely, Barasahi, Betanati, accounts for 6.04 % of the state population. Morada and Suliapada are relatively more Table 1.2 gives the distribution of population developed. Tribals are proportionately by blocks and urban bodies. The Scheduled more in rural areas (60.90%) as compared Tribe (ST) and Scheduled Caste (SC) to urban areas (17.83%). Amongst urban population constitute respectively 56.60% areas, the concentration of tribal population and 7.68%, making Mayurbhanj a tribal is maximum (26.3%) in Karanjia NAC and dominated district. The tribal population minimum (8.3%) in Rairangpur NAC. The is high in all blocks, and highest (78.2%) SC population is evenly distributed in all in Khunta block, followed by 76.61% in blocks. It is more in urban areas (10.96%) as Bijetola block. Blocks with less than 50 % compared to rural areas (7.41%).

Table 1.3: Land Use Pattern in Mayurbhanj [Area in ’000 hectares] Land Use Pattern 1994-95 2006-07 % in 2006-07 Geographical Area 1042 1042 100 Forest Area 462 439 42.13 Misc. tree & groves 17 41 3.93 Permanent Pasture 29 28 2.68

Culturable Waste 10 10 0.95 Land put to non-agrl. Use 40 58 5.56

Barren & uncultivated Land 16 16 1.53 Current fallow 17 57 5.47 Other fallow 10 13 1.24

Net area sown 441 380 36.46 Source: Orissa Agriculture Statistics, 1994-95 and 2006-07

Chart 1.2: Land Use Pattern in Mayurbhanj, 1994-95 & 2006-07

1200 1994-95 2006-07 1042 1042 1000

800

600 462 441 439

400 380 < Land Area in ‘000 ha > in < Land Area 200 58 57 40 41 29 28 16 10 17 17 16 10 13 0 4 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 < Year >

Forest Area Current fallowOther fallowNet area sown Culturable Waste Geographical Area Misc. tree &Permanent groves Pasture Land put toBarren non-agrl. & uncultivated Use Land

8 District Human Development Report Introduction

1.7. Natural Resources sal seeds. Sabai grass grows luxuriantly on the red soil. In addition to this, other minor 1.7.1. Land forest produce is also available in plenty. The land use pattern in the district is depicted in Table 1.3 and Chart 1.2. Flat land is less The Similipal National Park is spread over than high land and hills. Forest area coverage 2,750 sq km. and its core area is 845.70 sq.km. in 2006-07 (4, 39,000 ha.) is less than that It is the abode of animals of many species. in 1994-95 (4, 62,000 ha.) and still accounts The tiger census, 2002 reports that the park for 42.13 % of the total geographical area is home to 99 tigers and 126 leopards. As per of the district. In 2006-07, more land (14, the elephant census, 1999, there are 4,322 000 ha) was put under miscellaneous tree elephants (23.65% of the total elephant groves. The net area sown has decreased population in the state) here. There are a from 4, 41,000 ha in 1994-95 to 3, 80,000 number of water-falls in Similipal. The forest ha in 2006-07. The area under permanent produce provides employment and livelihood pasture has registered a marginal decline to many households. It is also the source of from 29,000 ha in 1994-95 to 28,000 ha in agricultural and industrial inputs. 2006-07. Cultivable waste and barren and uncultivable land has remained unchanged 1.7.3. Water between 1994-95 and 2006-07. But land put Nine rivers with their tributaries, mostly to non-agricultural use, current fallow and originating from the Similipal hills, flow other fallow lands have increased over time. through the district. These rivers are the main In short, the net cultivated area has declined source of water in the district throughout the over the years. More land has been put to year. The main river, Budhabalang runs 90 non-agricultural use and more acres of land km through the district. The river Baitarani have become fallow. separates the districts of Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar. The river Subarnarekha flows 1.7.2. Forests along the border between Mayurbhanj and Of the total forest cover in the district, reserve Medinapur district of West Bengal. There are forests account for 75.82% (3,330 sq km), 6 medium irrigation projects (with a canal demarcated protected forests are 5.58 % system of 83.75 km), 602 minor irrigation (245 sq km) and other forests are 18.60% projects, and hundreds of tanks and ponds (814 sq kms). Five types of vegetation can in the district. be distinguished in the district: (1) North Tropical Moist Deciduous Sal Forests and 1.7.4. Mineral Resources Semi-evergreen Forests (2) Mixed Deciduous Mayurbhanj district is rich in mineral resources Hill Forests (3) Dry Deciduous Sal Forests, such as iron ore, china clay, quartzite, vanadium- (4) Plain Sal Forests, and (5) Grasslands and bearing titanium, ferrous magnetic iron ore, Savannahs. These forest areas are known soapstone, kainite, fire clay, copper ore and for their rich timber and non-timber forest asbestos. Iron ore deposits of Gorumahisani, products.They are generally well stocked, Badampahar and Suleipat have been exploited diverse, multi-storied and dense. The main for quite a long time by several industries. plant species found in the district are Sal, Other mineral deposits also are being mined Piasal, Asan, Korum, Arjun, Kadamba, Karanja, for use. In 2006-07, there were 46 subsisting Gambar, Palas, Simul, Kumbhi, Kasi. Forest mining leases in the district, of which 33 were products that are freely available include working and 13 were non-working. Of the timber, bamboo, sabai grass, hill broom and 33 working mines on lease, quartzite mines

9 accounted for 14, followed by 8 for iron ore Post Offices and 619 branch Post Offices. and 6 for china clay. Soapstone and kainite Tele-density in the district has remained leases are three and two respectively. In low. Private players in the cell phone sector 2005-06, 1,748 persons were employed and do not find operations profitable because of 464,000 MT of minerals worth Rs.1, 686 lakh poor accessibility and low subscriber base. were excavated. Mining activities in the mines located in the forest areas are generally Though electricity is a basic requirement of restricted since environmental clearance is life today, 2,724 villages (69%) were electrified required for the purpose. by the end of 2005-06. In other words, about one-third of the total villages in the district are 1.8. Economic Infrastructure yet to be provided with electricity. Firewood is not currently a problem in the district Infrastructure facilities like transport, power, because of sustained supply from forests. telecommunication, irrigation and public Supply of alternative sources of energy has utilities are essential for economic progress not made much headway. and human development. These facilities are, in fact, the wheels of an economy. Provision of drinking water facilities in the Infrastructure is a part of the capital stock of district is satisfactory. Rural drinking water an economy and boosts investment as well supply is mostly through tube wells. Because as employment. Inadequate and uneven of complex hydro-geological formations in distribution of infrastructure facilities in the district, occurrence of ground-water varies the district stands in the way of its faster from place to place. Out of 5,668 habitations economic development. in the district, only 34 remained uncovered under the drinking water programme in The district headquarters, Baripada, is well 2008-09. The groundwater potential of connected with metros such as Kolkata, Baripada and Kaptipada sub-divisions is quite Chennai and Mumbai by road and nearby good, but relatively poor in Bamanghaty and cities like Jamshedpur and Balasore. Railways Panchapir sub-divisions. It is not possible to with 114 km of track in the district have a sink tube wells in some pockets of the district. symbolic presence. Intra-district connectivity By 2006-07, there were 17,460 tube-wells and is inadequate. For a large district like 140 sanitary wells. The approach to drinking Mayurbhanj, there were only 1,123, km of water supply has changed from spot sources national, state and district roads and 959 km to piped water supply systems. By 2006-07, 31 of forest road in the year 2006-07. Rural roads piped water schemes were commissioned and measured 2,348 km in that year.The length 19 schemes were under execution. Sanitation of G.P. and Panchayat Samiti roads in 2004- in rural households has remained poor as 05 was 6,641 km and 1,383 km respectively. people are not used to toilets. By 2008-09, In 2008-09, 623 km of Pradhan Mantri Gram only 25.85 % of households in the district had Sadak Yojana roads were added. Some of toilets. The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), the tribal population dispersed in hilly launched in 2005, is designed to bring about tracts suffers from poor connectivity. Many attitudinal change and promote the use of habitations in these inaccessible areas do sanitary latrines. Almost all urban centers not have all-weather roads and cannot be and rural habitations have been provided reached throughout the year. with safe drinking water.

In 2006-07, there were 708 Post Offices, The financial sector in the district comprises including two Head Post Offices, 87 Sub- banks, co-operatives and traditional money

10 District Human Development Report Introduction

lenders. There were 143 commercial bank branches in July 2007. These banks mobilised deposits worth Rs.1,265 crore and advanced credit of nearly Rs. 816 crore. The credit- deposit ratio was 64.5%. Co-operatives provide credit and facilitate marketing of agricultural inputs as well as outputs in rural areas. In 2004-05, there were 56 Agricultural Credit Primary Co-operative Societies, of which, 45 were making losses. In 2006-07, out of the total number of 2, 85,231 agricultural families in the district, 2, 55,357 enrolled themselves as members of co-operative societies and 55,777 were borrowers. Non- repayment of loans by borrowers has brought co-operative credit disbursement to a stand- Through various initiatives, enrolment in still. Co-operatives have not succeeded in schools has increased over time. In 2007- meeting the fi nancial needs of the people. 08, enrolment at primary and upper primary People in the district continue to depend levels was 2.74 lakh and 1.2 lakh respectively. heavily on private sources to meet their Enrolment has been less for higher levels of fi nancial requirements. schooling. It is also marked by gender disparity. 1.46 lakh boys and 1.28 lakh girls were enroled 1.9. Social Infrastructure at the primary level. The girls-boys enrolment ratio in the district was 0.88 compared to the 1. 9.1. Education state level ratio of 0.91. Impact of increased Prior to independence, the Bhanja rulers of enrolment gets dampened on account of the Mayurbhanj had set up a few schools in the high school dropout rate. But, the magnitude district, but the literacy rate in the district of the problem is not high in Mayurbhanj was 5.2 % (1951 Census). In 1991, more than district. Language is a communication barrier one-third (37.88%) of the district population between the teachers and taught in and less than one-fourth (23.68%) of women tribal areas. were literate. In the following decade and thereafter, the State Government took - The enabling environment in the education special initiatives like the District Primary sector is judged from the system load. At the Education Programme (DPEP) and Sarva primary school level, there are 85 students Sikshya Abhiyan (SSA) to spread education and 2.21 teachers per school and 39.33 in the state. As a result, the literacy rate in the students per teacher. There is no primary district increased to 51.91% in 2001, although school for 13 % habitations of the district. it is still below the state average of 63.08%. Infrastructure facilities like building, electricity, Literacy among women is as low as 37.84 % toilets, drinking water and educational aids as against 50.51 % at the state level. This rate are inadequate in several schools. As regards is still lower (23.51 %) for ST women. Among secondary education, Mayurbhanj district is the ST population, only 38.80 % are literate. served by 509 recognised high schools, of Literacy rate among the SC population is which 58 are girls’ high schools. Apart from comparable to the prevailing literacy rate this, there are 57 unrecognised high schools. in the district. In 2006-07, 81,529 students (45,016 boys and

11 36,513 girls) were enroled and were being care of mothers and children aggravates the taught by 4,422 teachers at high school problem. level. There is no high school in 8% Gram Panchayats in the district. Malaria is endemic and is a major cause of illness in the district.The other threat to public 1.9.2. Health health is tuberculosis. Seasonal diseases like Healthcare infrastructure in the district is cholera, dysentery and diarrhea also occur inadequate. Overcrowding in healthcare frequently in rural areas of the district due to institutions indicates heavy load of the lack of hygiene sense of people. Occurrence health system. There is a mismatch between of natural disasters further accentuates the demand for and availability of healthcare health problems of people. services across regions. There are only 12 doctors per 1 lakh live births. As regards the 1.10. Production Sector number of beds per 1 lakh population, the situation in the district is equally poor. The Mayurbhanj is an economically backward number of Sub-Centers and Primary Health district. It housed 6.04% of the State’s Centres (PHC) is less than the prescribed population as per the 2001 Census, but its norm. Only 8 private nursing homes exist share of the Net State Domestic Product in the entire district. (NSDP) was only 4.59% in 2004-05. The growth rate of the Net District Domestic The maternal and child health situation in Product (NDDP) has been lower than that the district is a matter of concern. In 2007- of the State since 1993-94. As a result, the 08, more than 6 children were born to an district per capita income as a proportion of average married woman and about 16% of the state average income has come down the deliveries were of 3rd or higher order. The and the gap between the two has widened Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in the district over the years. More than 93% of the was estimated at 320 per 1, 00,000 population district population lives in rural areas and in 2007 - 08 (Office of the CDMO, Baripada). urbanisation is only 6.87%. Only 24.25% of pregnant women in the district received full ANC in that year.There Agriculture is the main occupation of people has been, however, significant improvement in the district. Alluvial soil, moderate rainfall, in safe deliveries in the district under NRHM well drained soil surface and humid climate initiatives.Institutional deliveries in the are suitable for crops like paddy, oil seeds and district increased from 10% in 2003-04 to other crops. Uneven distribution of annual about 70% in 2008-09. Achievement rate of rainfall has caused uncertainty in agriculture. the family welfare programme is as high as To mitigate the problem through irrigation, 90%.The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in the two irrigation projects were executed by the district was reported to be 42/1000 live births former princely rulers. Despite addition to the in 2008-09.The increased number of safe irrigation potential of the district in the post- deliveries and high achievement rate of the independence era, so far, only 14 blocks had immunisation programme have contributed 35% irrigation potential by September, 2009. to the reduction in infant and child mortality. However, child under-nutrition and mal- The land and climate of Mayurbhanj are nutrition are common problems in the favourable for production of horticultural district. Under-weight children suffer from crops. Mango, cashew nuts, lime and other malnutrition, diarrhea and other childhood horticultural crops are being grown on a diseases. Lack of adequate neo-natal commercial basis. Crop diversification in

12 District Human Development Report Introduction

favour of vegetables, fl owers and medicinal quite extensively. Rope-making from it is a plants is a recent feature in the district. Animal household cottage industry in rural areas. husbandry is an important source of subsidiary Lac is cultivated in specifi c forest tracts. employment and non-farm income in rural Tassar seeds (cocoons) are procured from areas of the district. The district is known for forests. Families residing in forest fringes small animal farming, such as goatery, sheep make sal leaf plates for sale and this is a rearing, piggery and poultry. Numerous ponds, sizeable business and income source for tanks and reservoirs facilitate pisciculture. them. Kendu leaves are collected and Captured fi shery is also practised in rivers sold in the market for manufacture of and streams of the district. Scientifi c and ‘Bidies’. Diverse forest resources of the improved pisciculture is yet to be taken up in a district provide rural households with big way. varied options for additional income round the year. More than 42% of the district is covered with forests. A large number of people depend However, the district is not industrially on forests for their livelihoods. Harvesting developed. Four medium and large scale of forest timber has not been only a source industrial units invested only Rs.10,515.16 of revenue for government, but it provides lakh and employed 650 persons in 2007-08. significant employment opportunities. The SSI units numbered 5,952 and employed Exploitation of forest for food, fi rewood, 30,650 persons. Handicraft and handloom timber and Non-Timber Forest Produces activities have a sizeable presence in the (NTFP) is a normal avocation in forest fringe district. Stone-carving, pottery and terracotta villages of Mayurbhanj. are widely known.The district also has a reputation for making quality agricultural and An important species of grass cultivated in household implements. Textiles constitute an the district is Sabai grass, which is grown important component of the industrial sector.

13 Sericulture is traditional and dates back to in Mayurbhanj has been hardly marred by the medieval period. Tassar cultivation and communal disturbances. processing are being practised mostly by tribals. Of late, mulberry culture has Tribals of the state are divided into 62 sub- been introduced in Thakurmunda block groups, of which 18 live in Mayurbhanj. Of of the district. the total population in the district, tribals constituted 57.87% in 1991 and 56.60% in 1.11. Culture 2001. The major tribes in the district are Santal (45.32%), Kolha (17.55%), Bhumijas Mayurbhanj presents a unique and varied (12.29%), Bethudi (8.59%) and “Bhuyan” culture. Various religious groups constitute (4.60%) as indicated in Table 1.4 and Chart the district population. The Hindus are in the 1.4. The other important tribes with about majority with a population of more than 18.5 2% of the district tribal population are lakhs (83.64% of the district population). The Gonds, Sauntis and Mundas. Kharia and presence of other religious communities like Ho constitute 1.31% and 1.04% respectively. Muslims, Christians and Sikhs is insignificant, These communities are spread out in all at 1.19%, 0.41% and 0.02% respectively of blocks of the district. The remaining 9 tribes the district population. Chart 1.3 depicts constitute less than 1% of the district’s total the distribution of the district population tribal population. by religion. Each community has its distinct ancestry, There are a number of tribal communities in language and culture. The members of the district with their distinct customs and a community are related to one another social practices. The cultural environment through family, marriage and kinship. The is a fusion of the unique demography and communities are organised in characteristic traditions of these communities which live social groups and their life-style, beliefs with their own cultural domains, speak and values differ across groups. Some diverse languages and dialects and practise of these tribes like Santhal and Saora different economic avocations and rituals. have developed their own scripts. Each Tribal communities preserve their identity; community has its unique settlement but they live together in harmony and share pattern and house type, varying from common property resources. The rural life scattered settlements to arranged patterns. The food and drinking habits of the tribal Chart 1.3: Distribution of District communities are almost alike, but their Population by Religion, 2001 methods of food preparation vary. Santhals Jain , 0.0021, 0% are known for their sense of sanitation Buddhist , 0.0018, 0% and hygiene. Santhal women keep their Sikh , 0.02, 0% houses neat and clean, and paint walls with Religion not stated, Others , 14.65, 15% 0.09, 0% different colours. Kolhas are lovers of art. Walls of their houses are decorated with Christian, 0.41, 0% artistic drawings. Their families are nuclear.

Muslim , 1.19, 1% Now-a-days, negotiated marriages and payment of dowry are common practices. Tribals practise both child and adult marriage. Monogamy is common, though there are instances of polygamy. Religion Hindu , 83.64, 84% pervades every walk of tribal life. There are

14 District Human Development Report Introduction

Table 1.4: ST Population of Mayurbhanj, 2001 Sl. ST Group Population Males Females Sex-ratio Rural Urban No. Groups Persons % of ST Persons % Persons % population 1 Munda 23,945 2 12,022 11,923 992 23,316 97 629 3 2 Santal 5,65,268 45 2,84,661 280,607 986 5,54,210 98 11,058 2 3 Saunti 24,437 2 12,259 12,178 993 24,224 99 213 1 4 Bethudi 1,07,129 9 53,441 53,688 1,005 1,03,729 97 3,400 3 5 Bhuyan 57,328 5 28,944 28,384 981 55,951 98 1,377 2 6 Bhumija 1,53,308 12 77,154 76,154 987 1,47,327 96 5,981 4 7 Gond 24,316 2 12,025 12,591 1,047 24,217 98 399 2 8 Ho 12,971 1 6,428 6,543 1,018 12,864 99 107 1 9 Kharia 16,342 1 8,094 8,248 1,019 16,267 100 75 0 10 Kolha 2,18,886 18 1,09,052 1,09,834 1,007 2,17,245 99 1,641 1 Others 1 Lodha 4,250 0 2,170 2,080 959 4,247 100 3 0 2 Mahali 8,040 1 3,956 4,084 1,032 7,935 99 105 1 3 Mundari 5,762 0 2,801 2,961 1,057 5,613 97 149 3 4 Oraon 4,568 0 2,328 2,240 962 4,537 99 31 1 5 Saora 4,208 0 2,142 2,066 965 3,586 85 622 15 6 Shabar 9,862 1 4,908 4,954 1,009 8,160 83 1,702 17 Lodha 7 Bhumia 3,224 0 1,599 1,625 1,016 3,217 100 7 0 8 Kol 3,033 0 1,505 1,528 1,015 2,987 98 46 2 Total 12,46,877 100 6,25,489 6,21,688 994 12,19,632 98 27,545 2 Source: 2001 census

strong beliefs in supernatural beings, and Chart 1.4: Communitywise ST animal sacrifice to satisfy deities. population of Mayurbhanj, 2001

Earlier, tribals subsisted on hunting, 3% 2% collecting, fi shing and used to move from 18% 45% place to place in search of livelihoods. But now they have taken to agriculture and have 1% a place of permanent settlement. Rice is 1% 2% their staple food. Hunting is no more considered a means of subsistence. But 12% communal hunting in which all people of a 5% village participate is practiced as a symbol of 9% 2% social integrity. Although life is individual- Munda Santal Saunti Bethudi Bhuyan Bhumija Gond Ho centric, communal labour still plays a role Kharia Kolha Others in agriculture. Labour groups comprising some members of the community carry

15 on agricultural operations for a share in thoughtless use. Soil erosion has been taking the crops. place continuously because of mindless human action and natural calamities. It is The tribal culture is no longer in its pristine very severe in Rairangapur sub-division. In form. The tribals of Mayurbhanj as well Baripada and Kaptipada sub-divisions, soil as non-tribals have experienced different erosion has been arrested to some extent socio-economic-cultural changes over the by the cultivation of sabai grass. This affects past decades with the increased influence of land productivity adversely. Agricultural development efforts made by the state and lands are being increasingly put to non- others. Urbanisation and industrialisation agricultural uses. Forest resources are being have changed their outlook. A large number encroached upon to meet human needs. of tribals go outside in search of jobs and Demand of cattle population on forest land work in towns and urban centers. They for grazing is no less. As a result, the Similipal return home with new ideas and practices. biosphere has degraded and degenerated The divide between various communities over time. All these factors have posed a is narrowing down. However, these threat to the sustainability of livelihoods. communities still continue to preserve the To prevent soil erosion, 55 watersheds and essence of their social customs and practices. 292 sub-watersheds have been taken up for development. 1.12. Challenges 1.12.3. Acute Unemployment The district’s economy and people are The magnitude of unemployment in confronted with a number of problems and Mayurbhanj has not yet been correctly challenges, of which a few are enumerated estimated. But, it is a well-known fact that below: there is large scale underemployment as well as unemployment in rural areas because 1.12.1. Irrigation of seasonal nature of agriculture, the main Agriculture is the mainstay of people in the source of rural employment. Due to lack district. Lack of adequate irrigation facilities of employment opportunities, seasonal is a stumbling block in the way of agricultural migration of workers from the district improvement. As stated earlier, the district occurs regularly during the lean agricultural gets half its annual rainfall in four months seasons. In the absence of well developed (June - September) and remains dry for most industrial and service sectors, the problem part of the year. Irrigation potential created of unemployment is also chronic among so far is inadequate. While during Khariff the educated job seekers. Mahatma Gandhi season about 30% of the cultivated area is National Rural Employment Guarantee irrigated, the proportion during Rabi season Scheme (MGNREGS) has proved effective comes down to 13.6%. As a result, cropping in providing employment to hundreds of intensity in the district has remained low unskilled workers in rural areas of the district. at 129% compared to the state average of 158%. 1.12.4. Rising Extremism The rise of left wing extremism, especially in 1.12.2. Degradation of Natural remote and border areas has been noticed Resources over the last few years. Extremism is posing a Natural resources of the district are getting threat to an otherwise peaceful society. The depleted due to over-exploitation and contiguity of Mayurbhanj with Jharkhand and

16 District Human Development Report Introduction

West Bengal has affected left wing extremism here. Poorly accessible forest areas provide a safe sanctuary for the extremists. Besides, growing unemployment has added to the unrest of the youth in the area.

1.13. Conclusion

Lying in the northern part of Orissa, Mayurbhanj shares its border with West Bengal and Jharkhand states. The district was ruled by the Bhanjas prior to its annexation to Orissa after independence. It is the largest district in the state with 4 sub divisions and 26 blocks. The Similipal Biosphere Reserve and National Tiger Sanctuary, two tourist attractions are located in the district. Tourism is the predominant sector in the district, but is an expanding and vibrant sector. has remained stagnant due to low irrigation facilities. Vast stretches of high land hold Though mining activities have been under out great opportunities for horticultural way in the district prior to independence, activities. Dairying and small animal rearing there is no large-scale industry. Textiles and are practised by rural households. With sericulture, village and cottage industries are government encouragement and Mission traditional to the district. There is enough Shakti Programme initiatives, Self Help scope for agro and forest based industries. Groups (SHG) in the district have greatly Sabai and Sal leaf products are household succeeded in widening the livelihood options activities throughout the district. Agriculture of people, particularly of women.

Chapter 2 Education

“Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man” - Swami Vivekananda

Education

2.1. Introduction (iii) substantial improvement in the quality of education to enable all children in achieving Education constitutes an important essential levels of learning. The poor and component of human development as it socially marginalised children would thus be helps in building up human capabilities.It enabled to access basic education. raises a person’s productivity and income earning potential by imparting basic as Box 2.1: Millennium Development Goal well as specialised skills.It contributes to 2 Achieving Universal Primary Education economic growth through human capital Indicators formation and plays a signifi cant role in Indicators widening a person’s options in life.The Target 2a: Ensuring that all boys and girls complete Constitution of India acknowledges the a full course of primary schooling signifi cance of education.The Government 2.1 Raising the Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) in has emphasised on spreading primary primary education. education in the state. In order to achieve 2.2 Ensuring that pupils starting Grade 1 reach universal elementary education, measures the last grade of primary education. have been taken for: (i) universal access 2.3 Increasing the literacy rate of 15-24 and enrolment, (ii) universal retention year-olds. of children up to 14 years of age, and

21 Goal 2 of the Millennium Development Goals Sriramachandra Bhanja, there were 44 primary emphasises on the achievement of Universal schools with 2,376 students and one Middle Primary Education by 2015. It aims that boys English (ME) school in the district in 1882. and girls alike will be able to complete their Because of the keen interest and sincere primary schooling. It is possible for Orissa efforts of the king, the number of primary to achieve the target by 2015, as the Gross schools increased to 431, students’ strength Enrolment Ratio (GER) achieved at the end of rose to 9,600 and the Middle School (ME) at 2007 – 2008 is 115.81 as per the DISE data. Baripada was upgraded to a high school in 1892. By 1949, the numbers increased to 100 The status of education in Mayurbhanj primary schools, 21 ME schools and 4 high district has been analysed from the following schools. Twenty five years later in 1973-74, perspectives: the number of primary schools increased to 1,995, ME schools to 360 and high schools l Present status of different indicators of to 127. Considering the area and population education. of the district, schooling facilities were still not adequate. l Disparities in literacy levels across social groups. Subsequently, the education sector has made good progress. In 2007-08, the total number l Growth of educational institutions and of primary schools, middle schools, secondary other facilities. schools and general colleges in the district was 3,435, 1,181, 498 and 42 respectively. l Girls’ enrolment (girls/boys ratio) at After Ganjam district, Mayurbhanj has the different levels of education. second largest number of schools in the State.

l Adequacy of infrastructure, proper 2. 3. Levels of Literacy in teaching and qualified teachers in Mayurbhanj schools. The literacy rate in Mayurbhanj was very Data on various aspects of education has been low in the immediate Post-Independence obtained from different sources including era. In 1951, only 5.2% people in the district the State Department of School & Mass were literate. Male literacy was 9.6% and Education, as well as from ad-hoc studies and female literacy was 1.2%. With concerted surveys conducted by independent agencies governmental efforts for expansion of basic like the National University of Educational education, the literacy rate in the district Planning and Administration (NUEPA) and increased to 51.91% in 2001, and male and other organisations. Inconsistencies in data female literacy rates stood at 65.76% and from different sources have been ironed out 37.84% respectively. to achieve comparability. 2.3.1. Regional Disparity in Literacy 2.2. Growth of Education in There is a wide gap between urban and Mayurbhanj rural literacy rates in the district. In 1991, as against 71.69% literacy in urban areas, Realising the importance of education, the rural literacy rate was 35.03% - the benevolent Bhanja rulers had taken difference between the two rates being various measures to promote education in 36.66 percentage point. In 2001, urban and Mayurbhanj. During the regime of Maharaja rural literacy rates increased to 82.56% and

22 District Human Development Report Education

Table 2.1: Growth of Literacy in Mayurbhanj, 1951-2001 Year Literacy Rate (%) Gender Disparity All Male Female Index* 1951 5.20 9.60 1.20 7.000 1961 7.10 11.90 2.30 4.174 1971 18.10 28.00 8.00 2.500 1981 25.70 37.39 13.90 1.690 1991 37.88 51.84 23.68 1.189 2001 51.91 65.76 37.84 0.738

Source: Census of India, 1951-2001

*Note: The Gender Disparity Index is calculated by dividing the difference between male and female literacy rates with female literacy rate and multiplying the same by 100.

Chart 2.1: Growth of Literacy in Mayurbhanj, 1951-2001

70 65.76

60 51.84 51.91 50

37.39 37.88 40 37.84 28.00 30 25.70 23.68 18.10 20 13.90 9.60 11.90 8.00 10 5.20 7.10 1.20 2.30 0 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Year All Male Female

49.46% respectively, and the difference literacy registered a higher rate of growth of between them decreased marginally to 33.10 13.89% as compared to the corresponding percentage points. Over the decade, rural figure of 9.87% for urban areas. Because of a

Table 2.2: Rural and Urban Literacy in Mayurbhanj, 1991-2001 Region Literacy Rate (%) 1991 2001 All Male Female All Male Female Total 37.88 51.84 23.68 51.91 65.76 37.84 Urban 71.69 81.58 60.45 82.56 89.14 75.17 Rural 35.03 49. 40 20.63 49.46 63.71 35.01 Rural-Urban Difference 36.66 32.18 39.82 33.10 25.35 40.16 Rural-Urban Disparity Index* 1.047 0.651 1.930 0.669 0.397 1.144

Source: Census of India, 1991 & 2001

*Note: The difference between the urban and rural literacy rates divided by rural literacy rates and multiplied by 100 gives the measure of rural urban disparity index in literacy.

23 low base, the impact of varying growth rates had Literacy rates of both urban males and reduced the rural – urban literacy gap marginally females were higher than those of their rural between 1991-2001. The Rural-Urban Disparity counterparts in 1991 as well as in 2001.The Index in literacy declined during the decade from gap between urban and rural male literacy 1.047 in 1991 to 0.669 in 2001. rates declined from 32.18 percentage points in 1991 to 25.35 percentage points in 2001.

Table 2.3: Literacy Rates in Blocks and Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 and 2001 Sl. Block / Urban Body Literacy Rate (%) Decadal Change No. in Literacy 1991 2001 All Male Female All Male Female All Male Female 1 Bahalda 38.50 54.92 22.42 51.11 66.58 35.83 12.61 11.66 13.41 2 Bangiriposi 33.47 46.94 19.80 46.45 61.36 31.24 12.98 14.42 11.44 3 Baripada 34.51 47.07 21.39 53.34 66.16 40.11 18.83 19.09 18.72 4 Barasahi 40.83 53.52 27.70 46.36 59.10 32.91 5.53 5.58 5.21 5 Betanati 41.42 54.22 28.16 54.51 67.27 51.41 13.09 13.05 23.25 6 Bijetola 28.14 43.43 13.55 42.27 58.42 26.82 14.13 14.99 13.27 7 Bisoi 30.68 45.01 16.66 47.29 64.44 30.54 16.61 19.43 13.88 8 Gopabandhunagar 43.64 57.23 29.70 44.83 69.43 39.35 1.19 12.20 9.65 9 Jamda 30.79 47.78 14.36 48.18 65.71 31.20 17.39 17.93 16.84 10 Jashipur 34.27 48.37 20.15 45.23 58.31 32.13 10.96 9.94 11.98 11 Kaptipada 31.93 43.69 19.83 43.21 55.60 30.48 11.28 11.91 10.65 12 Karanjia 35.21 50.02 20.58 50.06 63.75 36.46 14.85 13.73 15.88 13 Khunta 31.14 44.48 17.53 46.48 60.33 32.60 15.34 15.85 15.07 14 Kuliana 36.91 50.94 22.20 49.72 64.07 34.83 12.81 13.13 12.63 15 Kusumi 34.97 51.54 18.81 49.74 66.04 33.89 14.77 14.50 15.08 16 Morada 37.39 52.05 22.65 52.83 67.08 38.46 15.44 15.03 15.81 17 Rairangpur 36.59 52.11 21.39 53.40 68.70 38.26 16.81 16.59 16.87 18 Raruan 40.07 56.90 23.97 52.13 61.91 37.53 12.06 5.01 13.56 19 Rasgovindpur 39.04 52.43 25.14 54.76 69.37 39.87 15.72 16.94 14.73 20 Sarasakana 27.79 39.36 16.15 47.96 62.05 33.59 20.17 22.69 17.44 21 Samakhunta 38.92 53.90 23.14 52.18 67.03 36.57 13.26 13.13 13.43 22 Sukruli 37.18 52.90 21.94 54.03 68.37 39.05 16.85 15.47 17.11 23 Suliapada 35.78 51.05 20.21 53.36 68.73 37.70 17.58 17.68 17.49 24 Thakurmunda 26.47 39.07 14.01 38.05 51.59 24.68 11.58 12.52 10.67 25 Tiringi 33.51 51.11 16.34 47.94 65.38 31.05 14.43 14.27 14.71 26 Udala 31.59 44.28 18.65 46.37 59.69 32.95 14.78 15.41 14.30 27 Baripada M 81.56 88.28 73.61 85.08 90.98 78.31 3.52 2.70 4.70 28 Karanjia NAC 64.27 76.54 50.35 76.81 84.93 67.66 12.54 8.39 17.31 29 Rairangpur NAC 73.39 83.17 62.83 81.14 88.37 73.57 7.75 5.20 10.74 30 Udala NAC 67.54 78.32 55.00 83.22 88.82 77.12 15.68 10.5 22.12 Mayurbhanj 37.88 51.84 23.68 51.91 65.76 37.84 14.03 13.92 14.16

Source: Census 1991 and 2001

24 District Human Development Report Education

But the corresponding gaps between female To obtain a precise picture of the variation literacy rates over the period remained in literacy rates across blocks, relevant unchanged, around 39 percentage points. statistical measures are presented in Table However, as indicated in Table 2.2, rural- 2.4. Despite a decline between 1991 and urban disparity indices in literacy declined 2001, the degree of variation as indicated for both men and women between by Standard Deviation (SD) and Co-efficient 1991-2001. of Variation (CV) has remained substantial, especially in the case of female literacy. 2.3.2. Inter - Block Differences in Literacy 2.3.3. Differences in Literacy across Rural and urban literacy rates subsume Social Groups the variations across their constituents. Literacy among caste categories differs Table 2.3 presents literacy rates in blocks in the district. The SC populations are as and urban centres of the district. In 1991, literate as people from the general caste. literacy rates in the blocks ranged from Their literacy rate in 2001 was 53.56% as 26.47% in Thakurmunda to 43.64% in compared to 51.91% for all. However, the ST Gopabandhunagar. In 2001, Thakurmunda population was less literate, having a literacy remained consistently the least literate block rate of 38.80% in 2001. The situation is no with a literacy rate of 38.05%, while the different for men and women of different highest literacy rate of 54.76% was attained social groups. by Rasgovindpur block. All the blocks registered an increase in their literacy rates. The difference between urban and rural In 1991, Gopabandhunagar, Betanati, Barasahi literacy rates was 14.83 percentage points and Raruan blocks registered more than 40% for SCs and 24.23 percentage points for literacy rates. In 2001, literacy rates were more STs. The literacy rate among SCs and STs in than 50% in 10 blocks. Sustained efforts urban areas is almost similar, being 66.93% by the government to spread education in and 62.47% respectively. This is true of male the district account for this achievement. literacy rates, though urban ST women are Blocks exhibiting high literacy rates in both less literate than their SC counterparts. The the census years include developed as well literacy rate of ST women in rural areas was as backward ones. The level and growth as low as 22.88%. The urban-rural disparity rate of literacy in these blocks has no index in literacy for STs at 0.634 was higher correlation with their level of development. than that for SCs at 0.285. This was also true It reveals that government measures in of males and females from both the groups. this direction are well spread out over Table 2.5 compares the literacy rates among the district. the SC and ST population in the district.

Table 2.4: Inter-Block Variation in Literacy Rate in Mayurbhanj, 1991 and 2001 Mean/SD/CV Literacy Rate All Male Female 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 Mean (no.) 53.30 39.90 67.00 53.70 40.20 25.90 SD (no.) 12.00 13.50 9.50 12.20 14.50 14.70 CV (%) 22.50 33.90 14.20 22.70 36.00 56.60

25 Table 2.5: Literacy Rates among STs and SCs in Mayurbhanj, 2001 Region Literacy Rates (%) STs SCs All Male Female All Male Female Total 38.80 54.11 23.51 53.56 68.29 38.84 Urban 62.47 72.66 51.34 66.93 77.89 55.48 Rural 38.24 53.64 22.88 52.10 67.21 37.07 Urban-rural Percentage Difference 24.23 19.02 28.46 14.83 10.68 18.41 Urban-rural Disparity Index 0.634 0.355 1.244 0.285 0.159 0.497

Source: Census 2001

2.3.4. Gender Differences in Literacy in enrolment and school retention, Illiteracy among women in the district improvement in quality of education and continues to be very high despite an expansion of infrastructural facilities in the improvement in female literacy over time. schools. There have been consistent efforts But, the gender disparity index for literacy in by the government towards this end. The the district has registered a decline from 7. In constitutional edict of education for all is 1951 to 0.738 in 2001. The decrease has been yet to be achieved in the district, despite sharp from 1991-2001 as may be observed significant progress over time. from Table 2.2. Other aspects of the issue are discussed in Chapter – V. Access to education depends on the availability of schooling facilities. Providing 2.4. Schools universal access to primary education is an avowed objective of the government’s Besides the literacy rate, there are other policy. Chart 2.2 presents the growth of indicators of advances in education in schools of different categories between this region. These include ease of access 1973/74 and 2007/08. The chart shows to schooling at various levels, increase that primary schools in the district grew at an annual compound rate of 0.5 %, middle schools at 3.7% and secondary schools Chart 2.2: Growth of Schools in Mayurbhanj, at 2.2 %. 1973/74-2007/08 The distribution of different schools in 4.0 3.7 blocks and urban centres of Mayurbhanj 3.5 is given in Table 2.6. Barasahi block has 3.0 the highest number of government primary 2.5 schools, while Tiringi block has the lowest 2.2 number. Among urban areas, the number of 2.0 primary schools is the highest in Baripada

Growth rate Growth 1.5 municipality and the lowest in Udala NAC. 1.0 The maximum number of upper primary 0.5 0.5 schools are in Kaptipada block and the 0.0 minimum in Tringi block. Barasahi block Primary Middle Secondary has the maximum number of high schools Schools and Tiringi block has the minimum number.

26 District Human Development Report Education

Table 2. 6: Private and Public Schools in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 (No.) Sl. Block / Urban Primary Upper Primary Secondary No. Body Govt Private Total Govt Private Total Govt Private Total 1 Bahalda 77 2 79 41 2 43 7 8 15 2 Bangiriposi 99 0 99 48 2 50 9 12 21 3 Barasahi 132 3 135 70 4 74 23 10 33 4 Baripada 63 1 64 27 3 30 4 11 15 5 Betnati 110 5 115 64 3 67 17 17 34 6 Bijetola 89 0 89 30 1 31 6 6 12 7 Bisoi 73 1 74 43 2 45 6 8 14 8 Gopabandhunagar 84 0 84 52 1 53 12 7 19 9 Jamda 67 2 69 26 1 27 5 5 10 10 Jashipur 103 1 104 52 5 57 3 22 25 11 Kaptipada 109 0 109 81 3 84 12 14 26 12 Karanjia 97 2 99 39 1 40 11 5 16 13 Khunta 74 1 75 52 3 55 12 4 16 14 Kuliana 86 1 87 42 5 47 9 7 16 15 Kusumi 99 3 102 37 1 38 7 7 14 16 Morada 107 2 109 50 1 51 19 11 30 17 Rairangpur 68 4 72 29 2 31 3 6 9 18 Raruan 70 0 70 41 5 46 11 7 18 19 Rasgovindpur 90 0 90 45 5 50 11 13 24 20 Samakhunta 70 4 74 37 4 41 6 7 13 21 Sarasakana 91 1 92 57 1 58 11 11 22 22 Sukruli 63 3 66 41 2 43 8 10 18 23 Suliapada 94 0 94 45 2 47 11 12 23 24 Thakurmunda 105 1 106 43 6 49 8 15 23 25 Tiringi 62 0 62 24 0 24 2 3 5 26 Udala 97 0 97 35 1 36 8 6 14 Rural 2,279 37 2,316 1,151 66 1,217 241 244 485 27 Baripada M 32 1 33 33 17 50 11 2 13 28 Karanjia NAC 8 5 13 9 4 13 3 0 3 29 Rairangpur NAC 14 2 16 10 6 16 4 0 4 30 Udala NAC 7 0 7 6 0 6 3 0 3 Urban 61 8 69 58 27 85 21 2 23 Mayurbhanj 2,340 45 2,385 1,209 93 1,302 262 246 508

Source: CI of Schools &SSA Office, Bariipada

The distribution of schools in the blocks that small children will not have to cover long has been on the consideration of students’ distances. As per the national norm accepted accessibility. by the Goverment of Orissa, a primary school needs to be provided in each habitation with The State Government aims at providing a minimum population of 300 and within a facilities for universal elementary education so walking distance of 1 km. In the case of hilly

27 terrains and minority populations, this norm schools have been set up in the rural areas with is relaxed to a habitation with 200 persons. government encouragement and assistance. Similarly, upper primary and secondary schools need to be provided within 3 and 5 2.5. Enrolment kms of habitations. The State Government has set the norm that there should be at least one Increased school enrolment is a move towards upper primary school for every two primary achieving the Millennium Development Goal of schools. By 2006-07, out of 30 districts in the universal primary education. Table 2.7 shows state, only nine districts including Mayurbhanj the growth of school enrolment at primary, had achieved the norm. Almost all habitations upper primary and secondary levels from in the district have a primary school within 1 1971-72 till 2006 – 07. It may be observed that km and 98% of habitations have UP schools in 1971 – 72, enrolment in primary schools within 2 kms as stipulated in the norm. The was 86,501, in middle schools 14,122 and in situation is equally good in case of secondary secondary schools 15,894. In 2006-07, 2, 81,000 education as a high school can be accessed by children had enroled in primary schools and more than 99% of habitations within 5 kms. respective enrolments in middle and secondary Out of 382 GPs in the district, only 22 (i.e., 6%) schools were 94,000 and 77,000. Of course, go without a high school. enrolment declined at higher levels of schooling.

The private sector has also entered into 2.5.1. Gross Enrolment Ratio education to meet the growing need of Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and Net Enrolment better quality English medium education Ratio (NER) are precise measures of the throughout the state. Mayurbhanj is no proportion of children in school. GER is defined exception to this. There are proportionately as the proportion of children enroled in schools more private schools in urban areas at both to child populations in relevant age groups. The primary and upper primary levels as shown main limitation of GER is the possibility of over- in Chart 2.3. It is indicative of the willingness estimation of enrolment. GER could exceed 100 of urban dwellers to pay for the education of as there may be both under-aged and over-aged their children. The growth of private schools students. NER is obtained by dividing the number at entry level has been justified by many on of children enroled in a particular age group with various grounds. More private secondary child population in that age group.

Chart 2.3: Proportion of Private schools in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08

60.0 50.3 50.0 48.4

40.0 31.8 30.0

% of schools 20.0 11.6 8.7

10.0 7.1 5.4 1.9 1.6 0.0 LP UP Secondary Year Rural Urban Total

28 District Human Development Report Education

Table 2.7: Growth of School Enrolment in Mayurbhanj, 1971/72 - 2006/07 Year Primary Upper Primary Secondary Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total 1971-72 61,309 25,192 86,501 10,974 3,148 14,122 13,431 2,463 15,894 1981-82 95,000 54,000 1,49,000 25,000 12,000 37,000 16,000 7,000 23,000 1985-86 1,03,000 69,000 1,72,000 31,000 16,000 47,000 17,000 7,000 24,000 1995-96 1,30,000 91,000 2,21,000 38,000 26,000 64,000 24,000 11,000 35,000 2000-01 1,54,000 1,19,000 2,73,000 29,000 22,000 51,000 36,996 17,967 54,963 2006-07 1,49,000 1,32,000 2,81,000 52,000 42,000 94,000 45,000 32,000 77,000

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bhubaneswar

Table 2.8 gives the GER in Mayurbhanj by children’s enrolment in the district. Table blocks and urban bodies for 2007–08. The 2.9 shows the details of net enrolment status GER at primary level in the district was 86.5 in rural and urban areas and across caste in 1998-99 and appreciably improved to categories. NER in schools of Mayurbhanj 105.14 in 2007-08. The GER of 102.8 at the stood at 92.32 in 2007-08. Enrolment of girls elementary level (both primary and upper is found to be lower than that of boys across primary taken together) implies that 2.8% caste categories. Further, enrolment ratios of students in elementary schools are either were higher in urban areas than in rural over-aged or under-aged. There were, areas. Enrolment was lowest among the ST however, some differences across blocks population (90.01). This imbalance needs to and urban bodies. It may be observed from be addressed to make the system equitable. Table 2.8 that the GER was highest at primary (129.23) and upper primary (110.87) levels in Enrolment ratios, both gross and net, have Bijetola block and lowest in Thakurmunda been high in the district, being more than block with corresponding figures of 97.53 102 and 92 respectively. NER across regions and 90.91 in 2007-08. In urban areas, the GER (rural and urban) and social groups (ST, SC at primary and upper primary levels ranged and all) is not very different in each category. from 100.80 to 108.46 and from 70.05 - 111.90 However, the enrolment of girls was lower respectively. than that of boys in all caste categories and regions. High enrolment ratios indicate that The GER at primary level (105.14) was higher the efforts of the state have borne fruit in than that at upper primary level (100.31). the district. Relatively over-aged children take admission at the entry level. With the advancement of 2.5.3 Dropout Rates age, these late comers withdraw themselves The dropout rate is one of the criteria for from school for work or they get de-motivated assessing the internal efficiency of the by their poor classroom performance. This is education system. It is a serious problem true of both rural and urban areas. Of course, in elementary schools. It appears that in Baripada municipality, GER at the upper dropouts are more among the poor and primary level was higher than that at the marginalised groups including SC, ST primary level. and girls.

2.5.2 Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) It is gratifying that in a backward and ST Since the GER includes both under and dominated district like Mayurbhanj, the over aged children, the NER has been dropout rate (6-14 years age group) was estimated to provide the exact status of only 3.29% compared to 7.80% for the state

29 Table 2.8: GER in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. No. Block / Urban Body Primary Upper primary Elementary 1 Bahalda 111.47 102.78 101.10 2 Bangiriposi 112.28 98.54 104.60 3 Baripada 105.51 96.79 102.05 4 Barasahi 110.38 100.76 99.53 5 Betnati 107.19 98.90 103.98 6 Bijetola 129.23 110.87 113.10 7 Bisoi 109.82 103.65 102.07 8 G.B.Nagar 109.52 102.60 101.12 9 Jamda 103.88 98.78 97.09 10 Jashipur 106.89 92.85 95.13 11 Kaptipada 107.42 102.75 103.98 12 Karanjia 110.71 97.12 98.30 13 Khunta 111.54 101.86 106.74 14 Kuliana 106.20 85.89 96.53 15 Kusumi 108.25 100.43 104.20 16 Morada 112.70 98.78 102.64 17 Rairangpur 112.23 101.11 99.11 18 Raruan 107.83 101.54 102.78 19 Rasgovindpur 107.27 98.67 105.42 20 Samakhunta 105.97 91.23 97.91 21 Sarasakana 102.67 100.34 102.86 22 Sukruli 105.23 99.45 103.92 23 Suliapada 110.58 105.81 103.77 24 Thakurmunda 97.53 90.91 104.20 25 Tiringi 110.53 92.14 94.40 26 Udala 113.92 100.72 96.04 Rural 106.97 99.98 101.87 27 Baripada (M) 102.38 111.90 117.21 28 Karanjia NAC 106.43 71.77 98.97 29 Rairangpur NAC 108.46 70.05 106.91 30 Udala NAC 100.80 78.83 98.70 Urban 104.72 100.71 106.01 Mayurbhanj 105.14 100.31 102. 08

Source: SSA Office, Baripada

Table 2.9: Net Enrolment Ratio of Children (6-14 years) in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08

Region SC ST All Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Rural 92.19 91.59 91.89 90.04 89.59 90.01 92.24 91.73 92.00 Urban 97.62 95.58 96.95 96.66 96.47 96.57 98.57 98.38 98.49 Total 92.77 91.82 92.32 90.49 89.69 90.01 92.57 92.05 92.32 Source: SSA Office, Baripada

30 District Human Development Report Education

in 2007-08. Table 2.10 indicates dropout dropout rate of rural children (3.40%) was rates in different blocks and urban bodies higher than that of urban (1.23%) irrespective of Mayurbhanj for the year 2007–08. The of caste categories. There were, however, dropout rate of 4.18% of ST children was the differences in drop out rates across blocks. highest among children of all castes. The Kuliana block reported the highest dropout

Table 2.10: Drop out Rates (6-14 years) in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. Block / Urban Body Dropout Rate (%) No. SC ST Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 Bahalda 1.09 1.59 1.34 1.16 1.50 1.32 1.04 1.27 1. 15 2 Bangiriposi 4.29 4.52 4.40 5.12 5.73 5.41 4.58 5.18 4.87 3 Baripada 8.51 8.35 8.43 5.85 5.54 5.70 4.87 4.87 4.87 4 Barasahi 2.26 2.78 2.50 0.81 0.69 0.76 0.90 0.85 0.88 5 Betnati 7.07 9.10 8.05 5.61 6.85 6.20 3.61 4.28 3.94 6 Bijetola 3.34 1.63 2.94 7.47 5.59 6.57 6.59 4.72 5.69 7 Bisoi 1.71 1.22 1.47 1.45 2.00 1.72 1.37 1.63 1.50 8 Gopabandhunagar 3.77 2.03 2.97 2.16 1.99 2.08 2.70 2.20 2.46 9 Jamda 4.95 5.96 5.44 3.56 3.77 3.65 3.44 3.99 3.69 10 Jashipur 3.92 5.20 4.54 7.54 7.45 7.49 6.42 6.21 6.32 11 Kaptipada 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.29 7.01 6.03 3.60 4.44 3.98 12 Karanjia 4.58 2.72 3.54 6.90 6.10 6.52 5.71 4.75 5.24 13 Khunta 4.97 7.05 6.03 1.60 1.75 1.67 1.65 1.89 1.77 14 Kuliana 7.97 8.23 8.10 9.26 10.16 9.71 8.01 8.66 8.33 15 Kusumi 0.65 0.16 0.40 0.61 0.68 0.65 0.56 0.60 0.58 16 Morada 4.88 5.30 5.08 4.58 5.92 5.23 3.20 4.14 3.65 17 Rairangpur 2.20 1.53 1.88 2.49 2.34 2.42 1.78 1.54 1.66 18 Raruan 2.10 2.61 2.35 6. 93 7.01 6.97 4.60 4.71 4.65 19 Rasgovindpur 2.61 4.26 3.41 5.09 4.87 4.98 3.80 3.52 3.66 20 Samakhunta 1.08 1.60 1.35 1.15 1.27 1.21 0.85 0.99 0.91 21 Sarasakana 2.25 1.55 1.92 2.56 0.00 1.36 1.98 0.39 1.22 22 Sukruli 0.83 2.20 1.44 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.60 0.90 0.75 23 Suliapada 1.17 1.68 1.41 1.00 0.98 0.99 0.60 0.72 0.66 24 Thakurmunda 1.17 2.03 1.59 5.95 7.02 6.45 5.16 6.08 5.59 25 Tiringi 1.52 2.19 1.85 1.26 1.32 1.29 1.18 1.42 1.30 26 Udala 1.34 1.03 1.19 2.66 3.61 3.11 2.12 2.80 2.45 Rural 3.82 4.12 3.97 4.13 4.28 4.20 3.35 3.46 3.40 27 Baripada MPL 6.52 6.64 6.57 3.74 3.43 3.59 1.02 1.07 1.04 28 Karanjia NAC 2.20 2.71 2.45 3.93 3.49 3.71 2.46 2.20 2.33 29 Rairangpur NAC 0.15 0.84 0.29 0.71 1.40 1.03 0.50 0.95 0.69 30 Udala NAC 4.95 5.68 5.29 3.08 4.53 3.77 1.80 2.36 2.09 Urban 1.73 3.46 2.29 2.87 3.13 2.99 1.14 1.34 1.23 Mayurbhanj 3.60 4.09 3.83 4.11 4.26 4.18 3.23 3.36 3.29

Source: SSA Office, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

31 rate of 8.33 % and Kusumi block reported the Steps have been taken to improve the space, lowest dropout rate of only 0.58% in 2007–08. drinking water and toilet facilities, mid- day meals, provision of books and supply Various measures have been taken by the of improved teaching materials. This has state to improve infrastructure in schools to proven effective in lowering the rate of school motivate children to stay there for longer. dropouts in the district.

Table-2.11: Out-of-School Children (6-14 yrs) in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. No. Block/Urban Body SC ST Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 Bahalda 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.2 2 Bangiriposi 12.9 12.4 12.7 11.4 12.7 12.0 10.4 11.4 10.8 3 Baripada 14.2 15.3 14.7 14.8 15.3 15.1 12.4 12.4 12.4 4 Barasahi 7.3 6.4 6.9 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.2 2.8 3.0 5 Betnati 14.1 16.3 15.2 12.8 15.1 13.9 8.3 9.3 8.8 6 Bijetola 3.5 4.6 4.0 10.7 11.2 10.9 9.5 9.6 9.5 7 Bisoi 3.4 2.7 3.1 4.0 4.9 4.4 3.5 4.0 3.7 8 Gopabandhunagar 7.6 5.6 6.7 4.5 4.3 4.4 5.6 5.0 5.3 9 Jamda 10.1 13.2 11.6 12.7 14.2 13.4 11.2 13.8 12.4 10 Jashipur 10.3 9.8 10.1 19.2 21.7 20.4 16.1 17.7 16.9 11 Kaptipada 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 12.0 9.5 5.1 7.6 6.2 12 Karanjia 7.4 4.8 6.0 15.4 15.7 15.5 12.3 11.7 12.0 13 Khunta 5.6 8.0 6.8 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.7 2.4 14 Kuliana 16.4 16.5 16.4 21.9 24.7 23.3 17.8 19.8 18.8 15 Kusumi 1.5 0.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 16 Morada 13.9 15.0 14.5 14.8 17.6 16.2 9.9 11.7 10.8 17 Rairangpur 4.2 2.8 3.5 5.9 5.5 5.7 4.2 3.6 3.9 18 Raruan 6.5 6.3 6.4 16.7 17.5 17.1 11.3 11.8 11.6 19 Rasgovindpur 3.7 5.9 4.8 10.5 11.4 10.9 7.5 7.9 7.7 20 Samakhunta 12.2 14.7 13.5 5.3 6.3 5.8 4.2 5.3 4.7 21 Sarasakana 5.7 4.6 5.2 11.4 - 6.0 8.5 1.4 5.1 22 Sukruli 2.1 3.4 2.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.4 23 Suliapada 3.5 5.1 4.2 2.5 2.8 2.7 1.8 2.2 2.0 24 Thakurmunda 6.6 8.9 7.7 14.6 17.9 16.2 12.6 15.5 14.0 25 Tiringi 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.3 26 Udala 2.0 1.5 1.8 5.2 6.5 5.8 4.2 5.1 4.6 Rural 7.8 8.4 8.1 9.6 10.4 10.0 7.7 8.2 8.0 27 Baripada MPL 9.9 9.6 9.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 28 Karanjia NAC 2.8 3.1 2.9 4.6 3.8 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.6 29 Rairangpur NAC 2.8 3.1 2.9 4.6 3.8 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.6 30 Udala NAC 5.0 5.7 5.3 3.1 4.5 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.3 Urban 2.4 4.4 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 Mayurbhanj 7.2 8.2 7.7 9.5 10.3 9.9 7.4 7.9 7.6

Source: SSA Office, Baripada

32 District Human Development Report Education

2.5.4. Out-of-School Chart 2.4: Cases of Dropout /Never A substantial number of children are, enroled in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 however, still out of school. These include 8% 12% dropouts from schools and those who had never enroled themselves in a school. Table 14% 2.11 gives the status of out-of-school children 32% 2% in different blocks and urban bodies of the district. It shows that about 7.6 % of the total 9% 1% number of children in the age-group of 6-14 8% 8% 6% years were out of school in 2007-08. This proportion is found to be the highest among the ST (9.9%), followed by SC (7.7%) children. HH work Work outside Chil lab Sib care The proportion of out-of-school children is School unattractive Child disinterest Distance School Ignorance Others higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Punishment Out-of-school girls (7.9%) are proportionality more than out-of-school boys (7.4%). All for their livelihood rather than go to school, communities in both rural and urban areas only 6.2% respondents in Baripada block exhibited a similar pattern. The percentage cited this as a reason for school dropouts of out of school children varied from 1.1% and out-of-school children. in Kusumi block to 18.8% in Kaliana block. It may be surmised that there is something 2.6. Teachers more than the level of development and presence of disadvantaged groups to explain The qualifi cation of school teachers is an children’s lack of interest for schooling. important factor determining the quality of teaching. A teacher’s qualifi cation is generally On the basis of our sample survey covering indicated by his/her level of schooling and 3,000 households, reasons for dropping training received. In 2007-08, out of all the out and staying out of school are recorded teachers in the district, 88% primary, 76% in Chart 2.4. About one-third of total upper primary and 99% secondary teachers respondents attributed this phenomenon were trained. In other words, 12% of primary to the disinterest of illiterate parents and school teachers and 24 % of upper primary their ignorance about the usefulness school teachers had not undergone training. of education. More than one-fourth of However almost all teachers in secondary respondents cited domestic help and work schools were trained. Chart 2.5 shows the outside home as child labour to be a reason proportion of trained teachers in primary, for this. Poverty and financial constraints upper primary and secondary schools in rural are also reported as reasons for keeping and urban areas of Mayurbhanj. children away from school. Table 2.13 gives the distribution of trained Blockwise responses to the survey are teachers in primary, upper primary and recorded in Table 2.12. The causes of children secondary schools in different blocks and remaining away from school are not uniform urban bodies of the district in 2007 – 08. It across blocks. Helping parents at home and may be observed from the table that the working outside for a living are not important proportion of trained teachers was more in factors for dropouts/out- of- school children. urban areas than in rural areas. All primary Whereas, 89% respondents in Bangiriposi school teachers in Rairangpur NAC and all block admitted to making their children work upper primary and secondary school teachers

33 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 100.0 0.0 8.3 0.8 0.0 4.2 0.0 9.8 0.0 2.7 0.0 6.5 0.0 7.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 11.0 24.7 16. 5 16. 45. 7 45. 5 19. 25. 4 25. 57. 1 57. 12. 2 12. Others

0.0 8.7 0.4 7.3 8.2 6.0 8.0 7.4 6.8 4.7 6.2 8.0 35.0 16.3 64.6 10.3 35.1 21.6 32.4 12.1 25.8 16.8 28.6 18.4 13.3 28.4 42.8 16.0 34.8 33.0 100.0 Ignorance Ignorance of Parents

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 15.3 by teachers by Punishment Punishment 9.7 0.0 7.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.2 0.6 3.4 3.6 2.7 9.3 4.6 3.2 0.0 2.5 3.9 8.1 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 13.5 16.5 12.8 10.6 15.5 28.4 School at a distance at

5.8 0.0 4.5 4.8 1.5 7.2 8.3 4.7 0.0 0.9 3.6 5.4 7.7 4.1 9.4 0.8 4.7 6.1 4.9 2.1 6.4 9.5 9.4 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 5.8 10.0 14.1 12.9 in studies Not interested interested Not 9.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 9.4 0.3 0.0 3.1 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 12.8 10.5 16.6 Uninteresting Uninteresting school environment 8.7 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.7 8.0 3.9 7.1 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 8.7 13.4 22.7 17.3 18.8 15.5 12.8 28.0 18.2 10.7 12.8 18.4 10.3 29.2 20.4 19.1 18.5 13.5 32.6 care Sibling Sibling 1.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 2.0 4.3 8.2 7.8 3.4 4.2 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 1.0 4.2 1.4 3.2 8.0 0.0 2.4 1.2 0.0 1.1 1.4 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 13.8 Child labour Child 0.0 7.5 0.0 4.3 6.9 7.3 0.0 0.0 1.4 3.4 3.4 2.6 7.4 9.5 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 15.5 12.0 12.9 18.8 14.6 11.7 15.7 19.8 14.5 13.5 13.7 Working at at Working others’ houses others’ 6.2 0.0 14.6 89.0 32.9 49.6 60.6 59.6 23.5 26.7 34.7 17.8 13.7 13.7 61.8 22.4 37.5 50.0 15.2 37.8 39.7 40.7 27.8 11.6 25.7 21.3 34.1 58.0 77.0 32.6 12.5 HH Work Reasons for Out of School Children in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Bodies in Blocks/ Urban of Mayurbhanj, Out of School Children Reasons for

Bahalda Bangiriposi Barasahi Baripada Betnati Bijetola Bisoi G.B. Nagar G.B. Jamda Jashipur Kaptipada Karanjia Khunta Kuliana Kusumi Morada Rairangpur Raruan Rasgovindpur Samakhunta Sarasakana Sukruli Suliapada Thakurmunda Tiringi Udala Baripada M Karanjia NAC Rairangpur NAC Mayurbhanj Udala NAC Udala Block / Urban Block / Urban Body 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Sl. No. Table 2.12: Table Source : DHDR Sample Survey. : Source

34 District Human Development Report Education

Chart 2.5: Percentage of Trained Teachers in Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08

120.00

98.90 98.80 100.00 88.0 88.50 90.60 86.50 83.60 80.00 76.10 75.70

60.00

40.00 % of trained teachers % of trained 20.00

0.00 Primary Upper Primary Secondary

Total Rural Urban

Source: CI of Schools and SSA Offcie, Baripada of Udala NAC were trained. But in rural areas, upper primary and secondary schools of the proportion of trained teachers in primary Mayurbhanj. Urban areas are better placed schools varied from 59.48% in Jamada block with more female teachers compared to to 76.65% in Udala block. Variations in the rural areas. Against 84.76% female teachers proportions of trained teachers at upper at primary level, there are 76.20% at upper primary level ranged between 63.48% in primary and 38.54% at secondary levels in Sukruli block and 93.10% in Tirinigi block. urban areas. The corresponding figures in The corresponding range of variation in rural areas are 37.64%, 33.56% and 15.36%. secondary schools is between 85.29% in Rairangpur block and 95.87% in Sukruli block. The distribution of female teachers across The proportions of trained school teachers blocks and urban bodies is presented in Table at different levels was unsatisfactory. In the 2.14. The proportion of female teachers in absence of strict supervision and surveillance, elementary schools (primary and upper teachers’ absenteeism continues to be a primary) in urban centres, was higher than common problem in rural schools. that in secondary schools. There were proportionately more female teachers in 2.6.1. Female Teachers primary schools in each urban area. Generally, Girls, particularly adolescents, feel more this pattern is observed in the blocks also. comfortable with female teachers. Their presence may reduce girls’ dropout from 2.6.2. Pupil -Teacher Ratio rural schools. Government policy stipulates To maintain the quality of teaching, the that women shall constitute not less than national norms for primary and upper 50% of teachers recruited to the State school primary schools are respectively 40 and 35 system. This has been achieved in urban students per teacher, whereas 25 students areas, but the proportion of female teachers per teacher is considered desirable. The in rural schools is below the norm. Except Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) is reasonably for primary and upper primary schools in good in upper primary and secondary urban areas, no other type of schools has schools of the district. But at the primary 50% female teacher. Chart 2.6 shows the level, the number of students per teacher proportion of female teachers in primary, is as high as 58.

35 Table 2.13: Block-wise Trained Teachers in Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary Schools in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 (in %) Sl. No. Block / Urban Body Primary Upper Primary Secondary 1 Bahalda 80.61 87.12 86.84 2 Bangiriposi 83.06 65.70 85.89 3 Barasahi 92.03 78.29 90.04 4 Baripada 95.89 72.60 92.50 5 Betnati 92.80 80.89 93.00 6 Bijetola 90.41 77.68 90.48 7 Bisoi 70.27 83.82 88.07 8 Gopabandhunagar 93.60 82.21 88.74 9 Jamda 59.48 65.12 92.59 10 Jashipur 85.23 69.14 90.32 11 Kaptipada 86.46 69.20 95.90 12 Karanjia 81.31 82.64 88.15 13 Khunta 88.41 80.25 91.24 14 Kuliana 90.07 84.66 93.94 15 Kusumi 84.46 65.85 90.09 16 Morada 91.70 63.64 92.58 17 Rairangpur 86.67 92.42 85.29 18 Raruan 93.42 77.50 90.00 19 Rasgovindpur 89.81 68.82 93.24 20 Samakhunta 78.43 89.12 86.87 21 Saraskana 85.86 80.00 92.91 22 Sukruli 85.09 63.48 95.87 23 Suliapada 92.62 64.25 89.66 24 Thakurmunda 80.91 57.14 90.80 25 Tiringi 95.04 93.10 85.71 26 Udala 96.65 72.73 95.33 Rural 86.55 75.67 90.62 27 Baripada M 99.29 88.97 96.88 28 Karanjia NAC 73.91 75.44 100.00 29 Rairangpur NAC 100.00 70.18 98.51 30 Udala NAC 80.77 100.00 100.00 Urban 88.49 83.64 98.85 Mayurbhanj 88.02 76.09 98.92

Source: CI of Schools and SSA Office, Baripada

Chart 2.6: Female Teachers in Rural and Urban areas of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08

100.00 84.76 80.00 76.20

60.00

41.18 37.64 36.21 38.54 40.00 33.56

% of Female teachers % of Female 19.60 20.00 15.36

0.00 Primary Upper Primary Secondary

Total Rural Urban

Source: Office of CI of Schools & SSAOffice, Baripada

36 District Human Development Report Education

Table 2.14: Female Teachers in Schools of Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 (in %) Sl. No. Block / Urban Body Primary Schools Upper Primary Secondary Schools Schools 1 Bahalda 26.53 25.15 16.67 2 Bangiriposi 39.89 38.95 17.79 3 Barasahi 42.39 32.17 19.91 4 Baripada 62.33 50.68 15.00 5 Betnati 51.89 35.77 18.29 6 Bijetola 32.88 24.11 19.05 7 Bisoi 40.54 30.06 12.84 8 Gopabandhunagar 44.19 37.42 17.88 9 Jamda 21.55 23.26 11.11 10 Jashipur 29.96 22.22 18.82 11 Kaptipada 44.98 23.19 23.59 12 Karanjia 31.78 38.84 5.19 13 Khunta 50.72 45.22 8.03 14 Kuliana 39.72 47.85 10.61 15 Kusumi 23.83 25.20 6.31 16 Morada 34.02 30.52 15.72 17 Rairangpur 27.78 34.85 11.76 18 Raruan 34.21 31.88 12.31 19 Rasgovindpur 46.12 35.88 24.32 20 Samakhunta 50.33 53.74 14.14 21 Sarasakana 43.98 41.08 14.18 22 Sukruli 30.70 30.43 15.70 23 Suliapada 40.16 27.46 20.69 24 Thakurmunda 23.64 29.25 13.22 25 Tiringi 19.01 22.99 20.41 26 Udala 45.61 34.27 15.89 Rural 37.64 33.56 15.36 27 Baripada M 87.86 82.76 50.63 28 Karanjia NAC 78.26 73.68 34.29 29 Rairangpur NAC 84.44 61.40 40.30 30 Udala NAC 88.46 86.96 28.95 Urban 84.76 76.20 38.54 Mayurbhanj 41.18 36.21 19.60

Source: CI of Schools & SSA,Office, Baripada

This is true for both urban and rural areas. Keeping this in view, the pupil-teacher ratio The situation is worse in rural areas where a in blocks and urban bodies of Mayurbhanj primary school teacher is required to teach has been estimated and presented in Table 60 pupils on an average. The corresponding 2.15. The maximum pupil-teacher ratio in an figure in the urban area is 42, still higher urban area is 47 for Baripada municipality than the norm.

37 area. The average student load of a primary 23 students per teacher in Udala NAC and school teacher in Karanjia, Bahalda and 40 students per teacher in Rairangpur NAC. Kuliana blocks is very high at 99, 89 and 80 respectively. The number of students per 2.6.3. Pupil-Classroom Ratio teacher in urban areas varied between 36 in The quality of teaching and interaction with Karanjia NAC and 47 in Baripada Municipality pupils at lower levels can be improved by at primary level. There were 21 students giving them personal attention. Teaching is per teacher in Karanjia NAC and 35 students adversely affected in a overcrowded class. per teacher in Udala NAC at upper primary Data relating to the situation in the district is level. At the seconadary level, there were given in Table 2.16.

Table 2.15: Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. No. Block/Urban Body No. of Students Per Teacher Primary Upper Primary Secondary 1 Bahalda 89 20 28 2 Bangiriposi 59 20 17 3 Barasahi 58 23 19 4 Baripada 53 22 19 5 Betnati 61 26 23 6 Bijetola 51 18 16 7 Bisoi 54 69 20 8 Gopabandhunagar 49 20 17 9 Jamda 62 28 23 10 Jashipur 48 21 18 11 Kaptipada 66 19 19 12 Karanjia 99 27 20 13 Khunta 63 18 17 14 Kuliana 80 25 17 15 Kusumi 53 31 22 16 Morada 50 29 18 17 Rairangpur 76 19 24 18 Raruan 52 19 18 19 Rasgovindpur 58 25 20 20 Samakhunta 56 20 21 21 Sarasakana 52 19 20 22 Sukruli 60 26 21 23 Suliapada 49 24 21 24 Thakurmunda 59 24 17 25 Tiringi 53 27 42 26 Udala 37 17 16 RURAL 60 24 21 27 Baripada M 47 28 28 28 Karanjia NAC 36 21 32 29 Rairangpur NAC 41 34 40 30 Udala NAC 41 35 23 URBAN 42 29 31 Mayurbhanj 58 25 22

Source: CI of Schools & SSI of Schools, Baripada

38 District Human Development Report Education

On an average, there were respectively 44 an average numbered 66 and 63 respectively. and 25 students per class at the primary and There are less students per class in Bahalda, upper primary levels in 2007-08. In urban Bijetola, Kusumi and Raruan blocks due to the areas, the number of students in primary low enrolment per class. and upper primary schools exceeded the respective norms of 40 and 35 students per 2.7. Infrastructure class. In Baripada municipality area, there were as many as 84 students per class at primary Lack of infrastructure facilities in schools level. In upper primary schools of Rairangpur affects students attendance. This includes (NAC) and Baripada (M), students in a class on separate toilets for girls, drinking water, roads,

Table 2.16: Student-Classroom Ratio in Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. No. Block/Urban Body No. of Students per Class Primary Upper Primary 1 Bahalda 41 17 2 Bangiriposi 51 28 3 Barasahi 40 21 4 Baripada 41 23 5 Betnati 53 26 6 Bijetola 34 18 7 Bisoi 40 70 8 Gopabandhunagar 41 17 9 Jamda 41 22 10 Jashipur 44 24 11 Kaptipada 54 22 12 Karanjia 47 25 13 Khunta 41 12 14 Kuliana 49 25 15 Kusumi 37 25 16 Morada 37 27 17 Rairangpur 31 18 18 Raruan 56 18 19 Rasgovindpur 50 28 20 Samakhunta 50 21 21 Sarasakana 46 20 22 Sukruli 41 31 23 Suliapada 46 26 24 Thakurmunda 50 28 25 Tiringi 40 26 26 Udala 34 24 27 Baripada M 84 63 28 Karanjia NAC 76 37 29 Rairangpur NAC 75 66 30 Udala NAC 44 40 Mayurbhanj 44 25

Source: CI of Schools & SSI of Schools, Baripada

39 Chart 2.7: Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Rural and Urban Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08

70 60 60 58

50 42 40 31 PTR 29 30 24 25 21 22 20

0 Rural Urban Total

Primary Upper Primary Seconday

Source: Office of CI of Schools & SSA,Office, Baripada

compound walls, buildings and class rooms. Goal (MDG), and forms an important In 2007-08, out of 2,340 primary schools, 29 component of government programmes schools in 14 blocks did not have a building in the education sector. In order to achieve of their own. Buildings of 3 primary and 1 ‘Universalisation of Primary Education’, the upper primary schools were in a bad shape. District Primary Education Programme Drinking water was available in less than (DPEP) started in the district in 1996-97. In 50% of primary schools and in about 75% of 2003-04, Sarva Shiksha Abhijan (SSA) was upper primary schools in the district. About launched to encompass all children in the 50% of primary and upper primary schools 6-14 years age group under the school had toilets, but separate toilet for girls was system. The objective of this programme found in 18% of primary schools and slightly is to provide useful and relevant elementary more than 40% of upper primary schools. education to children. It has special Most schools did not have a compound components to cater to the needs of the wall. Kitchens for Mid-Day Meals and access disadvantaged. Under the Children with ramps were found in a few schools only, but Special Needs (CWSN) scheme, which is a many schools had a playground. Urban and part of the SSA 8,893 children were identified rural schools faces similar infrastructure in 2007-08, out of which 7,083 were enroled. challenges. The situation at block level was The Alternative and Innovative Education no different. The infrastructure facilities in (AIE) programme operates in the district to schools of blocks and municipality/NACs of bring out of school children into the SSA the district are presented in Table 2.17. fold through bridge courses. Under the Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS), there 2.8. Public Intervention were 1,643 centres in the district by 2007-08. The Government has initiated the Kasturba Concerted efforts have been made by the Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) scheme to government to spread education in the provide schooling facilities to out-of-school district, particularly among girls and to girls. The National Programme for Education reduce the disparity in literacy across social of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) was groups. Universalisation of elementary launched in the district in 2003 to spread education is a Millennium Development girls’ education. Under the programme,

40 District Human Development Report Education

Table 2.17: School Amenities in Primary and Upper Primary Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. Block/Urban No. of Number of Schools with No. Body Schools DW Toilet Girls’ Ramp Boundary Playground MDM Facility Toilet Wall Kitchen Pry UP Pry UP Pry UP Pry UP Pry UP Pry UP Pry UP Pry UP 1 Bahalda 77 34 40 25 39 24 19 19 7 24 2 0 21 32 11 14 2 Bangiriposi 99 43 56 28 49 24 27 23 7 13 0 0 23 29 19 6 3 Barasahi 132 69 47 24 70 19 19 16 14 19 1 1 15 26 9 6 4 Baripada 63 23 38 18 61 16 12 23 4 11 0 0 26 15 16 12 5 Betnati 110 57 27 42 56 23 18 25 7 16 1 0 10 18 10 34 6 Bijetola 89 28 51 27 46 26 24 18 8 16 1 0 26 23 21 30 7 Bisoi 73 38 44 29 45 26 11 21 5 15 0 0 12 29 20 17 8 G.B.Nagar 84 46 37 45 50 43 19 29 11 11 2 2 41 20 18 9 9 Jamda 67 26 26 15 32 14 20 8 9 18 1 1 15 9 4 10 10 Jashipur 103 49 27 37 35 24 14 26 10 14 10 4 17 19 10 9 11 Kaptipada 109 72 52 31 70 10 18 13 16 27 1 0 31 10 7 13 12 Karanjia 97 34 39 18 57 16 66 13 8 11 3 1 19 26 9 24 13 Khunta 74 50 24 32 35 23 12 37 11 19 0 0 9 39 12 20 14 Kuliana 86 41 17 26 41 8 12 4 12 11 2 2 12 3 7 1 15 Kusumi 99 36 7 23 45 5 1 6 15 11 1 0 2 2 1 2 16 Morada 107 46 68 35 55 18 8 11 10 11 0 1 10 21 9 9 17 Rairangpur 68 28 10 12 46 9 14 7 11 10 0 0 29 15 13 1 18 Raruan 70 38 9 35 49 18 12 9 7 11 3 1 15 14 1 9 19 Rasgovindpur 90 36 65 36 55 26 8 10 12 10 3 1 16 19 10 10 20 Samakhunta 70 35 60 35 50 16 7 10 5 13 2 1 8 19 6 6 21 Sarasakana 91 55 9 51 48 15 12 9 9 19 0 0 23 16 8 3 22 Sukruli 63 32 36 38 31 17 9 9 1 14 0 0 18 20 10 7 23 Suliapada 94 45 89 25 50 20 10 12 14 11 7 1 15 16 10 8 24 Thakurmunda 105 40 58 23 35 20 6 8 5 7 2 0 10 17 6 6 25 Tiringi 62 21 34 14 22 14 10 7 5 14 0 0 20 13 11 6 26 Udala 97 32 79 32 47 12 11 7 16 11 2 1 26 8 5 9 27 Baripada M 32 24 8 13 16 13 10 10 7 7 1 2 18 13 8 5 28 Karanjia NAC 8 7 7 7 5 5 7 10 4 3 2 0 9 13 5 6 29 Rairangpur NAC 14 7 5 7 14 7 4 7 2 4 0 0 10 1 3 1 30 Udala NAC 7 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 0 0 2 1 1 2 Mayurbhanj 2,340 1,095 1,070 786 1,255 514 421 410 257 384 47 19 508 506 280 295

Source: SSA Office, Baripada

Note: Pry = Primary, UP = Upper Primary, DW = Drinking Water Facility, MDM = Mid-day Meal

345 centres for clusters of schools were To improve the quality of education, training set up. The Government has set up 126 is imparted to teachers. In September 2009, educational institutions to spread education the district administration decided that among the tribals in the district. There Ho-Munda children would be taught in were government-run 238 primary school their language, “Mundari” in at least 20 hostels and 130 ST girls’ hostels in 2007-08. primary schools.

41 Expenditure in the elementary education in 1951 to about 52% in 2001. Male-female sector has been increasing over the years. and rural-urban disparity in literacy has been Under DPEP, expenditure of Rs. 38.05 lakh consistantly declining. The government has in 2001-02 increased to Rs. 2,389.90 lakh implemented policies to improve the quality in 2004-05. The total expenditure for of education. Specifically, the appointment promotion of elementary education in of a large number of trained teachers and the district was Rs. 6,786.20 lakh in 2008- female teachers has brought down the pupil- 09, Between 2001-02 and 2008-09, the teacher ratio in the district. The dropout total expenditure for universalisation of rate in the district schools is lower than the elementary education in the district was state average. Literacy among ST, particularly Rs. 24,628.49 lakh as indicated in Table 2.18. among ST women has remained very low. Special schemes have been initiated by the 2.9. Conclusion government to cater to the needs of this deprived group. These special schemes There is a clear need for improving include scholarships, free text books, free elementary public education in the district. residential schools etc. Language stands In recent years, the coverage of elementary as a barrier in the way of education of ST education has been raised through children who speak different dialects. The government initiatives like the District district administration has recently decided Primary Education Programme and the to impart teaching in schools in a tribal Sarva Siksha Abhijan. The number of language. In order to make the public primary schools increased from 100 in 1949 education system more effective and efficient to 3,435 in 2007-08. Growth in the number for improving achievement standards and of schools at higher levels has also has been providing quality education, public schools phenomenal. School enrolment has been need additional financial support in the areas substantial in recent years. Literacy in the of infrastructure, curricular and co-curricular district has improved significantly from 5.20% programmes of schools.

Table 2.18: Expenditure for Elementary Education in Mayurbhanj, 2001-02 to 2008-09 (Rs. Lakh) Financial Year Programme DPEP SSA NPEGEL Scheme KGBV Scheme Total 2001-02 38.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.05 2002-03 372.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 372.25 2003-04 1,738.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,738.50 2004-05 2,389.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,389.90 2005-06 0.00 1,632.74 258.16 127.65 2,018.55 2006-07 0.00 2,695.42 482.62 330.62 3,508.66 2007-08 0.00 7,122.54 335.72 318.12 7,776.38 2008-09 0.00 6,208.87 291.32 286.01 6,786.20 Total 4,538.70 17,659.57 1,367.82 1,062.4 24,628.49

Source: SSA Office, Baripada

42 District Human Development Report Chapter 3 Healthcare

“It is health that is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver.” - Mahatma Gandhi

Healthcare

3.1. Introduction the ninth place among thirty districts of the State. Despite this, the health scenario The significance of human health in in Mayurbhanj leaves much to be desired. building a community’s capacity to realise The challenge is to reach out to vulnerable its full potential is widely acknowledged. tribal groups who live in remote and poorly Good health helps a person to enjoy accessible areas. better quality of life. The general healts accessibility to healthcare facilities. Within The indicators of health status in the district a region, the health risks of all are not present a mixed picture of achievements and the same. Marginalised groups, such as, failures. The Orissa Human Development Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and Report, 2004 estimated that 32.6% of women women are generally poor and thus, in the state married below 18 years of age, vulnerable to health problems. 50.13 % had delivery and post-delivery complications and 51.13 % had contraceptive As reported in the Orissa Human side effects. The proportion of women having Development Report 2004, the Health third and higher order births in the district Index of 0.782 for Mayurbhanj was higher was estimated at 45.1%, almost the same as than the corresponding state average that for the State (i.e., 45.48%). The Infant index of 0.468. The district occupied Mortality Rate (IMR), nutritional level of both

45 mother and child and endemicity of diseases the district is free from small pox, polio and also reflect the health status in a region. The leprosy. There are sporadic occurrences of IMR for the district, which was 97/1000 live chicken pox in the areas bordering West births in 1997 declined to 42/1,000 live births Bengal. A challenge to the health sector in in 2009 and the (MMR) stood at 320 /1, 00,000 the district is the disparity between rural and live births as per information given by the urban healthcare provision. These disparities CDMO, Baripada. Malnutrition and under- are also observed across blocks. The private nutrition among women and children are sector has a negligible role in providing high. The status of institutional deliveries healthcare in the district, except in some in the district has improved significantly urban areas. to about 70% through initiatives under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Even though the sanitation coverage of targets and monitorable indicators for the households in the district was very low at health sector are described above. MDGs 25.85% in 2008-09, it was still a significant in the health sector aim to reduce child and improvement over 1.22% just 5 years back maternal mortality improve antenatal care in 2003-04. and ensure safe delivery. HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases are also included in the The district is highly prone to malaria and TB. MDGs. The monitorable targets for health Seasonal diseases such as cholera, dysentery in Mayurbhanj vis-à-vis those for the State and diarrhoea affect a large number of and country during the 11th Plan are given people. But it is heartening to note that in Table 3.1.

Box 3.1: Millennium Development Goal 4 Reducing child mortality Indicators Target 4a: Reducing the mortality rate among children under five by two-thirds 4.1 Under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant Mortality Rate 4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

Box 3.2: Millennium Development Goal 5 Improving maternal health Indicators Target 5a: Reducing by three quarters, the Maternal Mortality Ratio 5.1 Maternal Mortality Ratio 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Target 5b: Achieving, universal access to reproductive health by 2015 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate 5.4 Adolescent birth rate 5.5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) 5.6 Unmet need for family planning

46 District Human Development Report Healthcare

Box 3.3: Millennium Development Goal 6 Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Indicators Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS 6.1 HIV prevalence among the population aged 15-24 years 6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS 6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years Target 6b: Achieve by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it 6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria 6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets 6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti- malarial drugs 6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis 6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course

3.2. Healthcare Infrastructure Headquarters hospital, 6 Area hospitals, 3 Sub-Divisional hospitals, 28 CHC and 74 PHC. Table 3.2 gives the status of healthcare There are also 600 Sub-Centres/Auxiliary Nurse infrastructure in Mayurbhanj. Allopathic Midwife (ANM) Centres. Two mobile health medical institutions are the backbone of the units are also operating in the district. There healthcare system. They comprise one District is one CHC in each block, but Bahalda and

Table 3.1: Monitorable Targets for Health during the 11th Plan Sl. Item Unit Target for Target for Situation in No. India Orissa Mayurbhanj 1 Infant Mortality Rate Per 1000 live births 50.00 50.00 42.00 2 Maternal Mortality Ratio Per 100,000 live births 301.00 358.00 320.00 3 Total Fertility Rate No. of children per 2.10 2.10 2.40 couple 4 Malnutrition of Children Percentage with weight 47.00 44.00 54.00 below 2 SD 5 Anemia among Women In percent 59.00 74.00 59.00 (15-59 years) 6 Crude Birth Rate Per 1000 population 23.60 22.00 18.87 7 Crude Death Rate Per 1000 population 7.20 9.30 7.60

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

47 Jashipur blocks have two CHCs each. The CHCs. The PHCs have 90 beds and other health block-wise distribution of PHCs is uneven. centres have 50 beds. Very backward blocks Though the number of PHC in most blocks with hilly terrains have relatively less number varies between 1 to 3, some blocks have 4 of health centres. There are only 8 private or 5 PHCs. The number of Sub-Centers per nursing homes in Baripada town and one in block ranges between 18 to 26. Out of 600 Karanjia town. Sub-Centers, 26 are Main Centers. There are 794 hospital beds in the district, out of which The public healthcare system in the district is 283 beds are in the district hospital, 136 in being supplemented by alternative systems the sub-divisional hospitals and 236 in the of medicine. There are 86 homeopathic

Table 3.2: Distribution of Health Institutions in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block/ District Area CHC/ Dispensary/ Maternity & Sub- TB Nursing Homeopathic Ayurvedic No. Urban Body Hospital Hospital UGPHC PHC (New) Child welfare centre/ Units Home Dispensary Dispensary /Sub Centre/ Mobile ANM Divisional health Units Centre Hospitals 1 Bahalda - - 2 1 - 26 - - 2 2 2 Bangiriposi - 1 1 4 - 24 - - 2 1 3 Barasahi - 1 1 4 1 38 1 - 2 2 4 Baripada 1 - 1 1 1 25 1 8 3 3 5 Betnati - 1 1 3 - 33 - - 2 3 6 Bijetola - - 1 2 - 18 - - - 2 7 Bisoi - - 1 2 - 20 1 - 2 1 8 G.B.Nagar - 1 1 4 - 19 - - 3 2 9 Jamda - - 1 2 - 16 - - 1 - 10 Jashipur - - 2 1 1 25 - - 3 - 11 Kaptipada - 1 1 5 - 31 - - 2 1 12 Karanjia 1 - 1 2 1 22 1 1 2 - 13 Khunta - - 1 2 - 18 - - - 3 14 Kuliana - - 1 4 - 25 - - 2 1 15 Kusumi - - 1 5 - 23 - - 1 2 16 Morada - 1 1 5 - 25 1 - 4 1 17 Rairangpur 1 - 1 2 1 16 1 - 2 1 18 Raruan - - 1 3 - 17 - - 1 - 19 Rasgovindpur - - 1 4 - 24 - - 2 2 20 Samakhunta - - 1 3 - 21 - - 1 1 21 Saraskana - - 1 3 - 24 - - 2 1 22 Sukruli - - 1 1 - 15 - - 1 - 23 Suliapada - - 1 4 - 24 - - 1 4 24 Thakurmunda - - 1 3 - 25 - - - - 25 Tiringi - - 1 1 - 14 - - 1 1 26 Udala 1 - 1 3 - 21 1 - 1 1 27 Baripada M ------43 1 28 Karanjia NAC - - - - - 3 - - - - 29 Rairangpur - - - - - 5 - - - - NAC 30 Udala NAC - - - - - 3 - - - 1 Mayurbhanj 4 6 28 74 5 600 7 9 86 37

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

48 District Human Development Report Healthcare

dispensaries, in which 39 doctors and 18 Considering institutional structure and homeo-assistants are working. However, staffing patterns of healthcare facilities and blocks such as, Bijetola, Khunta and population, healthcare infrastructure currently Thakurmunda have no homeopathic available in blocks is inadequate relative to dispensary. The tribals in the district have the requirement. It may be observed from a long tradition of treatment by herbs, roots Table 3.3 that the bed to population ratio and leaves. This has been handed down across blocks differs significantly and in from generation to generation. They feel many cases, deviates from the desired norm at home with this system of treatment and of 1:10,000 population. Though Baripada is have great faith in it. The ayurvedic system the most populous block of the district, it of medicine is the modern version of the has less number of beds and medical staff. traditional Kavirajee system. The district has Betnati with a population of 1, 28, 908 has 34 37 ayurvedic dispensaries, but distribution of beds and 11 doctors, whereas Barasahi with these dispensaries is uneven. While Suliapada less than half this population (60,341 persons) block has 4 ayurvedic dispensaries, 10 blocks has 24 beds and 10 doctors. and 2 NACs go without one. Acute shortage of healthcare services can be 3.3. Performance of the assessed when deviations from the norms District Hospital are taken into account. Norms have been fixed at the national level for provision of To assess the healthcare system in the district, better healthcare facilities in rural areas. a few standard performance indicators Going by these norms, a Sub-Center (SC) is such as bed-occupancy, bed-turnover and to serve 5,000 population in the plains or emergency admission rates for the district 3,000 population in tribal, hilly and backward headquarters hospital over a three year areas. The corresponding norm for a PHC is period (2006-08) are given in Chart 3.1. 30,000 and 20,000 people respectively. A CHC Bed-occupancy and bed turnover rates in is meant to serve 1 to 1.20 lakh population. the hospital are very high. Between 2006 The maximum population in any block of and 2008, the bed occupancy rate increased Mayurbhanj is around 1.25 lakhs and each from 135 to 155 and the bed turnover rate block has a CHC. There is a shortage of 12 declined from 189 to 149.8. This indicates PHCs and 1 Sub-Centre in the district. The that people are increasingly accessing public shortage of 3 PHCs in Baripada block and healthcare services. Emergency admission rate in the hospital increased from 17 in Chart 3.1: Performance Indicators of District Hospital, Mayurbhanj, 2006-08 2006 to 20 in 2008, registering an increase of about 18 %. 200 189 189 180 155 3.4. Rural Healthcare System 160 140 149.8 120 135 Providing required healthcare to rural people 135 100 is a challenge. The NRHM is working to 80 address this issue in the district. Healthcare Percentage 60 facilities are to be located in a region on 40 17 18 20 the basis of population and people’s 20 accessibility. Information about rural 0 2006 2007 2008 healthcare infrastructure in Mayurbhanj is Year Bed Turnover Rate Bed Occupancy Rate given in Table 3.3.

49 Table 3.3: Healthcare Personnel in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. Block Total Doctors/ Pharmacists Govt. LHV/ ANMs AWC Homeo Homeo Ayurvedic No. Beds Medical & Lab Staff Nurses Female Workers Doctor Asst. Doctors/ Officers Health Position Kavirajee Asst. 1 Bahalda 22 9 3 7 3 28 107 1 1 2 2 Bangiriposi 24 9 6 4 3 28 133 1 1 1 3 Barasahi 24 10 6 4 5 39 205 2 2 2 4 Baripada 6 3 2 0 6 26 98 3 1 3 5 Betnati 34 11 5 4 4 35 183 2 0 3 6 Bijetola 6 4 3 0 3 19 103 0 0 2 7 Bisoi 22 6 3 4 3 22 106 1 1 1 8 G.B. Nagar 24 9 7 7 2 22 119 3 1 2 9 Jamda 6 4 3 0 2 17 86 1 0 0 10 Jashipur 22 10 4 4 4 26 134 3 0 0 11 Kaptipada 22 10 7 2 4 33 181 2 1 1 12 Karanjia 16 5 4 5 4 24 129 2 0 0 13 Khunta 16 7 3 2 3 21 112 0 0 3 14 Kuliana 6 6 5 0 3 27 140 2 1 1 15 Kusumi 16 9 6 2 3 26 125 1 0 2 16 Morada 38 14 8 5 4 28 166 4 3 1 17 Rairangpur 6 4 3 0 3 18 82 2 1 1 18 Raruan 6 5 4 0 2 19 95 1 1 0 19 Rasgovindpur 6 8 5 0 3 27 119 2 2 2 20 Samakhunta 6 5 4 0 3 22 121 1 1 1 21 Saraskana 16 6 4 1 3 27 127 2 0 1 22 Sukruli 16 4 2 5 2 169 72 1 0 0 23 Suliapada 16 8 5 1 3 26 142 1 0 4 24 Thakurmunda 24 8 5 2 4 27 125 0 0 0 25 Tiringi 6 3 2 0 2 15 71 0 0 1 26 Udala 6 5 4 0 4 22 103 1 1 1 Mayurbhanj 412 182 113 59 85 793 3184 39 18 35

Source: CDMO & DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

one in Betnati block would not matter much Baripada block to 16.57 in Barasahi block. as the people there access the services of It does not matter much for Baripada the district headquarters hospital located block as the district headquarters hospital in nearby Baripada town. But other blocks is nearby. There are proportionately less facing a shortage of PHC are backward regions, doctors, around 6 per lakh population in which need them the most. The problem backward and remote blocks like Bijetola, gets aggravated when there are long-term Karanjia, Kuliana, Samakhunta and Tiringi. vacancies of doctors and para-medical staff in The numbers of hospital beds are also less PHCs / CHCs. Vacancies of doctors and other in these blocks. healthcare staff in 2008 are given in Table 3.4. As shown in Table 3.6, the performance The number of doctors per 100,000 indicators for the functioning of PHCs and population in the blocks varies from 2.29 in CHCs in different blocks are not uniform.

50 District Human Development Report Healthcare

Bed-turnover rates in PHCs / CHCs of the high in a PHC/CHC of a block where both blocks vary from 8 % to 502.7 %. The bed bed occupancy and bed turnover rates are occupancy rates vary from 2.4% to 162.7% high. The performance of a health outlet and the range of variation in emergency depends on the quality of service provided, admission rates lies between 0.3% to ease of access and health awareness 17.6%. The emergency admission rate is of people.

Table 3.4: Vacancy Positions in PHC & CHC of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Staff Sanctioned In position Vacancy Percentage of Number Position Vacancies Doctors 286 245 41 14.33 ANMs/Female Health Workers 666 623 43 06.50 Health Worker/Male Health Asst. 264 138 126 47.72 Pharmacists & Staff 132 116 16 12.12 Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

Table 3.5: Ratio Analysis of Healthcare Indicators in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block/ Doctors Beds per Inpatient to total Outpatient to Total patient to total No. Urban Body per lakh 10,000 population (%) total population population (%) population population (%) 1 Bahalda 11.87 2.90 4.70 39.58 44.28 2 Bangiriposi 9.83 2.62 2.15 74.71 76.86 3 Barasahi 16.57 3.98 15.96 165.07 181.03 4 Baripada 2.29 0.46 0.07 22.29 22.37 5 Betnati 8.53 2.64 15.60 81.85 97.46 6 Bijetola 6.88 1.03 0.09 66.31 66.40 7 Bisoi 8.99 3.30 11.56 105.37 116.93 8 Gopabandhunagar 13.57 3.62 8.69 90.50 99.18 9 Jamda 7.17 1.08 0.61 71.75 72.36 10 Jashipur 11.26 2.48 12.45 58.10 70.55 11 Kaptipada 7.91 1.74 2.13 61.08 63.21 12 Karanjia 6.14 1.97 2.82 59.63 62.45 13 Khunta 10.21 2.33 6.52 126.44 132.96 14 Kuliana 6.77 0.68 1.11 45.23 46.34 15 Kusumi 10.95 1.95 0.00 20.07 20.07 16 Morada 14.89 4.04 9.01 125.30 134.32 17 Rairangpur 7.14 1.07 NA NA NA 18 Raruan 8.47 1.02 1.87 85.60 87.47 19 Rasgovindpur 9.57 0.72 0.00 20.07 20.07 20 Samakhunta 5.59 0.67 0.30 95.47 95.76 21 Saraskana 8.46 2.26 2.06 23.66 25.72 22 Sukruli 7.66 3.06 10.84 60.04 70.88 23 Suliapada 8.69 1.74 2.61 82.36 84.97 24 Thakurmunda 8.88 2.66 5.38 77.53 82.91 25 Tiringi 6.18 1.24 4.45 48.40 52.84 26 Udala 7.48 0.90 0.40 84.60 85.01

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

51 3.5. Maternal and Child women across urban and rural areas of the Health district. In 2008-09, the maximum crude birth rate (CBR) in the rural sector was 40.47 3.5.1. Maternal Health in Thakurmunda block. But in urban centres, Reproductive and child health is an important the minimum rate was 64.37 in Baripada concern for any healthcare system. This Municipality and maximum rate was 238.75 programme is closely linked to the MDGs. in Udala NAC. Some of the rural population Provision of maternal healthcare services to arranges deliveries in urban centres because ensure safe delivery and motherhood is a major of poor health infrastructure in the rural thrust of this programme. As indicated in Table health outlets. This has pushed up CBR 3.1, the maternal and child health status in the in urban areas of the district. The General district is close to the national norm. Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR), total live births per 1000 married women in the reproductive However, as is evident from Table 3.7, there age group of 15 to 49 years in the district was is a wide difference in the health status of high, i.e.,103.5. GMFR varies widely across

Table 3.6: Performance Indicators of Rural Hospitals in Mayurbhanj, 2008 (in %) Sl. No. PHC/CHC Bed Turnover Bed Occupancy Emergency Admission Rate Rate Rate 1 Barasahi 401.29 109.94 6.30 2 Kusumi NA NA NA 3 Bangiriposi 81.80 22.43 2.70 4 Betnati 401.00 162.06 16.20 5 Bijetola 8.66 2.37 0.83 6 GB Nagar 279.30 76.52 4.90 7 Rairangpur NA NA NA 8 Jamda 56.33 15.43 0.80 9 Bahalda 502.70 137.74 17.60 10 Jashipur 162.10 44.42 10.60 11 Kaptipada 122.30 33.51 NA 12 Khunta 240.00 65.75 8.70 13 Morada 223.00 68.10 6.70 14 Suliapada 150.30 41.19 3.00 15 Baripada 16.30 4.47 0.30 16 Kuliana 163.30 44.74 2.30 17 Bisoi 350.60 96.06 9.80 18 Samakhunta 44.16 12.10 0.30 19 Raruan 183.60 50.31 2.10 20 Rasgovindpur NA NA NA 21 Sarasakana 91.25 25.00 8.00 22 Sukruli 353.80 96.00 1.50 23 Udala 45.00 12.30 0.40 24 Karanjia 143.30 39.34 4.50 25 Tiringi 358.00 98.50 8.40 26 Thakurmunda 202.00 55.36 6.40 Mayurbhanj 4580.09 1313.64 122.33

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

52 District Human Development Report Healthcare

regions, ranging from 23.8 in Samakhunta from. The proportion of the 3rd or higher order block to 746.44 in Rairangpur NAC. deliveries in urban areas is less than that in rural areas. Relatively more educated women in The pregnancy burden of women can be urban areas are conscious of the antecedent gauged from the third and higher order problems of higher order births. The scenario deliveries. In 2009, 15.92% deliveries were of of the 3rd and higher order births across blocks the 3rd or higher order. This speaks of a longer is almost the same. The lowest rate of about reproductive span and associated child bearing 14% in Bisoi block is not very different from problems that the women in the district suffer the highest rate of 22.5% in Samakhunta block.

Table 3.7: Maternal Health Situations in Mayurbhanj, 2009 Sl. Block / Number of Crude Birth General Marital 3rd & higher-order Live No. Urban Body eligible couples Rate Fertility Rate births reported (%) births 1 Bahalda 14,760 11.68 64.91 17.41 958 2 Bangiriposi 18,360 15.44 85.78 21.46 1,575 3 Barasahi 25,740 14.00 77.78 17.03 2,002 4 Baripada 16,740 8.74 34.47 21.02 577 5 Betnati 26,100 15. 92 88.43 17.23 2,308 6 Bijetola 11,340 9.81 54.50 21.83 618 7 Bisoi 13,140 20.34 113.01 13.62 1,485 8 Gopabandhunagar 12,960 9.97 55.41 17.23 784 9 Jamda 10,800 5.35 29.72 16.41 321 10 Jashipur 17,460 19.06 105.90 17.53 1,849 11 Kaptipada 25,920 16.26 90.35 16.69 2,342 12 Karanjia 16,200 9.62 53.46 19.98 866 13 Khunta 13,500 10.49 58.26 22.38 755 14 Kuliana 17,640 9.32 51.76 19.72 913 15 Kusumi 16,020 16.34 90.76 18.62 1,454 16 Morada 18,540 14.40 79.99 18.01 1,483 17 Rairangpur 10,980 6.98 38.80 18.23 426 18 Raruan 11,880 12.50 69.44 18.06 825 19 Rasgovindpur 17,100 11.95 66.37 18.99 1,135 20 Samakhunta 14,580 4.19 23.75 22.56 339 21 Saraskana 18,000 14.61 81.17 17.91 1,461 22 Sukruli 16,200 19.36 69.32 17.24 1,123 23 Suliapada 18,360 12.15 67.48 18.71 1,239 24 Thakurmunda 18,720 40.47 114.58 16.81 2,145 25 Tiringi 9,540 6.22 67.82 20.63 647 26 Udala 13,320 5.42 30.11 18.84 401 27 Baripada M 15,660 64.37 468.58 9.49 7,338 28 Karanjia NAC 4,320 127.96 710.88 9.38 3,071 29 Rairangpur NAC 4,500 134.36 746.44 10.81 3,359 30 Udala NAC 2,160 238.75 132.64 20.28 2,865 Mayurbhanj 450,540 18.87 103.49 15.92 46,664

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

53 3.5.1.1. Antenatal care incidence of which is higher in medical centres. Providing adequate antenatal care for healthy Home deliveries are conducted by traditional motherhood and childbirth is one of the village birth attendants or quacks who do Millennium Development Goals. Antenatal not have the requisite training. These home care in the district is inadequate. In 2008, the deliveries are conducted under unhygienic proportion of pregnant women receiving full conditions by following traditional procedures ANC, two or more tetanus immunisation and and rituals that are generally unsafe and create the full quota of Amino Folic Acid (AFA) tablets complications for both the mother and the child. was 24.25%, 35.35% and 55.9 % respectively. There has been a spurt in institutional deliveries These figures have been corroborated by in recent years. It may be observed from Chart the ‘People’s Audit of Health, Education and 3.2 that the proportion of institutional deliveries Livelihoods’ (PAHELI) study1 in 2009. As regards in the district increased from 10.43% in 2003- to availing various antenatal care services, the 04 to 69.75% in 2008-09, registering about a situation is not very different across blocks and seven fold increase in five years. This has been urban areas as may be seen from Table 3.8. possible because of a considerble amount of work done under NRHM. But, still 30% deliveries Many factors contribute to low antennal, are conducted at home. Our primary survey natal and post-natal care in the district. In also recorded 64.81% institutional deliveries many remote blocks, there is a shortage of in a sample of 3,000 households spread over paramedical staff. ANMs are required to the district. The PAHELI study, 2009 also cover long distances to extend antenatal reports that 57% deliveries were conducted care. In many cases, beneficiaries may not in government hospitals. ASHA workers have be present at home during the ANM’s visit played a significant role by helping pregnant and therefore may not be in a position to women reach health centres for delivery and avail this benefit. avail institutional health services.

A primary survey conducted for DHDR gives The delivery status in blocks and urban bodies a better status of ante- and post- natal care of the district in 2008-09 is given in Table services availed by the respondents. About 3.9. Out of 47,921 deliveries in the district in 76.05% of 3,000 sample households surveyed 2008-2009, 33,427 (69.75%) were conducted reported that their women were talking Iron institutionally and 14,494 (30.25%) were home and Folic Acid (IFA) tablets during pregnancy deliveries. In rural areas, the proportion of and 63 % going for antenatal check ups. institutional deliveries was as low as 52.91%. Around 40.41% of these respondents had This was quite high (i.e., more than 99.64%) gone for 3 ante-natal check-ups, while 2.34% in urban areas. The highest proportion of and 17.01% had gone for 4 and 2 check-ups institutional deliveries (79%) was reported in respectively. These observations are in line Barasahi block followed by Khunta and Bisoi with the PAHELI survey which showed that block (more than 78%). In Samakhunta block, 77.8% of pregnant women had received IFA there were only 16 institutional deliveries tablets and 55.4% had gone for at least one during the year. ante-natal check-up. Safe deliveries can be done if trained 3.5.1.2. Delivery Status personnel are available. Dais, the traditional The state of the health of women as that of birth attendants and ASHA workers are children is highly dependent on safe delivery the available in almost all villages. They help

1 PAHELI survey conducted by Human Development Foundation, Bhubaneswar

54 District Human Development Report Healthcare

Table 3.8: Antenatal Care among Eligible Couples of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block / Eligible couples Pregnant Women (%) No. Urban Body (Number) Full ANC Two or more Receiving full quota TT doses IFA tablet/syrup 1 Bahalda 14,760 20.89 24.10 67.10 2 Bangiriposi 18,360 29.56 35.80 45.50 3 Barasahi 25,740 23.84 31.50 51.10 4 Baripada 16,740 26.56 40.20 59.50 5 Betnati 26,100 23.51 32.40 100.30 6 Bijetola 11,340 25.54 36.50 66.30 7 Bisoi 13,140 25.81 32.60 74.60 8 Gopabandhunagar 12,960 26.74 29.80 69.30 9 Jamda 10,800 27.45 33.20 68.50 10 Jashipur 17,460 30.23 35.90 48.20 11 Kaptipada 25,920 26.11 47.80 65.70 12 Karanjia 16,200 31.13 20.70 51. 00 13 Khunta 13,500 24.10 31.90 46. 00 14 Kuliana 17,640 14.44 31. 00 64.40 15 Kusumi 16,020 27.77 38.80 65.20 16 Morada 18,540 24.02 31.80 48.50 17 Rairangpur 10,980 23.42 33.30 107.10 18 Raruan 11,880 20.99 30.30 51.10 19 Rasgovindpur 17,100 22.91 35.80 87.80 20 Samakhunta 14,580 24.04 36.80 61.10 21 Saraskana 18,000 26.18 35.90 55.10 22 Sukruli 16,200 15.22 27.20 59.80 23 Suliapada 18,360 18.06 34.70 60.50 24 Thakurmunda 18,720 27.10 35.10 33.70 25 Tiringi 9,540 24.48 34.60 60.90 26 Udala 13,320 22.61 37.50 18. 00 27 Baripada M 15,660 21.35 46.11 0.00 28 Karanjia NAC 4,320 14.42 46. 00 47.60 29 Rairangpur NAC 4,500 28.07 60.20 16.70 30 Udala NAC 2,160 41.57 31.10 26.20 Mayurbhanj 4,50,540 24.25 35.30 55.90 Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj Baripada

Chart 3.2: Delivery Status in Mayurbhanj, 2003-04 to 2008-09

Home Delivery Safe Delivery Institutional Delivery 120 95.7 95 100 95 93.44 94.18

80 76.65 89.56 69.75 56.89 62.11 75.13 60 72.63

Percentage 40 30.25 23.34 24.86 43.11 37.88 20 10.43

0 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Year

55 pregnant women in reaching the health health centres and a few went to private centre or conduct deliveries at home with nursing homes. About 63% households better safety standards. Interaction with with childbirths during the last one year in people in Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) the district reported institutional deliveries. during the DHDR sample survey showed The PAHELI survey also revealed that 56.8% that quite a good proportion of households households availed institutional facilities were organising deliveries in government for delivery.

Table 3.9: Delivery Status in Blocks /Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2009 Sl. Block / Total Delivery Home Delivery Institutional Institutional No. Urban Body Delivery (no.) Delivery (%) 1 Bahalda 983 504 479 48.73 2 Bangiriposi 1,625 696 929 57.17 3 Barasahi 2,026 419 1,607 79.32 4 Baripada 597 530 67 11.22 5 Betnati 2,335 595 1,740 74.52 6 Bijetola 631 402 229 36.29 7 Bisoi 1,539 335 1,204 78.23 8 Gopabandhunagar 768 303 465 60.55 9 Jamda 333 189 144 43.24 10 Jashipur 1,878 876 1,002 53.35 11 Kaptipada 2,405 1,854 551 22.91 12 Karanjia 884 591 293 33.14 13 Khunta 778 164 614 78.92 14 Kuliana 924 555 369 39.94 15 Kusumi 1,495 767 728 48.70 16 Morada 1,543 439 1,104 71.55 17 Rairangpur 430 318 112 26.05 18 Raruan 836 572 264 31.58 19 Rasgovindpur 1,151 440 711 61.77 20 Samakhunta 345 329 16 4.64 21 Sarasakana 1,495 607 888 59.40 22 Sukruli 1,134 507 627 55.29 23 Suliapada 1,254 525 729 58.13 24 Thakurmunda 2,195 1,239 956 43.55 25 Tiringi 658 475 183 27.81 26 Udala 405 200 205 50.62 Rural Total 30,647 14,431 16,216 52.91 27 Baripada M 7,650 14 7,636 99.82 28 Rairangpur NAC 3,486 29 3,457 99.17 29 Karanjia NAC 3,188 0 3,188 100.00 30 Udala NAC 2,950 20 2,930 99.32 Urban Total 17,274 63 17,211 99.64 Mayurbhanj 47,921 14,494 33,427 69.75

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

56 District Human Development Report Healthcare

The present situation can be improved from 2002-03 to 2008-09. It may be observed further by training more local women as Dais from the Table 3.10 that the achievement rate and engaging more ASHAs. A total of 3,139 of sterilisation increased from 31% in 2002- ASHAs are currently required in the district, 03 to 92% in 2008-09. With respect to Intra but only 2,986 have been recruited so far. The Uterine Devices (IUDs), the achievement rate shortfall is 153 or 5.12%. The shortage of Dais increased from 86% in 2002-03 to about is glaring. There are only 1,694 Dais as against 94% in 2008-09. The use of OP (Oral Pills) the required 3,748. There is a shortage of exhibited high rates of achievement in almost 54.8%. In the recent DHDR household all the years under reference whereas the survey, 89.20% respondents expressed their achievement of the Condom Contraceptive satisfaction with ASHAs. (CC) programme declined from 90% in 2002- 03 to about 81% in 2008-09. The achievement 3.5.1.3 Family Welfare Programmes rate of Medical Termination of Pregnancy The RCH-2 Programme (2004) found that (MTP) showed an upward trend from 81 % in about 53% of women were using some 2002 – 03 to 90% in 2008 – 09. Oral Pills (OP) kind of contraception, both traditional and as a method of birth control has very high modern methods. According to the survey, acceptance. Sterilisation is the least preferred adoption of contraceptive methods in Jamda family planning method as its achievement block was the lowest with only 1.54% of IUD rates are less than 50% in some blocks. In and 1.45% of Oral Pill (OP) users. The use of the recent DHDR primary survey conducted contraceptives in the district was found to in Mayurbhanj, 52% respondents reported be the highest at the end of the reproductive to be adopting a family planning method. span. The survey observed that contraceptive use also increased with the increase in the 3.5.2. Child Health number of surviving children. The rate of 3.5.2.1. Infant Mortality use of contraceptives by women was higher Infant and Child Mortality Rates are at 43.2% for those women who had no living important indicators of the status of child daughter than those who had no living son. health and nutrition. The State had a high Only 21.6% women with no surviving son IMR of 71 (2007). Infant mortality could be used contraceptive. neonatal or post-neonatal. The latter type of infant deaths has been declining in Orissa The use of various family planning methods because of increase in general awareness of has been increasing in the district. This is the people and improvement in healthcare because of the promotional efforts of the services.* IMR data are collected at district existing family welfare programmes. Table level by the health sector as well as through 3.10 analyses the use of various family ICDS functionaries. The data are marshalled planning methods in the district over time by the CDMO, Mayurbhanj and reported to

Table 3.10: Use of Family Planning Methods in Mayurbhanj, 2002-2009. (in %) Year Sterilisation I.U.D. C.C. O. P. M.T.P. 2002-03 31.00 86.00 90 .00 105.00 81.16 2003-04 86.00 93.00 88.00 114.00 88.82 2004-05 85.00 99.00 103.00 117.00 80.82 2005-06 56.47 100.00 96.00 104.00 88.31 2006-07 87.20 99. 70 107.70 121.00 99.12 2007-08 87. 15 99. 70 107.73 120.00 100.11 2008-09 92.00 93. 80 81.10 84.30 91.82

Source: DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

57 Chart 3.3: Infant Mortality Rate in Mayurbhanj, 2001-08

44 42.3 42.03 42 41.2

40 41 40 38.3 38.2 IMR 38 38.3 37.2 36

34 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

the State Government. As per the Orissa children aged between 0-3 years and Human Development Report 2004, the IMR 3-6 years was reported to be 57.46% and for Mayurbhanj was 45 in 1999. Over a period 59.65% respectively. The block wise status of of 10 years, it has declined to about 42 in malnourished children, as given in Table 3.12, 2009. Chart 3.3 depicts annual variations in varied from the lowest (52.53%) in Saraskana IMR from 2001 to 2009. block to the highest (66.79%) in Suliapada block. In any case, more than half of the IMRs in blocks and urban areas of the district rural children in the 0-6 years age group were are given in Table 3.11. IMR ranged between reported as malnourished. 28 for Barasahi block and 94 for Udala block during 2009. Very high IMR has been recorded The malnourished children are classified in Bijetola (78), Baripada (75), Kaptipada (73), into four grades, Grade-I being the least Jashipur (67), Karanjia (67) and Thakurmunda and Grade IV being the most malnourished. (65) blocks. Blocks with low IMR were Bahalda Of the total of malnourished children in the (30), Sarasakana (34), Sukruli (34) and Tiringii (35). district, 72.36% were categorised as Grade I, No correlation was observed between IMR and 25.64 %, as Grade II, 1.54% as Grade III and development at the block level. IMR is low in 0.14%, as Grade IV. It may be observed that blocks where people’s health awareness is more about one-fourth of children suffered from and they can access healthcare services easily. moderate malnutrition and an additional 2% from severe malnutrition. 3.5.2.2. Child Malnutrition Child malnutrition in Orissa in general and 3.5.2.3. Incidence of Diseases among Mayurbhanj in particular has been reported as Children high. As per the RCH-2 Survey (2004), about Malnourished children are more vulnerable 48% children in Mayurbhanj were found to to infectious diseases. Diarrhoeal diseases, be underweight and 17.80% were severely Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTI) or underweight. In 2007-08, 58.50% children in pneumonia, and enteric fever are the major the 0-6 years age group were malnourished. diseases affecting children under five years of The incidence of malnourishment among age. It was reported that 56,906 children in

* These data refer to only registered cases as reported by HMIS and ICDS

58 District Human Development Report Healthcare

Table 3.11: Infant Mortality Rates in Blocks and Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2009 Block/Urban Body IMR Bahalda 30 Bangiriposi 45 Barasahi 28 Baripada 75 Betnati 37 Bijetola 78 Bisoi 48 G.B. Nagar 54 Jamda 42 Jashipur 67 Kaptipada 73 Karanjia 67 Khunta 40 Kuliana 50 Kusumi 49 Morada 41 Rairangpur 66 Raruan 48 Rasgovindpur 62 Samakhunta 82 Sarasakana 34 Sukruli 34 Suliapada 29 Thakurmunda 65 Tiringii 35 Udala 94 Baripada (M) 26 Rairangpur (NAC) 30 Udala (NAC) 3 Karanjia (NAC) 27 Mayurbhanj 42

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada the district were affected by various diseases (ARTI), known as pneumonia, which affected in 2008. Table 3.13 gives the distribution 36.59% children. Of all sick children, more of affected children in its rural and urban than 73% were from rural areas and only areas. It may be observed from the Table that about 27% came from urban areas. DHDR 25.21% children in rural areas and 26.94% in primary survey also showed a very high urban areas suffered from diarrhoea, a major proportion of diarrhoea affected child cause of children’s sickness in Mayurbhanj. patients (54.37%). The PAHELI survey, 2009 Another fatal disease among infants and reported even a higher percentage (63.40%) children is acute respiratory tract infection of diarrhoea affected child patients.

59 Table 3.12: Distribution of Malnourished Children in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007- 08 Sl. Block Total Malnourished Malnourished Malnourished No. Children Children (0-3 Children (3-6 Children (0-6 Weighted years) (%) years) (%) years) (%) 1 Bahalda 9,256 54.25 57.50 55.83 2 Bangiriposi 12,557 57.37 57.09 57.24 3 Barasahi 15,973 52.72 56.62 54.62 4 Baripada 11,386 55.65 56.07 55.85 5 Betnati 18,002 53.66 54.76 54.19 6 Bijetola 8,609 60.81 61.29 61.05 7 Bisoi 9,101 59.45 60.37 59.89 8 G. B. Nagar 8,299 49.63 60.26 54.73 9 Jamda 8,266 55.69 56.26 55.98 10 Jashipur 10,772 61.71 69.37 64.74 11 Kaptipada 20,851 58.88 60.74 59.73 12 Karanjia 9,799 60.71 66.16 62.81 13 Khunta 8,114 57.93 59.41 58.65 14 Kuliana 11,823 55.23 58.80 56.98 15 Kusumi 10,204 54.70 61.30 57.32 16 Morada 12,186 54.79 58.74 56.87 17 Rairangpur 7,616 58.45 60.13 59.27 18 Raruan 8,479 54.97 57.58 56.26 19 Rasgovindpur 10,620 60.47 60.51 60.49 20 Samakhunta 9,785 57.91 58.19 58.06 21 Sarasakana 11,613 57.32 47.30 52.53 22 Sukruli 6,594 56.22 58.48 57.23 23 Suliapada 8,927 63.87 70.02 66.79 24 Thakurmunda 14,297 62.59 65.78 64.04 25 Tiringi 6,582 63.86 64.33 64.10 26 Udala 8,407 57.78 65.46 61.48 Mayurbhanj 2,78,118 57.46 59.65 58.50

Source: CDMO & DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada.

An attempt was made to assess the awareness hands after taking food and 46.90% before levels of people relating to diarrhoea and taking food. other sicknesses. Most people interviewed reported to be aware of diarrhoea symptoms 3.5.2.4. Immunisation and Nutrition and what to do when a child suffers from Programmes diarrhoea. Poor sanitation and hygiene in rural Immunisaton programmes have been households contributed to a large number of implemented and received well in the district. diarrhea cases. Narrations by respondents There is a very high degree of achievement in revealed unhygienic habits of local people. the vaccination programme. Table 3.14 reports Of the total respondents in the sample survey, the extent of target achievements in the only 0.45 % reported the use of boiled water district from 2003-04 to 2008-09. In 2008-09, for drinking and 2.16 % did not wash their immunisation for BCG (109.90%) exceeded

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Table 3.13: Incidence of Selected Diseases among Children in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Region Fever Affected Common Fever Affected by any Affected by Diarrhoea Total Mayurbhanj ARTI Affected Diarrhoea with blood Patients (%) Rural 13508 9639 10518 8053 41718 73.31 (32.37) (23.10) (25.21) (19.30) (100) Urban 7319 2685 4092 1092 15188 26.69 (48.18) (17.67) (26.94) (7.18) (100) Mayurbhanj 20827 12324 14610 9598 56906 99.21 (36.59) (21.65) (25.67) (16.86) (100)

*Figures in parentheses indicate percentages

Source: Office of CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada, the target. The achievement rate for measles supplementary nutrition under the (88.80%) was found to be the least. The “Supplementary Nutritional Programme” reported achievement rates of programmes (SNP) to pregnant women, nursing mothers across blocks show very high variations. and children below the age of 6. Table 3.15 Timely availability of vaccines at immunisation gives the status of the implementation of points is critical. It has in fact been ensured SNP in the district from 2003-04 to 2008- through NRHM initiatives. Health awareness 09. It may be observed from the table that of people has been raised through popular coverage under the programme has been campaigns, for which achievement rates of consistently more than 95% in all years, immunisation have gone up appreciably in under reference, in 2008-09, out of 3,07,260 the district. DHDR primary survey revealed eligible female and child beneficiaries, that parents are particular about giving their 2,93,678 (i.e. 95.58%) received the benefits children the required immunisation doses. and only 14,021 (i.e. 3.59%) remained outside About 90% of the respondents had availed all the reach of the programme. In Kusumi, immunisation facilities under the programme. Sukruli and Raruan blocks, all beneficiaries The PAHELI study also showed that about 97% accessed the benefits. Our primary survey respondents received immunisation cards and showed that sometimes women were more other health services. concerned about loss of wages on the days of their visit to the Anganwadi Centre (AWC) To reduce malnutrition among new born to avail SNP assistance. It also revealed that children and women (both in pre and in some cases, children stayed away from the post-natal conditions), the State provides benefits because of the distance they had

Table 3.14: Achievement of Immunisation Programme in Mayurbhanj, 2003-09 Vaccine Achievement Rates (%) 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 T.T.(PW) 96.00 93.00 95.00 96.70 93.40 90.20 DPT 112.00 99.00 104.00 100.10 92.20 92.30 POLIO 112.00 102.00 104.00 100.10 92.10 97.40 BCG 107.00 101.00 117.00 105.20 97.00 109.90 MEASLES 105.00 96.00 103.00 97.30 91.70 88.80 D.T. 80.00 116.00 142.00 113.30 101.80 90.30

Source: DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

61 to travel, their dislike of cooked food or the for ‘Panchbyadhi’, i.e., five major diseases that indifference of their parents. accounted for very high patient load and many deaths in most parts of the State. These five 3.6. Endemicity of Diseases diseases include malaria, acute respiratory infection, diarrhoea, leprosy and scabies. The people of Mayurbhanj face multiple health Benefits from this programme can be gauged hazards. Acute respiratory tract infection or from the patient load of the diseases, as given pneumonia is the most common disease in in Table 3.17. the district. Respiratory diseases like common cold and cough reach their peak during Table 3.18 analyses reported deaths in the winter. Table 3.16 describes the burden of district by major causes in 2008. It may be communicable diseases in Mayurbhanj in observed from the table that of the 16,793 2008. It may be observed from the table that reported deaths in that year, 78.40% deaths 1, 98,087 persons (i.e. about 9% of the district occurred in rural areas and 21.60% in urban population) were affected by one or other areas. Rural patients go to urban medical centres communicable diseases. 64% suffered from for better treatment as rural health centres lack acute respiratory tract infection or pneumonia many services. Some of the transferred rural and 34% from acute dirrhoeal diseases. patients succumb to their conditions in urban These two groups of diseases accounted for hospitals thereby increasing the number of 98% of the patient load of the identified six urban deaths. major diseases of the district. Contaminated water contributes to increased occurrence of People in the district also suffer from severe diarrhoeal diseases, particularly during the neurological diseases arising from neurosis, rainy season. Enteric fever and tuberculosis alcohol addiction and personality problems. accounted for 1% each of total patient load in The toll of psycho-somatic disorders arising that year. Though neo-natal tetanus claimed from emotional problem is considerable. It only 30 lives in the year, it is indicative of may be observed from Table 3.18 that 39.80% the extent of callousness of people during deaths were due to diseases of the nervous delivery and their lack of sanitation habits. system, followed by 19.22% deaths caused by Malaria is also endemic in the district. pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium. In 2008, diseases of the circulatory system (i.e., anemia, The State Government launched its own heart attack and others) and respiratory system innovative scheme in 2001 to provide free (i.e., asthma, bronchitis, TB and pneumonia) treatment including free medicines to patients caused 12.25% and 6.62% deaths respectively.

Table 3.15: Status of Implementation of Supplementary Nutrition Programme in Mayurbhanj, 2003-09 Year Targeted Beneficiaries Coverage of Beneficiaries (Number) Number Percentage 2003-04 271,400 258,997 95.43 2004-05 271,400 261,765 96.45 2005-06 271,400 259,648 95.67 2006-07 271,400 267,889 98.71 2007-08 339,250 286,221 84.37 2008-09 307,260 293,670 95.58

Source: DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

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Table 3.16: Burden of Communicable Diseases in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Disease Out- Patient Department (OPD) In- Patient Department (IPD) Total (OPD+IPD) Percent No. Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 Acute 34,005 26,867 60,872 3,972 3,244 7,216 37,977 30,111 68,088 34 Diarrhoeal Diseases 2 Viral Hepatitis 8 8 7 7 15 15 0 3 Acute 70,071 51,412 1,21,483 2,541 1,976 4,517 72,612 53,388 1,26,000 64 Respiratory Infection & Pneumonia 4 Enteric Fever 903 585 1,488 353 245 598 1,256 830 2,086 1 5 Tetanus 11 4 15 11 4 15 22 8 30 0 Neonatal 6 Tuberculosis 1,172 567 1,739 88 41 129 1,260 608 1,868 1 Mayurbhanj 1,06,170 79,435 1,85,605 6,972 5,510 12,482 1,13,142 84,945 1,98,087 100

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

3.6.1. Malaria have declined over time due to vigorous efforts Malaria is a major public health concern in made by the State. There were 37,988 positive Orissa. The State’s share in this vector-borne cases and 55 deaths in 1997. These numbers disease is 23% of the total malarial cases came down to 11,974 and 5 respectively in in the country. The predominance of the 2008. In the year 2008, 4, 12,897 cases were deadly Plasmodium Falciparum (PF) species suspected of malaria, but only 11,974 (i.e, 2.9%) is responsible for severe (cerebral) malaria. were diagnosed positive and given treatment. Malaria often takes an epidemic form in The treatment success rate was almost 100% Mayurbhanj. Most of its people live in high- as only 5 patients died of malaria in that year. risk malaria prone areas in and around forests. Chart 3.4 shows a consistent decline in malarial Excessive vegetation, water logging and open deaths in Mayurbhanj. manure pits where mosquitoes generally breed, cause malaria. The disease reaches its The State has taken several steps to control peak during rainy and winter seasons. Table malaria in a planned way. The National Anti- 3.19 gives the number of positive malaria cases Malaria Programme and Enhanced Malaria and consequential deaths in the district from Control Programme have been implemented 1997 to 2008. It is, however, interesting to note in the district. Activities under these that the number of malarial cases and deaths programmes are carried out by the district

Table 3.17: Panchbyadhi Patients in Mayurbhanj, 2006 - 2009 Diseases Patients (Number) 2006 2007 2008 2009* ARI 1,10,173 82,400 1,91,385 38,406 Diarrhoea 65,609 47,843 1,07,351 27,466 Scabies 20,688 21,936 56,605 10,481 Malaria Positive Cases 17,906 14,176 11,974 7,348 Leprosy 4,575 5,202 5,449 2,833

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

*Note: Up to September 2009

63 Table 3. 18: Distributions of All Deaths by Major Cause Groups in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. No. Major Cause Group Rural Urban Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 1 Intestinal, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 633 3.77 312 1.86 945 5.63 2 Diseases of the Circulatory System (Anaemia, 1,843 10.97 214 1.27 2,057 12.25 heart attacks and others) 3 Conditions Originating in Pre-natal period 27 0.16 13 0.08 40 0.24 4 Injury, Poisoning and other causes 498 2.97 169 1.01 667 3.97 5 Diseases of the Nervous System 6,116 36.42 567 3.38 6,683 39.80 6 Diseases of the Respiratory System (Asthma & 871 5.19 240 1.43 1,111 6.62 Bronchitis, TB of Lungs, Pneumonia) 7 Diseases of the Digestive System (Gastro-enteritis, 486 2.89 38 0.23 524 3.12 Peptic Ulcer; Dysentery and others) 8 Pregnancy, Childbirth and Puerperium 2,691 16.02 537 3.20 3,228 19.22 9 Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases NA NA 32 0.19 32 0.19 10 Neoplasm NA NA 4 0.02 4 0.02 11 Others NA NA 1,502 8.94 1,502 8.94 Mayurbhanj 13,165 78.40 3,628 21.60 16,793 100.00

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

health administration. A two-fold strategy followed by immediate treatment. There has been adopted for malaria control: (1) is, however, need for more extensive action. prevention, and (2) treatment. The growth of Medical facilities including microscopic mosquitoes, carriers of the parasite is arrested centres to examine blood slides are being by spraying DDT and synthetic pyrethoid in set up in all malaria prone areas. Distribution areas where the incidence of malaria is high. of medicated mosquito nets and sprayed bed In the course of our survey, 79% respondents nets has helped prevention of malaria in the reported to be using bed nets and 93% district. This needs to be stepped up. Very informed that they had been visiting health recently, the State announced a new initiative staff for treatment. Treatment of the disease is called ‘Mo Masahri’ (i.e., my mosquito net) the main aim of the strategy. The programme, programme for free distribution of mosquito therefore, emphasises early diagnosis nets in malaria prone areas.

Table 3. 19: Prevalence of Malaria in Mayurbhanj, 1997-2008 Year Total Positive Cases Deaths (Numbers) 1997 37,988 55 2001 23,527 23 2002 23,863 20 2003 31,504 11 2004 21,044 10 2005 20,254 6 2006 20,738 14 2007 14,176 8 2008 11,974 5

Source: District Malaria Office, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

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3.6.2. Tuberculosis (TB) the prescribed norm and even better in some Tuberculosis (TB) has been a major problem cases than those at State level. The major over the years and across regions. Table challenge in the expansion and successful 3.20 gives the distribution of TB patients implementation of the programme lies in in different TB units in the district in 2007. addressing issues such as infrastructure It may be observed from the table below development, quality of sputum microscopy, that there were 54,152 suspected TB cases logistic supply, capacity building, programme in 2007, but 3,536 cases (i.e. 6.5%) were monitoring and supervision. diagnosed positive. A total of 5,135 new and old patients received treatment for TB. There 3.6.3. Leprosy were 160 new patients per lakh population Leprosy is no longer a public health hazard in the district. Out of the total suspected in the district. In 1988, the prevalence rate of cases, 38,066 (i.e., 70.30%) were registered in the disease in the district was 88 per 10,000 Rairangpur unit. Being a mineral rich area, populations. With the implementation of large-scale mining activities are carried out the National Leprosy Elimination Programme in this belt. Consequential environmental (NLEP), the district has made phenomenal pollution and presence of excessive dust in progress and the PR came down to 0.97 in the atmosphere are responsible for the high 2009. This is similar to the State and national incidence of TB here. There is need to pay level rates of 0.86 and 0.78 respectively. In focused attention to this aspect. other words, leprosy in the district has reached the elimination level of 1 or less than 1 per Various central and state level programmes 10,000 populations. The epidemiological are operating in the district to combat TB. situation of the district over time is given in The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Table 3.22. It may be noted that PR and NCDR Programme (RNTCP) started in the State in are decreasing continuously and rapidly, as a 1997. Total seven TB units are operating result of which, the leprosy elimination goal in the entire district. Table 3.21 highlights could be achieved. the performance of TB units under RNTCP from 2002 to 2008. It may be observed The Government has a mechanism for leprosy from the table that achievement rates in identification and management. The State respect of different indicators are close to Leprosy Cell conducts surveys and compiles

Chart 3.4: Malaria Deaths in Mayurbhanj, 1997-2008

60 55

Number 20 20 23 14 11 10 8 10 6 5

0 1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

65 Table 3.20: Cases under Different TB Units in Mayurbhanj, 2007 Sl. Tuberculosis Unit Suspected TB Cases Patients Diagnosed Patients No Positive Treated 1 Baripada 3,151 499 865 2 Morada 2,941 357 637 3 Badasahi 2,919 404 657 4 Udala 2,324 765 634 5 Karanjia 2,467 428 707 6 Bisoi 2,284 364 549 7 Rairangpur 38,066 719 1,086 Total 54,152 3,536 5,135

Source: District TB Officer Mayurbhanj, Baripada

information on leprosy cases. The National in the district. Two leprosy treatment Leprosy Elimination Programme (NLEP) was units located at Betnati and Rairangpur launched in the district in 1988. The modified cater to the needs of all blocks and urban version of the programme started in 2003. areas. The operational performance of the Lepra India, a national level NGO that works programme has been summarised in Table in the field of leprosy eradication also has 3.23. It may be noticed that all 379 patients a programme in Mayurbhanj district. It diagnosed positive were treated and cured supports the efforts of the State in dealing during 2007-08. The treatment failure rate with leprosy by providing disability care with was zero in both the units. With leprosy finance from NLEP. Facilities for diagnosis elimination, activities of the leprosy wing and treatment of leprosy are being are being gradually integrated with the provided in all peripheral health centres general health stream of the district. Of

Table 3.21: Achievement of RNTCP in Mayurbhanj, 2000-08 Norm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 TB suspect examined out of total out patients (Norm 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.9 2-3%) (Percent) Smear Positive Diagnosed (10-15%)(Percent) 19.5 19.8 19.40 18 18.2 19.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 Smear positive put on (DOTS) at least 90%(Percent) 88.5 84.2 87.0 94.0 94.0 89.0 85.0 89.0 92 Total patient initiated on treatment (Number) 3,313 3,632 4,036 3,950 4,715 4,400 4,575 5,202 1,267 Annualised case detection rate per lakh/year (135/ 157.7 170.0 182.0 178.0 199.0 185.0 193.0 218.0 210.0 lakh) New smear positive cases initiated on treatment 1,636 1,847 1,994 2,049 2,201 2,124 2,172 2,477 637 Anhjulasised NSP case detection rate per lakh/year 78 87 90 92 93 89 91 104 106 (40-80/lakh) Sputum conversion rate of NSP at 3 months 94.2 91.7 91.4 89.2 90.3 93.0 93.0 92.0 NA (At least 90%) Success rate of NSP 89.0 89.0 89.2 85.0 88.0 91.0 90.0 89.0 NA (At least 85%) Death rate of NSP 4.4 5.4 5.4 7.3 6.6 4.9 5.1 5.6 NA (Less than 4%) Defaulted rate of NSP 5.7 4.8 4.9 7.4 4.6 3.8 4.2 4.9 NA (Less than 5%)

Source: District TB office, Mayurbhanj, Baripada Note: NA- Not Available

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course, some activities are continuing under the district to metropolises like Kolkata, the leprosy wing for the treatment of the Mumbai and other places run the risk of physically challenged and reconstructive being infected by HIV and are responsible surgery of patients. Services provided by for spreading the infection on their return. As the State include free Multi-Drug Therapy Mayurbhanj is a border district, the chances (MDT), confirmation diagnosis, disability of transmission of the virus are quite high. care services and identification of cases for reconstructive surgery. In rural areas, the problem was complicated due to low penetration of mass media and 3.6.4. HIV/AIDS poor awareness about the infection and its consequences. However, there has been The numbers of HIV/AIDS cases in some improvement in this regard. As per the Mayurbhanj are 64, as per the Orissa State District Level Household Survey of RCH-2 for AIDS Control Society (OSACS) and are less Mayurbhanj, levels of awareness about RTI/ compared to other districts such as Ganjam STI among males and females were 58.5% and (1,492) or Cuttack (420). But HIV/AIDS has 45.5% respectively and 70.2 % of males and been increasing over time. The District 48.9% of females had various misconceptions Headquarters Hospital, Baripada identified about the disease. Our Focused Group 12 HIV+ cases within a span of 6 months Discussions and primary survey revealed that in 2005. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the level of awareness of males and females the district during 2006-2008 is detailed had increased to 87% and 78% respectively in Table 3.24. in 2009. There is widespread stigma and fear associated with the disease. Table 3.24: Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Mayurbhanj, 2006-08 (No.) To tackle the problem in the district, Cases 2006 2007 2008 besides sensitising people, there is Counseling 2,410 9,956 15,079 need to improve medical facilities at the Testing 868 3,297 10,299 local level. The National AIDS Control Found Positive 26 43 64 Programme (NACP) - Phase-III (2007-2012)

(Source: Orissa State AIDS Control Society, Bhubaneswar) aims to stabilise HIV/AIDS by integrating programmes for prevention, care, support Many vulnerable zones exist. One such and treatment across vulnerable areas. The area is adjacent to the National Highways four-pronged strategy adopted under the running through the district. Migrants from programme is as follows:

Table 3.22: Leprosy Situations in Mayurbhanj, 2001-2009 Index 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 P.R/10,000 Population 12.00 8.20 3.57 2.20 0.98 0.83 0.87 0.97 NCDR/10,000 population 17.20 12.50 6.00 6.70 2.50 0.71 1.55 1.72 Child rate (%) among new 16.70 16.70 12.00 12.70 9.80 6.93 10.81 18.18 cases Deformity Gr.-II rate (%) 1.20 1.10 1.80 2.50 2.60 1.15 2.11 1.64 among new cases M.B Rate (%) among new 25.30 26.40 37.00 31.60 37.40 40.46 50.39 50.93 cases

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

67 Table 3.23: Operational Performance of Leprosy Elimination Programme in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Treatment Unit Suspected Patients Patients Cure Rate Default Death Failure Leprosy diagnosed initiating [%] Rate [%] Rate [%] Rate [%] Cases Positive treatment Betnoti Unit (LEU) 0 205 205 100% Nil 3.40% Nil Betnati, Baripada, Bangiriposi, Barasahi, Kaptipada, Khunta, Udala, Kuliana, Morada, Bahalda, Rasgovindpur, Samakhunta, Saraskana & Suliapada Rairangapur (MLCU) 0 174 174 100% Nil 5.60% Nil Rairangpur, Kusumi, Bijetola, Jamda, Jashipur, Bisoi, Raruan, Sukruli, Karanjia, Tiringi, Gopabandhunagar & Thakurmunda Mayurbhanj 0 379 379 100% Nil 4.45% Nil

Source: District Leprosy Office, Baripada

l Prevention of the spread of HIV/AIDS of a pension scheme called “Madhubabu through saturation coverage of high Pension Yojana”. risk groups and scaled-up interventions among the general population, 3.6.5. Arsenicosis l Providing greater care, support and In some parts of Mayurbhanj, people run treatment to a large number of people, the risk of arsenic infection. Because of l Strengthening infrastructure and contamination of river water, villagers living improving human resources engaged on the banks of the Budhabulanga River get in the programme, and affected by ailments of the skin, liver and l Widening the strategic information intestines. The incidence of arsenicosis in management system. Barasahi, Baripada, Betnati and Udala blocks of the district is high. Large-scale mining The state government provides financial activities also cause arsenic pollution in support to HIV tpositive patients in the form Rairangpur block. In 2007, there were

Chart 3.5: Prevelance of HIV/AIDS Positive Cases, 2006-08 Box 3.4: A Success story of the 70 HIV/AIDS Programme Puspalata Mahanta of village 60 64 Chhatraypur, Morada block said that 50 her husband died of AIDS. Along with

40 her two children she also was found HIV 43 positive. The State AIDS Cell supported 30

Percentage NGO, Rural Development Action Cell; 20 26 Baripada located her and monitored her

10 treatment. Now she and her children are free from the disease. She leads 0 a normal life with her children and is 2006 2007 2008 Year working as a training attendant.

68 District Human Development Report Healthcare

406 arsenicosis incidences in the district, issues concerning tribals the National Rural of which 268 were reported in Baripada. Health Mission (NRHM) has identified the The number of cases in the four blocks gaps, in providing improved healthcare mentioned above was around 365 as may facilities and has been trying to address be seen from Table 3.25. them with special initiatives. With a view to providing public health services to the 3. 7. Tribal Health tribal dominated remote areas in an outreach mode, two mobile health units (MHUs) have Mayurbhanj is home to various primitive been placed. The State has made efforts to tribes and other tribal communities. Due to fill vacant posts of doctors and other para a combination of topographical obstacles, medics in these areas. societal attitudes and varying belief systems, the tribal population has not fully accepted 3. 8. NRHM Initiatives modern healthcare interventions. Significant disparities exist in the health status of the NRHM aims at providing quality primary tribal dominated areas as compared to non- healthcare to all by bringing about structural tribal and urban areas. Genetic abnormalities changes in the public health system and and infectious diseases, such as, sickle cell ensuring participation of all stakeholders, i.e., anemia, malaria, TB, typhoid and cholera are the community, members of Panchayati Raj rampant in these areas. Anemia, nutritional Institutions (PRIs) and other service providers. deficiencies, complications in child birth and It also aims at bringing the existing health malnutrition also affect them. Tribals often and family welfare programmes under one ascribe their sickness to the wrath of their umbrella. These programmes include RCH, deities and consult faith healers, rather than special schemes for eradication and treatment medical practitioners. These areas also have of malaria, blindness, iodine deficiency, Filaria, large number of vacancies of doctors and kalazar, T.B. and leprosy and Integrated other para medic health personnel. Disease Surveillance. Further, it also aims at addressing issues that determine the health of the population such as sanitation and Efforts are being made to improve the hygiene, nutrition and safe drinking water. health status of the tribal population of the Decentralisation of healthcare services to the district by reducing morbidity and mortality. district level is one of the main features of Recognising the importance of health-related this programme.

Table 3.25: Arsenicosis Incidence in Mayurbhanj, 2007 (No.) Sl. No. Block Outdoor Indoor Total Death 1 Barasahi 13 16 29 2 Baripada 134 134 268 16 3 Betnati 17 13 30 1 4 Khunta 2 2 5 Kusumi 1 1 2 6 Rairangpur 15 11 26 1 7 Saraskana 1 0 1 0 8 Thakurmunda 5 5 10 1 9 Udala 19 19 38 2 Total 207 199 406 21

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

69 The District Health Mission is responsible Rs 3,689.81 lakh. There has been significant for preparation and implementation of an growth in the annual flow of funds under the integrated district action plan. Management programme. As against an expenditure of Rs. of health institutions in the district has also 174.61 lakhs in 2002-03, a sum of Rs.1, 619.95 been entrusted to the Mission which is lakh was spent in 2008-09. There was a nine accountable for the public health system fold increase in the utilisation of public funds to the Panchayati Raj Institutions and for healthcare. A substantial increase in the the community. As an attempt towards flow of funds has taken place under RCH and decentralised planning and inter-sectoral NRHM. This is indicative of the fact that the convergence, the district NRHM has State is committed to improving maternal facilitated formulation of the Programme and child health, creating health awareness Implementation Plan (PIP) of the district. among people, and making the healthcare This envisages the involvement of PRIs, Rogi system accountable to the community. Kalyan Samitis and Village Development Committees and aims to combat malnutrition 3.9. Drinking Water and and morbidity among children aged between Sanitation 0-59 months. It also aims at sustained care for the poor and vulnerable throughout their life 3.9.1. Drinking Water from adolescence to pregnancy, childbirth In rural areas of Mayurbhanj, major health and childhood. It calls for filling up gaps in the problems arise due to lack of clean and safe public healthcare system by strengthening drinking water. Most parts of the district are public health management and service hilly terrains. Due to varied landscape and delivery in rural health institutions. complex geographical formation, ground water levels vary. In a few pockets, tube wells NRHM initiatives in the district have cannot be sunk due to inaccessibility, hard addressed manpower and infrastructure surface, strata problems and topography. The gaps at primary level. In 2009, the District problem gets accentuated during summer Mission networked with 10 reputed when the water level falls. Therefore, vigorous NGOs to implement various healthcare efforts have been made in the district to activities under its surveillance. Four supply drinking water through tube wells, NGOs have been assigned management sanitary wells and piped water schemes. of the CHCs and PHCs in the district. A Efforts have also been made to provide safe total of 655 PRI members from all blocks drinking water to all households within an were sensitised by the Mission. Other approachable distance. The schemes include sensitisation programmes included Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme Swasthya Melas, display of information in (ARWSP), a centrally sponsored scheme colloquial languages, Reproductive Child and Swajaladhara. The later is designed Health (RCH) camps, awareness generation to ensure community participation in the through folk media and establishing implementation and operation of water information centres on health schemes supply projects. Of late, the focus has shifted and entitlements. to piped water supply in rural areas. By 2008, there were 10,374 functional spot sources Table 3.26 reports the expenditure on major (10,282 tube wells and 92 sanitary wells) and health programmes in the district from 2002- 79 Piped Water Schemes (PWS) covering 168 03 to 2008-09. It may be observed that the villages. Total 5,668 rural habitations in the total inflow of funds to the district under district have been covered under the safe NRHM during the period amounted to drinking water supply scheme. Habitations

70 District Human Development Report Healthcare

Table 3.26: Expenditure under NRHM in Mayurbhanj, 2002-03 to 2009-10 (Rs. in lakh) Sl. No. Major Head 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total 1 RCH 73.72 85.77 51.92 68.33 335.33 548.95 965.97 2129.99 2 Immunisation 0.43 1.58 0.00 28.48 31.78 8.63 48.27 119.17 3 IPPI 19.44 34.26 30.16 8.45 45.20 29.84 47.26 214.61 4 NRHM Initiatives 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.96 89.53 42.76 431.58 621.83 Total NRHM 93.59 121.61 82.08 163.22 501.84 630.18 1493.08 3085.60 5 Disease Control Programme a. RNTCP 9.32 5.71 4.99 0.00 24.16 42.14 39.71 126.03 b. NLEP 8.20 6.02 17.90 6.12 6.24 4.21 4.09 52.78 c. IDSP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.52 4.86 0.09 6.47 d. NPCB 1.00 3.56 3.84 8.79 6.58 4.25 3.87 31.89 e. NVBDCP 62.50 43.26 49.12 73.01 45.78 34.26 79.11 387.04 Total Disease Control 81.02 58.55 75.85 87.92 84.28 89.72 126.87 604.21 Programme Grand Total 174.61 180.16 157.93 251.14 586.12 719. 90 1619.95 3689.81

Source: CDMO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada yet to be covered are only 34. Drinking water harvesting structures, ponds and tanks supply has been extended to all wards of is necessary for replenishment of ground the four urban centres except one ward in water. Rain water harvesting at household Kaptipada and Udala NACs. level requires special focus.

Provision of drinking water in schools is 3.9.2. Sanitation another initiative. Table 3.27 gives the Sanitation is important for healthy living. The status of access to safe drinking water lack of it causes environmental pollution, in district schools. Out of 3,748 primary spreads bacterial diseases and creates health and upper primary schools, drinking hazards. The Total Sanitation Campaign water has been supplied to 45.73% of (TSC) was launched in the district in 2005 the schools. Drinking water supply in to create sanitation awareness among schools however, varies widely from less people and increase the use of toilets. The than 10% in Kusumi and Saraskana blocks construction of household latrines, school to 94.68% in Suliapada block. There is and Anganwadi toilets is being taken up also a wide variation in urban areas. under this programme. It is planned to For example, 87.50% schools have safe provide sanitary toilets to all households, drinking water facility in Karanjia NAC schools and Anganwadis in rural areas of whereas only 14.29% schools are covered the district by 2012. Chart 3.6 traces the under the programme in Udala NAC. progress of the sanitation programme in the district. In the first 2 years since Though digging of more tube wells in the launch of the programme, sanitation strategic areas could help in the provision facilities were made available in about 1.5% of safe drinking water to a larger number of the households in the district. In the of rural pockets, ground water level is subsequent 2 years, about 9% households rapidly falling due to over-exploitation were brought under the programme annually and lack of ground water recharge. and 6.8% households were added in 2008-09. Renovation of old and traditional water Table 3.28 summarises the status of sanitation

71 Table 3.27: Drinking Water Facility in Primary and UP Schools of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block Primary & UP Schools Schools with Schools without No. Urban Body (Number) Drinking Water Drinking Water Facility (%) Facility (%)

1 Bahalda 122 51.95 48.05

2 Bangiriposi 149 56.57 43.43

3 Barasahi 209 35.61 64.39

4 Baripada 177 60.32 39.68

5 Betnati 182 24.55 75.45

6 Bijetola 120 57.30 42.70

7 Bisoi 119 60.27 39.73

8 G. B. Nagar 137 44.05 55.95

9 Jamda 96 38.81 61.19

10 Jashipur 161 26.21 73.79

11 Kaptipada 193 47.71 52.29

12 Karanjia 165 40.21 59.79

13 Khunta 130 32.43 67.57

14 Kuliana 134 19.77 80.23

15 Kusumi 140 7.07 92.93

16 Morada 160 63.55 36.45

17 Rairangpur 135 14.71 85.29

18 Raruan 116 12.86 87.14

19 Rasgovindpur 140 72.22 27.78

20 Samakhunta 115 85.71 14.29

21 Sarasakana 150 9.89 90.11

22 Sukruli 109 57.14 42.86

23 Suliapada 141 94.68 5.32

24 Thakurmunda 155 55.24 44.76

25 Tiringi 86 54.84 45.16

26 Udala 146 81.44 18.56

27 Baripada M 32 25.00 75.00

28 Karanjia NAC 8 87.50 12.50

29 Rairangpur NAC 14 35.71 64.29

30 Udala NAC 7 14.29 85.71

Mayurbhanj 3,748 45.73 54.27

Source: DISE, 2007-08

72 District Human Development Report Healthcare

latrines in Mayurbhanj in 2009. Out of 4, poor. There is no under-ground sewerage in 41,940 households in the district, 1, 14,244 or most urban centers. This problem requires 25.85% had toilets in their houses in 2008-09. immediate attention. Between 2002-03 Out of these, 1, 10,096 or 96.3% households and 2008-09, expenditure on water supply belonged to the BPL category. Block wise and sanitation in the district amounted to sanitation coverage of households varies Rs. 3,515.10 lakh. between 15.53 % in Baripada block to 46.06% in Barasahi block. 3.10. Conclusion

The district has 3,687 rural primary and upper The initiatives of the State in the district primary schools, but only 1,202 or 32.60% health sector have been significant. NRHM of these have toilet facilities. Raruan and has extended healthcare facilities to the Samakhunta blocks have the largest number interiors. But, the public health infrastructure of schools with toilets (42.24% and 41.74% continues to be inadequate, unevenly respectively), but the proportion is low (21%) distributed and is of poor quality. A large in Jashipur block. Needless to say, adolescent number of posts of health professionals, health and hygiene are inextricably linked particularly doctors, generally remain vacant. with school sanitation. There is provision of Communicable and nutrition-deficient toilets in 1,560 or 48.99% Anganwadis in the diseases continue to be major health district. There are, however, variations across problems. Reproductive child health in blocks in the proportion of Anganwadis with the district is poor and malnutrition among toilet, with the proportion being the highest women and children is high. More focused (75.58 %) in Jamda block and the lowest attention needs to be paid to the creation of (25.71%) in Kuliana block (Table: 3.28). infrastructure in health and related sectors. Expenditure on disease control needs to The problem of urban sanitation got be increased in view of the high morbidity aggravated due to the influx of people from in the district. Though the State has made rural areas and the growth of slums. Sewarage considerable efforts to augment drinking facilities in the urban areas of the district are water supply and inculcate hygiene and

Chart 3.6: Coverage under Sanitation in Mayurbhanj, 2004-05 to 2008-09

30 25.85 25 19.08 20

15 10.32

Percentage 10

5 1.22 1.52

0 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Year Household under sanitation coverage

73 Table 3.28: Status of Sanitary Latrines in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2009 Sl. Block Total HHs with HHs with Schools Schools with Anganwadi Anganwadi No. Households Latrines Latrines (Number) Toilet (%) (Number) with (Number) (Number) (%) Toilet (%) 1 Bahalda 16,660 3,440 20.65 122 31.97 107 62.62 2 Bangiriposi 20,107 3,414 16.98 149 32.89 133 37.59 3 Barasahi 12,788 5,890 46.06 209 33.49 205 26.83 4 Baripada 28,785 4,469 15.53 177 33.33 98 66.33 5 Betnati 27,101 6,058 22.35 182 30.77 183 30.05 6 Bijetola 12,656 3,637 28.74 120 36.67 103 68.93 7 Bisoi 14,685 4,676 31.84 119 37.82 106 63.21 8 G.B.Nagar 14,804 6,296 42.53 137 36.50 119 44.54 9 Jamda 11,549 3,099 26.83 96 33.33 86 75.58 10 Jashipur 19,444 3,419 17.58 161 21.74 134 44.78 11 Kaptipada 25,946 6,224 23.99 193 36.27 181 38.67 12 Karanjia 16,785 4,384 26.12 165 34.55 129 36.43 13 Khunta 14,726 4,062 27.58 130 24.62 112 46.43 14 Kuliana 18,512 3,762 20.32 134 30.60 140 25.71 15 Kusumi 17,691 3,112 17.59 140 32.14 125 65.60 16 Morada 19,954 4,915 24.63 160 34.38 166 48.19 17 Rairangpur 12,160 4,710 38.73 135 34.07 82 81.71 18 Raruan 12,774 2,987 23.38 116 42.24 95 46.32 19 Rasgovindpur 16,625 7,139 42.94 140 39.29 119 46.22 20 Samakhunta 19,637 7,874 40.10 115 41.74 121 46.28 21 Saraskana 15,523 2,571 16.56 150 32.00 127 59.84 22 Sukruli 11,142 2,754 24.72 109 28.44 72 75.00 23 Suliapada 19,624 4,371 22.27 141 33.33 142 45.07 24 Thakurmunda 18,330 2,907 15.86 155 21.29 125 43.20 25 Tiringi 9,560 3,997 41.81 86 25.58 71 84.51 26 Udala 14,372 4,077 28.37 146 30.14 103 53.40 Mayurbhanj 4,41,940 1,14,244 25.85 3,687 32.60 3,184 48.99

Source: Executive Engineers, RWS & S Division I & II, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

sanitation habits among the people, there the provision of supplementary nutrition to are several areas of concern, which need pregnant women and children. The need immediate attention. The major concern is to enhance awareness among people about how to make healthcare services accessible good hygienic habits, particularly among to the people in remote areas and improve women is imperative.

74 District Human Development Report Chapter 4 Livelihood

“Do we not realise that self respect comes with self reliance.”

-A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Livelihood

4.1. Introduction life, but also build up his capabilities for effective participation in normal social and It is true that economic growth is not a economic activities. Work participation, suffi cient condition for human development, work environment and remuneration are but it is a necessary condition. Human important in determining one’s income well-being will not be sustainable without and livelihood. Livelihood in a region is adequate means of livelihood. Employment linked to the size of the workforce, work is the most significant determinant of participation rate and economic structure. a person’s wellbeing. In the absence of These are related to resource availability adequate gainful employment opportunities, and utilisation, employment opportunities a person’s income will be low and he will and infrastructure facilities available in fail to satisfy not only the basic needs of the area.

77 initiatives like the subsidised rice scheme and Box 4.1: Millennium Development other food programmes have been also taken Goal 1 Eradicating extreme poverty up at the State level. However, despite these and hunger efforts, Orissa as well as Mayurbhanj may miss Indicators the poverty ratio target of 24% as against the Target 1a: Reduce by half the proportion of national target of 19%. people living on less than a dollar a day 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 Agriculture is the main occupation of people (PPP) per day in the district. Rural people supplement 1.2 Poverty gap ratio their income from animal resources. Besides 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national cattle and poultry, they rear small animals consumption like goats, sheep, pigs etc. The district uplands are suitable for horticulture and Target 1b: Achieve full and productive people grow tropical and sub-tropical fruits employment and decent work for all, and flowers. Mayurbhanj has a number of including women and young people water bodies. Some people have taken up 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person pisciculture as their occupation. Mayurbhanj employed is also rich in mineral resources like iron ore, 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio china clay, quartzite etc. Many people are 1.6 Proportion of employed people living engaged in mining activities. Employment below $1 (PPP) per day opportunities in the industrial sector are not 1.7 Proportion of own-account and many as industrialisation has not gathered contributing family workers in total momentum. However, people in the rural employment sector engage in handicraft and handloom textile activities. Village and cottage Target 1c: Reduce by half the proportion of industries such as pottery, sal leaf plate and people who suffer from hunger cup making, stone carving and handicrafts 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children also provide employment. under five years of age 1.9 Proportion of population below 4.2. District Domestic Product minimum level of dietary energy consumption The Net District Domestic Product (NDDP) is a summary measure of material livelihood conditions of the district. In the income Millennium Development Goal 1 talks about indices prepared for 30 districts in the eradicating extreme poverty and hunger Orissa Human Development Report 2004, by 2015. Mayurbhanj ranked 21st, indicating that it was a low income district. Table 4.1 analyses To achieve this, special national programmes the NDDP for Mayurbhanj at current and such as National Rural Employment Guarantee constant prices (1999-2000=100) from 1993- Scheme (NREGS), Swarnajayanti Gram 94 to 2004-05. It may be observed from Sworozgar Yojana (SGSY), Sampoorna Grameen the table that though the NDDP at constant Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), etc. have been adopted prices has consistently increased between by the Government. The Public Distribution 1993-94 and 2004-05, it decreased in 1998-99 System (PDS) also addresses this issue. Special and 2002-03.

78 District Human Development Report Livelihood

Table 4.1: Net District Domestic Product of Mayurbhanj, 1993-94 - 2004-05 Year NDDP at Constant NDDP at Current Percentage Share in Prices (Rs. In lakh) Prices (Rs. In lakh) NSDP at Current Prices 1993-94 85,765 85,765 5.30 1994-95 88,635 1,01,264 5.20 1995-96 89,665 1,19,241 5.01 1996-97 83,292 1,12,338 4.96 1997-98 1,00,682 1,45,193 5.19 1998-99 93,650 1,49,077 4.78 1999-00 1,82,728 1,82,728 4.78 2000-01 1,81,837 1,84,406 4.82 2001-02 1,93,282 1,94,592 4.74 2002-03 1,79,892 2,11,814 4.79 2003-04 2,08,133 2,57,514 4.76 2004-05 2,24,714 2,75,225 4.40

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa.

Table 4.1 also indicates that the NDDP of Orissa accounted for this as is shown in Mayurbhanj at current prices as a share Chart 4.1. It may be observed from Table of the Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) 4.2 that per capita income of the district of Orissa declined from 5.30 % in 1993-94 has been consistently lower than the state to 4.40% in 2004-05. With intermittent average income and has declined as a increase in some years, the district’s proportion of the latter from 89% in 1993-94 share in NSDP never reached its 1993- to 73% in 2004-05. The gap between the 94 level. Lower growth rate in NDDP of two increased from Rs. 527/- in 1993-94 to Mayurbhanj compared to that of NSDP of Rs. 4,478/- in 2004-05.

Chart 4.1: Growth Rate of NDDP of Mayurbhanj at Constant and Current prices

16 13.29 12 11.36 8.54 9.06 8 4.22 4.75

Growth Rate 4.18 4 2.32

0 Mayurbhanj OrissaMayurbhanj Orissa

At Constant Price At Current Price

1993-94 to 1998-99 1999-2000 to 2004-05

79 Table 4.2: Trend of Per Capita NDDP of Mayurbhanj Year District Per Per Capita State Percentage of Gap (Rs.) Capita Income Income (Rs) State Per Capita (Rs) Income 1993-94 4,369 4,896 89 527 1994-95 5,084 5,795 88 711 1995-96 5,897 6,985 85 1,088 1996-97 5,480 6,548 84 1,068 1997-98 6,984 7,973 88 989 1998-99 7,085 8,766 81 1,681 1999-00 8,385 10,567 79 2,182 2000-01 8,341 10,452 80 2,111 2001-02 8,681 11,075 78 2,394 2002-03 9,329 11,788 79 2,459 2003-04 11,201 14,252 79 3,051 2004-05 11,828 16,306 73 4,478

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Orissa.

4.3. Workforce Participation The proportion of main workers in the total workforce increased from 80.09% in 1981 to The issue of livelihood security is closely 81.36% in 1991, but decreased to 60.17% linked to employment status of the people. in 2001. Similarly, the share of marginal The decadal census analyses employment workers decreased from 19.91% in 1981 to status in terms of the work participation rate. 18.64% in 1991 and increased to 39.83% in Table 4.3 gives the trends of population, 2001. The decrease in main workers during workers and non workers from 1981 to 2001. the last decade is due to the contraction It may be observed from the Table 4.3 that as in the size of agricultural workers. The per the 2001 Census, the Work Participation proportion of agricultural workers, which Rate (WPR) in Mayurbhanj was 46.23%. This was 80.31% in 1991 declined to 66.33% was higher than the corresponding rate of in 2001. Low and uncertain returns from 45.82% in 1991, but lower than the 1981 agriculture has acted as a disincentive rate of 47.77%. Between 1981 and 1991, for workers taking to farming as their the district population grew at a higher main occupation. Besides, employment rate than the workforce whereas, between opportunities in the agricultural sector 1991 and 2001, it grew at a lower rate. The continue to be limited. population growth rates of the district were 19.13% and 17.98% respectively between Compared to the State as a whole, there are 1981-91 and 1991-2001. The growth rates proportionately more workers in the district, in the workforce during this period were but they are not adequately compensated. 14.27% and 19.03% respectively. In 1981, the Unskilled male and female workers receive district workforce constituted 60.6% males wages of Rs. 39.84 and Rs. 37.29 respectively and 39.34% females, but these proportions against corresponding average wage rates changed to 57.30% and 42.70% respectively of Rs. 51.54 and Rs. 45.01 at State level. in 2001. The predicament of agricultural labour in

80 District Human Development Report Livelihood

the district is more precarious. As against urban centres were higher than those in the State average daily wage of Rs. 57.03, rural blocks. a male agricultural labourer in the district is paid only Rs. 46.87. The daily wage of a The proportion of non-workers in the female agricultural labourer at Rs. 40.05 in district has not virtually changed between Mayurbhanj is less than the corresponding 1981–2001, varying between 52% and 54%. State average wage rate1. In 2008-09, the In 2001, non - workers constituted 53.77% average wage rate for both male and female (11,95,659 persons) of population and workers had gone up in the district after compared to the corresponding average the implementation of NREGS. Our primary State figure of 61.21%. Work participation of survey revealed that the average wage of tribal women is high as Mayurbhanj is a tribal male and female unskilled workers increased dominated district. There are more females to Rs.75.00 and Rs.65.00 respectively during (6, 61,413) than males (5, 34,246) among non- 2008-09. Of course, wages in areas near workers as may be observed from Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Trends of Population, Workers and Non-Workers in Mayurbhanj Sl. Attributes 1981 Census 1991 Census 2001 Census No. Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 Population 7,95,364 7,86,509 15,81,873 9,52,183 9,32,397 18,84,580 11,23,200 11,00,256 22,23,456 2 Decadal Growth - - - 19.71 18.54 19.13 17.96 18.00 17.98 Rate 3 Total Workers 4,58,389 2,97,240 7,55,629 5,18,494 3,44,983 8,63,477 5,88,954 4,38,843 10,27,797 4 Growth Rate of - - - 13.11 16.06 14.27 13.58 27.20 19.03 Total Workers 5 Total Workers (%) 60.66 39.34 100.00 60.04 39.96 100.00 57.30 42.70 100.00 6 WPR 57.63 37.79 47.77 54.45 37.00 45.82 52.44 39.89 46.23 7 Main Workers 4,41,526 1,63,691 6,05,217 5,03,581 1,98,930 7,02,511 4,56,747 1,61,710 6,18,457 8 Growth Rate of - - - 14.05 21.52 16.07 -9.30 -18.71 -11.96 Main Workers 9 Proportion of 96.32 55.07 80.09 97.12 57.66 81.36 77.55 36.85 60.17 Main workers in total workers 10 Total Main 72.95 27.05 100.00 71.68 28.32 100.00 73.85 26.15 100.00 Workers (%) 11 Marginal Workers 16,863 1,33,549 1,50,412 14,913 1,46,053 1,60,966 1,32,207 2,77,133 4,09,340 12 Growth Rate of - - - -11.56 9.36 7.01 786.52 89.74 154.30 Marginal Workers 13 Proportion of 3.68 44.93 19.91 2.88 42.34 18.64 22.45 63.15 39.83 Marginal Workers in Total Workers 14 Total Marginal 11.21 88.79 100.00 9.26 90.74 100.00 32.30 67.70 100.00 Workers (%) 15 Non-Workers 3,36,975 4,89,269 8,26,244 4,33,689 5,87,414 10,21,103 5,34,246 6,61,413 11,95,659 16 Growth Rate of - - - 28.70 20.05 23.58 23.18 12.59 17.09 Non-Workers. 17 Proportion Non- 42.37 62.21 52.23 45.65 63.00 54.18 47.56 60.11 53.77 workers in total population

Source: Census of India, 1981, 1991 & 2001

1 Statistical Abstract of Orissa, 2008

81 It may be observed from Table 4.4 that Sectoral workforce participation can be WPR in different blocks ranges from 40% to taken as a broad measure of the status of 51% and is higher than that in urban areas. employment in the district. Table 4.5 gives (In 1991, the ranges of WPR were 42.18% the sectoral and regional distribution of -54.30% in rural blocks and were 29.48% male and female workers in 2001. It may be -32.22% in urban areas. The respective observed that the rural workers constitute ranges in 2001 were 39.97% -59.81% and 95.5% of the total workers in the district. Both 28.81% -33.79 %.) male (93.48%) and female (98.28%) workers are concentrated in rural areas.

Table 4.4: Work Participation Rate in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 & 2001 Sl. No. Block /Urban Body WPR in 1991 WPR in 2001 Change in WPR 1 Bahalda 47.81 43.77 -4.04 2 Bangiriposi 46.63 49.18 2.55 3 Baripada 50.49 45.56 -4.93 4 Barasahi 45.33 42.44 -2.89 5 Betnati 43.38 42.85 -0.53 6 Bijetola 54.30 51.11 -3.19 7 Bisoi 48.16 50.96 2.80 8 Gopabandhunagar 42.85 39.97 -2.88 9 Jamda 50.39 51.81 1.42 10 Jashipur 49.22 49.83 0.61 11 Kaptipada 47.16 41.33 -5.83 12 Karanjia 49.25 47.56 -1.69 13 Khunta 49.81 50.37 0.56 14 Kuliana 44.89 43.78 -1.11 15 Kusumi 48.55 51.10 2.55 16 Morada 51.81 48.63 -3.18 17 Rairangpur 46.04 50.37 4.33 18 Raruan 50.05 50.33 0.28 19 Rasgovindpur 42.18 42.73 0.55 20 Samakhunta 45.54 47.34 1.80 21 Sarasakana 43.88 47.52 3.64 22 Sukruli 44.32 48.16 3.84 23 Suliapada 50.66 49.25 -1.41 24 Thakurmunda 49.07 50.98 1.91 25 Tiringi 48.27 48.42 0.15 26 Udala 46.92 44.13 -2.79 27 Baripada M 29.55 30.28 0.73 28 Karanjia NAC 30.30 32.20 1.90 29 Rairangpur NAC 29.48 28.81 -0.67 30 Udala NAC 32.22 33.79 1.57 Mayurbhanj 45.82 46.23 0.41

Source: Census of India, 1991 & 2001

82 District Human Development Report Livelihood

Compared to 64.76% at State level, non-farm employment reveals relatively agricultural workers constitute 66.13% more employment in household industries (27.96% cultivators and 38.37% agricultural at district level than at State level. The labourers) at district level, as may be household sector employs 14.51 % workers observed from Table 4.5. As in the State, in the district, but only 4.91% in the State. agricultural labourers (3, 94,328 persons) Other workers accounted for 19.17% outnumber cultivators (2, 87,338 persons), of the district workforce, but 30.32% indicating landlessness and marginalised of the State workforce. Others include land ownership of high order. Among workers in major, medium and small scale male workers, there are more cultivators industries, services and other activities. (36.63%) than agricultural labourers The industrial sector in Mayurbhanj is yet (30.71%). However, there are 48.68% female to develop. The shortage of other avenues agricultural labourers and only 16.32% of employment in the district has caused female cultivators. the difference between the district and State level employment patterns. There Of the total workforce in the district, are proportionately more women workers 33.68% are engaged in non-farm activities, in the household industry sector. The which is close to the corresponding state proportion of men is higher than that of figure of 35.23%. A break-up of district women among other categories.

Table 4. 5: Sectoral and Regional distribution of Workforce in Mayurbhanj, 2001 Workers Males Females Total Total Workers 5,88,954 (57.30) 4,38,843 (42.70) 10,27,797 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Rural Workers 5,50,569 (56.07) 4,31,292 (43.93) 9,81,861 (93.48) (98.28) (100.00) (95.53) Urban Workers 38,385 (83.56) 7,551 (16.44) 45,936 (6.52) (1.72) (100.00) (4.47) Cultivators 2,15,722 (75.08) 71,616 (24.92) 2,87,338 (36.63) (16.32) (100.00) (27.96) Agricultural Labourers 1,80,881 (45.87) 2,13,447 (54.13) 3,94,328 (30.71) (48.64) (100.00) (38.37) Workers in Household 40,972 (27.48) 1,08,152 (72.52) 1,49,124 industry (6.96) (24.64) (100.00) (14.51) Other Workers 1,51,379 (76.84) 45,624 (23.16) 1,97,003 (25.70) (10.40) (100.00) (19.17)

Source: Census 2001 Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages

83 4.4. Agriculture & Allied marketed locally due to low purchasing Sectors power of the district population. Scarcity of foodgrains is likely to be felt in the future. Agriculture plays a vital role in the district With a projected population of 31 lakhs, 0.47 economy. It is the most important source lakh tons of pulses and 0.74 lakh tons of oil of livelihood and provides employment to seeds will be required in the district by 2020. 66.42% of workers in the district. Though It is unlikely that the present production of agriculture and allied sectors contributed the 0.31 lakh tons of pulses and 0.17 lakh tons of largest share (49.5%) to NDDP of Mayurbhanj oilseeds can be raised to that level bythen. in 2004-05, their share has been declining over the years. Of the total cultivated land of 4, Land utilisation patterns in the district are 37,000 ha in the district in 2006-07, high land given in Table 1.3. It may be observed from accounted for 1, 86,063 ha (43%), medium land the table that cultivable land was 36.46% of accounted for 1, 24,553 ha (28%) and low land the total geographical area of the district. accounted for 1, 26,384 ha (29%). Uplands are The net area sown has declined from 4, mostly unbounded, undulated and eroded. As 41,000 in 1994-95 to 3, 80,000 ha. In 2006-07. a result, the farming situation in the district is The share of agriculture and allied sectors not uniform. Based on variations in topography, in NDDP was about 35% at current prices soil type and availability of irrigation, the agro- in 2004-05, the highest share among all the ecological zone (North Central Plateau) of the districts of the State2. Paddy is the major crop district has been further subdivided into four of the district and is cultivated over about farming situations covering all blocks. 65% of its gross cropped area. Production of major crops during three years (2005-07) In 15 blocks of the district, land is of low in the district is indicated in Table 4.7. Over elevation and rainfall is medium. Surface this period, the production of food-grains, elevation and rainfall are low in five blocks oilseeds and spices has increased, but that and another 5 blocks receive medium rainfall of vegetables and fibres has gone down. during the year. In Kaptipada block, land Traditional cereals like ragi, jowar, bajra and elevation is low and rainfall is high. Most of the small millets are grown in comparatively blocks receive medium rainfall during the year. smaller areas, mostly in Kaptipada, Bahalda and Raruan blocks (DDA, Mayurbhanj, 4.4.1. Agricultural Production and Baripada). Methods of cultivation In 2006-07, Mayurbhanj was a paddy surplus remain traditional. Significant agricultural district. The entire produce could not be diversification is yet to take place.

Table 4.6: Farming Situation in Mayurbhanj, 2006-07 Farming situation Blocks Low Elevation & Low rainfall Tiringi, Suliapada, Rirangpur, Rasgovindpur, Bahalada Low Elevation & Medium rainfall Kusumi, Bijetola, Jamda, Baripada, Bisoi, Bangiriposi, Barasahi, Betanati, G.B.Nagar, Khunta, Kuliana, Sarasakana, Morada, Samakhunta, Udala Low Elevation & High rainfall Kaptipada Medium Elevation & Medium rainfall Karanjia, Thakurmunda, Raruan, Jashipur, Suliapada

Source: DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

2 Directorate of Economics and Statistics

84 District Human Development Report Livelihood

Table 4.7: Productions of Crops in Mayurbhanj Crop Production (000 tonnes) 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Rice 489.70 472.20 501.40 Total cereals 507.30 489.50 518.80 Total pulses 22.07 26.47 31.63 Total foodgrains (Cereal + pulse) 529.40 516.00 550.40 Total oilseeds 14.90 16.99 17.00 Total vegetables 450.30 442.90 449.00 Total spices 5.35 5.34 5.49 Total fibres 17.97 17.14 16.97 Sugarcane 1.15 0.91 2.27

Source: DA&FP, Orissa

Yield rates of different crops in the district are 4.4.1.1.1. Availability of Land given in Table 4.8. It may be observed that Table 4.9 and chart 4.2 give the distribution they are generally low and fall short of the of land holdings in Mayurbhanj. It may potential. The difference in yield between be observed from the table that most frontline demonstrations and actual agriculturists in the district are small and achievement shows a yield gap in different marginal farmers. Marginal farmers own land crops produced in the district, implying that < 1 ha and small farmers own land between the potential in the agricultural sector is yet 1–2 ha. They number 1,96,603 and 85,199 to be fully exploited. respectively. There are 43,719 medium farmers, owning 2-10 ha of land. Large farmers 4.4.1.1. Factors Affecting Agricultural owning > 10 ha of land are only 622. Nearly Productivity 86.5% of the land holdings in the district Many factors: General, institutional and belong to either marginal or small farmers, technical account for yield gap in agriculture. who own only 58.62% of the total cultivated Their analysis would be helpful in outlining area, whereas 13.50% medium and large the future line of action. farmers own 41.28% of total cultivated area.

Table 4.8: Yield Gap Analysis of Different Crops in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 Crop District Average Yield 2006-07 Front line Yield gap w.r.t. Front (Q/ha) Demonstration Yield Line Demonstration (Q/ha) (%) Paddy 24.60 38.80 37 Maize 16.65 20.00 17 Mung 11.16 20.80 46 Biri 4.74 5.20 9 Arhar 4.25 5.40 21 Niger 8.87 10.00 11 Wheat 11.99 20.00 40 G. nut 4.00 7.50 47 Mustard 4.30 4.50 2 Linseed 3.49 3.50 -

Source: DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

85 Table 4.9: Landholding Pattern in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Category of Farmers Holdings Holdings (%) Area (ha) Area (%) (Number) Marginal ( < 1 ha ) 1,96,603 60.28 98,299 26.58 Small (1 – 2 ha ) 85,199 26.12 1,18,500 32.04 Semi-medium (2– 4 ha ) 34,592 10.61 930,64 25.16 Medium (4 - 10 ha) 9,127 2.80 50,968 13.78 Large ( > 10 ha ) 622 0.19 8,998 2.43 Mayurbhanj 3,26,143 100.00 3,69,829 100.00

Source: Statistical Abstract of Orissa, 2008, DES, Orissa

Chart 4.2: Landholding Pattern in more land than the district average in Mayurbhanj, 2008 11 blocks. Not surprisingly, these blocks include the backward blocks mentioned Large (> 10 ha), 2.43 above. Average land size available to an Medium, 13.78 Marginal, 26.58 agricultural worker is minimum (0.81 ha) in Khunta block, preceded by Kaptipada (0.86 ha.) and Sarasakana (0.87) blocks. On an average, an agricultural worker cultivates less than 1 ha of land in 8 blocks. The predominance of small farms has stood in the way of farm mechanisation in the district, leading to inefficient and non- Semi-medium, 25.16 Small, 32.04 remunerative agricultural practices.

The quality of land is an important Table 4.10 analyses the distribution of determinant of agricultural production land per cultivator and per agricultural and productivity. Considering land worker across blocks in the district. It may capability classification, only 54% of total be observed from the Table 4.10 that per land in the district is good for cultivation, capita availability of cultivable land in the whereas the remaining 46% which is either district is only 0.21 ha. There are however, occasionally cultivated or erosion prone, is wide variations across blocks in this regard. not suitable for cultivation. About 75% of Average per capita land holdings are lowest the district’s geographical area has red soil. (0.16 ha) in Sarasakana and Betanati blocks Mixed red and black soil is found in about and highest (0.31 ha) in Jamada block. 5% of the area and red and yellow soil in Blocks with relatively more per capita the remaining 20%. The soil is acidic in cultivated land are Bisoi (0.28 ha), Raruan nature and light textured in surface with (0.26 ha), Tiringi & Karanjia (0.25ha each), heavier sub-soil. It adversely affects land and Sukruli, Kusumi & Bijetola (0.24 ha productivity and crop yield. To improve each). Most of these backward blocks are soil health, use of vermi compost has been covered with hills and forests. Baripada introduced. But in 2006-07, only 70 tons block with 0.25 ha of land per capita, is an of compost was used in the entire district, exception. An agricultural worker has, on of which 30 tons was produced in Baripada an average, 1.09 ha.of lands to cultivate. block and 10 tons each in Karanjia, Khunta On average, an agricultural worker has and Rairangpur blocks3.

3 DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

86 District Human Development Report Livelihood

Table 4.10: Land & Agricultural Workforce Relation in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2001 Sl. Block Net Population Cultivators Agricultural Total Per capita Cultivable No. Cultivable (Number) (Number) Labourers Agricultural Availability land per Area [ha] (Number) Workers of Agricultural [Cultivators Cultivable Worker (ha) + Agri. land [ha] Labour] 1 Bahalda 15,851 75,842 10,930 4,295 15,225 0.21 1.04 2 Bangiriposi 17,298 91,603 9,526 7,951 17,477 0.19 0.99 3 Baripada 15,100 60,341 4,424 5,330 9,754 0.25 1.55 4 Barasahi 24,650 1,30,850 11,877 10,768 22,645 0.19 1.09 5 Betnati 21,063 1,28,908 10,476 10,213 20,689 0.16 1.02 6 Bijetola 13,879 58,174 9,333 4,093 13,426 0.24 1.03 7 Bisoi 18,817 66,724 7,511 4,691 12,202 0.28 1.54 8 GB nagar 13,298 66,309 6,438 8,628 15,066 0.20 0.88 9 Jamda 17,033 55,801 10,631 4,249 14,880 0.31 1.14 10 Jashipur 18,754 88,845 10,451 7,792 18,243 0.21 1.03 11 Kaptipada 21,785 1,26,371 13,299 12,126 25,425 0.17 0.86 12 Karanjia 20,190 81,390 8,991 4,270 13,261 0.25 1.52 13 Khunta 13,250 68,528 9,515 6,811 16,326 0.19 0.81 14 Kuliana 16,761 88,647 9,500 7,282 16,782 0.19 1.00 15 Kusumi 19,367 82,188 11,632 5,981 17,613 0.24 1.10 16 Morada 20,050 94,015 7,621 7,131 14,752 0.21 1.36 17 Rairangpur 12,624 56,056 6,202 3,114 9,316 0.23 1.36 18 Raruan 15,064 59,041 8,057 5,161 13,218 0.26 1.14 19 Rasgovindpur 16,688 83,632 7,846 10,552 18,398 0.20 0.91 20 Samakhunta 13,400 70,889 4,488 5,373 9,861 0.19 1.36 21 Saraskana 13,934 89,374 7,655 8,342 15,997 0.16 0.87 22 Sukruli 12,472 52,239 4,763 2,020 6,783 0.24 1.84 23 Suliapada 17,969 92,108 8,636 4,299 12,935 0.20 1.39 24 Thakurmunda 15,141 90,115 11,520 5,158 16,678 0.17 0.91 25 Tiringi 12,048 48,556 11,064 2,252 13,316 0.25 0.90 26 Udala 15,026 66,857 7,372 6,873 14,245 0.22 1.05 Mayurbhanj 4,31,512 20,73,403 2,29,758 1,64,755 3,94,513 0.21 1.09

Source: Census of India, 2001

4.4.1.1.2: Rainfall and Irrigation agriculture sector are restricted mainly to During the monsoons between June the monsoons. It may be observed from and September, the district of gets 77% Table 4.11 that the rainfall is not even in of its rainfall. Rainfall distribution in the the district. Bangiriposi and Sarasakana district suits the kharif crop. Due to scanty blocks have a rainfall ranging between 900 rainfall from November to June, there is to 1100 mm per year. Rainfall in 11 blocks hardly any scope for cultivation of winter is more than 1,500 mm per annum. 14 and summer crops. Agricultural activities Blocks usually receive 1,100 to 1,500 mm and employment opportunities in the rainfall in a year.

87 Table 4.11: Distribution of Rainfall in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. No. Rainfall range (mm) Name of the Blocks 1 900-1100 Bangiriposi, Sarasakana 2 1100-1300 Kuliana, Rairangpur, Bahalda, Tiringii, Jashipur, Sukruli, Samakhunta, Barasahi 3 1300-1500 Raruan, Bisetola, Betanati, Baripada, Rasgovindpur, Betanati 4 1500-1700 Morada, Gopabandhu Nagar 5 1700-1900 Thakurmunda, Karanjia, Kaptipada, Udala, Kusumi, Jamada, Suliapada, Khunta

Source: District Emergency Office, Baripada, Mayurbhanj

Table 4.12: Irrigation Potential in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 IRRIGATION POTENTIAL IN BLOCKS OF MAYURBHANJ, 2009-10 (UPTO SEPTEMBER 2009) Sl. No. Name of the Block Total Cultivable Grand Total upto % of Irrigation Area September 2009 1 Bahalda 15,851 3,195.74 20.17 2 Bangiriposi 17,600 4,518.93 25.68 3 Barasahi 24,650 13,817.96 56.06 4 Baripada 15,100 10,242.62 67.83 5 Betnati 22,351 8,172.08 36.56 6 Bijetola 14,100 7,367.96 52.26 7 Bisoi 19,266 1,887.17 9.80 8 Gopabandhunagar 13,540 4,205.32 31.06 9 Jamda 17,033 2,666.30 15.65 10 Jashipur 19,052 3,256.92 17.09 11 Kaptipada 21,785 8,131.82 37.33 12 Karanjia 20,289 3,032.84 14.95 13 Khunta 13,550 6,997.15 51.64 14 Kuliana 17,950 7,261.18 40.45 15 Kusumi 19,547 7,659.57 39.19 16 Morada 20,050 7,253.76 36.18 17 Rairangpur 12,760 9,187.81 72.00 18 Raruan 15,142 2,534.31 16.75 19 Rasgovindpur 16,872 5,828.27 34.54 20 Samakhunta 13,400 6,648.71 49.62 21 Saraskana 14,026 8,158.25 58.17 22 Sukruli 12,489 2,299.30 18.41 23 Suliapada 18,100 7,201.59 39.79 24 Thakurmunda 15,199 1,961.96 12.91 25 Tiringi 12,048 1,706.13 14.16 26 Udala 15,250 11,018.75 72.25 Total 4,37,000 1,56,212.40 35.75

Source: Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa

88 District Human Development Report Livelihood

The spread of irrigation facilities in the 42.9 kg/ ha which is less than the average district is analysed in Table 4.12. The district consumption at state level of 46 kg/ha. The has 6 medium-sized irrigation projects, 249 block-wise per hectare consumption of minor irrigation projects, 5 reservoirs and fertilisers ranged between 35 kg and 56.56 940 lift irrigation projects. Besides, there are kg in 2008-09. Fertiliser consumption is 9,075 dug wells with tenda and 11,518 with more than 50 kg per hectare in five blocks; pump sets, 301 shallow tube wells, 2,225 Udala, Samakhunta, Sukruli, Bijetola and filter point tube wells, 6 bore wells and 343 Kuliana in that order. It is the lowest (35 kg medium deep tube wells in the district to per hectare) in Morada block. Consumption harness ground water. By September, 2009, of chemical fertilisers is low in relatively these projects created irrigation potential developed blocks. of 1, 56,212 ha i.e., 35.75% of cultivable area in the district. The Government of Orissa Table 4.13: Consumption of Chemical will provide irrigation to at least 35% of the Fertiliser in Mayurbhanj, 2005-09 cultivated area in each block by the end Year N P K Total Kg/ of the 11th Five Year Plan. By September, (MT) ha 2009, 35% of this target was achieved in 14 2004-05 10200 3783 2306 16289 32.00 blocks. Details of irrigation potential created 2005-06 9730 4599 2196 16525 32.48 in Mayurbhanj are indicated in Table 4.12. It 2006-07 11356 4692 1906 17954 34.65 may be observed that Jamda, Thakurmunda, 2007-08 12064 5871 2868 20803 40.06 Tiringi, Sukruli, Karanjia, Jashipur, Raruan and 2008-09 11919 6419 3593 21931 42.98 Bisoi blocks are most deficient in irrigation Source: DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada facilities. The use of pesticides ensures yield by 4. 4. 1.1.3: Input Management protecting crops from insects. In 2008-09 The quality of seeds has a direct bearing on pesticide use was 26,213 kg/litre, yielding agricultural productivity. But it is seen that a consumption of 54.2 gms per hectare seeds used by the district farmers are of against the recommended dose of one poor quality. Seed Replacement Ratio (SRR) litre per hectare. Only 5.5% farmers use is far below the desired level. In 2007-08, pesticides. Details of the use of plant the SRR of paddy, ground nut, mustard, protection chemicals in the district are wheat and black gram in the district was given in Table 4.14. The recommended 3.8%, 83%, 12.78%, 36.12% and 3.1% dose of chemical pesticides was not used in respectively. The desirable levels of SRR any of the blocks. Deteriorating soil health in paddy and non-paddy crops are 20% is a major constraint, limiting agricultural and 10% respectively. Improvement in SRR productivity in the district. Unbalanced alone can increase crop-yield by 15-20%. use of fertilisers combined with excessive application of nitrogen has resulted in the Optimum use of fertiliser increases crop depletion of soil micro nutrients, as a result yield. Consumption of chemical fertilisers of which soil productivity has declined over in the district exhibited improvement in time. Consumption of nutrients was 52 kg/ha recent years. Table 4.13 gives the use of in 2008-094. Most of the farmers do not have fertilisers: Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P) and information on soil health, and the extent Potassium (K). The average consumption of macro and micro nutrient deficiencies of of chemical fertilisers in the district is their farms.

4 Office of DDA, Baripada

89 Table 4.14: Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2006-2007 Sl. Block Net Sown Total Fertiliser Fertiliser Used Pesticides Pesticide Used No. Area (ha) Used (MT) (kg/ha.) Used (Kg) Per (gm/ha) 1 Bahalda 15,851 709 32 850 42.5 2 Bangiriposi 13,934 615 31 1,210 60.5 3 Baripada 15,100 648 35 1,260 74.1 4 Barasahi 24,650 986 38 1,375 49.1 5 Betnati 21,063 756 35 1,280 58.2 6 Bijetola 13,879 678 39 1,120 70.0 7 Bisoi 18,817 584 28 760 38.0 8 Gopabandhunagar 13,298 460 29 970 69.3 9 Jamda 17,033 582 32 1,000 52.6 10 Jashipur 18,754 773 38 1,140 51.8 11 Kaptipada 21,755 1,008 32 1,030 42.9 12 Karanjia 20,190 777 41 1,080 45.0 13 Khunta 13,250 437 33 820 58.6 14 Kuliana 16,761 878 34 1,200 63.2 15 Kusumi 19,367 715 37 1,080 51.4 16 Morada 20,050 657 35 760 36.2 17 Rairangpur 12,624 589 38 730 56.2 18 Raruan 15,064 689 32 730 42.9 19 Rasgovindpur 16,688 624 36 840 46.7 20 Samakhunta 13,400 744 40 1,325 77.9 21 Sarasakana 13,934 616 32 1,263 84.2 22 Sukruli 12,472 708 33 1,120 80.0 23 Suliapada 17,969 729 42 810 40.5 24 Thakurmunda 15,141 674 32 650 36.1 25 Tiringi 12,048 544 29 800 57.1 26 Udala 15,026 774 45 1,010 59.4 Mayurbhanj 4,28,118 17,954 35 26,213 54.2

Source: Deputy Director of Agriculture, Baripada, Mayurbhanj

Institutional facilities to educate farmers in are 34 agri-polyclinics and 70 centres for the district are inadequate. There is only one diagnosis of pests and diseases. The district Government soil testing laboratory and 50 has 19 agro-service centres, 52 centres for agricultural consultancy services managed the sale of seeds and 478 fertiliser sale by both the Government and NGOs in the centres. district. Only 5,550 farmers have benefited through 114 training programmes conducted Mechanisation of farming is yet to take place in so far (2008)5. a meaningful way. In the entire district, there are only 431 tractors and 430 power tillers. Table 4.15 gives the availability of facilities in Though each block has a few tractors, three agri-polytechnics in different blocks. There blocks (Tiringi, Raruan and Thakurmunda)

5 Office of DDA, Baripada

90 District Human Development Report Livelihood

Table 4.15: Facilities Available in Agri-Polyclinics in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block No. of Agri- Diagnosis No.of Agro Seed Sale Fertiliser No. Polyclinic of Pest & Service Center Sale Point Diseases Centres 1 Bahalda 1 1 0 2 24 2 Bangiriposi 2 3 1 2 21 3 Baripada 3 5 2 2 31 4 Barasahi 1 5 3 2 21 5 Betnati 2 4 0 2 29 6 Bijetola 1 1 0 2 7 7 Bisoi 1 1 0 2 7 8 Gopabandhunagar 1 3 2 2 11 9 Jamda 1 1 0 2 17 10 Jashipur 2 2 0 2 16 11 Kaptipada 1 3 3 2 7 12 Karanjia 2 3 0 2 20 13 Khunta 1 4 1 2 10 14 Kuliana 1 8 0 2 24 15 Kusumi 1 2 0 2 19 16 Morada 1 2 0 2 19 17 Rairangpur 2 2 0 2 25 18 Raruan 1 1 0 2 15 19 Rasgovindpur 1 2 1 2 21 20 Samakhunta 1 6 1 2 30 21 Saraskana 1 3 2 2 25 22 Sukruli 1 1 0 2 13 23 Suliapada 1 3 0 2 19 24 Thakurmunda 1 1 0 2 17 25 Tiringi 1 1 0 2 11 26 Udala 2 2 3 2 19 Mayurbhanj 34 70 19 52 478

Source: DD A, Mayurbhanj, Baripada, go without a power tiller as it may not work that farm mechanisation has not made much there due to rocky soil. The use of pump sets headway in the district and is uneven across is confined to only 14 blocks with plain land blocks as may be seen from Table 4.16. and water sources like tanks, reservoirs and flowing water. Excepting Samakhunta block Credit is an important input for agriculture which has 110 pieces and Raruan with 8 pieces, as it enables farmers to procure the required the number of sprayers in other blocks varies farm inputs. Loan disbursement by financial between 21 to 87. Only six blockes account institutions in the district has gone down for 116 puddlers in the district. The use of from Rs 30.7 lakh in 2006-07 to Rs 26.15 weeders is concentrated in 10 blocks, Sukruli lakh in 2007-08, and is still lower at Rs 17.07 (345) and Baripada (115) blocks accounting for lakh in 2008-096. The total number of credit more than half of the district total. It is obvious institutions in the district is 212. They comprise

91 Table 4.16: Agricultural Implements & Farm Machineries in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 (N0.) Block Hhs Tractors Pump Power Sprayers Puddiers Weeders Harvestor, Others Sets Tillers Thrasher (HH) Bahalda 13,485 39 - 1 54 - - 695 60 Bangiriposi 15,527 45 19 21 71 - - 4,200 230 Barasahi 22,114 31 1,691 32 77 - - 465 1,460 Baripada 9,956 10 50 14 87 10 115 530 1,155 Betnati 19,965 20 825 20 71 - 30 610 5,245 Bijetola 10,689 9 - 4 55 4 25 715 30 Bisoi 11,926 15 4 5 52 - - 960 115 Gopabandhunagar 1,11,152 8 301 11 50 - - 115 500 Jamda 9,811 18 1 3 53 - 4 455 45 Jashipur 15,931 7 3 17 30 25 75 1,420 1,030 Kaptipada 18,405 32 54 51 48 0 0 650 540 Karanjia 13,625 7 4 4 21 4 75 1,635 3,800 Khunta 11,585 25 65 16 96 5 0 120 505 Kuliana 13,999 18 244 31 32 - - 1,580 185 Kusumi 14,807 13 3 1 51 - - 615 160 Morada 15,197 2 181 16 53 4 - 410 1,340 Rairangpur 10,124 18 2 6 61 4 25 570 75 Raruan 10,287 9 3 - 8 20 75 1,465 945 Rasgovindpur 12,023 6 450 51 82 0 0 875 870 Samakhunta 11,078 10 63 18 110 10 40 640 235 Saraskana 14,700 14 135 39 58 10 0 7,710 685 Sukruli 8,553 7 1 4 43 15 345 1,125 1,660 Suliapada 14,491 13 205 38 70 4 10 1,945 405 Thakurmunda 13,619 3 5 - 32 1 5 635 225 Tiringi 7,973 14 - - 43 - - 580 25 Udala 10,714 38 135 27 52 - - 150 715 Mayurbhanj 4,41,736 431 4,444 430 1,460 116 824 30,870 22,240

Source: DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

83 Commercial bank branches, 59 branches of 4.4.2. Agricultural Marketing RRB, 13 Cooperatives and 57 LAMPS. Farmers The agricultural marketing system ensure fair do not have adequate access to required credit price to farmers for their product. It involves from the organised sector. This has led to their storage of agricultural goods, their gradation dependence on friends, relatives and money and settlement of disputes. Storage facilities lenders. Agricultural credit from the organised for agricultural produce in the district are sector has declined during this period in all inadequate and unscientific. Arrangement blocks except G.B Nagar and Rasgovindpur. for gradation of agricultural produce is The level of development has no correlation virtually non-existent. Agricultural marketing with agricultural credit disbursement. Table infrastructure in the district is undeveloped 4.17 gives the distribution of loan across and unevenly distributed. There are only 20 blocks from 2006-07 to 2008-09. rural godowns with a storage capacity of 20

6 District Credit Plan, NABARD and DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

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Table 4.17: Loan Disbursement in Blocks/ Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-09 Sl. Block /Urban Body Loan Disbursed (Rs. ’000) No. 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 1 Bahalda 81,565 71,726 62,660 2 Bangiriposi 53,431 75,919 57,835 3 Baripada 2,02,156 1,03,694 80,361 4 Barasahi 2,47,443 1,04,329 62,014 5 Betanati 2,05,702 2,15,403 1,49,472 6 Bijetola 15,806 46,030 42,912 7 Bisoi 54,323 55,416 41,166 8 Gopabandhunagar 70,046 76,173 77,820 9 Jamda 33,210 45,914 43,885 10 Jashipur 1,07,232 76,364 53,849 11 Kaptipada 58,341 54,764 36,410 12 Karanjia 1,04,560 86,065 75,412 13 Khunta 34,321 77,731 64,355 14 Kuliana 67,658 1,23,064 95,481 15 Kusumi 56,304 79,981 70,740 16 Morada 54,060 87,339 65,120 17 Rairangpur 78,990 83,532 58,270 18 Raruan 16,640 46,718 33,497 19 Rasgovindapur 1,28,768 96,286 1,02,113 20 Saraskana 1,18,113 89,655 54,321 21 Samakhunta 49,419 50,714 35,407 22 Sukruli 22,563 43,130 42,100 23 Suliapada 31,411 42,255 28,600 24 Thakurmunda 68,136 74,343 49,975 25 Tiringi 25,532 34,082 28,400 26 Udala 1,08,044 99,716 82,685 27 Baripada M 7,56,069 3,39,977 55,775 28 Karanjia NAC 67,232 1,40,890 14,515 29 Rairangpur NAC 65,086 61,435 19,500 30 Udala NAC 92,327 32,755 19,350 Mayurbhanj 30,74,488 26,15,400 17,04,000

Source: Lead District Office, Bank of India, Baripada, Mayurbhanj & District Credit Plan, Mayurbhanj-2006-07, 2007-08 & 2008-09

MT for 26 blocks and 6 blocks go without one. one each at Baripada, Betnati, Jashipur, Karanjia, Twelve cold stores having a capacity of 43,200 Rairangpur and Udala. A total of 57 sub-markets MT are concentrated in only 3 blocks, namely, are unevenly distributed among the blocks. Karanjia (7), Baripada (4) and Jamda (1). All 37 While some blocks have 14 centres, 5 blocks onion stores are unevenly distributed with 16 have only one each. Institutional marketing of them located in Sarasakana block only. It arrangements do not function properly. The may be noted that these stores are used for unsatisfactory agricultural marketing system the preservation of onions purchased from fails to help farmers in getting remunerative outside for sale in the district, but not to store prices for their produces. Farmers mostly sell local produce. There are only 6 main markets, their produce on an individual basis.

93 The Government has taken steps to increase in the district have been increasing due to agricultural production and productivity in deforestation and soil erosion. These uplands the district. This is being achieved through are unsuitable for cultivation of good crops. extension and demonstration programmes, Another 40,000 ha of land have been affected and supply of quality seeds to farmers. Crop due to formation of rills, gullies and shifting diversification is being encouraged. Farm cultivation. Soil erosion is very severe in Field Schools (FFS) have been set up to Rairangpur sub-division. In Baripada and train farmers in the application of improved Kaptipada sub-divisions, it has been arrested farming techniques. To improve farm by the cultivation of sabai grass. Soil erosion productivity, a seed replacement strategy can be arrested by systematic treatment has been adopted along with Integrated of watersheds through contour bunding, Nutrient Management (INM), Integrated Pest creating water harvesting systems, plantation Management (IPM) and other appropriate of cashews and other soil binding species. interventions. Farm mechanisation is being The Government has laid great emphasis on pushed through by the establishment of soil and water conservation. To achieve this, Agro Service Centres and subsidisation of the Watershed Mission set up by the State farm machineries procured by individual government, is functioning in the district. farmers. Schemes are being implemented Besides 55 watersheds, there are 473 sub- to develop and strengthen agricultural watersheds, 1,204 mini-watersheds and 2,512 marketing infrastructure at market yards micro-watersheds in the district. Out of throughout the district. this, 141 mini watersheds were treated by 2006-07. 4.4.3. Soil and Water Conservation Protection of a natural resource base like soil 4.4.4. Horticulture is essential for sustainability of agriculture. Agriculture can be made viable through But soil erosion is taking place continuously crop diversification as foodcrop-oriented because of thoughtless human action cultivation is no longer considered a and natural factors. Deforestation, over- commercial proposition. Horticultural grazing and faulty methods of cultivation crops like fruits, vegetables, flowers and cause soil erosion making the land in the medicinal plants command high market district unproductive and sterile. Uplands values. Production of these crops being labour-intensive, more gainful employment opportunities can be created. Production of these crops will also raise total factor productivity in agriculture.

The agro-climatic condition of the district is congenial for growing a number of tropical and sub-tropical fruits and flowers. Land measured 81,653 ha was devoted to the production of fruits and other horticultural crops in 2008-09. Important fruits grown in the district are mango, citrus, cashewnut and banana. Of the total land area put to fruit production, 47.36% was devoted to mango, 22.75% to citrus, 7.70% to cashewnut and 5.57% to banana cultivation. Kuliana variety

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of lime grown here is of superior quality. Land trend of milk, eggs and meat from 2001-20 devoted to the cultivation of vegetables to 2007-08. measured 73,195 ha. and condiments were grown over 17,370 ha. Table 4.18 gives Distribution of animal resources by blocks/ details of the distribution of area and yield urban bodies in the district is shown in Table of horticultural crops by blocks in 2008-09. It 4.19, which indicates predominance of local may be observed that there are no significant variety for all categories of animals. People differences in yield rates across blocks though, of the district are experienced in indigenous areas under different horticultural crops vary. poultry farming. The sector faces problems In 2008-09, flowers like rose, marigold, tube on account of non-availability of adequate rose and gladioli were grown over 156 ha. improved variety of animals, fodder and Horticulture has been taken up in a mission veterinary institutions. There are only 7 mode in the district since 2005-06 under the veterinary hospitals and one or two veterinary National Horticulture Mission (NHM). This dispensaries in a block. About 25% (105) Mission aims at area expansion of different GPs have no veterinary institutions. Skewed fruit crops, vegetables, spices, roots, tubers and distribution of grazing land in the district also floriculture. causes disproportionate availability of fodder. It is also to be noted that there has been a 4.4.5. Animal Resources slow change in people’s attitude towards Animal resources are important in an agrarian cross-breed animals. economy as they supplement farmers’ income and provide non-farm employment to the To accelerate development of this sector, poor. In Mayurbhanj, more than four-fifths of various schemes under the Animal Husbandry rural households own some livestock and dairy and Dairy Development Programme have farming is practiced in general. Mayurbhanj is been implemented. These schemes are specifically known for small animal farming like directed towards improving livestock service goatery, piggery and sheep rearing. Between infrastructure in the district. Besides, animal 2002 and 2008, production of milk increased breeding centres are being strengthened to by 53%, egg by 98% and meat by 92% in the increase supply of cross-breed animals to district. Chart 4.3 presents the production farmers.

Chart 4.3: Production of Milk, Egg & Meat in Mayurbhanj, 2002-2008

140 41 117. 120 2 98.1 100 86.56 75.35 80 67.03 59.26 62.46 59.02 60 43.08 4 37.62 40 8 33.83 34.71 27.7 24.3 20 6 5 .9 2. 3.63 2 4.36 3.83 1.99 2.08 0 2001-02 2002-03 2003-042004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Year

Milk (MT) Egg (Million) Meat (MT)

Source- CDVO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

95 95 36 80 42 29 38 57 61 24 39 46 55 52 54 59 92 78 61 17 14 68 65 51 30 36 17 1,296 Production Flowers 5 9 5 3 4 6 6 3 4 5 7 9 8 7 8 2 2 8 7 6 4 5 3 10 10 10 156 Area 604 555 5,857 1,545 2,600 2,995 8,020 3,025 2,351 2,301 3,887 2,935 3,145 2,552 1,685 2,411 2,496 1,765 4,702 3,407 1,345 1,501 4,562 1,810 1,905 11,692 81,653 Production Fruit Crops Fruit 297 546 585 635 610 575 815 756 663 695 418 548 647 423 803 671 468 399 851 326 366 234 201 1,359 1,231 1,701 Area 16,823 997 489 753 638 872 826 514 504 460 403 525 493 607 400 206 1,545 1,227 1,067 1,378 1,498 1,111 1,481 1,429 1,697 1,692 1,238 24,050 Production 9 15 12 14 12 15 14 14 13 15 14 12 13 15 13 14 13 19 14 15 14 13 10 13 14 14 11 Yield Yield Condiments 193 844 339 603 805 458 618 613 735 970 383 742 380 333 762 934 408 395 351 445 362 233 1,210 1,113 1,110 1,211 Area 16,550 3 36 66 86 76 25 10 97 74 35 21 20 103 358 145 127 158 138 182 228 131 246 125 227 236 105 3,058 Production 7 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 6 6 7 Fibres Yield Yield 4 54 38 15 56 32 30 170 100 510 122 109 200 135 105 188 210 178 240 301 167 365 202 344 364 165 Area 4,404 8,280 7,215 6,056 31,407 16,622 16,504 52,012 41,225 19,357 40,332 51,731 32,562 37,043 68,702 23,245 24,445 21,840 33,784 30,649 19,312 19,451 30,273 17,830 12,196 17,922 15,724 6,95,719 Production 95 93 93 93 92 94 96 95 96 98 96 97 94 95 95 95 90 95 96 94 95 95 95 93 93 95 105 Yield Yield Vegetables 885 779 648 3,312 1,779 5,564 4,438 2,112 4,290 5,374 3,441 3,845 7,027 2,427 2,516 2,319 3,570 3,241 1,838 2,154 3,181 1,863 1,288 1,888 1,657 1,759 Area 73,195 Block Baripada Samakhunta Suliapada Bangiriposi Sarskana Kuliana Betnati Morada Rasgovindpur Barasahi Udala Kaptipada Khunta Gopabandhunagar Karanjia Sukruli Thakurmunda Jashipur Raruan Rairangpur Bisoi Kusumi Bisetola Bahalda Tiringi Jamda 1 Sl. No. 2 Mayurbhanj 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Source: Deputy Director, Horticulture Baripada Deputy Director, Source: Table 4.18: Area, Yield and Production of Horticultural Crops in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 and Production of Horticultural in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, Crops Yield Area, 4.18: Table

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Table 4.19: Distribution of Livestock in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block /Urban Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goat Poultry No. Body Cross Indigenous Total Indigenous Indigenous Indigenous Total Ducks Bred Poultry 1 Bahalda 1,403 27,907 29,310 568 9,014 19,392 67,470 18,471 2 Bangiriposi 2,308 36,493 38,801 562 5,004 35,369 78,454 4,652 3 Baripada 904 28,216 29,120 1,209 7,263 25,444 47,499 2,324 4 Barasahi 5,356 52,054 57,410 1,560 9,848 37,850 1,47,124 6,011 5 Betnati 2,968 48,601 51,569 476 2,914 26,035 76,532 4,044 6 Bijetola 342 22,626 22,968 625 5,482 18,924 75,345 8,508 7 Bisoi 578 30,925 31,503 841 6,925 26,659 88,068 4,167 8 GB nagar 1,213 28,236 29,449 1,823 2,149 15,842 66,239 5,360 9 Jamda 415 16,505 16,920 504 5,627 10,753 86,562 3,194 10 Jashipur 1,193 39,781 40,974 1,369 5,668 35,357 64,195 3,845 11 Kaptipada 1,357 62,815 64,172 2,043 4,391 33,755 78,497 6,039 12 Karanjia 1,580 39,665 41,245 942 8,899 30,851 81,587 5,342 13 Khunta 923 26,288 27,211 1,683 3,671 23,740 88,809 1,468 14 Kuliana 1,277 41,039 42,316 476 6,210 41,399 84,935 3,401 15 Kusumi 1,358 39,621 40,979 1,383 11,840 25,697 1,47,572 12,806 16 Morada 1,865 33,837 35,702 878 4,505 29,270 95,931 2,502 17 Rairangpur 1,348 18,966 20,314 559 4,456 12,491 57,974 3,967 18 Raruan .399 27,455 27,854 488 6,859 11,250 71,524 9,971 19 Rasgovindpur 1,573 31,512 33,085 729 2,043 20,485 65,243 1,662 20 Samakhunta 1,423 18,555 19,978 1,586 5,420 20,898 76,606 3,240 21 Saraskana 1,670 43,717 45,387 843 5,478 28,218 51,891 2,751 22 Sukruli 1,739 21,270 23,009 787 6,069 17,515 68,604 7,339 23 Suliapada 981 36,354 37,335 342 3,990 37,173 74,448 1,812 24 Thakurmunda 620 48,191 48,811 2,706 6,191 50,419 1,15,453 9,232 25 Tiringi 464 15,099 15,563 776 1,209 1,401 90,148 7,220 26 Udala 909 31,565 32,474 695 2,819 19,887 67,381 3,353 27 Baripada (M) 1,875 1,783 3,658 31 17 4,004 6,497 70 28 Udala NAC 559 2,601 3,160 25 104 1,590 24,483 50 29 Karanjia NAC 744 2,332 3,076 66 144 1,940 3,426 156 30 Rairangapur 1,447 2,043 3,490 9 522 928 5,005 230 NAC Mayurbhanj 40,392 8,76,052 9,16,843 26,584 1,44,731 6,64,536 21,53,502 1,43,187

Source: CDVO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

97 4.4.6. Pisciculture spread over 4,477 ha and 12 rivers with 4,664 Pisciculture is an important source of income ha of water area. and employment in rural Mayurbhanj. Being a landlocked district, there is no scope for marine Fish production in the district was 10,386 fisheries. The large number of small water MT in 2006-07 and 10,911 MT in 2007-08, bodies and irrigation tanks, however give the which increased to 11,425 MT in 2008- district a rich potential for inland pisciculture. 09. Fish production in different blocks Table 4.20 gives details of distribution of sources varies widely-ranging from 278.84 MT for fisheries by blocks in 2008. There are 16,741 in Kuliana to 863.95 MT in Betanati. Per water bodies covering 14,655.65 ha water capita fish production of 4 kg per annum area. These include 163 medium and minor in the district is less than the annual per reservoirs spread over 55, 15.71 ha, 16,566 tanks capita fish consumption of 11.7 kg in

Table 4.20: Distribution of Sources of Fisheries in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block Details of Fisheries Units No. Inland ponds Rivers Reservoirs Units Average Yield Gap Area Quantity Blocks Boats and (Number) Yield (Exp -3 MTs) (Sq km) (MT) Net Units (MT/ha) (Number) 1 Bahalda 485 2.14 0.86 0.50 0.10 2 Bangiriposi 460 1.94 1.06 8.50 0.90 3 Baripada 450 2.02 0.98 Baripada 7 (Badjore) 4 Barasahi 625 1.98 1.02 43.00 3.20 5 Betnati 830 2.57 0.43 30.85 2.50 6 Bijetola 371 2.23 0.77 60.00 1.00 Bijetola 8 (Bankapala) 7 Bisoi 507 2.03 0.97 0.60 0.50 Bisoi (Khadkei) 9 8 G. B. Nagar 514 2.14 0.86 9 Jamda 426 0.77 0.77 15.00 1.50 10 Jashipur 381 2.34 0.66 67.00 2.20 11 Kaptipada 642 2.20 0.80 82.00 2.00 12 Karanjia 506 2.79 0.21 56.00 1.00 13 Khunta 381 1.93 1.07 14 Kuliana 330 2.22 0.78 10.45 0.62 Kuliana (Haladia) 11 15 Kusumi 375 1.98 1.02 20.00 2.00 16 Morada 330 2.33 0.67 46.25 1.20 17 Rairangpur 440 1.90 1.10 26.00 1.00 18 Raruan 404 2.64 0.36 0.75 0.20 19 Rasgovindpur 660 2.00 1.00 16.50 2.00 20 Samakhunta 440 1.92 1.08 50.50 1.90 21 Saraskana 520 2.08 0.92 10.75 0.61 22 Sukruli 382 2.40 0.60 0.50 0.30 23 Suliapada 425 2.02 0.98 30.30 0.40 24 Thakurmunda 320 2.39 0.61 53.00 1.50 25 Tiringi 395 1.99 1.01 26 Udala 365 2.24 0.76 147.20 2.50 Mayurbhanj 11,964 2.12 0.82 775.65 29.13

Source: District Fisheries Officer, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

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the State. People engaged in fishing are Table 4.21: Pisciculture in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 both part time and full time. Table 4.21 Total Water Area (ha) 12,649.04 provides information about various aspects Total Compounded Water Area (ha) 12,649.04 of pisciculture in the district. It may be Water Area under river, canal/khal,beel,baor (ha) 4,666.00 observed that fishermen are organised Water Area under pisciculture (ha) 12,649.04 in 34 fish producer groups. Only 703 People engaged in fishery (Number) 3129 fishermen were trained by 2007-08. Part- Fishermen population (Number) 7,788 time fishermen are equally numerous as Annual Production of Table Fish (MT) 11,425 is evident from Table 4.21. On an average, Fishermen's Cooperative Society's (Number) 34 more than 2 MT of fish are harvested from a tank over one hectare against the expected Primary Member (Number) 2,393 3 MT. Fisheries potential of the district lies Fish Production Groups (Number) 34 in fresh water aquaculture. Inland Fisheries Fisher-men trained in net-making (Number) 703 and Aquaculture schemes are operating in Source: District Fishery Officer, Mayurbhanj, Baripada the district to raise fresh water resources and impart training to fishermen for 4.5. Industry adoption of scientific and remunerative pisciculture. Mayurbhanj is industrially backward despite its rich endowment of mineral deposits. 4.4.7. Government Expenditure By 2007-08, there were only 4 units in the A number of schemes are under medium and large industries sector with implementation for the development of an investment of Rs. 3,025.85 lakh and Agriculture and Allied Sectors. There has employment of 650 persons. Several factors been substantial inflow of funds to the district. including the virtual absence of railways, Table 4.22 gives an indication of fund flow to poor road connectivity, inadequate power different components of the Agriculture and supply, lack of skilled manpower and other Allied Sectors in the district from 2002-03 infrastructural facilities have worked as a to 2008-09. Between 2002-03 and 2008-09, disincentive for setting up large industries. Rs 4,160.72 lakh was spent by the concerned The Small Scale Industries (SSI) sector in departments. The Soil & Water Conservation the district is not vibrant and the number and Horticulture Departments have spent of SSI units stood at 5,952 in 2007-08. significant amounts as may be seen from Table 4.23 gives the distribution of SSI Table 4.22. It is desirable to improve soil units in 2007-08. The capital investment productivity and bring about diversification of of these units added up to Rs 10,515.16 agriculture. Accelerated flow of funds to the lakh and 30,650 persons were employed Co-operative Sector will relieve farmers from in this sector. There are a number of the clutches of informal sector creditors. Large agro, forest, mineral, fruit and food based expenditures by the Fisheries Department industries. Mineral based industries include have created non-farm employment in the seven washery plants, nine quartz units rural sector. The annual expenditure in these and one sponge iron plant7. sectors also registered a 7-fold increase within 7 years, from Rs. 210.06 lakh in 2002-03 Out of 5,952 SSI units in the district, Food and to Rs. 1,460.53 lakh in 2008-09. Between Allied industries and miscellaneous industries 2002-03 and 2008-09, Rs. 10,199.95 lakh was together account for 2,881 units, which are spent for irrigation and flood control in the about 48.40% of the total SSI units. The other district. important category is forest and wood-based

99 Table 4.22: Flow of Funds to Agriculture & Allied Sectors of Mayurbhanj, 2002-03 to 2008-09 (Rs. in Lakh) Sl Major Head 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total No 1 Crop Husbandry 32.92 34.30 26.56 20.11 40.98 76.21 123.97 355.05 2 Horticulture 12.97 13.24 17.05 75.76 59.00 169.22 427.02 774.26 3 Soil and water 115.73 103.59 171.97 163.80 545.26 186.25 128.20 1414.80 Conservation 4 Animal Husbandry 0.00 0.00 3.66 1.44 3.92 21.61 191.19 221.82 5 Dairy Development 0.00 0.00 3.65 1.44 3.92 21.61 91.12 121.74 6 Fisheries 48.44 51.56 49.86 56.25 76.30 94.97 58.33 435.71 7 Plantation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 Cooperation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 396.63 440.70 837.33 Total 210.06 202.69 272.75 318.80 729.38 966.50 1,460.53 4,160.72 9 Irrigation 512.63 459.54 1,115.88 812.11 2,067.28 1,464.51 3,768.00 10,199.95 Mayurbhanj 722.69 662.23 1,388.63 1,130.91 2,796.66 2,431.01 5,228.53 14,360.66

Source: DDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

industry with 948 (i.e., 16%) units. There by these industries exhibits variations from are 25 (i.e., 0.48%) livestock and leather year to year, much of which arises in cottage industries and 31 (i.e., 0.52%) electrical and industries. In 2005-06, only 570 units were electronics units. The growth rate of small set up, and the number increased to 2,646 scale and cottage industries in the district in 2006-07. But, the number plummeted to has remained constant between 2001-02 1,285 in the following year, again to pick up and 2008-09. But employment generation to 2,266 in 2008-09. In the case of handloom

Table 4.23: Product-wise SSI Units in Mayurbhanj (Rs. In Lakh) Sl. Category of Industry Units Investment Employment No. Number Percentage Rupees Percentage Number Percentage 1 Food and Allied 1,436 24.13 3,087.39 29.36 4,932 16.09 2 Chemical and Allied 109 1.83 230.89 2.20 702 2.29 3 Electrical and Electronics 31 0.52 56.07 0.53 138 0.45 4 Engineering & Metal based 386 6.49 2,347.64 22.33 2,436 7.95 5 Forest and wood based 948 15.93 770.49 7.33 5,941 19.38 6 Glass and Ceramic 596 10.01 1,583.27 15.06 8,492 27.71 7 Livestock and Leather 25 0.42 31.73 0.30 182 0.59 8 Paper and Paper products 109 1.83 224.03 2.13 654 2.13 9 Plastic and Rubber products 70 1.18 279.41 2.66 334 1.09 10 Textile based 572 9.61 181.63 1.73 2,085 6.80 11 Miscellaneous 1,445 24.28 1,126.53 10.71 3,722 12.14 12 Repairing & Servicing 225 3.78 596.08 5.67 1,032 3.37 Mayurbhanj 5,952 100.00 10,515.16 100.00 30,650 100.00

Source: District Industries Centre, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

7 DIC, Baripada

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industries, the situation is better. The number The main focus of the government of units set up increased to 3,254 in 2006-07, programme for industrial development but declined to 1,687 in the following year. in the district is on agro and craft based industries, handlooms and handicrafts. Although the industrial sector in the district The Government provides incentives, is not vibrant, it offers tremendous potential infrastructure and financial support to these to create employment opportunities for industries. The DIC, Mayurbhanj acts as the the rural and urban workforce. Forest and nodal agency for this purpose. Besides mineral resources, good climatic conditions this, there are schemes to impart training and adequate ground water, which are in handicrafts in different training centres, conducive to industrial activities are plentifully and organise exhibitions for marketing available in the district. Other advantages are these goods. vast vacant land and adequate labour force. There is wide scope for agro and forest based 4.5.1. Cottage and Household industries, and also food and fruit processing Industries industries. Minor forest produce including Since the medieval period, Mayurbhanj was honey can be collected and processed for known for traditional industrial activities. marketing at fair price. Mayurbhanj is a These included stone carving, stonewares, major production centre for sal-leaf plates and brass and bell metal ware, artistic mats, cups and sabai ropes due to large availability wooden painted items, toys, terracotta, sabai of raw-materials. Annual turn-over of the grass products, cane and bamboo products, sabai industry can be stepped up to musical instruments, costume jewellery, folk Rs. 100 – 200 crore. paintings, tassar textiles, solapith work and

Table 4.24: Growth of Small-scale and Cottage Industries in Mayurbhanj, 2001-2008. Type 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Small scale industries Establishments (Number) 227 227 232 236 250 255 256 251 Capital Investment 1,208.82 389.92 817.47 980.14 950.71 738.55 499.66 717.60 (Rs lakh) Employment Generated 1,021 794 943 913 1,050 1,217 877 867 (Number) Cottage industries Artisans Engaged 1,331 1,058 1,265 984 570 2,646 1,285 2,266 (Number) Capital Investment 153.84 107.52 327.51 189.64 127.60 760.30 288.68 922.12 (Rs lakh) Employment Generated 1,331 2,116 2,795 2,299 606 7,849 2,559 3,758 (Number) Handloom Industries Artisans Engaged 1,882 1,882 NA 3,322 3,322 3,254 1,687 1,687 (Number) Capital Investment 157.35 156.32 15.83 15.83 15.85 15.85 15.85 15.85 (Rs lakh) Employment Generated 3,64 3,64 NA 1,410 492 860 1,090 600 (Number)

Source: Directorate of Industries, Cuttack & Directorate of Handlooms & Textiles, Bhubaneswar

101 sea shell items. Because of easy availability using jute twine along with sabai ropes. The of iron-ore, the people of Mayurbhanj knew Development Commissioner, Handicrafts, iron-smelting and iron implement making. Government of India, through its facilitating Handicrafts are acknowledged as an agency ANWESA, Bhubaneswar has important part of the rich cultural heritage conducted design development programmes of the region. in Churuni village of Khunta block by involving traditional sabai craft artisans and 4.5.1.1. Dokra (Art Metal Casting) 17 prototypes of sabai rope have already Dokra casting is a tribal method of making been developed. Sabai product making toys and images from bell metal. In typical is a flourishing handicraft in the district. Mayurbhanj fashion, “Cire perdue” (lost wax About 50 artisan families from Baripada and method) of casting in metal of sithulias is Betnoti blocks are engaged exclusively in followed. Artisans make various images and sabai product making, though a number art works in brass. They also portray their of households have taken it up as a part- way of life through these works. These items time activity. With the growing demand for have a wide and growing market for their sabai grass furniture and other products, one variety and beauty. About 300 artisans training centre has been opened at Baripada in the district, settled in Pariakuli and by the Director, Handicraft and Cottage Kuliana in Kuliana block, Kudiakhunta in Industries, Orissa to train local boys and G.B. Nagar block, Chitrada in Morada block girls, particularly from scheduled caste and and Bholbeda in Bisoi block are engaged scheduled tribe groups. An NGO called DASI in the trade. in Baripada produces sabai-jute diversified products and has participated in various state 4.5.1.2. Sabai Grass Product and national level exhibitions. Making sabai grass products is a household cottage industry in the district. Sabai grass is 4.5.1.3. Terracotta grown in a large part of the district. The main Pottery and terracotta products of the product made from it is sabai rope. These district are popular and find a good market ropes are used in weaving charpais (cots), outside the district and in the State as well. paper and manufacture of sofa sets, chairs, tea Terracotta products are used as items of poys and other articles of daily use. Golden decoration. Terracotta jewellery was started grass handicrafts and sabai grass products in 2001 at Madhunanda of Betanati block. are gaining recognition and appreciation as a family business. Only in Betanati block from elite customers all over the country where terracotta jewellery products are being as well as abroad. With government and prepared, on an average three male and four non-government agencies taking interest female hired labourers are engaged in a unit. in promoting such products, these are being manufactured in large quantities, especially 4.5.1.4. Bamboo Craft by trained women of Self Help Groups. New The forests of Mayurbhanj are richly endowed and trendy design inputs from ace design with various species of bamboo. Bamboo institutions are also being provided to these craft is a traditional handicraft in the district. manufacturers. It is primarily undertaken by the Doma and Mahali communities. They used to make With intervention from the National Council baskets, winnows, hand fans, bamboo of Jute Development in recent years, utility mat screens and other household articles. articles like dining mats, fruit baskets/trays, Decorative items like coil baskets, plates, flower vases etc. are being produced by basketry of chequered varieties also are being

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produced at Kartoony of Rasagovindpur is available at a relatively lower price in these block, Sanaraikal of Khunta block and Joka areas. Table 4.25 gives the distribution of of Sarasakana block. The craft is practised product ranges of pottery in Mayurbhanj. in all blocks of the district. It is a source of livelihood for many poor people with the There is a noticeable change in general skill being handed down from generation attitudes towards traditional crafts. to generation. Handicrafts, besides fulfilling physical needs and daily requirements of people, satisfy 4.5.1.5. Sal Leaf Products their aesthetic sense. With industrialisation, Sal trees abound in the forests of Mayurbhanj. handicrafts have lost their place of glory. Their seeds and leaves are collected and Efforts are being made to find new markets sold as plates and cups with added value. by bringing about certain changes in the Hundreds of people all over the district earn technique, form and design of products. their livelihood by collecting and processing Craftsmen of this region are being trained sal leaves. by the government and NGOs to improve their products. Table 4.26 presents a picture 4.5.1.6. Stone Carving of employment generation in traditional Stone carving is an ancient tradition of Orissa. cottage and household industries of Stone products are used as household utilities, the district. decorative items and images of Hindu Gods. Carvings are done on granite and serpentine 4.5.2. Textiles stones, available in different colours and Handloom weaving constitutes an important shades. They also have an international activity of rural households in the district. It market. This industry is concentrated in and is traditional to the district and provides around Khiching where chlorite is mined from employment to a large number of persons. local quarries. There are about 500 families, Tribals, particularly Santhals, used to grow who sustain this tradition. cotton, and spin and weave clothes for their use. Weavers in the district produce 4.5.1.7. Roofing Tiles items of coarse yarn like towels, bed sheets, Roofing tiles are being increasingly demanded bed covers, door screens and other items. for housing in rural and semi-urban areas. Blending of coarse and fine count yarn has Many artisan families diversified from their facilitated product diversification, thereby traditional trade to this one. It is produced increasing marketability. Other products commercially in Baripada, Karanjia and are cotton fabrics including sarees, dhotis, Rairangpur blocks as the required clay type lungis and dress materials decorated with

Table 4.25: Distribution of Product Ranges of Pottery in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Utility Item Blocks Products Domestic utilities Kuliana, Jashipur, Morada, Barasahi, Kalsi, Hari (cooking utensils) pitcher, Rairangpur, Khunta, Betnati water container, glass, pot and other domestic utilitis Terracotta & other Betnati Horses, elephant, flower vase, Mansa decorative items Saj, ash-tray, Ox, Tiger & other items of religious use Roofing tiles & other Rairangpur, Baripada, Karanjia Roofing tiles, well-rings heavy pottery items

Source: DIC, Baripada

103 tie-and-dye. In 2007-08, 5.29 lakh sq/metres inoperative. Because of competition from of handlooms were produced.Weavers have the mill sector, the financial condition of been brought into the cooperative fold weavers is precarious. through Weavers’ Co-operative Societies (WCS). In the district, there are 64 WCS Considering the employment potential of with 4,638 members and 1,687 looms. Out the sector and its significance in poverty of 64 WCS, 26 are active, 25 have been alleviation, steps have been taken by the already liquidated and 13 are in a moribund government to train weavers and familiarise condition. Out of 1,687 looms, 1,475 are them with modern production techniques active and the remaining 212 looms are for product diversification. The Government

Table 4.26: Employment Generation by Traditional Crafts and Trades in Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. Block Families Concentration of Traditional Trades No. Engaged 1 Bahalda 27 Masonry, Cobblery, Black smithy, Gold smithy, Pottery 2 Bangiriposi 10 Makhana processing, Cobblery, Pottery, Jute, Cane and Bamboo crafts, Black smithy 3 Baripada 34 Cobblery, Pottery, Masonry, Black smithy, Gold smithy, Carpentry 4 Barasahi 40 Bidi binding, Bamboo crafts, Cobblery, Weaving, Pottery, Black smithy, Gold smithy 5 Betnati 105 Oil pressing, Bamboo work 6 Bijetola 50 Dry fish processing, Pottery 7 Bisoi Jute carpentry, Hand Paddy-processing 8 GB Nagar 75 Idol making, Nylon Rope making, Fodder, Rice milling, Tailoring, Bakery 9 Jamda 29 Idol making, Nylon Rope making, Fodder, Rice milling, Tailoring, Bakery 10 Jashipur 81 11 Kaptipada 50 Pottery and Terracotta 12 Karanjia 81 Do 13 Khunta 43 Do 14 Kuliana 165 Do 15 Kusumi 18 Do 16 Morada 88 Traditional Pottery, Dokra casting 17 Rairangpur 40 Do 18 Raruan 21 Do 19 Rasgovindpur 7 Traditional Pottery, Bamboo works 20 Samakhunta 10 Do 21 Saraskana 6 Do 22 Sukruli 23 Do 23 Suliapada 10 Traditional Pottery 24 Thakurmunda 18 Do 25 Tiringi 40 Do 26 Udala 35 Pottery and Teracotta Mayurbhanj 1,106

Source: DIC, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

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provides financial assistance to weavers. Steps 4.5.4. Government Expenditure are being taken to strengthen marketing Table 4.28 analyses the annual flow of facilities to ensure remunerative prices for funds to village and small scale industries in handloom products. A number of schemes Mayurbhanj from 2002-03 to 2008-09. In this are operating in the district to achieve these sector, Rs. 1,388.59 lakh was spent between objectives. Clusters of weaver groups are 2002-03 and 2008-09. More than half of this being developed for logistic convenience. amount was spent for the rehabilitation of For individual weavers outside the clusters, handicraft artisans and sericulture/coir/ wool provision of basic inputs skill up-gradation sectors. The annual flow of funds increased programmes, construction of work sheds manifold from Rs. 10.92 lakh in 2002-03 and marketing incentives are being taken up to 275.29 lakh in 2008-09. The highest under the Integrated Handloom Development expenditure recorded in this sector was Rs. Scheme (IHDS). Besides, under the Promotion 432.23 lakh in 2007-08. of Handloom Industries Scheme (PHIS), the government is making efforts to popularise 4.6. Employment in the handloom fabrics among consumers. Unorganised Sector

4.5.3. Sericulture 4.6.1. Informal Sector Tassar culture has been practised in Mayurbhanj Of late, the informal sector has become for quite a long time, flourishing under vibrant in Mayurbhanj. People migrate to patronage of the Bhanja rulers. Mayurbhanj urban areas in search of employment. Since is the first in the state to develop and promote employment opportunities in the formal sericulture. This is practised mostly by the sector of urban centres of the district are tribals. Mulberry culture was introduced in limited and require skills of specific types Thakurmunda block since 1991-92. Tassar and levels, these rural migrants get employed farmers of the district were organised into in the informal sector. co-operatives for improved production and marketing of products. There are 20 Tassar 4.6.2. Rural Employment Rearers’ Co-operative Societies and 1 Mulberry Poverty causes the migration of rural people Rearers’ Co-operative Society functioning in to urban centres and marginalisation of the district. These societies cover 350 villages unskilled labour. Around 78% of rural in 10 blocks. Of the 15,000 society members, households lie below the poverty line. The STs constitutes 82%, followed by OBCs (12%) most important cause of their misery is lack and SCs (6%). Table 4.27 gives a picture of the of adequate employment opportunities sericulture sector in Mayurbhanj in 2007-08. round the year. To improve their economic Sericulture plantation has been taken up in conditions, the government has launched 2,989 ha. of land in nine blocks. Bangiriposi a number of self employment and wage block alone accounts for 37.13% of the total employment schemes in the district. plantation in the district, followed by Kuliana with 15.52%, Thakurmunda with 13.78% and Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana Suliapada with 10.77%. Plantation has slowed (SJGSY) is being implemented in the down in blocks where promotional measures district since 1999 to assist the poor with of the government have not been appreciably skill improvement for self-employment. stepped up. As many as 3,277 persons Employment avenues were also being were engaged in sericulture in that year, created for unskilled labourers in rural areas indicating its significance for rural livelihood through Sampoorna Gramina Rojgar Yojana in the district. (SGRY). In order to provide self-employment

105 Table 4.27: Status of Sericulture Sector in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. Block Units TRCS Tasar Sub- Percent Average Beneficiaries No. (Number) Area total Cocoon (Number) (ha) Production (kg/ha) 1 Morada 1 Datiamots 114 114 3.81 K565-17-0 153 2 Suliapada 2 Baincha 172 322 10.77 K788-4-0 187 Jhalghati 150 K440-0-0 112 3 Kuliana 3 Chondha 200 464 15.52 K1104-0-0 303 Kuliana 136 K1236-10-0 158 Nuagaon 128 K404-0-0 97 4 Bangiriposi 5 Bhuasuni 320 1,110 37.13 K966-12-0 289 Nischinta 89 K75-0-0 25 Kansapal 250 K459-10-0 105 Mudrajodi 102 K247-5-0 70 Shyamsundarpur 349 K2382-2-0 291 5 Sarskana 2 Pokharia 148 252 8.43 K595-0-0 141 Poktia 104 K467-10-0 121 6 Bisoi 1 Bisoi 118 118 3.94 K490-12-0 85 7 Thakurmunda 3 Thakurmunda 169 412 13.78 K1600-0-0 396 Kendujharani 166 K1691-1-10 331 Mahuldia 77 K466-0-0 99 8 Kaptipada 2 Kaptipada 83 123 4.11 K492-0-0 120 Sarat 40 K-240-0-0 83 9 Sukruli 1 Singda 74 74 2.47 K-719-12-0 111 Total 2,989 2,989 100.00 3,277

Source: Assistant Director, Sericulture, Baripada Note: 1 kahan =20 Pons, 1Pon = 20 Gandas, 1 Ganda = 4 Numbers

Table 4.28: Flow of Funds to Village & Small Industries of Mayurbhanj, 2002/03 - 2008/09 (Rs. in Lakh) Sl Major Head 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Total No 1 Handlooms/ Power 0.79 0.57 5.93 13.89 22.94 81.42 75.97 201.51 looms 2 Rehabilitation of 0.00 44.25 35.00 50.00 55.00 200.00 15.00 399.25 Handicraft Artisans 3 Setting up of 0.00 5.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 66.24 0.00 71.53 handicraft enterprise 4 Training of handicraft 0.00 33.74 35.45 41.47 55.51 52.60 67.00 285.77 artisans 5 Handicrafts 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.50 52.50 6 Sericulture/Coir/ Wool 10.13 20.46 57.03 113.68 79.94 31.97 64.82 378.03 Mayurbhanj 10.92 104. 31 133.41 219.04 213.39 432.23 275.29 1388.59

Source: Director, Textile & Handlooms, Bhubaneswar

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to educated unemployed youth, the Prime the rural sector. Besides, an additional sum Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) was being of Rs. 22,910.44 lakh has been spent during implemented. These two programmes this period for rural development. Self Help have been discontinued since 2006-07. The Groups (SHGs) are being promoted and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment strengthened to facilitate financial assistance Guarantee Scheme is in operation. Under to the marginalised population, particularly this scheme, 100 days of manual work women for self employment and economic is provided to each family per year. The employment. This has been described in scheme was intended to entitle the rural greater detail in Chapter-VI. poor to guaranteed employment so as to edge them out of the poverty trap. Works 4.7. Tourism which addresses drought, deforestation and soil erosion are usually taken up under this In recent years, tourism has emerged as scheme. This enhances people’s livelihood an emerging sector. It creates income on a sustained basis. By 2008-09, 3, 90,091 generating opportunities for small traders, households were registered, 3, 83,092 job rural artisans, hoteliers, restaurant owners, cards were issued and 174.06 lakh person tourist guides and others. Mayurbhanj has days of employment were created in a number of picturesque tourist spots such the district. as the Similipal forest.

Flow of funds to the district for rural Prior to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, employment generation is indicated in Table Similipal attracted dignitaries to this shooting 4.29. Under these programmes, funds flow range of the erstwhile Maharaja of Mayurbhanj. increased from Rs 3,350.60 lakh in 2002-03 Now thousands of tourists visit Similipal to Rs 14,883.32 lakh in 2008-09, registering every year to have a glimpse of the bounties a 45-fold increase in annual flows within a of nature, experience wilderness, watch wild period of 7 years. The total flow of funds animals and visit various shrines. The flow during this period was to the tune of Rs of tourists, both Indian and foreign, has 63,496.25 lakh. These programmes have increased over the years. Proximity to big cities succeeded in creating sizeable employment like Kolkata, Jamshedpur and Bhubaneswar avenues and pushing up the wage rate in makes it an ideal destination for holidaying

Table 4.29: Government Expenditure for Rural Employment in Mayurbhanj, 2002-2009 (Rs. in lakh) Sl Programme 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2002-03 to No 2008-09 a. Swaranajyanti Gram 437.40 525.39 753.31 689.55 798.38 1,202.44 1,477.26 5,883.73 Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) b. Sampoorna Gram 2,772.23 2,896.44 2,929.17 3,262.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 11,860.22 Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) c. National Food for 0.00 0.00 2,408.42 8,274.49 15,284.63 6,098.77 13,406.06 45,472.37 Work Programme/ Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Programme d PMGY 140.97 91.03 42.44 5.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 279.93 Total 3,350.60 3,512.86 6,133.34 12,231.91 16,083.01 7,301.21 14,883.32 63,496.25

Source: DIC, Baripada

107 and recreation. There was a spurt in tourist waterfall with a deep gorge amidst natural inflows to the Reserve till 2007-08. Table 4.30 scenic surroundings draws a large number shows the inflow of tourists to Smilipal from of tourists. Eighteen tourist spots have been 1993-94 to 2008-09. Revenue collection by identified in the district that was known for the authorities increased from Rs. 22, 61,646 in their natural beauty, traditional culture, craft 2006-07 to Rs. 25, 50,259 in 2007-08. In 2008- and architecture. 09, tourist inflow declined in the wake of naxal activities, but revenue collection increased The Government is trying to generate self- marginally to Rs. 26,07,782. The ultras employment of the educated youth with ransacked and burnt down forest rest houses, guide training programmes. The district has attacked tourists and mugged them. Tourism to gain significantly by providing several has steadily dropped thereafter. Transport, new packages in the form of improved hotel, hospitality and other related sectors in infrastructure and hospitality to attract tourists the district have also been adversely affected. in the Reserve area. One such programme The livelihood of many has been destroyed by is a cafeteria-cum-catering unit at Muktapur the naxals (see Box 4.2). to supply freshly cooked food to tourists at Barheipani. There is a proposal to open similar Table 4.30: Inflow of Tourists to Similipal catering units at Joranda and Chahala. Another Year Tourist (Number) proposal to send villagers to Bangalore for Indian Foreign Total training in hospitality services is in the pipeline. The establishment of a Rs.1 crore eco-tourism 1993-94 17,493 132 17,625 complexe at Joranda inside the Reserve has 1994-95 16,908 148 17,056 given a major thrust to tourism in Similipal. 1995-96 20,236 134 20,370 Provision of tents to those who want to holiday 1996-97 21,133 140 21,273 in the lap of nature is an important component 1997-98 24,413 161 24,574 of the project. An interpretation centre has 1998-99 19,377 163 19,540 been opened at Jashipur to train tourists to 1999-00 13,403 84 13,487 enjoy nature without causing any harm to the eco-system. School and college students, 2000-01 22,166 105 22,271 naturalists and sportsmen undertake trekking 2006-07 16,581 218 16,799 on approved routes to understand nature and 2007-08 17,446 218 17,664 also help preserve the wildlife and ecology of 2008-09 20,561 182 20,743 the Reserve. Source: Tourist Office, Baripada 4.8. Tribal Livelihood and Khiching is on the tourist map and famous for Forest Management Policy its deity Khichakeswari of Mahabharat fame. The temple is known for its architectural Tribals generally live in and around forests, grandeur. In 2007, 2, 65,290 tourists had which contribute significantly to their visited Khiching, making it the most popular livelihood. They depend substantially on tourist destination in the district. Haripur, forest resources to meet their subsistence famous for its Rashikaraj temple, was actually needs. They collect food, fodder, construction the old capital of the erstwhile princely State materials, fuel, medicines and nutrients for of Mayurbhanj. The structure of the temple is crops from forests. Thus, they have an organic archeologically important. Deokund on the link with forests. A major portion of their hill top is a major “Peetha” of goddess Ambika, household income comes from Non-Timber the traditional deity of the royal family. The Forest Produce (NTFP). These include fruits,

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flowers, mahua and sal seeds. These are Box 4.2: Maoist Rampage in only a few of many NTFP items gathered Similipal affects People’s Livelihood from forests. More than 4.5 lakh people Sheikh Wajib Hussain, a 25 year old of Mayurbhanj depend on these forests transporter, recently purchased a Bolero for their livelihood. A primary survey was Excel with a bank loan to drive tourists conducted in 7 blocks covering 18 hamlets from Jashipur to Similipal. Hussain, to assess the tribals’ dependence on NTFP. a trained tourist guide, hoped to do These hamlets were located within a brisk business to support his family of distance of 2 km from the forests. Table eight. But his dreams were shattered 4.31 analyses the contribution of forest following the Red Rampage. The story products to the livelihood of the households of Mohammad Matarul, a 50 year old which participated in the survey. of Dhodadiha near Jashipur, was no different. It emerges from Table 4.31 that more than 62% households earned forest income up Like the transport industry, the hotel to 25% of their total income and about 24% industry too is in the throes of crises. earned between 25% and 50%. Earnings The hotel Park at Jashipur, which was from NTFP collections ranged between Rs. doing good business by supplying lunch 2,300/- and Rs. 6,000/- in 2008-09 and the rest packages and mineral water to Similipal of income came from agriculture and wage tourists is on the brink of closure. One of labour. Out of 666 sample households, 546 the most popular eateries, Papu Dhaba (i.e., 82%) collected NTFP. Women constituted of Jashipur almost serving as a gateway 70% of the total number of collectors. An to Similipal, is facing the heat. This NTFP collector on an average spends 4-6 favourite Dhaba of many now has only hours a day in the forest and earns about few takers. Rs. 3,400 a year. Respondents informed that NTFP collections were not uniform throughout roots, tubers, flowers, mushrooms, honey, the year, being more between June-December. gums and others. Forest produce was usually sold unprocessed in local markets. In some places, marketing of The tribes living inside and on the periphery NTFP through SHGs has enabled collectors to of the Similipal forest include Bhumijas, get relatively higher prices. Bathudis, Kolhas, Santals, Khadia and Mankadias. The Khadias inside the Similipal The relationship between man and forest sanctuary consider it their primordial home has been changing due to increasing and entirely depend on it for their livelihood. pressures leading to deforestation and They depict themselves as Sabaras who are degradation of forest lands. Livelihoods of primarily food gatherers and hunters. They several forest dependent communities have also fish from streams and rivers. Pauri been threatened. Excessive deforestation Bhuiyans live near the forests and collect has begun to threaten present and food from them. Mankadias lead a nomadic future availability of many forest plants life, collect siali fibre, make ropes and keep and animals that are sources of food monkeys as pets, thus getting their name. for forest dwellers. Due to inadequate Sabars collect firewood, herbal plants, leaves, vegetative cover and consequential soil resin and other NTFP and sell them in the erosion and silting of downstream lands local market to earn a living. They collect and water bodies, productive capacity of the bark of the Paja tree (Litsea monopetala), land has also deteriorated. This has led

109 Table 4.31: Forest and Tribal Livelihood in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 Block Hamlets HHs NTFP Collectors (Number) Average Time Average HHs (number) Number Spent Daily on Income with Forest Collection from Income (Hours) Collection HH Male Female Total <4 4-6 >7 (Rupees) < 25% 25- 50% Morada 1 65 38 17 45 62 50 10 2 3,500 55 10 Kaptipada 5 179 145 36 171 207 162 34 11 2,500 135 10 Baripada 3 51 48 91 110 201 183 18 0 3,000 46 2 Suliapada 5 97 82 51 164 215 19 93 112 2,700 78 4 Khunta 1 70 58 42 106 148 122 24 2 23,000 55 3 Samakhunta 2 82 73 51 120 171 51 218 31 4,000 16 57 Udala 1 122 102 61 117 178 21 53 28 6,000 31 71 Total 18 666 546 349 833 1,182 608 450 186 44,700 416 157

Source: A Purposive Sample Survey, 2008-09 (RICOR)

to social and economic changes, such as, ensuring a safety net for livelihood and food increased migration, dying out of traditional security of tribals. Following the Resolution on occupations and artisanship, and weakening JFM issued during 1993, members of the Vana of local social institutions and culture. Surakhya Samiti (VSS) have usufructs over Sustenance of livelihoods essentially rests leaves, fodder, grasses, thatching materials, on continuous and adequate harvest of forest broom grasses, brush wood, fallen lops and products including NTFP. twigs used as fire-wood. Other NTFP were leased out. Kendu leaves could be collected by Access to well stocked forest resources is members, but only to be sold and delivered to important for tribal and other forest dwellers Departmental agencies at the rates prescribed to supplement incomes and food during by the government. The Minor Forest Policy, lean seasons, thereby smoothening their 2000 has entrusted the ownership of 68 Minor consumption throughout the year. Forest- Forest Produce (MFP) with Panchayati Raj based activities, which provide substantial Institutions and restrictions on collection and employment opportunities and incomes in sale of NTFP have been withdrawn. rural regions, have been seriously threatened by continuing deforestation and poaching. Tribal women are usually engaged in forest based occupations. The common forest In view of this, the issue of management based activities are collection of firewood, and conservation of forests has become fodder, small timber and other NTFP. Besides, increasingly important. The stake of the forest- they also do primary processing, such as, dependent households is very high. Their leaf-plate making, beedi rolling, broom/mat involvement in protection and management making and marketing of NTFP collections. of forests seems appropriate. Joint Forest They more longer time in forests. Rampant Management (JFM), one of the key elements deforestation has inuseased their drudgery of the New Forest Policy, 1998 marked a shift because they have to traverse longer distance in this direction. The role of JFM in protecting to collect forest product. Women have assigned forests through controlled access, always been considereved to be closer to participatory management and marketing nature therefore. Their cooperation in forest of surplus produce assumes significance for management will help protect forests.

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adjustments. Keeping in view the strengths Box 4.3: Tribal Tradition and and weaknesses of different sectors and Preservation of Eco-system existing approaches to poverty alleviation Baneswar Dehuri, a Khadia tribal in his and employment generation, the following sixties, said that they called the rock bee policy changes are recommended to ensure colonies in Similipal “Mahubhandar” sustainable livelihood of the people. (store house of honey). They used rope ladders made of “siali” creepers to climb Livelihood diversification at individual and trees or rocks where hives were built. “We household levels holds the centre stage. smoke the hives and request the bees to People engage themselves in diverse activities go away. The bees listen to our prayer for survival and choose their livelihood and really leave. Then we harvest honey strategies depending on their access to without being stung,” he added. The land and other resource endowments. The Khadias take only the portion of the hive dominant agricultural sector in rural areas saturated with honey, leaving the rest for suffers from structural anomalies. Farm-size the rock bees to rebuild their nests. is unviable, irrigation is inadequate, finances are insufficient and marketing facilities for agricultural produce are limited and All 26 blocks of the district are covered unorganised. Livelihoods need to be sought under the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) which elsewhere by easing of pressure on land and aims at bringing about development in dependence on agriculture. For sustainable the area and removing socio-economic livelihoods, people in rural Mayurbhanj disparities between tribals and non-tribals. need non-farm employment, preferably Employment-cum-income generation employment in industry and service sectors. programmes and incidental infrastructure Policy strategy needs better targeting, risk development have been taken up in the reduction, micro-credit, infrastructure Sub-Plan areas. Besides 4 Integrated Tribal creation and dissemination of information. Development Agencies (ITDAs), 2 micro Diversification within agriculture needs to projects, the Lodha Development Agency be accelerated to take advantage of new functioning at Morada, and the Hill Khadia opportunities like horticulture. and Mankadia Development Agency at Jashipur are functioning in the district. Common Property Resources like forests, grazing fields, water resources, community 4.9. Conclusion and public land offer access to all. Sustainable use of these resources may The rural livelihood programmes should aim generate adequate livelihood opportunities at improving people’s access to nutritional to members of the community. Experiments levels through higher productivity, creation in dry land areas, especially through Joint of employment opportunities and provision Forest Management Programmes have of food to the poor in adverse situations, shown encouraging outcomes. As the such as natural calamities. Forward and culture of self-help through SHGs and backward linkages in certain sectors are other village level user groups is gaining quite pronounced. These sectors need wider acceptance, management of natural to be stimulated for widespread growth resources, maintenance of water harvesting in employment. Of course, the potential structures, collection and use of forest of all these sectors is not uniform due produce through group-based approaches to differences in the required structural need to be promoted.

111 112 District Human Development Report Chapter 5 Gender Issues

“Woman is the companion of man, gifted with equal mental capacities. She has the right to participate in very minutest detail in the activities of man and she has an equal right of freedom and liberty with him.”

- Mahatma Gandhi

113

Gender Issues

5.1. Introduction will focus on differences in the roles played by men and women in the development Gender issues concern human process. Attempts will be made to analyse development. Gender inequality and understand sex-specific phenomena affects human well-being. Women and their dynamics. The basic question who constitute half of the mankind are is to find out how a particular activity, discriminated against economically, decision or plan affects women differently socially and politically. They hold a from men and some women differently subordinate status in society with low from other women. For instance, water levels of literacy, employable skills management in a household is shared and income earning capacity. They are between the sexes and age-groups unequal partners in social and economic differently. Knowledge of division of life. Human development can be work between men and women may help promoted by removing the disadvantages devise development programmes in such women face in different socio-economic a manner that they reduce disadvantages speheres. Gender analysis in the district of women.

115 Table 5.1: Regional Distribution of Male- Box 5.1: Millennium Development Goal 3 Female Population in Mayurbhanj, 2001 Promoting gender equality and empowerment of women Region Total Male Female % of Indicators Female Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary Rural 20,67,756 10,41,057 10,26,699 49.65 education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 Urban 1,55,700 82,143 73,557 47.24 3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary Total 22,23,456 11,23,200 11,00,256 49.48 education 3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non- Source: Census of India, 2001 agricultural sector 5.1 gives the regional distribution of male 3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in the national and female population in the district. It may parliament. be observed that out of a total population of 22, 23,456 in 2001, 11, 00,256 (49.48%) were female. The proportion of female population In order to meet targets against their in rural areas (49.65%) is higher than that in the indicators of achievement, the Government urban pockets (47.24%) of the district. of India has implemented several national programmes the Kasturba Gandhi Balika The changes in sex ratio across social groups Vidyalaya (KGBV), the National Programme from 1981 to 2001 are given in Table 5.2. The for Education of Girls at Elementary Level sex-ratio among ST is higher than that among (NPEGEL), Swayam Sidha, Swa Shakti and other castes, but it has declined consistently Mahila Samakhya programmes. The Mahila from 1,010 in 1981 to 996 in 1991 and 994 Samridhi Yojana of the State Government is in 2001. Though the sex ratio among SCs also one such programme. Orissa and India declined from 981 in 1981 to 971 in 1991, are on the way to achieve this target by 2015. it registered an appreciable increase to 990 DISE data (2006–07) shows that the ratio of in 2001. girls to boys in primary education (MDG, Indicator 1) in Orissa and Mayurbhanj is close Table 5.3 shows decadal changes in the to the targeted 0.91%. sex-ratio in blocks and urban areas of Mayurbhanj. Sex ratio in urban areas have 5.2. Gender Disparity in been consistently less than those in rural Population areas in both 1991 and 2001. But between 1991 and 2001, they improved in all urban An important indicator of gender disparity centres, and remained unchanged in rural is the sex ratio. Sex ratio, i.e. the number of areas. Of course, no uniform pattern is females per 1000 males in India has shown observed in the sex ratios of blocks. They a downward trend throughout the 20th increased in 11 blocks and decreased in the century- from 972 in 1901 to 933 in 2001. In remaining 15 blocks. Orissa, it was quite favourable for females between 1901 and 1961, but started declining Table 5.2: Sex Ratio across Social Groups thereafter till 1991 and marginally improved in Mayurbhanj, 1981-2001 to 972 in 2001. A similar trend is observed in Mayurbhanj. Where the sex ratio consistently Sl. No. Year SC ST All declined from 1,013 in 1901 to 979 in 1991, but 1 1981 981 1010 989 increased to 980 in 2001 as may be observed 2 1991 971 971 996 from Table 1.1. It is comparatively better for 3 2001 979 995 994 women in the district than in the State. Table Source: Censusof India, 1981, 1991 and 2001

116 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

Table 5.3: Sex Ratios in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991& 2001 Sl. Block/Urban Body 1991 Census 2001 Census Change No. SC ST All SC ST All SC ST All 1 Bahalda 992 1,021 1,009 1,010 1,020 1,007 18 -1 -2 2 Bangiriposi 985 993 983 1,002 988 975 17 -5 -8 3 Barasahi 953 962 966 963 960 948 10 -2 -18 4 Baripada 951 977 960 984 960 965 33 -17 5 5 Betnati 985 968 968 987 973 971 2 5 3 6 Bijetola 1,097 1,042 1,033 1,056 1,039 1,030 -41 -3 -3 7 Bisoi 989 1,038 1,018 1,020 1,030 1,013 31 -8 -5 8 Gopabandhunagar 973 1,000 978 970 989 975 -3 -11 -3 9 Jamda 1,011 1,019 1,013 1,027 1,022 1,020 16 3 7 10 Jashipur 969 1,005 992 1,013 1,003 997 44 -2 5 11 Kaptipada 889 984 969 989 981 969 100 -3 0 12 Karanjia 977 1,007 1,000 982 1,001 994 5 -6 -6 13 Khunta 996 983 975 1,030 993 987 34 10 12 14 Kuliana 929 963 952 964 964 959 35 1 7 15 Kusumi 1,038 1,030 1,008 1,048 1,041 1,019 10 11 11 16 Morada 960 982 990 983 977 985 23 -5 -5 17 Rairangpur 995 1,009 1,002 1,010 1,007 999 15 -2 -3 18 Raruan 1,000 1,027 1,021 1,009 1,007 1,004 9 -20 -17 19 Rasgovindpur 992 971 975 968 982 978 -24 11 3 20 Samakhunta 995 993 982 979 991 979 -16 -2 -3 21 Sarasakana 946 981 954 998 977 951 52 -4 -3 22 Sukruli 1,027 1,040 1,017 1,023 1,024 1,012 -4 -16 -5 23 Suliapada 947 977 974 987 959 976 40 -18 2 24 Thakurmunda 995 1,015 1,012 1,001 1,021 1,011 6 6 -1 25 Tiringi 908 1,033 1,014 943 1,038 1,018 35 5 4 26 Udala 953 985 983 998 993 987 45 8 4 Rural 979 979 1,000 990 998 998 11 19 -2 27 Baripada M 917 859 853 939 844 876 22 -15 23 28 Karanjia NAC 946 966 895 943 977 901 -3 11 6 29 Rairangpur NAC 956 1,051 929 1,016 1,107 960 60 56 31 30 Udala NAC 956 909 867 1,019 935 923 63 26 56 Urban 944 944 946 886 979 966 -58 35 20 Mayurbhanj 971 971 996 979 995 994 8 24 -2

Source: Census of India, 1991 and 2001

Table 5.4 gives a distribution of female level, the sex ratio for children in the 0–6 year population in the 0-6 years age group. It may age group is 956 as against 980 for population be observed that the sex ratio will get worse in of all age groups. This pattern is observed in future because of declining female population all blocks. On urban centres, the sex ratio has in the age group of 0-6 years. At the district improved in the 0-6 years age group.

117 Table 5.4: Sex Ratios (0-6 years) in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2001 Sl. No. Block/Urban Body Age Group Females/1000 Difference (0-6 years) Males 1 Bahalda 976 1,007 -31 2 Bangiriposi 950 975 -25 3 Baripada 949 948 1 4 Barasahi 940 965 -25 5 Betnati 953 971 -18 6 Bijetola 958 1,030 -72 7 Bisoi 959 1,013 -54 8 Gopabandhunagar 941 975 -34 9 Jamda 960 1,020 -60 10 Jashipur 986 997 -11 11 Kaptipada 950 969 -19 12 Karanjia 939 994 -55 13 Khunta 934 987 -53 14 Kuliana 938 959 -21 15 Kusumi 977 1,019 -42 16 Morada 954 985 -31 17 Rairangpur 938 999 -61 18 Raruan 961 1,004 -43 19 Rasgovindpur 956 978 -22 20 Samakhunta 973 979 -6 21 Sarasakana 948 951 -3 22 Sukruli 955 1,012 -57 23 Suliapada 947 976 -29 24 Thakurmunda 1,009 1,011 -2 25 Tiringi 948 1,018 -70 26 Udala 954 987 -33 27 Baripada M 924 876 48 28 Karanjia NAC 1,002 901 101 29 Rairangpur NAC 999 960 39 30 Udala NAC 959 923 36 Mayurbhanj 956 980 -24

Source: Census of India, 2001

5.3. Gender Differences in Educated women increasingly participate in Education economic activities thus enhancing economic growth. It is evident that economies with Gender inequality in education directly or higher women literacy rates have done better. indirectly affects development. Education improves human capital which is expected 5.3.1. Gender Disparity in Literacy to improve the socio economic development. The female literacy rate in the district has Educated mothers are likely to take better made significant progress during the past care of their children’s health and education. 50 years from 1.2% in 1951 to 37.84% in 2001

118 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

Table 5.5: Literacy among STs and SCs of Mayurbhanj, 1991 & 2001 Attribute STs SCs ALL 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Total 24.10 38.80 37.79 53.56 37.88 51.91 Male 37.74 54.11 52.85 68.29 51.84 65.76 Female 10.50 23.51 22.12 38.84 23.68 37.84 Gender Disparity Index 2.594 1.302 1.389 0.758 1.189 0.738 Source: Census of India, 1991 & 2001 as may be seen from Table 2.1. Growth rate of with less gender disparity in literacy were literacy among females was higher than that Betanati, Barasahi and Gopabandhunagar among males. As a result, gender disparity in that order in 1991 and the corresponding in literacy declined from 7.000 in 1951 to blocks in 2001 were Betanati, Baripada 0.738 in 2001 as may be seen from Table 2.2. and Raruan. The magnitude of decrease in Table 2.5 shows that the gap has, however, gender disparity over the decade (1991-2001) remained high in rural areas compared to varies between blocks. Decrease is more urban areas. Gender disparities in literacy in in the case of backward blocks like Jamda rural and urban areas of the district, which (-1.221), Bijetola (-1.027) and Tiringi were 1.375 and 0.306 respectively in 1991, (-1.022). It is indicative of concerted efforts declined to 0.895 and 0.190 in 2001. by the Government for female literacy in backward blocks. Gender disparity in literacy among different social groups varies. The disparity is high 5.3.2. Gender Differences in among STs compared to that among SCs and Enrollment all castes in both 1991 and 2001. In 1991, School attendance of girls is observed to the gender disparity index of STs was 2.594, be as good as or even better than that of which was higher than that of SCs (1.389) and boys. The Government of India has initiated all communities (1.189). In 2001, the gender a number of programmes to achieve the goal disparity index of STs was 1.302; of SCs was of universalisation of elementary education. 0.758 and 0.738 for all communities. It has Among these progarmmes, Sarva Shiksha declined for all social groups between 1991 Abhiyan (SSA) is the most recent one and aims and 2001. at achieving universal primary and elementary education by 2010. Universalisation of Disparity between the male and female education means universal access, enrolment, literacy varies widely across blocks as retention and quality education. indicated in the Table 5.6. Certain features stand out from the data in Table 5.6. The The district has made significant progress gender gap in literacy decreased in all over time in girls’ enrollment. It is evident blocks in 2001 as compared to 1991. There from Table 5.7 that girls’ enrolment increased is no uniform pattern in gender disparities from 28,340 in 1971-72 to 2, 06,887 in of blocks in the census years, 1991 and 2007-08 at the elementary level and the 2001. In 1991, gender disparity was highest proportion of girls in total enrolment has (2.327) in Jamda block, followed by Bijetola increased from 28.16% to 47.68% over this (2.205) and Tiringi (2.128) blocks. Though it period. This upward trend was registered declined in these blocks, it remained high in at both primary and upper primary 2001. Rairangpur NAC had the lowest gender levels. Increases in the proportion of girls’ disparity in both the census years. Blocks enrolment were from 29.12% to 48.01%

119 Table 5.6: Gender Disparities in Literacy in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 - 2001 Sl. Block/Urban Body Literacy Rate (%) Gender Disparity No. 1991 2001 Male Female Male Female 1991 2001 1 Bahalda 54.92 22.42 66.58 35.83 1.450 0.858 2 Bangiriposi 46.94 19.80 61.36 31.24 1.371 0.964 3 Baripada 47.07 21.39 66.16 40.11 1.201 0.649 4 Barasahi 53.52 27.70 59.10 32.91 0.932 0.796 5 Betanati 54.22 28.16 67.27 51.41 0.925 0.309 6 Bijetola 43.43 13.55 58.42 26.82 2.205 1.178 7 Bisoi 45.01 16.66 64.44 30.54 1.702 1.110 8 Gopabandhunagar 57.23 29.70 69.43 39.35 0.927 0.764 9 Jamda 47.78 14.36 65.71 31.20 2.327 1.106 10 Jashipur 48.37 20.15 58.31 32.13 1.401 0.815 11 Kaptipada 43.69 19.83 55.60 30.48 1.203 0.824 12 Karanjia 50.02 20.58 63.75 36.46 1.431 0.748 13 Khunta 44.48 17.53 60.33 32.60 1.537 0.851 14 Kuliana 50.94 22.20 64.07 34.83 1.295 0.839 15 Kusumi 51.54 18.81 66.04 33.89 1.740 0.949 16 Morada 52.05 22.65 67.08 38.46 1.298 0.744 17 Rairangpur 52.11 21.39 68.70 38.26 1.436 0.796 18 Raruan 56.90 23.97 61.91 37.53 1.374 0.650 19 Rasgovindpur 52.43 25.14 69.37 39.87 1.085 0.734 20 Sarasakana 39.36 16.15 62.05 33.59 1.437 0.847 21 Samakhunta 53.90 23.14 67.03 36.57 1.329 0.833 22 Sukruli 52.90 21.94 68.37 39.05 1.411 0.751 23 Suliapada 51.05 20.21 68.73 37.70 1.526 0.823 24 Thakurmunda 39.07 14.01 51.59 24.68 1.789 1.090 25 Tiringi 51.11 16.34 65.38 31.05 2.128 1.106 26 Udala 44.28 18.65 59.69 32.95 1.374 0.812 Rural 39.82 16.77 63.75 33.65 1.375 0.896 27 Baripada M 88.28 73.61 90.98 78.31 0.199 0.162 28 Karanjia NAC 76.54 50.35 84.93 67.66 0.520 0.255 29 Rairangpur NAC 83.17 62.83 88.37 73.57 0.324 0.201 30 Udala NAC 78.32 55.00 88.82 77.12 0.424 0.152 Urban 82.00 62.77 88.28 74.17 0.306 0.190 Mayurbhanj 51.84 23.68 65.76 37.84 1.189 0.738

Source: Census of India, 1991 & 2001

120 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

Table 5.7: Girls’ Enrolment in Mayurbhanj, 1971-72 to 2007-08 Year Elementary Percentage of Girls in Boys Girls Girls per Total Elementary Upper Primary (Number) (Number) '000 Boys (Number) Primary 1971-72 72,283 28,340 392 1,00,623 28.16 22.29 29.12 1981-82 1,20,000 66,000 550 1,86,000 35.48 32.43 36.24 1985-86 1,34,000 85,000 634 2,19,000 38.81 34.04 40.12 1995-96 1,68,000 1,17,000 696 2,85,000 41.05 40.63 41.18 2000-01 1,83,000 1,41,000 770 3,24,000 43.52 43.14 43.59 2006-07 2,01,000 1,74,000 866 3,75,000 46.40 44.68 46.98 2007-08 2,26,979 2,06,887 911 4,33,866 47.68 46.90 48.01

Source: Directorate of Elementary Education, Orissa and OPEPA Office, Bhubaneswar. Note: Primary-Class I-V, Upper Primary-VI and VII and Elementary -Primary +Upper Primary. at the primary level and from 22.29% to More girls attend school in urban areas. 46.90% at the upper primary level during In 2007-08, girls accounted for 52.38% of this period. Girls’ enrolment at the upper enrolment in elementary schools of urban primary level has been proportionately areas compared to 47.69% in rural areas as less than that at the primary level in all may be seen from Chart 5.2. A similar picture reference years. is obtained when primary and upper primary level enrolments are considered separately. Girls’ enrolment at primary, upper primary Enrolment of girls is less in upper primary and elementary levels between 1971-72 schools (46.69%) than in primary schools and 2007-08 is depicted in Chart 5.1. It may (48.11%). In a traditional rural society, girls be observed that the number of girls per are discouraged by parents to go out after 1000 boys increased from 411 to 923 at the attaining puberty and hence their low primary level and from 287 to 883 at the enrolment at upper primary level. However, upper primary level. The increase was also proportionately more girls had enrolled at observed at the elementary level. upper primary level (53.66%) than at primary level (51.47%) in urban areas.

Chart 5.1: Sex Ratio in Enrolment at Primary, UP and Elementary Levels in Mayurbhanj, 1971-72 to 2007-08 923 1,000 911 883 886 86 6

900 808 77 5 77 3 77 0 75 9 696 800 700 670 700 634 56 8 55 0

600 51 6 48 0 411

500 392

400 28 7 Sex-ratio 300 200 100 0 1971-72 1981-82 1985-86 1995-96 2000-01 2006-07 2007-08

Year

Primary UP Elementary

Source: DPEP Office, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

121 Chart 5.2: Girls’ Enrolment in Rural and Urban Areas of Mayurbahnj, 2007-08

54 53.66 52.38 52 51.47

ge 50 ta 48.06 48.11 47.69 47.78 cen 48 r 46.6 46.69 Pe 46

42 PrimaryUPElementary

Rural Urban Total

Source: DPEP Office, Mayurbhanj, Baripada.

Table 5.8 gives the status of girls’ enrolment that in rural areas (862). The sex ratio per 1,000 boys in schools and shows that in enrollment in elementary schools in it is higher at primary, upper primary and each urban centre was more than 1000, elementary levels in urban schools than in but the maximum ratio in a block was rural schools. In urban elementary schools, 986 (i.e., Suliapada and Sukruli blocks). In 1092 girls were enrolled per thousand elementary schools of Kaptipada block, 776 boys in 2007-08, while the corresponding girls were enrolled per 1,000 boys. There enrolment in rural schools was 903. The was no gender parity in enrollment in any sex ratio at the primary level in urban of the blocks at primary level, but four areas (1059) was higher than that in rural blocks had achieved it at upper primary areas (922). At the upper primary level, the level. All urban centres had gender parity sex ratio in urban areas (1141) exceeded in enrolment at almost all levels.

Table 5.8: Status of Girls’ Enrolment in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. No. Block/Urban Body Girls’ Enrolment (Per 1000 boys) Primary Upper Primary Elementary 1 Bahalda 918 879 908 2 Bangiriposi 876 794 855 3 Barasahi 941 815 905 4 Baripada 882 763 861 5 Betnati 907 758 862 6 Bijetola 902 760 869 7 Bisoi 1,008 752 937 8 Gopabandhunagar 960 779 907 9 Jamda 985 837 946 10 Jashipur 906 898 904 11 Kaptipada 802 704 776 12 Karanjia 921 907 918 (Contd...)

122 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

Sl. No. Block/Urban Body Girls’ Enrolment (Per 1000 boys) Primary Upper Primary Elementary 14 Kuliana 968 806 922 15 Kusumi 946 998 960 16 Morada 904 816 880 17 Rairangpur 916 877 905 18 Raruan 889 885 888 19 Rasgovindpur 953 793 909 20 Samakhunta 943 1,035 966 21 Sarasakana 891 933 902 22 Sukruli 977 1,006 986 23 Suliapada 977 1,010 986 24 Thakurmunda 918 860 906 25 Tiringi 931 907 924 26 Udala 940 1,031 959 Rural 922 862 903 27 Baripada M 1,040 1,094 1,061 28 Karanjia NAC 1,081 1,169 1,116 29 Rairangpur NAC 1,176 1,227 1,202 30 Udala NAC 957 1,144 1,034 Urban 1,059 1,141 1,092 Mayurbhanj 1,981 872 911

Source: DPEP, Mayurbhanj, Baripada.

5.3.3. Out of School Children and pattern is observed in both categories for Gender Differences boys and girls. Of children in the 6-14 years Literacy is low in backward regions as the age group in the district, 4.4% did not enrol significance of education is not fully realised in schools in 2007-08. The proportion of by mostly illiterate parents there. Girls are never enrolled girls in this age group at withdrawn from schools to help their mothers 4.6% was almost the same as that for boys in domestic chores. Mayurbhanj district is at 4.2%. The proportion of never enrolled tribal dominated and less developed, but children in rural areas (4.6%) was more than the dropout rate among children in the 6-14 that in urban areas (0.3%) for both boys and years age group was only 3.3%, much less girls. Out of school children is the sum total than 7.7% for the State in 2007-08. Credit of dropouts and never enrolled children. for this achievement goes to the intensified The pattern of out of school children is SSA programme and other educational the same as that for dropouts and ‘never interventions of the government. Further, enrolled’ children in the 6-14 years age the dropout rate of girls at 3.4% was similar group. There is not much difference in the to that of the boys (3.2%) in this age group. pattern of out of school boys and girls. Table The dropout rate in rural areas at 3.4% was 5.9 gives the status of out of school children higher than that in urban areas at 1.2%. This in Mayurbhanj in the year 2007-08.

123 Table 5.9: Out of School Children (6-14 years) in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 (in %) Sl. Block/Urban Body Out of school Drop out Never enrolled No. Boys Girls Total Male Female Total Boys Girls Total 1 Bahalda 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 2 Bangiriposi 10.4 11.4 10.8 4.6 5.2 4.9 5.8 6.2 5.9 3 Baripada 12.4 12.4 12.4 4.9 4.9 4.9 7.5 7.5 7.5 4 Barasahi 3.2 2.8 3.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.3 2.0 2.1 5 Betnati 8.4 9.4 8.9 3.6 4.3 3.9 4.8 5.1 5.0 6 Bijetola 9.5 9.6 9.5 6.6 4.7 5.7 2.9 4.9 3.8 7 Bisoi 3.5 4.0 3.8 1.4 1.6 1.5 2.1 2.4 2.3 8 Gopabandhunagar 5.6 5.0 5.3 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 9 Jamda 11.4 14.1 12.6 3.4 4.0 3.7 8.0 10.1 8.9 10 Jashipur 16.2 17.7 16.9 6.4 6.2 6.3 9.8 11.5 10.6 11 Kaptipada 5.1 7.6 6.2 3.6 4.4 4.0 1.5 3.2 2.2 12 Karanjia 12.3 11.7 12 5.7 4.8 5.2 6.6 7.0 6.8 13 Khunta 2.1 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.8 0.5 0.8 0.6 14 Kuliana 18.0 19.9 18.9 8.0 8.7 8.3 10.0 11.2 10.6 15 Kusumi 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 16 Morada 10.0 11.8 10.9 3.2 4.1 3.7 6.8 7.7 7.3 17 Rairangpur 4.2 3.7 4 1.8 1.5 1.7 2.4 2.2 2.3 18 Raruan 11.3 11.8 11.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 6.7 7.1 7.0 19 Rasgovindpur 7.5 7.9 7.7 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.7 4.4 4.0 20 Samakhunta 4.2 5.3 4.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 3.4 4.3 3.8 21 Sarasakana 8.6 1.4 5.2 2.0 0.4 1.2 6.6 1.0 4.0 22 Sukruli 1.2 1.7 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 23 Suliapada 1.9 2.2 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.5 1.3 24 Thakurmunda 12.7 15.5 14.0 5.2 6.1 5.6 7.5 9.4 8.4 25 Tiringi 2.4 2.1 2.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0 26 Udala 4.2 5.2 4.7 2.1 2.8 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.3 Rural 7.8 8.3 8.0 3.4 3.5 3.4 4.5 4.8 4.6 27 Baripada MPL 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 28 Karanjia NAC 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 29 Rairangpur NAC 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 30 Udala NAC 1.8 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urban 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Mayurbhanj 7.4 8.0 7.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 4.2 4.6 4.4

Source: DPEP Office, Baripada.

The Government has launched a massive respondents (80%) mentioned that the programme for the spread of education, need for a child’s help in domestic work but children still stay away or drop out of was responsible for his/her discontinuing school. It was of interest to find out the school studies half-way. Other contributing reasons for this. Our primary survey made factors were disenchantment with the an attempt in this direction. Findings of the usefulness of studies and early marriage survey are presented in Table 5.10. Most for girls.

124 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

Table 5.10: Causes of Girls’ School Dropout in Mayurbhanj Sl. No. Cause of Dropout Response Rate (%) 1 Help on family farms, attending to domestic chores and care of young 80 2 Education not considered useful 60 3 Early marriage 37 4 Discouraging school environment and lack of basic infrastructure 28

Source: Primary Survey

5.4. Women’s Work about 14 percentage points. Gender disparity Participation in WPR in the district declined from 0.472 in 1991 to 0.309 in 2001. It also came down Women work day in and day out, but only in both rural and urban areas as shown in paid labour services enter the national Table 5.11. accounts as “income received” against work. An unpaid woman labourer is a worker only In urban areas of the district, WPR for males notionally and her contributions to family was 48.50% and 10.83 % for females, whereas income are not counted. Women have less it was 52.75% and 41.97% respectively in access to and control over family resources as rural areas in 2001. It is obvious that the well as in decision making. They contribute gender gap in WPR in urban areas was higher directly to production by participating in the by 37.67 percentage points than that in the work process as paid labour or by supporting rural areas with 10.78 percentage points. and supplementing family labour as unpaid It is not different from the situation in the labour. They contribute to family earnings in census year, 1991. Many factors contribute several ways. As home makers and mothers, to this. Because of economic compulsions, they provide services like child care and women from poorer households in rural looking after the sick. They play a significant areas are compelled to participate in the role in agriculture and allied activities. labour market. This is evident from high female WPR of more than 42% in twelve Women’s work participation rate (WPR) is a backward blocks of the district. Further, measure of their economic role in the society. relatively more literate urban women Since much of the work done by women in desist from doing manual work, hence their India is not market-oriented, their WPR is low workforce participation. Moreover, generally low as compared to that of men. participation in work by women is a part This is also true of Mayurbhanj district. of the tribal culture. Men migrate out of Women’s WPR in the district decreased villages when they find their work un- marginally from 37.79% in 1981 to 37.00% remunerative in the native places and in 1991, but increased to 37.89% in 2001. such work is taken up by women. Between Female WPR in Mayurbhanj was higher than 1991 and 2001, gender disparity in WPR that of the State (24.66 %) in 2001. Male WPR declined in all blocks and urban areas was 52%. The difference between male and except Samakhunta and Rairangpur blocks, female work participation in the district was and Udala NAC.

125 Table 5.11: Gender Differentials in Work Participation Rates in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1991 & 2001 Sl . Block/Urban 1991 2001 Decadal No. Body Change WPR for WPR for Gender WPR for WPR for Gender in Men [%] Women Disparity Men [%] Women Disparity Gender [%] in WPR [%] in WPR Disparity (%) 1 Bahalda 53.28 34.34 0.5515 53.32 42.34 0.2593 -52.98 2 Bangiriposi 56.74 41.48 0.3676 52.44 40.67 0.2892 -21.33 3 Barasahi 55.11 29.31 0.8802 52.93 37.46 0.413 -53.08 4 Baripada 53.34 37.46 0.4239 54.23 46.55 0.165 -61.08 5 Betnati 54.58 30.74 0.7755 53.38 33.09 0.6132 -20.93 6 Bijetola 56.19 46.18 0.2168 55.25 53.38 0.035 -83.86 7 Bisoi 55.67 46.34 0.2011 51.78 44.58 0.1615 -19.69 8 G.B.Nagar 53.15 26.48 1.0072 53.15 32.29 0.6463 -35.83 9 Jamda 55.41 48.26 0.1482 52.64 48.18 0.0928 -37.38 10 Jashipur 56.93 42.67 0.3342 53.10 45.33 0.1714 -48.71 11 Kaptipada 53.70 28.55 0.8809 53.09 41.04 0.2936 -66.67 12 Karanjia 55.31 39.81 0.3891 52.31 46.17 0.133 -65.82 13 Khunta 57.65 42.95 0.3423 54.26 45.29 0.1981 -42.13 14 Kuliana 53.25 33.84 0.5733 51.95 37.53 0.3842 -32.98 15 Kusumi 56.10 46.13 0.2161 52.54 44.63 0.1772 -18.00 16 Morada 54.15 43.05 0.2578 54.06 49.52 0.0915 -64.51 17 Rairangpur 55.88 44.88 0.2449 51.33 40.74 0.2599 6.12 18 Raruan 55.57 45.21 0.2292 52.96 47.16 0.1228 -46.42 19 Rasgovindpur 52.47 32.74 0.6026 50.55 33.61 0.5037 -16.41 20 Samakhunta 55.85 38.67 0.4443 65.64 44.78 0.4658 4.84 21 Sarasakana 55.88 38.76 0.4417 41.31 30.68 0.3465 -21.55 22 Sukruli 55.92 40.52 0.3801 50.36 38.36 0.3128 -17.71 23 Suliapada 53.68 44.71 0.2006 53.66 47.57 0.128 -36.19 24 Thakurmunda 55.47 46.53 0.1921 50.65 47.51 0.0659 -65.69 25 Tiringi 52.39 44.51 0.1770 51.85 44.76 0.1584 -10.51 26 Udala 56.25 31.81 0.7683 54.70 39.04 0.4011 -47.79 Rural 54.96 38.67 0.4213 52.75 41.97 0.2569 -39.02 27 Baripada M 46.66 9.40 3.9638 48.13 10.28 3.6819 -7.11 28 Karanjia NAC 47.87 10.67 3.4864 49.57 12.93 2.8337 -18.72 29 Rairangpur 48.62 8.88 4.4764 47.58 9.26 4.1382 -7.56 NAC 30 Udala NAC 47.90 14.12 2.3924 51.45 14.64 2.5143 5.10 Urban 47.26 9.97 3.7402 48.50 10.83 3.4783 -7.00 Mayurbhanj 54.45 37.00 0.4719 52.21 39.89 0.309 -34.56

Source: Census of India, 1991 and 2001

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Table 5.12: Occupational Structure of Female Workers in Mayurbhanj, 2001 Work Category Number of female Women workers Women workers in workers in different work the work category categories (%) Cultivator 71,616 16.32 24.92 Agricultural labourers 2,13,447 48.64 54.13 Household industry 1,08,152 24.64 72.52 Other workers 45,628 10.40 23.16 Mayurbhanj 4,38,843 100.00 42.70 Source: Census of India, 2001

Much of the increase in women’s work wages and are required to undertake heavy participation is observed in marginal work. Market work is in addition to their usual work. They outnumbered men in the household work and their domestic work-load marginal worker category. As indicated is no less. Almost all women make Mudhi or in Table 4.3, women workers constituted puffed rice, a popular food item of the district. 88.79% of the district marginal workforce Preparation of Mudhi is a time and labour in 1981. Their proportion in this category consuming process and involves sitting by increased to 90.74% in 1991 and declined the fire side at long stretches. Further, women to 67.70% in 2001. Men prefer to take up contribute a considerable amount of labour full-time jobs as main workers and hence the and time in tending livestocks. Goat and increase in women’s work participation as sheep are two most important livestocks and marginal workers. almost 90% of households surveyed in rural areas of the district were found to be rearing The occupational structure of women small animals. Along with this, all women workers in the district is summarised in Table have to perform regular household chores like 5.12. Out of 4, 38,843 women workers in the cooking, washing, fetching water, collecting district in 2001, almost half (i.e., 48.64%) are firewood and of course, looking after their agricultural labourers and about one-fourth children and sick in the family. Discussion (24.65%) household are industry workers. during the field survey revealed that women The proportion of women cultivators is are hardly spared of the drudgery of their 16.32% and 10.40% are engaged in other work even during pregnancy. They continue works. Women constitute about three-fourths to do all household and paid works even up (72.52%) of household sector workers and to the ninth month of their pregnancy. The 54.13% of agricultural labourers. Agricultural situation is somewhat better in the case of wage rates for women are generally low in general caste women, who reported that the district and most of the benefits from their husbands and family members helped household sector industrial produce is them with arduous household work like appropriated by middlemen. Therefore, fetching water from tube wells, washing women’s compensation for work is very low. clothes etc. during pregnancy. In tribal communities, a major contribution to the household incomes is made by Table 5.13 gives the details of work profiles women. of women as obtained through PRAs in the villages visited. A woman in rural Mayurbhanj Our primary survey in the district revealed works round the clock. She has no respite that when women do not work on family from work right from the moment she wakes farms, they work outside their homes for up in the morning till she goes to bed at about

127 Table 5.13: Rural Women’s Daily Work Profile Time line Household work performed by women 4 am to 9am Wake up, fresh up, clean house, preparation of rice cake for break fast, cooking, preparing children for school. 9am to 1pm Go to jungle to collect firewood or work in agricultural field during agricultural season. 1 pm to 3 pm Cutting wood into pieces, sweeping floor, serving food to children, feeding animals and fetching water. 3pm to 5pm Going for agricultural activities or paddy boiling and processing 5pm to 6pm Go to nearest market place to buy vegetables or grocery items 6pm to 9pm Cooking, serving food, utensil washing.

Source: Primary survey

9 o’clock at night. She almost has no leisure. to accept family planning. There are four types Men, of course, work in the field during the of family planning methods. Sterilisation is rainy season, but sit idle during the dry simple and most effective, but most of the season when finding work is uncertain. sterilisation is tubectomy undergone by They usually do not share household work women. Vasectomy is simpler, but men are with women. Yet, men are considered bread generally hesitant to undergo this because earners of the family. of several misconceptions.

5.5. Women’s Health 5.6. Violence against Women

As regards healthcare services, women In a conservative social set-up like that of are at great disadvantage both in the Mayurbhanj, ‘violence against women’ is family as well as in society. They have less often driven by socially set-up norms. It takes access to healthcare services and suffer many forms. The most visible form of violence from malnutrition and pre- and post-natal is physical violence and other forms of problems, more so in a tribal dominated violence include mental torture and financial and forest covered district like Mayurbhanj. deprivation. The specific offences against The pregnancy burden of women in the women in Mayurbhanj include child marriage, district is high as indicated by about 16% forced marriage, dowry related torture, sexual third or higher order deliveries in 2007-08. It harassment, rape and other offences. Many implied a relatively longer reproductive span cases of violence go unreported. The official of women. In 2008, less than one-fourth of statistics are an underestimate of the actual pregnant women received full ANC, thereby number of offences. Some cases of violence, reflecting neglect of pregnant women and being considered family and private matters nursing mothers. are suppressed. There are instances when victims do not seek legal redressal because Knowing very well that home delivery may of social pressures. Despite media reports, be fatal for both mother and child, family not even a single case of trafficking in women members do not take adequate care to take and prostitution was registered during the pregnant women to hospitals or health last two years1. In tribal communities of centres, for which about 30% of deliveries Mayurbhanj, there are instances of witch are conducted at home. The family planning hunting and witch burning, but because of its decision is taken at the male-dominated social approval no case has been registered household level. Generally women are made with the legal authorities.

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Table 5.14: Crimes against Women [CAW] Recorded in Mayurbhanj, 2007 and 2008 Type of Cases Offences Against Women 2007 2008 Number Percent Number Percent Reported cases of dowry 167 37.44 168 41.38 Rape cases 41 9.19 39 9.61 kidnapping and forced 236 52.91 198 48.77 marriage Eave teasing offences 2 0.45 1 0.25 Mayurbhanj 446 100.00 406 100.00

Source: Office of the Superintendent of Police, Baripada

Table 5.14 summarises recorded ‘crimes dowry system was not practised in tribal against women’ in the district. Around 446 societies earlier. But now-a-days, tribals have and 406 cases of ‘crimes against women’ were started following their non-tribal neighbours registered during 2007 and 2008 respectively. in this respect. Rape cases account for about If the reported cases are any indicator, there 10% of total ‘crimes against women’. Eve- is a decline in “crimes against women” in the teasing is, however, virtually non-existent. district in recent years. However, given that all cases of ‘crime against women’ are not Between 2003 and 2008, 1,127 dowry related reported, the actual figure may be higher. cases were registered in the district as may Further, about half of the cases in these two be seen from Table 5.15. Out of this, 570 years were on account of kidnapping and (50.58%) cases were on account of physical forced marriage. These cases are attributed torture inflicted on married women by their to the age-old tribal tradition of a male spouses and in-laws. If such cases within 7 picking up his partner in a social function. years of marriage are included, the number Of course, with the spread of education, girls will increase to 1005 (89.17%). The number of have started resisting and hence the conflict dowry related deaths is no less. Of the total and crime. Dowry related crimes account for 121 death cases, 23 (19%) were suicides and about 40% of ‘crimes against women’. The 98 (81%) were of homicides.

Table 5.15: Dowry-Related Cases in Mayurbhanj, 2003-2008 Sl. Type of Cases 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Percent No. 1 Cases u/s 498 A IPC - Cruelty/Torture 66 57 127 141 82 97 570 50.58 by Spouse/in-Laws/4 DP Act 2 Cases u/s 498A/302 IPC - Death 11 12 17 26 12 20 98 8.70 from/4 DP Act/Cruelty/Torture & Murder by Spouse/in-laws 3 Cases u/s 498A/306 IPC - Cruelty/ 9 9 2 1 1 1 23 2.04 Torture & Abatement to Sucide/4DP Act 4 Cases u/s 304B IPC - Bodily Injury 80 84 92 57 72 50 435 38.60 within 7 years of marriage Total Dowry-related Cases 166 162 238 225 167 168 1126 100.00

Source: Office of the Superitendent of Police, Baripada

1 Office of the Superitendent of Police, Baripada

129 Chart 5.3: Trend of Dowry Cases in Mayurbhanj, 2003-2008

250 238 225

200 167 162 167 168 150

100

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Number of cases reported

Chart 5.3 depicts incidents of dowry related 5.7. Trafficking in Women violence in the district over a period of six years. A comparison of figures for 2003 and There are frequent media reports on 2008 indicated hardly any decline in the trafficking in women in Mayurbhnaj, but number of these cases, though there were there is no police record of any such crime. sharp increases in 2005 and 2006. In the DHDR’s primary survey, no body, not even the victims admitted to such incidents. There are NGO and government officials to But the media reports of pimps and middle help women who suffer atrocities. Shelter men operating in the district. and short stay homes in the district help the victims to tide over the initial crisis. Required A survey conducted by a Mayurbhanj vocational training is being imparted so that based NGO; Rural Development Action Cell their lives can be widen in a meaningful (RDAC) has identified 63 cases, of which way. Violence committed in the privacy of respectively 18, 22, 14 and 9 cases were a family is often downplayed and ignored. from Rasgovindpur, Betnati, Samakhunta The victims very often are ignorant of and Barasahi blocks. There was news of ameliorating avenues. There is an urgent 175 trafficking cases, but only 63 were need for concerted action by the government reported. Most of the reported cases and civil society organisations in bringing belong to OBCs (101), followed by the about transformation in social attitudes and general caste category (55) and SCs (19). norms. Women need to be educated against There was no instance of ST woman being gender-based violence, and preventive and trafficked. Non-tribals were found to have curative measures available. Knowledge of fallen into the trap. Trafficking zones are legal resources, help-lines and counselling close to the district headquarters, which support emboldens women to stand up can be easily accessed. against violence.

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Table 5.16: Cases of Trafficking in Women in Mayurbhanj Sl. Block Reported Identified Caste of the Victim No. Cases Cases General OBC SC ST 1 Rasgovindpur 48 18 15 28 5 0 2 Betanoti 63 22 20 36 7 0 3 Samakhunta 30 14 9 17 4 0 4 Badasahi 34 09 11 20 3 0 Total 175 63 55 101 19 0

Sources: Rural Development Action Cell, Baripada

Victims and their family members are 5.8. Gender-Equality through enticed into trafficking in various ways. They Institution Building are promised decent and well-paid jobs but are coerced to work in agricultural fields, do The conditions of women can be improved other strenuous activities, are subjected to by enabling them to access and control sexual abuse and forced into prostitution. economic resources and income so that Women have been lured by promises of they can achieve financial independence marriage, but they are sold to widowers and and contribute to family income. Paid jobs old men as their concubines/wives. Poor would be a good avenue for this, but such parents with a large number of girl children jobs are limited. Self Help Groups (SHGs) fall prey to the tricks of traffickers. Illiteracy are the other alternative. Financial support and ignorance of victims and their family enables a woman to start an enterprise and members are exploited by shrewd middle participate in decision making at family level. men. The dowry system also is another The Self Help Group (SHG) movement has motivating factor for parents of the girls to proved that it could be a great tool for social opt for such type of trafficking. and economic empowerment of women, leading to gender equality. The Union Ministry of Women and Child Development has launched a scheme, Information about coverage of SHGs in the called, Ujjawala, to prevent trafficking on district is detailed in Table 5.17. By the end the one hand and to rescue and rehabilitate of 2007-08, there were 17,580 SHGs with 2, victims on the other. The scheme has four 05,196 members in the district. The average components, such as, prevention, rescue membership of an SHG is 12. SHG members operation, rehabilitation and reintegration of the district were operating 17,565 bank into society. As part of the scheme, Ujjawala accounts and saved Rs.1,454.61 lakh by 2007- Home, a rehabilitation home for the rescued 08, yielding a per account saving of about victims of trafficking, was set up for the first Rs.8,300, an appreciable saving by mostly BPL time in Orissa at Baripada. At present, there families. SHGs in the district had borrowed are six female intimates in the new home. Of Rs. 4,783.81 lakh during this period. them, four are adults and two are children. One of them is suffering from HIV/AIDS and The SHG movement is very strong in is under treatment. Mayurbhanj district. Flow of bank loans to

131 Table 5.17: Rural Households Covered under Self Help Groups, 2008 Block SHG formed by Different Facilitating Total No. of Bank Amount of Cumulative Agencies (Number) Membership Accounts cumulative Total Loans ICDS Block NGO Others Total Opened savings to WSHG (Rs. In (Rs. in lakhs) lakhs) Bahalda 325 54 41 0 420 4,432 420 43.04 124.89 Bangiriposi 632 18 142 0 774 8,538 774 51.76 300.43 Baripada 924 13 76 2 1,027 10,541 1,015 85.96 351.81 Barasahi 884 44 30 69 1,015 11,728 1,027 107.65 334.01 Betnati 890 58 45 0 993 11,992 993 171.66 337.88 Bijetola 342 13 3 0 345 3,512 345 16.73 53.40 Bisoi 462 14 49 9 534 6,279 534 29.52 93.45 GB Nagar 551 7 52 34 621 7,863 621 39.04 67.51 Jamda 373 5 80 1 378 4,769 378 38.19 72.10 Jashipur 362 134 78 9 583 6,637 583 50.62 110.95 Kaptipada 735 45 73 15 868 9,433 868 62.49 142.07 Karanjia 504 2 266 24 796 8,469 796 40.95 320.77 Khunta 488 14 153 5 660 9,683 660 41.43 124.63 Kuliana 624 38 119 7 788 8,798 788 94.45 377.25 Kusumi 494 12 29 8 543 5,539 543 32.16 189.56 Morada 891 25 33 16 965 13,509 950 52.93 208.18 Rairangpur 366 5 5 0 376 3,960 376 39.75 127.07 Raruan 329 7 136 0 472 5,137 472 26.68 78.01 Rasgovindpur 503 23 128 0 654 8,394 654 40.29 161.01 Samakhunta 753 0 30 0 783 8,300 783 65.03 138.27 Saraskana 612 0 78 0 690 7,008 690 35.17 181.00 Sukruli 253 55 117 0 425 5,000 425 56.59 95.50 Suliapada 860 19 63 8 950 10,305 950 97.24 444.81 Thakurmunda 419 9 333 7 768 9,335 768 56.54 77.21 Tiringi 326 0 0 0 326 4,367 326 14.59 75.45 Udala 573 12 240 1 826 11,668 826 64.15 196.59 Mayurbhanj 14,475 626 2,399 215 17,580 205,196 17,565 1,455 4,784

Source: DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada,

SHGs of the district was the highest among Child Development Department, Panchayati all districts of the State in 2004-05. Between Raj Department, NGOs and others in the 2003 and 2006, the rate of increase in bank district. Initiatives for the formation of loans to SHGs of the district was 149.3%. High maximum number of SHGs (14,475, 81.71%) loan disbursal to SHGs is indicative of their in the district were taken by the Women and good performance. Child Development Department, followed by NGOs (2,399, 13.54%) and the Panchayati Formation of SHGs was facilitated by different Raj Department (595, 3.53%). Only 191 SHGs organisations/offices like the Women and were promoted by other organisations.

132 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

In Mayurbhanj, SHGs were initially formed to 5.9. Gender and Governance promote traditional activities like sabai rope- making, handicrafts, sericulture, handlooms To improve the conditions of women, etc. Meanwhile, they have diversified their various steps have been taken by the work to non-traditional activities like tailoring, Government since independence. Women wool knitting, food processing, embroidery are treated at par with men in the eyes of and bamboo handicrafts. Women’s Self Help the law. There has been reservation for Groups (WSHGs) also have been entrusted them in jobs and educational institutions. with the distribution of PDS commodities For women’s political empowerment, the and management of Mid-Day-Meals (MDM) 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments in schools. Some groups have been awarded stipulated at least 30% representation gas dealership. Some WSHGs in the district of women in all elected local-self have taken up activities like collection of non- governing bodies like Panchayati Raj timber forest produce (NTFP) and preparation Institutions (PRIs), Municipalities and of ready to eat foods. They also have taken Notified Area Councils (NACs). Orissa was up preparing flat rice, pisciculture, mushroom the first State to implement this in the cultivation, terracotta, pottery and other 1997 election. Accordingly, there were activities. Various activities of WSHGs in the women’s representations in the PRIs of district are detailed in Table 5.18. the district.

Table 5.18: Major Activities of WSHG in Table 5.19 gives information about women’s the District representation in local-self governing Activity WSHG involved bodies of the district. The number of women (Number) representatives at all levels of PRI and PDS 108 elected bodies in the district has increased Pisciculture 164 after the constitutional amendment. At Management of Ready 1 present, of 382 Sarapanches in the district, to Eat Plant 135 (35.34%) are women. In Panchayat Management of MDM 1,707 Samities, women representatives comprise Tailoring 40 34.82% (133 out of 382) of total members, Gas retailing 9 but their number was 111 in 2005. Out of 26 Spices making 26 Panchayat Samiti chairpersons, 9 (34.62%) Minor forest product 120 are females. At Zilla Parishad level, 19 female Sabai Rope making 5,300 members constitute 33.93% of a total of 56 members. Out of a total number of 5,253 Sal leaf plate making 2,600 Panchayat ward members in the district, Paddy processing 1,800 1,885 (35.88%) are women. In urban local Small business 3,933 bodies, 27 out of 70 councilors (38.57%) Vegetables cultivation 314 are women. Women’s representation in the Others 324 elected bodies of the district has increased Mayurbhanj 16,446 over the years. Source: DRDA, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

133 Table 5.19: Women Members in Local Self Governing Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2009 Sl. Block Zilla Parishad Panchayat Samiti Panchayat Sarapanch Panchayat Ward No. Member Chair Person Samity Member Member Total Female Total Female Total Female Total Female Total Female 1 Bahalda 2 1 1 - 12 4 12 4 180 63 2 Bangiriposi 2 1 1 - 18 6 18 6 233 83 3 Barasahi 3 - 1 - 30 9 30 10 370 132 4 Baripada 2 - 1 1 11 4 11 4 162 57 5 Betnati 3 1 1 - 22 8 22 8 324 121 6 Bijetola 2 1 1 - 10 4 10 4 166 65 7 Bisoi 2 1 1 - 10 4 10 4 149 53 8 G.B.Nagar 2 1 1 1 13 5 13 5 171 60 9 Jamda 2 1 1 - 8 4 8 3 140 49 10 Jashipur 2 1 1 - 20 6 20 7 235 87 11 Kaptipada 3 2 1 - 26 9 26 9 333 119 12 Karanjia 2 - 1 1 13 5 13 5 163 59 13 Khunta 2 1 1 1 14 5 14 5 188 65 14 Kuliana 2 1 1 1 17 5 17 6 214 78 15 Kusumi 2 1 1 - 12 4 12 4 183 66 16 Morada 3 1 1 1 20 7 20 7 281 96 17 Rairangpur 2 1 1 - 9 3 9 3 124 45 18 Raruan 2 - 1 - 12 4 12 4 152 54 19 Rasgovindpur 2 - 1 1 15 5 15 5 191 68 20 Samakhunta 2 - 1 - 14 5 14 5 199 74 21 Saraskana 2 1 1 1 15 5 15 5 213 74 22 Sukruli 2 1 1 - 9 3 9 3 116 31 23 Suliapada 2 - 1 - 15 5 15 5 220 80 24 Thakurmunda 2 - 1 - 16 6 16 6 261 93 25 Tiring 2 1 1 1 10 4 10 4 121 45 26 Udala 2 1 1 - 11 4 11 4 164 58 Total 56 19 26 9 382 133 382 135 5,253 1,875 Source: Deputy Director, District Planning Office and District Panchayat Officer, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

5. 10. Conclusion years. Institutional delivery has improved significantly in the last five years, but child Gender inequality persists in Mayurbhanj. malnutrition and women’s health status still There are less women per thousand men and remain matters of concern. Several policy women lag behind men in education, accessing measures need strengthening. Widening healthcare services, work participation and are and intensification of the NRHM programme at a disadvantage at family and society levels. would bring about desired improvements. But the redeeming feature is that the sex ratio has improved, though marginally, between High WPR of women in the district is due to 1991 and 2001. Gender disparity in literacy female work culture of tribals, who dominate has declined, and Gross and Net Enrollment the district population. Vocational training Ratios of girls among children in the 6-14 years and technical education would further age group has been satisfactory in recent enhance their employability. Cottage

134 District Human Development Report Gender Issues

industries, textiles and tassar would provide familial as well as social status. Women adequate employment opportunities to specific programmes like the Kasturba women. With facilitation by government Balika Vidyalaya, Supplementary Nutrition departments and NGOs, the WSHG Programme, initiatives for the formation of programme has done well in empowering WSHG, reservation of jobs for women and women financially. These groups are mostly increasing representation of women in local engaged in traditional activities and need governing bodies are being implemented to be helped for diversification. Women’s in the district. For better outcome, there is representation in local self governing bodies need to create awareness among the women is more than the stipulated 30% of seats. themselves about the issues affecting them, and remedial measures and facilities available Several initiatives have been taken by to deal with the situation. Civil society the State Government in recent years to organisations have a big role to play in improve the lot of women and better their this regard.

135

Chapter 6 Human Vulnerability

“Hunger is not just malnutrition. Hunger is rape, molestation, alcoholism, dowry, female infanticide and foeticide.” - Mohini Giri

137

Human Vulnerability

6.1. Introduction groups are working children, the physically challenged and aged. Human vulnerability signifi es uncertainties about availing opportunities in the future. In Mayurbhanj, fl oods and droughts occur It represents exposure to physical threats at regular intervals. These affect agricultural to human well-being and incapacity of production and occasionally threaten food people and communities to cope with security of a large chunk of the population. these threats. Natural calamities including Stray wild animals from nearby forests also pose fl ood, drought and cyclones increase the a threat to life and property. Increasing crimes vulnerability of the people who do not and extremism add to the vulnerability of the have adequate capacity to cope with people. them. Several factors - natural, social and economic add to the vulnerability of a 6.2. Natural Calamities large segment of the population. Women face many disadvantages vis-à-vis their Natural calamities like fl oods, drought and male counterparts, STs, SCs and other cyclones cause serious problems in the poor who fail to have adequate access to district. Between 2006 and 2008, the district basic necessities of life like suffi cient food, has been hit by fl ood almost every year. healthcare, and education even in normal Drought occurred in 2008 and the district times. The other helpless vulnerable was affected by cyclones in 2007. Table 6.1

139 gives an account of natural calamities that of the district are affected by flood in one have affected the district from 2006 onwards. year or the other. Only upland blocks were There is no year in which the district was not spared of floods in the last three years. Map affected by a natural disaster. 6.1 depicts details of the blocks vulnerable to flooding. Table 6.2 identifies the more The district is served by a network of 9 rivers flood prone blocks of the districts. These are and gets most of its rain within a short span Barasahi, Betanati, G.B. Nagar, Rasgovindpur, of 4 months. Rains cause rivers to be in spate Udala and Kaptipada. It may be observed and inundate river side habitations, banks. that 205 villages of 50 GPs of these blocks As is evident from Table 6.1, 15 of 26 blocks with 88,894 persons are frequently affected

Table 6.1: Occurrences of Natural Calamities in Mayurbhanj, 2006-08 Sl. No. Block /Urban Body Flood Drought Cyclone 1 Bahalda 2006-07 Nil 2006-07 2 Bangiriposi 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 3 Baripada 2006-07 Nil 2006-07 4 Barasahi 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2007-08 2006-07 5 Betanati 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2007-08 2006-07 6 Bijetola Nil Nil Nil 7 Bisoi Nil Nil Nil 8 G.B.Nagar 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Nil 9 Jamda Nil 2007-08 Nil 10 Jashipur 2006-07 Nil Nil 11 Kaptipada 2006-07 2007-08 Nil 12 Karanjia Nil Nil Nil 13 Khunta 2006-07 2007-08 Nil 14 Kuliana 2006-07 2007-08 Nil 15 Kusumi Nil Nil Nil 16 Morada 2006-07 2007-08 2007-08 2006-07 17 Rairangpur Nil Nil Nil 18 Raruan 2006-07 Nil Nil 19 R.G.Pur 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2007-08 2006-07 20 Samakhunta 2006-07 Nil Nil 21 Saraskana Nil 2007-08 22 Sukruli Nil Nil Nil 23 Suliapada Nil Nil Nil 24 Thakurmunda Nil Nil Nil 25 Tiringi Nil Nil Nil 26 Udala 2006-07 2007-08 Nil 27 Baripada (M) 2006-07 Nil Nil 28 Karanjia Nil Nil Nil 29 Rairangpur Nil Nil Nil 30 Udala NAC 2006-07 Nil Nil

Source: Office of the Deputy Director, Agriculture, Mayurbhanj, Baripada,

140 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

Map 6.1: Flood Occurrence of Mayurbhanj District

FLOOD OCCURRENCES OF MAYURBHANJ DISTRICT Tiring

Bahalda Rairangpur

Saraskana Jamda Bijetola

Kusumi Bisoi Koliana Raruan Bangiriposhi Suliapada Raruan Baripada Jashipur Sukruli Shamakhunta Muruda

Karanjia Rasagovindpur Khunta Barasehi Betanati Gopabandhunagar Udala

Thakurmunda Years of Flood 2005-06 & 2006-07 Kaptipada 2005-06, 2006-07 & 2007-08 2006-07 2006-07 & 2007-08 Block Boundary

by floods and the severity of floods has been Floods damaged 773 houses in 2004-05, 1,159 increasing over time. In 2004-05, four blocks, in 2005-06 and 1,416 in 2007-08 as may be 31 GPs and 169 villages were affected by seen from Table 6.3. In all, 3,585 houses were floods. In 2006-2007, 11 blocks, 153 GPs and severely or marginally damaged by floods in 694 villages were affected. 2006 and 2007.

Loss of crops due to floods was also more in The district virtually remains dry after the later years. In 2004-05, more than 50% September till the rains begin in June the crops on 3,330 ha of land were lost. The flood following year. The water table in some parts affected areas increased to 7,532 ha and of the district, particularly in upland hilly 3,819 ha in 2005-06 and 2006-07 respectively. areas gets very low. The irrigation potential

Table 6.2: Flood Vulnerable Areas in Mayurbhanj Sl. Block/ CHC GP Affected Villages Affected Population Affected No. (Number) (Number) (Number) 1 Barasahi 18 54 24,557 2 Betanati 3 16 6,659 3 GB Nagar 11 47 20,998 4 Rasgovindpur 3 16 6,575 5 Udala 7 42 21,090 6 Kaptipada 8 30 9,015 Total 50 205 88,894

Source: District Emergency Office, Baripada

141 Table 6.3: Flood Damage in Mayurbhanj, 2007 Year Sl. Sub-division Block GP Fully Damaged Severely Marginally No. (No.) (No.) Houses Damaged Houses Damaged (No.) (No.) Houses (No) Pucca Kachha Pucca Kachha Kachha 2007 1 Rairangpur 1 3 43 101 2 Baripada 6 12 3 4 1 7 70 3 Karanjia 4 42 23 1 284 879 2006 1 Baripada 5 16 16 54 1,099 Total 16 73 3 86 2 446 2,048

Source: District Emergency Office, Baripada

in the district is about 35% only and tube blocks that are affected by cyclone from wells cannot be sunk everywhere. Many time to time are indicated in map 6.2. The irrigation tanks constructed during the reign blocks affected by drought in 2007-08 are of the erstwhile Maharajas have become shown in Map 6.3. dysfunctional due to lack of maintenance. In years of erratic rainfall and monsoon failure, Table 6.4 and Map 6.3 analyse the areas the district faces drought. However, it is affected by drought in 2007-08. Out of 7,828 less frequent in Mayurbhanj than in other ha affected by drought in 12 blocks in that parts of the State. While droughts occur year, paddy accounted for 7,415 ha (95%) almost every year in Orissa, Mayurbhanj and other crops about 5%. The most affected had drought only once in 2007-08 in recent blocks were Khunta, Gopabandhunagar and years. Drought caused more damage to Barasahi with crop losses over 2,053 ha, 1308 paddy crops than non-paddy crops. The ha and 1,010 ha respectively. The crop loss areas of the district, which are closest to the due to drought was about 25% in most of coast line are vulnerable to cyclone. The the affected areas.

Map 6.2: Cyclone Affected Blocks of Mayurbhanj District(2006-07)

CYCLONE AFFECTED BLOCKS OF

Tiring MAYURBHANJ DISTRICT (2006-07)

Bahalda Rairangpur

Saraskana Jamda Bijetola

Kusumi Bisoi Koliana Raruan Bangiriposhi Suliapada Raruan Baripada Jashipur Sukruli Shamakhunta Muruda

Karanjia Rasagovindpur Khunta Barasahi Betanati Gopabandhunagar Udala

Thakurmunda

Kaptipada

Cyclone affected blocks Block Boundary

142 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

Map 6.3: Drought Affected Blocks of Mayurbhanj Districts (2007-08)

DROUGHT AFFECTED BLOCKS OF

Tiring MAYURBHANJ DISTRICT (2007-08)

Bahalda Rairangpur

Saraskana Jamda Bijetola

Kusumi Bisoi Koliana Raruan Bangiriposhi Suliapada Raruan Jashipur Baripada Sukruli Shamakhunta Muruda

Karanjia Rasagovindpur Khunta Barasahi Betanati Gopabandhunagar Udala

Thakurmunda

Kaptipada

Drought affected blocks Block Boundary

Table 6.4: Drought Affected Area in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. Block GP Villages Crop Area Affected Intensity of Damage (%) No. (No.) (No.) (ha.) Paddy Non- paddy Paddy Non- Total Up to Up to Up to paddy 25% 50 % 25% 1 Bangiriposi 18 55 271 271 271 0 0 2 Saraskana 15 58 345 345 345 0 0 3 Kuliana 17 51 174 174 174 0 0 4 Betnoti 22 220 870 870 870 0 0 5 Morada 11 46 295 295 295 0 0 6 Rasgovindpur 15 178 620 620 620 0 0 7 Barasahi 30 214 1,010 1,010 1,010 0 0 8 Udala 10 30 577 577 577 0 0 9 Kaptipada 12 46 215 215 215 0 0 10 Khunta 14 128 1,640 413 2,053 1,635 5 413 11 G.B. Nagar 13 125 1,308 1,308 1,308 0 0 12 Jamda 1 7 90 90 90 0 0 Total 178 1,158 7,415 413 7,828 7,410 5 413

Source: Office of the Deputy Director, Agriculture, Baripada

143 6.3. Damage by Wild Animals in 2006-07 to 406 in 2007-08. All cases of violence against women are not reported. The forest coverage of Mayurbhanj is very In a border district like Mayurbhanj, dacoity, high, thus providing a habitat to a variety of robbery, burglary and theft cases are high. wild animals. However, due to deforestation Such cases numbered 393 in 2006-07 and the wild animals find it increasingly difficult 444 in 2007-08. Another area of concern to find adequate food in their traditional is the increase in murders. In 2006-07, 84 surroundings. Many, particularly elephants murder cases were reported in the district stray into agricultural fields close to forests, and the number increased to 98 in 2007-08, harm human life and destroy standing crops. registering an increase of 16.67%. Increase in In 2007-08, two persons were killed by crimes adversely affects human development elephants and a forester was injured. Elephants by increasing fear, insecurity and vulnerability. destroyed 133 houses and standing crops on 56.93 acres of land. Though the magnitude 6.5. Child Labour of loss is not much, its threat and vulnerability potential is quite high. The victims are mostly Although child labour is prohibited by poor tribals living in and around forests. law, it is still being practised. Working children constitute a vulnerable group 6.4. Crimes in society. These children are forced to work to earn their livelihood at a young Crime is a man-made cause of vulnerability age instead of going to school. This as it poses threat to life, property and dignity undermined their future development. of people. Violence and crime infuse a sense A Child Labour Survey conducted in 1997 of insecurity in society. Crimes in the district estimated 2,15,222 child labour in the are increasing. The number of registered State, of which Mayurbhanj accounted cases increased from 1,007 in 2006-07 to for 21,780 i.e., (10.11%). This problem is 1,046 in 2007-08 as may be seen from Table acute in the district. 6.5. Crimes against women fell from 446 Spatial distribution of child labour in the district is presented in Table 6.6. With Table 6.5: Status of Crimes in Mayurbhanj, the exception of Baripada block, child 2006-07 & 2007-08 labour is found in all blocks of the district. Type of Crime 2006-07 2007-08 Kaptipada has the highest number of child Murder 84 98 labour (2,243), followed by Thakurmunda Dacoity 10 11 (1,729). Gopabandhunagar and Khunta Robbery 46 47 blocks had 32 and 105 child labourers Burglary 113 96 respectively. In all other blocks, the Theft 224 290 number is about 300 or more. There were Riots 17 30 a few working children in urban areas. About 5% (i.e., 1,039) of these working Crime against women 446 406 children perform hazardous tasks. This Crime against SC by puts their safety, health and welfare at non-SC 21 17 stake. Children who are considered the Crime against ST by future of society need to be nurtured and non-ST 46 51 provided with required facilities so that Total 1,007 1,046 their potential can be harnessed. Source: Office of the Superintendent of Police, Baripada

144 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

Table 6.6: Child Labour in Blocks Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 1997 Sl. Block /Urban Body Child Labour (Number) No. Hazardous work Non-Hazardous work Total 1 Bahalda 140 719 859 2 Bangiriposi 8 343 351 3 Barasahi 0 1,072 1,072 4 Baripada 0 0 0 5 Betnati 8 1,332 1,340 6 Bijetola 145 930 1,075 7 Bisoi 88 774 862 8 Gopabandhunagar 12 20 32 9 Jamda 6 1,034 1,040 10 Jashipur 0 1,336 1,336 11 Kaptipada 0 2,243 2,243 12 Karanjia 3 1,085 1,088 13 Khunta 0 105 105 14 Kuliana 23 980 1,003 15 Kusumi 66 364 430 16 Morada 0 281 281 17 Rairangpur 249 1,086 1,335 18 Raruan 0 1,171 1,171 19 Rasgovindpur 13 770 783 20 Samakhunta 6 397 403 21 Saraskana 0 329 329 22 Sukruli 0 1,277 1,277 23 Suliapada 0 455 455 24 Thakurmunda 0 1,729 1,729 25 Tiringi 161 294 455 26 Udala 0 380 380 27 Baripada M 4 26 30 28 Karanjia NAC 5 190 195 29 Rairangpur NAC 101 19 120 30 Udala NAC 1 0 01 Mayurbhanj 1,039 20,741 21,780

Source: District Labour Office, Mayurbhanj, Baripada N.B.: Child labour identified as per Supreme Court Order, 1997

6. 6. Physically Challenged The severity of the problem is great in poor Children households with a low income base.

Physically challenged children constitute Distribution of disabled children below another vulnerable group. These children the age of 18 in different blocks of the generally depend on family members for district is presented in Table 6.7. In 2007-08, their livelihood as they cannot find it for disabled children numbered 9,743, of which themselves. They are prone to neglect and orthopaedically handicapped children humiliation, more so in adverse situations. constituted the largest proportion of 52.94%.

145 Table 6.7: Category-wise Disabled Children in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. Block OH VI MR HI Total No. 1 Bahalda 116 57 41 41 255 2 Bangiriposi 95 106 58 39 298 3 Baripada 54 23 25 12 114 4 Barasahi 350 94 71 51 566 5 Betnati 252 128 51 71 502 6 Bijetola 477 132 128 135 872 7 Bisoi 108 72 50 47 277 8 Gopabandhunagar 175 26 25 52 278 9 Jamda 153 39 54 31 277 10 Jashipur 110 47 35 59 251 11 Kaptipada 149 44 43 33 269 12 Karanjia 79 51 52 24 206 13 Khunta 121 46 58 51 276 14 Kuliana 156 74 31 36 297 15 Kusumi 404 103 59 127 693 16 Morada 305 128 102 52 587 17 Rairangpur 107 29 47 33 216 18 Raruan 633 185 129 150 1,097 19 Rasgovindpur 167 65 69 45 346 20 Samakhunta 42 17 21 12 92 21 Saraskana 299 50 76 59 484 22 Sukruli 97 41 45 28 211 23 Suliapada 90 35 41 28 194 24 Thakurmunda 284 88 60 58 490 25 Tiringi 234 57 71 62 424 26 Udala 101 35 17 18 171 Mayurbhanj 5,158 1,772 1,459 1,354 9,743

Source: District PH & Rehabilitation Centre, Mayurbhanj, Baripada NB:- OH-Orthopaedically Handicapped, VI-Visually Impaired, MR-Mental Retardation, HI-Hearing Impaired,

The respective proportions of visually 50 blind and 96 deaf and dumb students in impaired, mentally retarded and hearing these two special schools. impaired children were 18.18%, 14.97% and 13.89%. Various initiatives have been taken 6. 7. Migration by the government under public-private partnerships to help out these children. Two Men, women and children migrate in groups special schools for visually challenged and generally in January to work in other districts hearing impaired children are functioning and outside the State. Their main destinations at Baripada since 1986. The Indian Red include Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Cross Society, Baripada has taken over the Jamshedpur. Migrants are mostly tribals. management of these organisations with Unable to find gainful employment back effect from 2004-05. At present, there are home, they migrate elsewhere to make both

146 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

the ends meet. Migration during the lean sector earned an average daily wage of season is a normal feature throughout the Rs. 90.00 in their place of migration. Brick- district. But no authentic data on migration kiln workers’ average earning per day was is available. A sample survey was conducted about Rs. 120. Daily wages of migrant to get an idea about migration in the district. workers in construction and factory Livelihood vulnerability of people dependent sectors ranged between Rs. 150 and on collection of NTFP is currently high. The Rs. 200. Back home, these workers used to probability of these persons on forest fringe earn Rs. 50.00 to Rs. 60.00 in the agricultural areas migrating was presumed to be high sector and Rs. 60 to Rs. 80 through other and therefore, a purposive sample was drawn work. The respondents did not consider from these areas. Table 6.8 records sample earning differences between their place information on migration. of migration and native place substantial enough in view of the dislocation and Certain facts about migration in the district incidental inconveniences. In other words, emerge from this study. First, out of total they are not ‘pulled up’ by the cities, but are 722 households surveyed, 258 (35.73%) ‘pushed out’ of their native place due to lack reported to be seasonally migrating every of employment opportunities during the lean year. Second, the lack of local employment agricultural season. Seventh, 323 migrants opportunities pushed them out in search (or 86.43%) in the sample survey were STs, 8 for livelihood. Third, migrants generally do (3.1%) SCs and 27(10.46%) were from general not move out with the whole family. The old castes. Eighth, the interaction with people and some members stay back to look after in the sample areas revealed that relatively their households. Only 13.18% (34) migrant young migrants went for construction and households moved with their entire families. factory work, and were first generation The sample migrant families, migrating with migrants. Elderly migrants worked in the less than or more than 2 members were agricultural sectors and brick-kilns. almost equal, being 45.35% (117) and 41.48% (107) respectively. Fourth, the duration of 6.8. Food Insecurity and migration was mostly for 4 months or less in Poverty a year, usually after the harvesting season and when collection of NTFP starts shrinking. In Food security means access to enough the sample survey, 157 (60.85%) households food at affordable prices for an active and migrated for a maximum of 4 months. These healthy life by all people at all times. Food migrants consisted of workers in brick-kilns as security has three aspects: availability well as agricultural workers. Migrants going of food, access to food and utilisation of for construction and other works stayed food. Sufficient quantity of quality food away for longer periods. Migrants usually should be available either through local do not visit their native places in between. production or supply from outside by the Fifth, it is interesting to note that 64% of the government or market system. People heads of migrant families were literate and should be able to access food, for which even 14.35 % were high school pass outs they need purchasing power and supply or had higher educational qualifications. of foodgrains at affordable prices. Further, The more educated went outside the state non-food inputs like water and healthcare and worked in construction and factory are necessary for utilisation of food. sectors. The less educated mostly worked in brick–kilns and the agricultural sector. The poor in the district face food insecurity Sixth, migrants working in the agricultural as many of them do not have the necessary

147 - - 20 20 31 11 19 > 4 101 - - - - - 6 4 months (39.15)

Individually 20 45 10 24 25 16 17 ≤ 4 157

Migration (HHs) Migration 86 16 36 55 30 61 20 In months Period of Migration Period (60.85) Group - - - 5 3 6

20 All 34 60 50 60 60 60 60 80 (Rs) Wages (13.18) - - 8

37 12 24 18 15 14 35 20 23 17 12 > 2 Work 107 Other (41.48)

50 50 50 50 60 50 40 (Rs) 20 10 10 27 16 16 18 ≤ 2 Wage 117 Migrating Family Members Family Migrating (45.35) Work and Wages at Home at Wages and Work 4

55 12 37 15 41 12 - - 5 4 6 Agri 12 10 37 Sec. & Sec. higher (14.34) - -

(Rs) 4 180 180 200 180 100 Wage 15 25 18 32 18 16 128 Elementary (49.61) - - 6 4 4 4 12 30 No. work Factory Factory Education of Migrants Education - 0

36 17 18 12 10 93 Illiterate (36.05) - (Rs)

150 150 150 150 120 150 Wage -

2 4 4 4 13 27 Others

- 8 4 10 19 21 24 86 No. - - - 2 1 3 2 SC 8

Construction

ST Castes of Migrant HHs of Migrant Castes 20 61 25 48 30 16 23 80 90 80 90

223 100 100 100

(Rs) Wage 20 65 30 55 36 16 36 HHs 2 3 6 8 8 6 Work and Wages in Places of Migration in Places Wages and Work 258 12 45 Migrant Migrant (35.73) No. Agriculture 65 97 70 82 HHs 179 107 122

722

Number of

(Rs) 120 120 120 120 150 120 Wage

1 5 1 3 1 2 2 - 15 97 12 13 11 20 10 31 No. kiln Hamlets Brick Brick

Migration in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 in Mayurbhanj, Migration Migration in Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 in Mayurbhanj, Migration

y Survey Block Morada Kaptipada Baripada Suliapada Khunta Samakhunta Udala Total

Block Morada Total Udala Samakhunta Khunta Suliapada Baripada Kaptipada Source: Primar Source: percentages are in parentheses Figures Note: Table 6.8-A: Table Table 6.8-B: Table Source: Primary Survey Source: percentages are in parentheses Figures Note:

148 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

Table 6. 9: Distribution of BPL Families in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 1992 & 1997 Sl. Block 1992 BPL Census 1997 BPL Census Variation in No. Percentage Total BPL BPL Total BPL BPL Families Points Rural Families Families Rural Families (%) Families (Number) (%) Families (Number) (Number) (Number) 1 Bahalda 12,967 11,460 88.38 19,161 14,251 74.38 -14 2 Bangiriposi 17,125 15,984 93.34 22,984 19,384 84.34 -9 3 Barasahi 25,465 23,237 91.25 30,717 23,899 77.80 -13.45 4 Baripada 9,296 8,485 91.28 13,579 10,500 77.33 -13.95 5 Betnati 21,331 16,370 76.74 25,000 20,991 83.96 7.22 6 Bijetola 10,652 9,957 93.48 14,161 10,396 73.41 -20.06 7 Bisoi 14,570 10,832 74.34 16,569 10,680 64.46 -9.89 8 Gopabandhunagar 12,019 11,136 92.65 17,714 13,919 78.58 -14.08 9 Jamda 8,907 8,506 95.5 12,385 9,014 72.78 -22.72 10 Jashipur 15,329 14,237 92.88 21,408 16,964 79.24 -13.63 11 Kaptipada 18,336 17,356 94.66 27,819 21,762 78.23 -16.43 12 Karanjia 17,129 15,234 88.94 17,839 12,930 72.48 -16.46 13 Khunta 12,060 11,321 93.87 17,151 14,690 85.65 -8.22 14 Kuliana 13,950 11,620 83.3 19,253 16,583 86.13 2.83 15 Kusumi 13,738 12,473 90.79 20,281 16,606 81.88 -8.91 16 Morada 15,155 13,599 89.73 21,115 17,589 83.30 -6.43 17 Rairangpur 9,362 8,797 93.96 14,258 10,559 74.06 -19.91 18 Raruan 10,261 8,114 79.08 14,312 11,476 80.18 1.11 19 Rasgovindpur 11,966 10,750 89.84 17,931 13,099 73.05 -16.79 20 Sarasakana 16,055 13,159 81.96 19,833 14,722 74.23 -7.73 21 Samakhunta 15,227 11,025 72.4 16,412 13,166 80.22 7.82 22 Sukruli 9,045 8,126 89.84 11,854 9,386 79.18 -10.66 23 Suliapada 18,222 13,315 73.07 21,255 15,198 71.50 -1.57 24 Thakurmunda 14,335 11,336 79.08 22,650 15,285 67.48 -11.6 25 Tiringi 9,143 7,046 77.06 10,919 7,988 73.16 -3.91 26 Udala 12,224 11,609 94.97 15,616 13,830 88.56 -6.41 Mayurbhanj 3,63,869 3,15,084 86.59 4,82,176 3,74,867 77.74 -8.85

Source: Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Orissa. purchasing power to buy food of adequate proportion declined to 78.74% in 1997, but quantity and appropriate quality. Their diet is the number of poor households increased of poor quality and they suffer from a number to 3,74,867. If the trend is any indicator, the of vitamin-deficient diseases. Poverty abounds proportion of poor households in the district in the district, particularly in rural areas. The would be less now. The percentage of BPL percentage of BPL families in the district is families in all blocks excepting Betanati, more than the state level ratio. In 1992, out Kuliana, Raruan and Samakhunta declined of 3, 63,869 rural households in the district, over five years period from 1992 to 1997. Table 3,15,084 (86.59%) were identified as poor. The 6.9 gives the distribution of below poverty line

149 (BPL) households by blocks as per the 1992 6.8.1. Public Distribution System and 1997 BPL census. The Public Distribution System (PDS) aims at providing food and other essential The major poor groups are tribals, commodities of acceptable quality at agricultural labourers, casual labourers and affordable prices to the general public, small and marginal farmers. A profile of the particularly the poor. Under the PDS, the BPL families across groups and blocks is government provides essential commodities presented in Table 6.10. Of the total number like rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene oil of BPL families in the district, 61.53% are STs at subsidised rates. The PDS plays an and 8.25% are SCs. Taken together, they add important role in distributing foodgrains up to about 70% of the poor, higher than and ensuring food security. In 1996-97, the their proportion in the district population. Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)

Table 6.10: Group-wise BPL Families in Mayurbhanj, 1997 Total Total % Sl. Block Rural S.C. S.T. Women P.H. S.F. M.F. R.A. A.L. BPL of No. Families Families BPL 1 Bahalda 19,161 1,047 8,669 1,881 114 1,782 7,053 873 4,462 14,251 74 2 Bangiriposi 22,984 977 14,430 2,333 34 7,875 10,640 1,984 2,435 19,384 84 3 Baripada 13,579 269 8,423 943 12 1,748 4,420 609 3,531 10,500 77 4 Barasahi 30,717 3,036 12,958 2,132 168 2,913 7,951 210 12,825 23,899 78 5 Betnati 25,000 4,018 8,820 1,906 261 4,013 7,247 1,009 8,722 20,991 84 6 Bijetola 14,161 594 8,162 1,435 216 1,322 5,114 378 8,582 10,396 73 7 Bisoi 16,569 635 7,802 1,289 186 1,670 5,370 287 3,853 10,680 64 8 Gopabandhunagar 17,714 2,302 8,013 1,861 243 1,483 4,527 407 7,502 13,919 79 9 Jamda 12,385 543 6,795 1,473 88 968 4,519 229 3,298 9,014 73 10 Jashipur 21,408 1,187 11,365 2,035 32 5,937 7,634 1,187 3,393 16,964 79 11 Kaptipada 27,819 1,166 15,116 2,136 35 1,985 7,868 1,069 10,840 21,762 78 12 Karanjia 17,839 1,075 9,267 1,141 261 2,952 6,288 602 3,088 12,930 72 13 Khunta 17,151 799 3,306 1,509 210 1,442 5,850 547 6,851 14,690 86 14 Kuliana 19,253 1,138 11,211 1,573 108 1,898 6,878 855 5,351 16,583 86 15 Kusumi 20,281 1,775 10,639 1,811 368 3,357 6,887 1,290 2,893 16,606 82 16 Morada 21,115 1,176 8,603 1,870 56 1,456 8,209 742 7,182 17,589 83 17 Rairangpur 14,258 961 5,964 1,139 0 1,150 5,246 247 3,916 10,559 74 18 Raruan 14,312 875 5,999 1,074 127 1,931 3,619 755 3,970 11,476 80 19 Rasgovindpur 17,931 1,202 7,584 1,443 141 2,881 8,058 589 1,571 13,099 73 20 Samakhunta 16,412 879 7,971 1,372 249 2,076 6,184 424 3,601 13,166 80 21 Sarasakana 19,833 1,246 9,463 1,530 8 1,253 5,662 568 5,086 14,722 74 22 Sukruli 11,854 764 6,205 1,153 241 2,025 3,470 736 3,155 9,386 79 23 Suliapada 21,255 1,162 5,807 1,842 113 1,220 5,069 188 8,726 15,198 72 24 Thakurmunda 22,650 950 11,500 892 263 710 9,120 341 4,187 15,285 67 25 Tiringi 10,919 471 6,367 38 3 1,355 3,905 225 2,500 7,988 73 26 Udala 15,616 692 10,234 497 73 3,382 6,976 354 2,761 13,830 89 Mayurbhanj 4,82,176 30,939 23,0673 38,308 3610 60,784 1,63,764 16,705 1,34,281 3,74,867 78

Source: Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Orissa. Note: PH- Physically Handicapped, SF-Small farmers, MF- Marginal Farmers, RA- Rural Artisans, AL- Agricultural labour

150 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

was introduced to cater to the needs of the Panchayat and Gram Sabha/Palli Sabha BPL population. As part of the TPDS, two levels. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, schemes, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and beneficiaries are supplied 35kg of rice per Annapurna Scheme have been operating. month at subsidised rates. In 2008-09, 99,640 These schemes are designed for the ultra- families were covered under these schemes poor and destitute households. Beneficiaries in the district, the largest and the smallest under the schemes are to be identified at number of beneficiaries being in Barasahi

Table 6.11: Beneficiaries under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana & Annapurna Yojana in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2004-05

Sl. Families Covered under Persons Covered under Block /Urban Body No. Antodaya Anna Yojana Annapurna Scheme

1 Bahalda 3,895 138 2 Bangiriposi 5,285 159 3 Baripada 2,773 143 4 Barasahi 6,559 234 5 Betnati 5,240 220 6 Bijetola 2,949 106 7 Bisoi 2,864 119 8 Gopabandhunagar 3,227 118 9 Jamda 2,870 101 10 Jashipur 3,998 158 11 Kaptipada 6,112 209 12 Karanjia 3,758 143 13 Khunta 3,892 123 14 Kuliana 4,596 155 15 Kusumi 4,037 148 16 Morada 4,079 168 17 Rairangpur 2,602 101 18 Raruan 2,756 102 19 Rasgovindpur 2,701 141 20 Samakhunta 3,194 122 21 Saraskana 4,103 154 22 Sukruli 2,712 90 23 Suliapada 4,364 160 24 Thakurmunda 3,550 147 25 Tiringi 2,392 87 26 Udala 3,642 115 27 Baripada M 488 100 28 Karanjia NAC 392 36 29 Rairangpur NAC 288 37 30 Udala NAC 322 23 Mayurbhanj 99,640 3,857

Source: District Civil Supplies Officer, Mayurbhanj, Baripada,

151 Table 6.12: Monthly Requirement of Rice @ Rs.2/- per kg in Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 Sl. Category of Beneficiaries Numbers Requirements (Qtls) No. 1 B.P.L. @25kg. per family 2, 95,782 73,945.50 2 A.A.Y@ 35 kg. 99,640 34,874.00 3 Boarders of S.T. /S.C. Hostel (12 kg for 36,805 5,055.60 Class I - VII and 15 kg for Class VIII – X) Mayurbhanj 4,32,227 1,13,875.10

Source: District Civil Supplies Officer, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

(6,559 families) and Tiringi (2,392) blocks per the prescribed norm, there should be respectively. Distribution of beneficiaries one fair price shop per 1,000 population in is in proportion to the block population and rural areas and 2,000 population in urban number of BPL households. The Annapurna areas. Table 6.13 gives the distribution of Scheme provides 10kg of rice per month fair price shops in the district. There are free as nutritional support to poverty 2,247 fair price shops at present, of which stricken senior citizens. The coverage under 140 are government managed and 181 are this scheme also is maximum (234 persons) managed by co-operative societies. WSHGs in Barasahi block and minimum (81 persons) manage 891 shops and 828 are privately in Tiringi block. Table 6.11 provides block- managed. On an average, a fair price shop wise number of beneficiaries under these serves 990 persons in the district as may two food security schemes in the district be seen from Table-6.13. This is lower than in 2004-05. the per-shop coverage of 1,342 persons in the State and 2,141 persons at all India level A programme was launched on August 1, in 1995-961. Subsidised commodities like 2008 for distribution of rice @ Rs. 2 per kg sugar, kerosene and rice are also provided to BPL and APL families, boarders of SC/ST to APL families. In 2008-09, 20,76,000 litres hostels. Around 2,95,782 BPL families and of kerosene and 6,890.37 quintals of sugar 99,640 AAY beneficiaries are covered under were distributed through the PDS in the this scheme in the district. The need of the district. Access of people to supplies under district under the PDS can be gauged from the PDS is, therefore, satisfactory. A field level the monthly requirements indicated in Table sample survey showed that a person had to 6.12. The programme for the sale of rice at cover a distance of about 2 km on an average Rs. 2 per kg has been very well received by for his ration and 3 km at the maximum. In the people. All the poor respondents in our a vast district like Mayurbhanj with widely primary survey were euphoric about the dispersed population, physical access programme and said in unequivocal terms of people to benefits under PDS is that it would go a long way in solving their considered fair. food insecurity problem. The Mid-Day-Meal (MDM) scheme operates in 4,826 schools Under the Revised Village Grain Bank covering 3, 29,453 students, out of which Scheme, 30 WSHGs have been selected for 2,16,880 are STs and 30,377 are SCs. functioning as “Village Grain Banks” in 26 ITDP blocks of the district. Each Village Grain The Public Distribution System operates Bank was supplied 40 quintals of rice to meet through a network of fair price shops. As immediate requirements.

1 Orissa Human Development Report 2004

152 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

6.8.2. Nutritional Programmes the delivery of ICDS services in each village. Women and children in the district suffer ICDS workers enlighten community members from chronic nutritional deficiency. The about mother and child care. Children aged Government, therefore, has introduced between 3-6 years are prepared in Anganwadi various schemes to provide nutritional support centres for primary education by developing to the vulnerable sections of population them psychologically, socially and physically. experiencing nutritional stress. The Integrated Achievements of the programme in the district Child Development Services (ICDS) is the are more than 90%. The Programme Officer, most important of these programmes. The ICDS Cell in the district acts as the Protection programme is functioning in all blocks of the Officer for women victims of domestic violence. district and Anganwadis are entrusted with By 2009, 9 domestic violence cases were

Table 6.13: Density of Fair Price Shops in Blocks/Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2008 Sl. No. Block /Urban Body Population Number of Fair Persons per Fair Price Shops Price Shop

1 Bahalda 75,842 71 1,068 2 Bangiriposi 91,603 77 1,190 3 Baripada 60,341 49 1,231 4 Barasahi 1,30,850 95 1,377 5 Betnati 1,28,908 111 1,161 6 Bijetola 58,174 54 1,077 7 Bisoi 66,724 70 953 8 Gopabandhunagar 66,309 85 780 9 Jamda 55,801 60 930 10 Jashipur 88,845 99 897 11 Kaptipada 1,26,371 179 706 12 Karanjia 81,390 95 857 13 Khunta 68,528 76 902 14 Kuliana 88,647 86 1,031 15 Kusumi 82,188 82 1,002 16 Morada 94,015 81 1,161 17 Rairangpur 56,056 72 779 18 Raruan 59,041 75 787 19 Rasgovindpur 83,632 79 1,059 20 Samakhunta 70,889 71 998 21 Sarasakana 89,374 70 1,277 22 Sukruli 52,239 77 678 23 Suliapada 92,108 69 1,335 24 Thakurmunda 90,115 91 990 25 Tiringi 48,556 49 991 26 Udala 66,857 92 727 27 Baripada M 95,004 76 1,250 28 Udala NAC 21,441 13 1,649 29 Karanjia NAC 21,896 27 811 30 Rairangpur NAC 11,712 16 732 Mayurbhanj 22,23,456 2247 990

Source: District Civil Supplies Office ,Baripada

153 registered in the district. Expenditure for ICDS Scheme. All identified 11,924 beneficiaries increased from Rs.2,312.73 lakh in 2005-06 in the district availed of the benefits to Rs. 3,413.46 lakh in 2008-09. under the programme in 2007-08. The Madhubabu Pension Yojana was launched ICDS undertakes activities like supplementary by the State Government by amalgamating nutrition, immunisation, health check-ups the Old Age Pension and Disability Pension and referral services for women and children. Schemes. Destitute old men above 60 Health check-ups of ante-natal lactating years, destitute women irrespective of age mothers and children up to 6 years is done and leprosy patients are eligible to get by the ICDS functionaries every Wednesday. the pension. Under the National Old Age Immunisation of children and pregnant Pension Scheme, implemented since 1995, women is another activity under ICDS. This destitute old men and women above the has brought down the IMR in the district age of 65 years and living below the poverty to about 42%. Interaction with people at line are entitled to the pension @ Rs.200/- the time of the primary survey revealed per month, and 19,532 personers received that most of the respondents (93%) were benefits under the scheme during 2008-09. satisfied with the programmes and pleaded Under the National Family Benefit Scheme for their intensification. The SNP scheme is (NFBS), implemented since 1995, a lump uniquely designed to improve the nutritional sum family benefits of Rs.10, 000/- is given level of pregnant women, lactating mothers to BPL households upon the death of the and children aged between 6 months and 6 primary bread earner, if he/she dies between years. The beneficiaries are the children and the age of 18 to 65 years. The total number mothers of the above categories from poor of pension holders in the district is 94,540, families. Benefits under the SNP are given for out of which 20.66% receive the National 300 days a year. Old Age Pension and the remaining 79.34% are covered under the Madhubabu Pension 6.9. Social Security and Yojana as may be seen from Table 6.14. Social Welfare Measures The highest number of recipients of these schemes are seen in Barasahi (5,685) block, Social security consists in preventing followed by Betanati (5,341) and Kaptipada deterioration in the standard of living of the (5,109) blocks. The coverage in three NACs vulnerable and extending them state support is low, though there are 2,163 beneficiaries for a reasonable living. Social Welfare Schemes in Baripada Municipality area. operate to lessen the vulnerability of different population segments like the aged, destitute, Four orphanages and an old age home orphans, children and women. Social security are operating in the district. In 2007-08, measures include pension for senior citizens, 27 persons were admitted into the old widows and the disabled. These schemes age home. Two short-stay homes with a are being implemented by both the Central sanctioned strength of 30 each, operate in and State Governments to provide some the district to look after the rehabilitation income to the vulnerable groups. Under of needy women and children in distress. the Old Age/Widow Pension Scheme, old The annual expenditure on these schemes men and women, and widows are eligible increased from Rs. 697.71 lakhs in 2002-03 to to get pension. Totally blind, orthopaedicaly Rs. 1,207.41 lakhs in 2008-09 as may be seen handicapped and mentally retarded persons from Table 6.15. The total expenditure over aged 5 years and above are eligible to get the 7 years period from 2002-03 to 2008-09 pension under the Orissa Disability Pension was Rs. 6954.26 lakh.

154 District Human Development Report Human Vulnerability

Table 6.14: Coverage under Oldage, Widow and Disability Pension in Blocks /Urban Bodies of Mayurbhanj, 2008-09 Sl. Block /Urban Body Number of Beneficiaries Covered No. National Old Madhubabu Pension Yojana Total age Pension Scheme Orissa Disability Old Age Pension Scheme Pension 1 Bahalda 690 455 2,324 3,469 2 Bangiriposi 813 562 2,865 4,240 3 Baripada 697 332 1,615 2,644 4 Barasahi 1,219 783 3,683 5,685 5 Betnati 1,134 705 3,502 5,341 6 Bijetola 530 352 1,896 2,778 7 Bisoi 588 347 1,876 2,811 8 Gopabandhunagar 632 322 2,256 3,210 9 Jamda 499 276 1,522 2,297 10 Jashipur 823 460 2,584 3,867 11 Kaptipada 1,097 575 3,437 5,109 12 Karanjia 713 415 2,136 3,264 13 Khunta 662 336 2,341 3,339 14 Kuliana 779 503 2,629 3,911 15 Kusumi 732 459 2,347 3,538 16 Morada 844 556 2,798 4,198 17 Rairangpur 513 362 1,803 2,678 18 Raruan 518 311 1,763 2,592 19 Rasgovindpur 695 496 2,522 3,713 20 Samakhunta 617 369 1,896 2,882 21 Sarasakana 774 511 2,554 3,839 22 Sukruli 455 302 1,604 2,361 23 Suliapada 800 497 2,544 3,841 24 Thakurmunda 761 419 2,407 3,587 25 Tiringi 432 278 1,391 2,101 26 Udala 623 325 2,380 3,328 27 Baripada M 473 359 1,331 2,163 28 Karanjia NAC 157 103 415 675 29 Rairangpur NAC 165 109 417 691 30 Udala NAC 97 45 246 388 Mayurbhanj 19,532 11,924 63,084 94,540

Source : DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

155 6.10. Housing blocks. Still, many more families continue to live without a shelter. Expenditure under Housing is a basic necessity of life and has the programme increased from Rs. 1,271.25 bearing on the quality of life. The absence lakh in 2002-03 to Rs. 2,270.90 lakh in 2008- of a residential house with basic amenities 09. Total expenditure over this period in like sanitation and drinking water is the district under the programme was Rs. considered deprivation. Ownership of 10,079.62 lakh. a house infuses a sense of security and dignity in its owner, provides him with 6.11. Conclusion comfort and increases his confidence. But a large number of households in the Vulnerability in the district is caused by poverty district do not own a house. Tribals live and natural calamities. Extremism is also in traditional thatched houses without posing a threat to the security of the people. electricity and sanitation facilities. In view The vulnerable groups are the poor, mostly of this, various government programmes tribals, the aged and the children. Besides are operating in the district to provide providing assistance at the time of calamity, houses to the poor. The most important the government has taken up measures to housing scheme is the Indira Awas Yojana prevent and reduce the intensity of natural (IAY), which provides housing to SCs, STs, calamities. The Subarnarekha irrigation project Freed bonded labourers and BPL families has been implemented to control floods and of other castes. The State level scheme ‘Mo to increase irrigation facilities. The poor are Kudia’ has been implemented since April supplied with subsidised rice at Rs. 2/- per 2008 to provide houses to BPL families by kg to ensure their food security. NREGS and way of supplementary resources available other employment generation programmes under IAY. are being implemented to enhance income of the poor. Houses are being provided to the Till March 2008, 6,951 houses were disadvantaged and poor under IAY and ‘Mo provided by the Government in the district Kudia’ programmes. Though the poverty ratio under different schemes. As may be seen in the district has declined, many continue from Table 6.16, a large number of houses to grind under absalute poverty and there were provided in Barasahi block (395) and are still a number of destitutes outside the Betanati block (339) and a small number in social security net. Extremism is gathering Raruan (183), Sukruli (187) and Tiringi (187) momentum along the inter-state border,

Table 6.15: Expenditure on Social Security Measures in Mayurbhanj, 2002-03 to 2008-09 (Rs. in lakh) Social Security Measure 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2002-03 to 03 04 05 06 2008-09 a) National Old Age Pension 203.60 203.60 197.62 198.57 384.58 584.02 468.77 2,240.76 Scheme (NOAP) b) Madhu Babu Pension 393.47 458.67 462.28 472.73 894.88 150.20 225.02 3,057.25 Yojana/ OAP & WP c) National Family Benefit 42.90 83.00 18.10 25.70 78.70 125.30 155.90 529.60 Scheme (NFBS) d) Orissa Disable Pension (ODP) 57.74 82.01 85.13 105.62 200.23 238.20 357.72 1,126.65 Total 697.71 827.28 763.13 802.62 1,558.39 1,097.72 1,207.41 6,954.26

Source: DSWO, Mayurbhanj, Baripada

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Table 6.16: Provisions of Houses to Rural Families in Blocks of Mayurbhanj, 2007-08 Sl. No. Block Beneficiaries SC ST Others Total 1 Bahalda 15 152 82 249 2 Bangiriposi 20 207 102 329 3 Baripada 12 123 66 201 4 Barasahi 24 244 127 395 5 Betnati 21 217 101 339 6 Bijetola 15 151 81 247 7 Bisoi 15 158 73 246 8 Gopabandhunagar 14 143 78 235 9 Jamda 13 131 71 215 10 Jashipur 20 198 102 320 11 Kaptipada 24 241 125 390 12 Karanjia 17 173 93 283 13 Khunta 16 161 87 264 14 Kuliana 18 185 100 303 15 Kusumi 18 187 102 307 16 Morada 16 159 86 261 17 Rairangpur 12 123 67 202 18 Raruan 11 112 60 183 19 Rasgovindpur 15 154 83 252 20 Samakhunta 14 147 80 241 21 Saraskana 19 191 103 313 22 Sukruli 11 114 62 187 23 Suliapada 15 148 80 243 24 Thakurmunda 19 195 100 314 25 Tiringi 11 114 62 187 26 Udala 15 149 81 245 Mayurbhanj 420 4,277 2,254 6,951

Source: DRDA, Baripada Mayurbhanj particularly in the Similipal area. There is a Employment generation efforts need to be need to strengthen the present disaster intensified to reduce people’s vulnerability mitigation and social security measures, and and increase their confidence as well as sense tighten security in the Naxal affected regions. of security.

157

Chapter 7 Biodiversity

“Ecology is permanent economy.”

-Sunderlal Bahuguna

147

Biodiversity

7.1. Biodiversity of Mayurbhanj

Biodiversity refers to variety and variability dominant natural biosphere in the district. It of life on earth. It is the totality of genes, is located between 20°17’ N & 22°34 N latitude species, ecosystems and population in a and 85° 4’E and 87° 10’E longitude. Lying in the region. Biodiversity is manifested at several heart of the erstwhile Mayurbhanj State, it is levels starting with small organisms, plants very close to the furthest end of the Eastern and animals to ecosystems. Diversity is Ghats and is located in the Mahanadian Bio- determined either by counting the number geographical Region and within the Biotic of different species present or by identifying Province of Chhotanagpur Plateau. The taxonomic diversity. Taxonomic diversity is Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) has been more precise and traces the relationship included in UNESCO’s World-wide Network among species. It can be measured by of Biosphere Reserves. It is one among the counting the number of different taxa (main 14 biosphere reserves of India. The Similipal categories of classification) present. Biosphere Reserve was offi cially notifi ed by the Government of India on 22nd June, 1994. A sizeable proportion of total land mass of It comprises the entire Similipal sanctuary Mayurbhanj is covered with forest and hill (core and bufferzones) with the adjoining ranges running from one side of the district to Nato and Satkoshia Reserve Forests forming the other. The Similipal forest area is the most an additional buffer. A belt approximately 10

149 7.1. Biodiversity of Mayurbhanj

Box 7.1: Millennium Development Goal 7 Ensuring environmental sustainability Indicators Target 7a: Integrating the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources Target 7b: Reducing biodiversity loss, achieving a significant reduction in the rate of loss by 2010 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forests 7.2 CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction Target 7c: Reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water 7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source 7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility Target 7d: Achieving significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums.

km wide all around the buffer is designated by a narrow strip of coastal plain. The as the ‘transition zone’. The total area of this monsoon and moisture laden bay wind Biosphere Reserve is 5,569 sq. km. The Core has definite influence on the vegetation Area of the biosphere is 1,194.75 sq.km, pattern of the hills. Nature has epitomised which is also designated as the Core Area all her living resources in this massif. The of the Similipal Tiger Reserve. There are four hills rising high from the plains of Baripada villages in the Core Area, 57 villages in the and Udala extend as far as Jashipur to the buffer zone and 1,200 villages in the transition north, Bisoi to the east and Thakurmunda zone. Similipal Sanctuary stretches over about to the west. 600 km. Its forest is located very close to the inter-state boundary with West Bengal in the The Similipal hills range from 1,005 to 1,220 north-east and Jharkhand in the north-west. metres in height. Their peaks are densely The boundary of Baripada Division under wooded. Khairiburu peak in south Similipal Similipal Tiger Reserve Circle bordering West is 1,178 m high whereas Meghasani is 1,165 Bengal is about 152 km and that of Baripada m high. The elevation in the central region at and Karanjia Divisions with Jharkhand is about Dhudurchampa is 1,000.8 m and at Chahala 205 km. It is a compact forest, perhaps the it is 774.5 m. The landscape is beautifully largest single mass of natural forest still left dotted with both low and high hills densely in eastern India. covered with vegetation. The important waterfalls of Similipal are Joranda (150 m.) The massif, not part of the Eastern Ghats and Barehipani (400 m). Similipal is the richest or Gadjat hills, stands out in the north- watershed in the State of Orissa giving rise east corner of the Deccan Plateau with its to many perennial rivers like Budhabalanga, glory of varied tropical flora and fauna. Khadkei, Khairi, Bhandan, West Deo, Salandi, It is separated from the Bay of Bengal East Deo, Sanjo and Palpala. These rivers are

150 District Human Development Report Biodiversity

the life line for the people of Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Balasore and Bhadrak districts. The tourism route runs through the buffer area and touches important points in the core of the sanctuary. Its total length is about 170 km.

For the common man from Mayurbhanj, Similipal is a symbol of reverence and awe. It has the appeal of religious sanctity, a coherent bend of cultural assimilation and offers a perennial source of livelihood. Hence, Similipal symbolises not only hills and valleys, streams and rivers, ravines and waterfalls, but a bewildering panorama of is pleasant. The southern and western many hundreds of millions of trees, with parts are cooler whereas the northern and a huge and mammoth canopy veiled in eastern parts are warmer. This influences green. floral and faunal distribution.

7.2. The Similipal Biosphere 7.2.2. Ecology Similipal is unique in many respects, 7.2.1. Geography notable among which are its fl ora, fauna, The climate of the massif is warm and humid. forests, landscapes, tribes and waterfalls. Summer is tolerable as the temperature The biodiversity of the Similipal reserve hardly goes above 400C. Three distinct forest with its typical ecosystems is a seasons are felt during the year. The rainy usondeoful gift of nature. The massif plays season is from mid-June till October with both a functionary and regulatory role in a rainfall of about 1,250 mm during the preserving the ecosystem and maintaining monsoon. Frequently, 2,500 mm rainfall an ecological balance in the region, which is experienced in some pockets and more suffers from temporary setbacks caused by in higher elevations inside Similipal. Winter biotic factors like fi re, grazing, poaching, clear creeps in gradually from mid-October and felling and frost. The nifty massif covered by becomes severe in December, bringing forest growth stands as a barrier along the down the temperature to 50 C in many north eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau. parts of these hills. The weather in spring The South-West monsoon wind passing over

Box 7.2: Man – Animal Confl ict In February 2008, a herd of elephants from Jharkhand’s Dalma elephant sanctuary strayed into West Bengal. Drawn by the scent of Mahua poch, the elephants raided a liquor manufacturing unit in a West Bengal village, which is just 5 km. from the Mayurbhanj border. They then proceeded to gorge on the intoxicating brew made from the fermented fl owers. The elephants scattered into groups and one group of 25 romped into Mayurbhanj district, ravaging crops in the bordering villages of Lodhakundia, Pahla, Ghangana, Dhobanishole, Banakati and Darudihi. The herd hid itself inside Suliapada reserve forest area during the day and came out at night to feed on ripe paddy till it was chased away by the offi cials.

151 the Bay of Bengal in the northern direction the disturbed and undisturbed sites of the hits hill ranges and gets deflected inducing reserve was not distinct. The diversity- of heavy rains in the coastal areas and interiors herb species was much higher at various of south-west Orissa. The vegetative cover undisturbed sites. influences and regulates rainfall, modulates atmospheric temperature, checks velocity of 7.2.3. Forest Types and Flora wind flow, holds up water by root system at According to the Botanical Survey of high altitudes and enriches the atmosphere India, in 1958 the vegetation of Similipal with moisture by transpiration. Further, comprised the northern tropical semi- aspect deviation is noticed in strategicplaces. evergreen and moist deciduous forest, dry Cooler southern and western aspects have deciduous hill forest, high level Sal forest, given rise to varied vegetation patterns and grassland and Savannah. The reserve forest types. Besides, the forest cover of the stands as a link between the flora and Similipal hills has a sobering effect on the fauna of southern India and sub-Himalayan velocity of rain drops and speed of run-off, north-east India. The composition of thereby preventing soil erosion from water flora and fauna of Similipal constitute 7% and wind, and reducing intensity of flood. flowering plants, 8% orchids, 7% reptiles, As a result, the ground water reserve gets 20% birds and 11% animals. It is the charged by way of percolation of rain water, abode for 94 species of orchids and 1,076 which later serves as a perennial source species of other plants. These include 2 of water supply in nallas and streams. It endemic species of orchids, 8 endangered also acts as a source of food and shelter plants and 34 other rare plant species. for birds and animals. The ecosystem in Endemism is high among tree ferns, the district owes its existence to the forest orchid and medical plants. The endemic cover in Similipal. orchids are Eria meghasaniensis, Tyna hookeriena, Bulbophyllum panigrahianum There are considerable differences in the and others. number of species across sites. The middle elevation sites had a lower number of 7.2.4. Fauna species than the lower and higher elevation The hills of Similipal present a wide sites. Further, the disturbed sites had more spectrum of wild life with varied birds species than the undisturbed and moderately and animals. The identified species of disturbed ones. Disturbances occurred either fauna include 12 species of amphibians, in the form of recurring soil erosion (natural) 29 species of reptiles, 264 species of birds or anthropogenic activities, such as, grazing, and 42 species of mammals. Similipal is also lopping, surface burning and illegal cutting of the abode for black and melanistic tigers trees. Shorea robusta is the dominant species which are a rare species. at all sites, followed by Dillenia pentagyna, Terminalia alata, Anogeissus latifolia, Dense woodlands accommodate defused Schleichera oleosa and Syzygium cumini sambar, kutra, wild boar, gaur, elephant and in that order. The tree density across sites gurandi. Other Animals found in this region ranged from 650 to 970 stems per ha and are cheetah, porcupine and refus tailed the basal area from 48.71 to 104.92 m2 per hare. Four-horned antelope and elephants ha. The density and basal area of undisturbed are found in the long valleys of the south. sites was higher than that of the disturbed Sloth bear, wild boar, hyena, ratel and the sites. However, the difference in density and Indian pangolin are also found in this region. basal area of shrubs and sapling layer among The shrubs are diurnal grazing ground for

152 District Human Development Report Biodiversity

Sambars. Open fields are created by extensive l Elephant, 449, (Male 85, Female 282, frost bitten grassland patches bordering Young 82) woodlands and grasslands along nallas and l Bison, 850-950 stream banks. Grasslands above 1,000 m l Wildboar, 10,000 and in higher valleys are most suitable for l Sambar, 7000-9000 all species of deer and antelopes. Cheetal l Cheetal, 2500-3500 in small groups are seen near Bakua, Garh- l Barking Deer, 4000-5000 Similipal, Barheipani, Nawana and Chahala l Mouse Deer, 1500-1800 villages. Repeated tribal hunts and poaching have affected the population of cheetal from All these collectively highlight the richness the area which earlier had a high density of of the biodiversity here. An assemblage of these species. Four-horned antelope are ecosystems ranging from forests, grasslands found in the forest fringes at night. Elephants and wetlands to the composite Similipal are also occasional visitors in the area. Other ecosystem with species like tiger, elephant, species found here in high density are hares giant squirrel, mugger crocodile and turtles and porcupines. This is also a good habitat exist here. Within Similipal, the Kharia for wild buffalo. The Indian pangolin and the tribes are still a part of these forests and Indian giant squirrel are dispersed in pockets derive their livelihood from them. They all over the hills. The common giant flying are untouched by modernity and current squirrel is also found in some areas. developmental efforts.

As per the latest census, here are details of 7.2.5. Avifauna some common wild animals in the sanctuary Similipal has varied avifauna of peninsular of Similipal Biosphere Reserve: and Himalayan region. Pea fowl, red jungle l Tiger, 99, (Male 29, Female 43, Cubs 27) fowl, red spur fowl, painted spur fowl, black l Leopard, 126, (Male 44, Female 62, partridge, grey partridge and quails of all Cubs 20) types are seen everywhere. The famous

153 mimic bird, Hill Mayna abounds here. The 7.3. Biodiversity and Similipal forest cover and terrain is an ideal Livelihood habitat for tigers and panthers. This area has good ambush cover and is the ideal Biodiversity has significant influence on the abode for big cats. Hyenas of all terrestrial livelihood of people living in and around types are found here. Wood dogs are seen Similipal biosphere. Most of the people in small groups. The reptile species found inside, and in the periphery of Similipal are are python, ring cobra, cobra, rat snake, aborigines. Some of them like Bhumijas, common krait, Russel’s viper and the like. Bathudis, Kohlos, Santhals, Eranga Kharia, Mugger is found in Khairi and Budhabalang Mankidia and Sabara have remained rivers. A special type of fish called “trout” primitive and depend on the forest as the (locally called Khajara) is found only in the main source of their livelihoods. They collect Deo, Khairi and Bhandan rivers. It is a tasty NTFP like honey, mahua, fire wood, gum, fish, but cannot be kept long after being arrowroot, siali gum, resin, lac, flowers etc. caught as it gets decomposed soon. and sell them to earn theirlivelihood.

Table 7.1: Ethno Medicines Found in Mayurbhanj Disease Ethno Medicines Malaria Nyctanthes arbortristis L. (Oleaceae), ‘Gangasiuli’ Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz (Apocynaceae), ‘Patalgarud’ Snakebite Ra uvolfia serpen tina Calotropis gigantea (L.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae), ‘Arka’ Cassia fistula L. (Caesalpiniaceae), ‘Sonari’ Jaundice Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae), ‘Manjuati’ Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. (Cucurbitaceae), ‘Bankunduri’ Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (Bignoniaceae), ‘Phen phena’ Dysentery Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae), ‘Amarpoi’ Hibiscus rosasinensis L. (Malvaceae), ‘Mandar’ Clausena excavata Burm. f. (Rutaceae), ‘Agnijal’ Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Zing iberaceae), ‘Palua’ Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz (Anacardiaceae), ‘Ambada’ Bark Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Fabaceae), ‘Piasal’ Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae), ‘Apamaranga’ Cold fever Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (Euphorbiaceae), ‘Bhuiamla’ Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. (Sapindaceae), ‘Kusuma’ Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Lamiaceae), ‘Tulsi’ Ear ache Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitacea), ‘Bonkunduri’ Schleichera oleosa Shorea robusta Gaertn. Fruct. (Dipterocarpaceae), ‘Sal’ Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) G. Don (Orchidaceae), ‘Malanga’ Scabies Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae), ‘Be gunia’ Aloe vera L. (Liliaceae), ‘Gheekuanri’ Phyllanthus fraternus Androgrphis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wallich ex Nees (Acanthaceae), ‘Bhuin neem’ Tuber culosis Solanum surattense Burm .f. (Solanaceae), ‘Bhagebaigana’ Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Celastraceae), ‘Pengu’ Head ache Elephantopus scaber L. (Asteraceae), ‘Ma yurchulia’ Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wallich ex G. Don (Apocynaceae), ‘Kuluchi’ Colic pain Rauvolfia serpentine

Source: Behera, K.K. 2006

154 District Human Development Report Biodiversity

7.3.1. Biodiversity and Tourism The forests of Similipal are a permanent abode Many tourists both, domestic and foreign are for many animals. Tourists are mesmerised attracted by the Similipal mountains. Tourism by the majestic roar of tiger and other wild provides both direct and indirect employment animals, the swaying gait of the elephant, to the local people. It is emerging as an the chirping of various tropical birds, the important source of livelihood for many in shining foliage of luxuriously grown sal trees the district. and other tropical trees and the rustling of its perennial streams. Barehipani (400 mt) and Mayurbhanj enjoys the unique distinction Joranda (150 mt) waterfalls are magnificent of having a vast forest cover bristling with sites. When one is cozily settled in the rest varied flora and fauna, stretches of lush green house at night, it is exciting as well as chilling forest served with a network of perennial to hear the shrill alarm calls of Cheetal, belling streams and its bracing climate contribute in of Sambar or barking of Muntjac, generally making the district an ideal habitat for tropical indicating the presence of large predators birds and animals. Similipal National Park with such as the leopard or tiger in the vicinity. its streams and rocky glens beckon tourists. During May-June, a large number of orchids The perennial rivers, gorgeous falls, azure sky bloom, exotically coloured and strangely and picturesque scenery are ever-refreshing. shaped. They nestle on the trunks and The meadows of Chahala, the magnificent branches of trees for support in the moist waterfall at Barheipani, the Nawana valley, regions. Generally four to five varieties bloom the bank of river Budhabalanga near Jamboo, at a time for a few days, while others patiently the waterfall and majestic hills at Joranda, wait for their turn. Foot-long chains of Fox-Tail Lulung and the shrine at Deokund attract orchid consisting of several hundreds of tiny them. Nature lovers cannot but miss the translucent mauve coloured flowers are most majestic sal forests, cool, calm and expansive conspicuous. A visit to Ramtirtha Crocodile grassy lands, soaring peaks and waterfalls Rearing Centre near Jashipur is a different of streaming pearls which make Similipal the experience altogether. In totality, Similipal “Dreamland of Nature”. is among some of the best creations of God.

155 Much more needs to be done to exploit the human life. Degradation by tuskers renders eco-tourism potential of this area. many people homeless.

7. 3.2. Ethno Medicines The solution to this problem lies in providing Despite the popularity of allopathy, many gainful and attractive employment to these people depend on herbs for traditional people so that they remain engaged round healthcare. Treatment with plants and roots the year. Eco-development schemes have is the usual practice in traditional tribal been launched for this purpose. In the communities with scant access to modern Similipal reserve forest, scientific silvicultural healthcare services. There has been a turn management for sustained yield commenced around in favour of herbal medicines for from 1953-54. The Management Action long term benefits without side effects. A Plan for the Biosphere Reserve emphasizes study carried out with the help of local tribes suitable programmes of eco-development in 2003-2004 in 35 villages of the Similipal in the ‘Transition Zone’ and also to a limited Biosphere Reserve indicated the availability extent, in the ‘Buffer Zone’ to promote various of the following ethno medicines in the area. alternative livelihood options, thereby reducing The different medicinal plants with their human pressure on forests. Similipal authorities botanical names and family and local Oriya have decided to oust 223 families from the names are in Table 7.1. These medicinal plants core area of the tiger reserve to conserve the and roots are collected by the tribals living animal’s habitat. The ousted families from six within forest and in forest fringes, and sold in villages will be rehabilitated in places of their local weekly markets. They are a significant choice in accordance with the National Tiger source of livelihood for forest dwellers. Conservation Authority guidelines.

7.4. Threat to Biodiversity 7.5. Biodiversity and People

Activities of the tribals also pose threats to 7.5.1. Importance of Biodiversity biodiversity-conservation in Similipal. The Conservation of biodiversity is imperative specific threats are loss of diversity due to to support and improve people’s livelihood. collection of small timber and fire-wood, ‘wild Biodiversity needs to be preserved for various fire’, and shikar (illegal hunting of wildlife). reasons. First, various species and ecosystems While procuring a livelihood from the forests, have evolved over millions of years. If they people remove forest biomass by grazing, are removed, the life system runs the danger lopping, surface burning and litter removal. of collapsing. These key pieces are difficult to Illicit felling of trees impairs the regeneration identify and the impact of their loss cannot potential of sites and plants often do not have be assessed. Second, from an economic time to recover adequately. The custom of point of view, environmental disasters like “Akhand Shikar” (continuous hunting) floods, forest fires and hurricanes indirectly results in large-scale killing of wild animals. or directly caused by human activities have Diminishing forest area, indiscriminate economic consequences on the affected deforestation and habitat degradation have regions. Clean-up bills can run into billions, caused animals to stray into villages, inside not to mention the extent of human and adjacent to forests for food. The man- misery. Erosion and desertification caused animal conflict has reached a flash point in by deforestation reduce people’s ability to the district in recent years. Animals make raise crops to feed themselves. Third, natural intrusions and go on rampage in forest fringe competition between man and other species villages. Animals destroy crops, property and for limited space and resources has caused

156 District Human Development Report Biodiversity

biodiversity losses. Competition for resources Similipal by clearing the forest. Today, these is getting intensified over time. This unhealthy settlements have grown into 65 villages. competition can be mitigated by conservation After the integration of Mayurbhanj State and widening of biodiversity resources. Fourth, with the Union of India on November 6, aesthetic reasons for the conservation of 1948, working plans were formulated to biodiversity are no less significant. Areas of preserve and scientifically manage the vegetation with all their attendant life forms varied crop composition and dense forest are inherently more attractive than burnt cover of the Similipal. Visualising the and scarred landscapes or acres of concrete importance of wildlife, the Government of buildings. Butterflies dancing over coloured Orissa created a National Park Division at flowers will be preferred to an industrial Similipal for management of wildlife and complex belching smoke. Human well-being minor forest produce. The main forest is inextricably linked to the natural world. was being controlled and looked after by Baripada and Karanjia Forest Divisions. With 7.5.2. Conservation History the launching of Project Tiger at Similipal in 7.5.2.1. Pre-Merger Period 1973, Late Padmashree Saroj Ray Choudhury To earn revenue for the State, the first long- was appointed as the first Field Director. He term lease of Similipal forest was granted reared the tigress Khairi at his home. to M/S Barooah and Company in 1906. The number of contractors increased over time. 7.5.2.2. Biodiversity and Tradition Labourers and sawers were brought from There is a long tradition of conservation of Ranchi, Kolhan and Midnapore districts of forest and animals in Mayurbhanj and other erstwhile Bihar and West Bengal to work parts of India. Former rulers as far back as in the inaccessible forests. These labourers Ashok dictated that certain habitats and gradually settled down in the valleys of species were to be left alone. Both tribal

157 and non-tribal rural communities often development of agro forestry, promotion of considered forests, tanks and grasslands as small-scale fisheries and aquaculture. Many sacred spaces and protected certain species of these renewed attempts at conservation as totems or religious symbols. The use of included a revival of traditional institutions biological resources was also often regulated and rules and the formation of new ones to by elaborate rules and guidelines. Equally meet new challenges. important, communities maintained a large amount of agricultural diversity, both within 7.5.2.3. Ways for Conservation and between species of crops and livestock In-situ biodiversity conservation envisages as well in agro-ecosystems they developed. conservation within the natural ecosystem Forests, fields, grazing lands, water bodies such as protected areas (e.g., wildlife and settlements merged into one another sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves in a continuum. and heritage sites), whereas ex situ is a method of conservation outside natural habitats (e.g., Though not much formal research has botanical and zoological gardens, gene banks been done on this subject, it is obvious and seed banks). In the case of domesticated from available works and experiences of or cultivated species, conservation means grassroot level workers that traditions of conservation of the surroundings where they resource-use have sustained biodiversity over have grown and developed their distinctive a considerable part of the district. Sacred properties. In addition to this, there are special forests and tanks still dot several parts projects initiated by Government of India like of the district. This is not to assert that all Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Project Rhino, traditions and rural communities have been Project Hangul and many others to protect conservation-oriented. Indeed, there is also threatened individual species. In addition to considerable evidence of over-exploitation these conservation programmes, there are of habitats and species by communities in laws relating to intellectual property rights the past. However, these traditions are under as a part of a global initiative for biodiversity attack everywhere and are getting eroded conservation. Several activities related to rapidly. However, replacement of traditional biodiversity conservation are under way in institutions of resource management with Mayurbhanj. The formation of biosphere public institutions has given rise to conflicts. reserves is centred in biodiversity-rich forests. Young people from rural communities are no longer enamoured by the ethos of In an economically less developed area conservation and tradition. like Mayurbhanj district, the livelihoods of local people depend on the use of natural In many parts of the district, communities resources available in the area. Prohibiting are reviving and evolving new practices use of such resources in protected areas calls of conservation. These initiatives are for expensive enforcement measures. This often confronted with increasing resource will be feasible if local people are involved scarcity. They have been initiated by in conservation. sensitive Government officials, NGOs and even by individuals. Comprehensive data 7.6. Management Strategies are not available for grassroots conservation designed for use of land and water on a 7.6.1. Present Strategy sustainable basis. These include forest Similipal is being managed under the regeneration and protection, adoption following national schemes: of biologically diverse organic farming, (1) Project Tiger in Similipal Tiger Reserve is

158 District Human Development Report Biodiversity

operating since 1973. Its objectives are: 7.6.2. Future Strategy (a) the elimination of all forms of human The biosphere programme should make a exploitation and disturbance from the sustained impact on overall biodiversity Core Zone and rationalisation of such conservation. It should have long term activities in the Buffer Zone, (b) habitat as well as short-term programmes management to repair the damage containing appropriate interventions. caused by man with the aim of restoring The long term programmes consist the ecosystem as close to its natural of (a) an in-depth study of the status functioning as possible, and (c) assessing of biodiversity resources, eco-system, facts about habitat and wild animals, and and ecological processes in Similipal carefully monitoring changes in flora and to establish a bench mark, (b) a critical fauna. study of the socio-economic setting (2) Crocodile Conservation Scheme since in the biosphere area and exploring 1979 envisages the restoration of various alternate livelihood options, a population of Mugger crocodiles and (c) organising local communities that was virtually extinct in 1979. In into eco-development committees and accordance with the national project formation of green brigades to build up on crocodile conservation, the scheme proper stake-holding in natural-biological is based on the principles of ‘grow and resources. release technique’ and 739 Mugger juveniles have been released in streams Short term interventions consist of inside the Similipal Biosphere Reserve. measures like: (a) creating community (3) The Eco-development Scheme in the awareness to curb destructive practices, buffer and periphery from 1990 aims (b) exploring the potential and the prospects to achieve simultaneous economic and of eco-tourism, (c) channelising the water ecological development in the area. Its flow out of Similipal to agricultural fields, objectives are: (a) improving protected (d) supporting suitable micro-enterprises area management, (b) reducing the and prouiding micro credits to Self Help negative impact of the local population Groups, and (e) mounting a vigorous on bio-diversity, and (c) spreading programme for controlling malaria and ecological education. cattle diseases. (4) The Similipal Biosphere Reserve started functioning from June, 1994. The objectives Insummary, actions needs to be directed of the programme are: (a) conservation of towards: the area as a representative ecosystem l In-situ conservation under “Mahanadian Biographic Region”, l On-farm conservation (b) long-term conservation of genetic l Ex-situ conservation diversity in-situ, (c) promotion of basic and l In vitro conservation applied research work and monitoring, l Conservation of the resource base and (d) dissemination of experience for l Joint Forest Management environmental education and training. l Participatory Forest Management (5) The Project Elephant is operating in the l Regulating alien species peripheral areas since 1990 to provide l Adaptation to climate change and protection to elephant habitats. desertification

159 160 District Human Development Report Chapter 8 The Way Ahead

“To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.” -A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

161

The Way Ahead

8.1. Approach can be achieved through intensifi ed public action, better management, changes in General features of the State and trends social attitudes and people’s co-operation. in human development in Mayurbhanj The human development plan of the district emerge from the preceding chapters. should be couched in comprehensive and The overall picture of human life in the realistically designed policies and strategies. district is one of challenges. There are certain strengths of the district economy, Prior to the initiation of development no doubt; but the weaknesses are many programmes after independence, Mayurbhanj and deep-seated. Efforts have been made was ruled by the benevolent and enlightened long since to overcome the challenges, Bhanja feudal kings. These rulers encouraged convert the weaknesses into strengths and education and favoured advanced agricultural exploit the opportunities and potentials. and irrigation practices. According to the But there are gaps between the rhetoric, Human development Index (HDI) in the and realities of the development process Orissa Human Development Report 2004, and its management. In the district, the district ranked ninth among 30 districts backwardness persists, deprivation of the State. has not diminished and intra-regional imbalances are conspicuous. The Mayurbhanj is richly endowed with natural Millennium Development Goals (MDG) resources like forests, minerals and a number

163 of rivers and rivulets. Its vast uplands are of technical education, which can improve suitable for value-added horticultural crops employability of the vast unemployed labour such as mango, lime, vegetables and flowers. pool in the district. Health awareness of the Mayurbhanj is livestock intensive and known people is appreciable. Institutional deliveries for small animal farming like poultry, goatery, have increased seven-fold within a span of ship rearing and piggery. Almost all rural five years between 2004 and 2009, and IMR households supplement their income with has declined significantly. Achievement animal protein. rates of immunisation and Supplementary Nutrition Programmes have been high. But The SHG movement in the district is due to inadequate healthcare facilities, bed unmatched by any other district of the occupancy rate and bed turn-over rates State. Through good performance, SHGs remain high. Malnutrition among children have managed to bag high bank assistance, is rampant. Though almost all habitations and have helped empowering women and in the district have been covered under ushering inclusive growth in remote rural safe drinking water programme, three- corners. fourths of the rural households, two-thirds of elementary schools and half of the Migration is generally an important livelihood Anganwadis go without sanitary facilities. option for many people who strive, and move out, to take advantage of possible A large number of people in the district are opportunities at places outside their normal poor. The share of District Domestic Product domiciles. However, many marginalized for Mayurbhanj in the State Domestic Product groups such as landless agricultural workers, has declined over the years from 5.3% in 1993- marginal farmers and others who resort to 94 to 4.4% in 2004-05 and the gap between migration for their sustenance face distress the State and district per capita incomes and vulnerabilities. For example, many of has widened. Though the district Work them often mortgage or sell their little yet Participation Rate (WPR) is more than the precious assets to well off persons in their State average, low district per capita income villages and migrate out to far off places. In indicates poor work compensation, which can many cases, they borrow for consumption be reversed by raising labour productivity. purposes from local moneylenders who Irrigation potential created is inadequate and charge high interest rates. In order to repay agriculture in the district is yet to develop and the loan and for their survival, they migrate diversify. The industrial sector in the district out again and again. They are induced by cannot be categorised as vibrant. There is labour contractors who take them often a threat to tribal livelihood on account of illegally and exploit them at every stage of increasing deforestation. Support to the their migration period that ranges between vulnerable groups which include STs, SCs, 6 and 8 months in a calendar year. This type women, children, the aged and disabled also of distress migration imposes considerable needsto be revisited. Provision of rice at Rs emotional costs on migrants and their families. 2/- per kg is a significant public intervention Many migrants are affected by serious killer to ensure food security of the poor. diseases such as HIV/AIDS. At many work places, their living conditions, and treatment These challenges need to be overcome meted out to them, are far from satisfactory. in order to achieve the Millennium In case of families which migrate out, their Development Goals (MDGs), viz, eradication children are unable to attend schools. of poverty, achieving universal primary There is much to be desired in the sphere education, promotion of gender equality,

164 District Human Development Report The Way Ahead

empowerment of women, reduction of of the district population consists of non- infant mortality, improvement in maternal workers. On-farm employment, though health, combating HIV/AIDS and ensuring high in the district is shrinking. Large and environmental sustainability. In order to meet medium scale industries have symbolic these challenges, a people centric growth presence in the district. Small-scale and strategy needs to focus on food security, cottage industries are the next important creation of employment opportunities, employers. A rapidly growing small industries extension of elementary and technical sector is significant for creating new jobs. The education and expansion of healthcare Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment services in the district, particularly in its tribal Guarantee Scheme has proved effective in dominated pockets. reducing unemployment in the rural sector.

8.2. Strategies 8.2.3. Technical Education In recent years, most new jobs in India 8.2.1. Food Security have been created in the services sector. Fighting hunger and poverty should be the A wide range of services including first priority in Mayurbhanj. The district is professional, computer-based, real estate, a paddy surplus district. The surplus is an telecommunications, engineering and excess over what people in the district can construction, banking and insurance, buy, not over their requirements. Further, tourism and the like are slated to grow. production of foodgrains in the district Tourism-related activities like hotels, has been declining over the last few years. restaurants and transportation are labour Providing food security to all in the district intensive. Employment potential of the IT remains a real challenge. In addition, to feed enabled service sector is quite large and the growing population, more foodgrains it also provides home-based employment would be required. A solution to this problem opportunities suitable for women and the lies in increased agricultural production. qualified in rural areas. Expansion of technical Lack of irrigation, traditional farming education, both vocational and professional, system and illiteracy of farmers stands in constitutes the foundation for development the way of rewarding and commercially of the knowledge-based sector. Knowledge viable agriculture. These challenges need and skills of youth need to be improved by to be addressed. Livestock also has positive establishing vocational training institutions, impact on poverty and food insecurity, for both in urban and rural areas of the district. which the sector should receive high priority. Development of education and health is 8.2.2. Creation of Employment a pre-requisite for human development. Opportunities Investment in these sectors also promotes Gainful employment is an important pre- income equality, which ensures equal sharing condition for human development as it of services, resources and opportunities. increases a person’s capabilities to access Investments in these social sectors need to valued goods and widens his choices. be stepped up and service delivery has to Adequate employment opportunities are be streamlined. lacking in the district, for which seasonal migration is a regular feature. Further, 8.2.4. NGO and SHG workers’ compensation is low. Providing Human development can be accelerated not gainful employment to all those who are only through inclusive growth, but also by unemployed is a difficult task when 54% inclusive democracy. An informed society

165 can well articulate its needs and act as a short of national standard. Hospital watchdog against mismanagement and facilities including the number of beds, lapses. The disadvantaged groups, such as equipment and medical staff need to women, STs and SCs need to be enabled to be improved. Doctors' absenteeism too participate effectively in decision making by needs to be addressed. Steps need to empowering them. NGOs and SHGs in the be taken to achieve 100% safe delivery, district have emerged powerful players in this and reduce IMR, MMR and malnutrition of direction. There are a number of community- pregnant women and children. Sanitation based organisations like Vana Sarankhyana facilities are poor. The Total Sanitation Samiti (VSS) and Pani Panchayats. Though Campaign (TSC) should be intensified, WSHGs have been formed mostly through with particular attention to the provision government initiatives, the role of NGOs is and use of toilets by all. quite significant. NGOs also manage health outlets in some rural areas. Facilitating the l In the education sector, the district is process for community empowerment and comparable to the state average in participation through people’s organisations quantitative terms (such as the number like NGOs and SHGs is very much in order. of institutions and pupil-teacher ratio). Community spirit, willingness to share However, educational attainment responsibility with others and a sense of of children has been hampered by commitment need to be inculcated in the civil problems like inadequate availability of society of the district for proper management infrastructure and study aids, language of various government programmes. barriers and teachers' absenteeism. These problems call for immediate 8.2.5. Convergence government's attention. Very often funds are allocated to the district under different programmes for similar types l Per capita income of the district is of activities, causing duplication of work and substantially lower than the state wastage of resources. At times, stipulation average, and the gap between the two under a scheme many stand in the way of has increased over time. This is a matter completion of work. Excavation of tanks of grave concern and should be a top with a hard base may not be completed by priority for the district. A 10% annual manual labour alone under the Mahatma growth of Net District Domestic Product Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (NDDP) may raise the district's per capita Scheme because of the restrictions on the use income to the level of the state average. of machines, while the incomplete portion of Here are some suggested lines of action: the scheme can be taken up under another t The IT and ITE sectors need to be programme, say, Backward Region Grant promoted by establishing vocational Fund (BRGF). Convergence between different and technical institutions like programmes would ensure timely creation polytechics and ITIs. This would of durable and effective assets, and prevent improve employability of the overlapping of work and wastage of resources. young and enhance productivity in different sectors of the district 8.3. Suggested Policy economy. Intervention t The growth potential of any region must be seen in terms of l The healthcare facility in the district its comparative advantage. The is at par with state average but falls district has comparative advantage

166 District Human Development Report The Way Ahead

in multiple sectors. Minerals like Last but not the least, the district’s vanadium and china clay as well enormous potential for eco-tourism, at as NTFP and herbs are available Similipal National Park remains grossly in plenty. The district also has untapped. Countries like Thailand and comparative advantage in pottery, states like Rajasthan and Sikkim thrive on handicraft and handloom products. their tourism-related activities. The all- Sericulture is traditional to the district. round economic benefit from tourism in These activities may be promoted terms of local employment and income by encouraging investment and by generation must be understood and establishing industrial estates/parks. emphasised. Expanding tourist facilities t Besides extending irrigation facilities, in Mayurbhanj and campaigning for horticulture, pisciculture and small them through promotional schemes is animal farming deserve further likely to yield high economic dividends strengthening. to the district.

167

Annexures

169

Annexure 1

Methodology of Primary Data in a developing block were chosen for Collection household survey. l In the sample Panchayats, the households l The population identifi ed for primary data were listed according to their caste collection consisted of all the households categories. One hundred households in rural as well as urban areas of the from these categories in each Panchayat district. Two surveys were conducted were sampled randomly in proportion – one for the validation of secondary to their distribution at the block level to information collected and another for canvass questionnaires. information on migration and collection l In urban areas, household selection was of Non-Timber Forest Produces (NTFPs). slightly different. The sample households The sample sizes of the two surveys were were picked up randomly from different 3,000 households and 18 hamlets with caste categories proportionate to 666 households respectively. their distribution in the urban centre l For the validation survey, a multi-stage concerned. random sampling process was followed. l Household questionnaires were designed In the fi rst stage, all 26 blocks and 4 to elicit information about income, asset urban centres (1 municipality and 3 ownership, healthcare facilities availed, NACs) were considered. In the next stage, dwelling conditions, drinking water Panchayats were selected for household and sanitation habits as well as general surveys. The criteria for the selection of awareness of the households. The GPs was their level of development. The questionnaires were pre-tested before level of development of a Panchayat being canvassed. was assessed on the basis of indicators l For the second category of data on like distance from block headquarters, NTFP collection and migration, hamlets distance from national/state highways, on forest fringe areas were selected literacy rate and availability of electricity, purposively on a random basis. All health centre, veterinary centre, GP ghar, households in the sample hamlets were Panchayat godown, irrigation potential, accessed for information. weekly market, post offi ce and telephone l Focus Group Discussions were held in booths. Each indicator was assigned a a number of Panchayats to share our score and the Panchayat with the highest views with people, elicit information score was considered most developed. from them and create awareness The Panchayats in a block were arranged among them about various aspects of in the descending order of their scores. On human development. Findings of the the basis of classifi cation made by District DHDR were discussed in great detail Rural Development Administration at sub-divisional level meetings and (DRDA), 14 blocks were categorised as feedbacks were incorporated in the backward and 12 as developing. The report. The report was finalised after GP with lowest score in a backward being accepted at the district level core block and GP with the highest score committee meeting.

171 0 8 0 0 0 30 75 75 50 25 91 68 25 30 30 15 200 105 190 860 211 123 125 118 125 121 395 125 200 145 land Irrigated Irrigated 25 20 110 694 350 657 956 895 412 125 227 Land 1542 2595 1921 2961 1852 1103 1433 2091 1226 1519 1809 1243 2220 2276 1796 1204 2340 1614 1481 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 772 2040 1914 1902 1754 2563 4150 2769 1598 2710 2665 1654 1014 3309 1658 2384 2376 3357 1608 1996 3892 1470 3153 2117 2157 1826 3361 2560 1364 1891 (in Acres) Total land Total 5 1 1 2 7 8 1 4 13 33 40 28 25 26 27 34 25 26 17 55 18 19 47 12 23 13 40 25 15 31 SHG 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 25 20 30 32 25 73 20 75 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 8 0 40 34 519 613 719 650 325 150 160 977 120 677 613 537 858 586 806 548 150 850 547 533 685 BPL 1081 1290 1275 1070 1300 HHs 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 centre Health 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 Secondary School

4 2 3 2 3 2 2 7 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 4 2 0 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 UPS 5 6 3 3 2 6 5 7 1 3 3 1 9 5 4 8 6 4 2 3 5 4 3 4 2 6 2 4 5 PS 10 3393 6789 5063 3623 3985 6087 4994 5588 2809 3627 5442 2956 5317 3146 2411 3898 7582 2429 3330 4138 4068 4715 3866 4209 4090 5917 4981 2649 3562 4129 Total 672 444 ST 2529 1936 1948 1617 2419 1693 2681 2160 2704 1108 2461 1219 2248 2700 2585 2124 2120 3307 2080 1050 3144 4002 2671 1899 1682 2118 3506 1647 60 58 32 56 SC 700 853 532 246 444 259 424 374 285 669 356 153 163 171 993 305 129 156 241 158 207 253 453 633 903 Population 0 0 0 0 773 564 499 2021 2665 2274 1143 2122 3224 3042 2483 2305 1093 2453 1179 2500 1774 1027 4004 1081 1832 3424 1166 3565 2666 1579 General 909 898 797 740 661 930 812 737 914 571 928 769 HHs 1025 1463 1212 1403 1700 1512 1316 1110 1711 1142 1138 1015 1156 1073 1462 1171 2649 1107 No. of 6 6 9 6 7 8 7 5 8 5 8 6 9 5 5 6 6 6 7 1 8 8 5 6 5 8 11 13 16 13 No. of No. villages Paunshia Badasahi Sankerko Salagan Bireswarpur Pratappur Bhimda Balabhadrapur Sialighati Chandanpur Tangasole Talapada Suhaglan Deulia Chelia-A Uthaninuagaon Durgapur Gudialbandha Jadunathpur Joginuagan Jarkani Kendudiha Khanua Kochilakhunta Madhapur Mangobindapur Mantri Naupal P.C.Pur Patisari Name of GP Name 22 1 25 24 4 23 3 2 26 5 29 28 27 7 6 30 8 9 10 12 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Sl. No. Annexure II Annexure le Profi P. G. Barasahi 1.

172 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 582 119 191 118 190 145 115 118 239 236 221 18 20 36 15 18 land 133 125 150 107 376 251 land Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated 35 Land 1567 1035 1265 1182 1638 1572 1777 1105 1357 1627 485 881 212 1439 1020 1550 1478 1433 1498 1236 3562 1721 Land Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use Land Use pattern Land Use 822 1727 1269 1493 2425 2579 7947 2555 1317 7583 7677 (in Acres) Total land Total 331 2581 1083 1205 1664 1605 1918 1258 1358 1573 5029 2341 (in Acres) Total land Total 51 76 58 92 79 38 33 55 90 SHG 126 101 53 37 11 24 23 42 32 21 20 25 50 35 SHG 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 (no) 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 200 22 35 Cottage Cottage Cottage Cottage & Village & Village Industries Industries Industries (no) Industries 96 704 682 737 BPL 771 884 460 988 659 648 483 HHs 1382 1159 1611 1161 1145 1370 1488 1092 BPL HHs 1665 1139 1269 1411 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 centre Health centre Health 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 Secondary Secondary School School 5 6 3 0 2 0 2 2 1 4 4 2 4 1 2 2 2 5 1 2 1 3 2 UPS UPS 2 3 3 1 3 5 5 8 6 6 3 5 6 6 3 3 PS 12 12 13 10 12 10 10 PS 6415 7120 7001 7979 6923 7031 3775 4271 1403 7441 2943 7050 7410 3652 5528 3936 6520 6121 3271 3143 4962 7754 7185 Total Total ST ST 4509 3149 4432 2812 3488 4732 1913 1579 3144 6807 6110 2494 3390 5711 3450 4197 2672 1717 3857 1256 5472 2364 6127 0 11 80 12 98 SC 164 189 270 399 209 134 299 SC 368 563 460 325 627 446 503 113 147 441 256 Population Population 0 492 907 990 813 776 830 301 323 825 2737 1044 2762 1346 1564 1609 3553 3167 4204 2099 3913 1555 1528 General General of 934 766 669 898 No. HHs 977 2120 1169 1199 1645 1092 1721 1505 HHs 2440 1159 1611 1538 2048 2237 1130 1342 1688 1379 1092 No. of 8 6 7 4 9 4 7 7 15 15 16 No. of No. 4 8 6 4 6 2 villages 10 10 15 12 13 14 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Badjod Bankisole Betna Bhagbat Bhagbat Chandrapur Budhikhamari Chandanpur Hatikote Khadisole Laxmiposi Rajabasa Sankhabhanga Soso Jharadihi Jashipur Kanki Gidighaty Gambharia Basingi Bhitaramda Name of GP Name Bahalda Badpalsa Anlajodi Asana 3. Baripada 3. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Sl. No Sl. No. 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2. Bahalda 2.

173 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 20 15 23 90 225 175 land Irrigated Irrigated 145 908 865 870 619 Land 3268 1230 1258 1240 1248 2200 1419 1325 2129 1896 1713 1343 1247 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 2270 4325 2578 4422 2541 3698 3671 2878 3049 3702 1050 3231 1519 1276 3208 2971 1230 2357 (in Acres) Total land Total 39 34 48 25 40 25 15 27 25 12 15 42 10 35 27 25 23 15 SHG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 Village Cottage & Cottage Industries (no) Industries 893 782 839 684 786 731 BPL HHs 1130 1266 1045 1208 1190 1139 1615 1211 1180 1210 1282 1253 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 centre Health 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 Secondary School 2 3 6 3 5 2 2 7 2 2 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 8 UPS 5 5 7 7 6 6 4 4 8 5 2 4 2 12 11 13 10 17 PS 4799 4964 6869 4898 6440 5302 3761 4269 4755 3618 2746 6439 4216 6157 5528 5396 5442 7815 Total ST 2670 3889 5778 2977 3157 4895 2978 2822 2528 2106 1716 3526 1590 4454 3555 4765 4755 4831 84 19 48 SC 116 498 343 611 338 199 186 130 162 230 312 179 237 150 1448 Population 577 748 323 584 800 583 537 2013 1310 2945 1261 2097 1350 2601 2447 1466 1954 1536 General 671 770 620 HHs 1352 1336 3803 1289 1913 1484 1037 1007 2095 1248 1639 1534 1210 1449 1663 No. of 8 7 4 7 7 9 10 15 11 15 10 10 18 14 16 21 25 18 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Chandanpur Bhuasuni Budhikhamari Bankati Bangiriposi Badgan Dhobanisole Kalabadia Dighi Kumbhar Kumbhar Mundhakata Nafri Kusumbandh Pathuri Nischinta Golamundhakata Brahmongaon Sorisopal Shyamsundarpur 4. Bangiriposi 4. Sl. No. 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 9 8 10 12 11 14 13 18 17 16 15

174 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 45 17 35 45 25 12 147 706 land land 142 125 917 128 121 422 1245 3552 5240 1345 1690 Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated 7 214 723 Land 4247 6520 1578 8667 6886 5030 4071 2998 Land 3742 4830 3177 1391 5027 2527 2063 1385 18030 Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use Land Use pattern Land Use 3991 7551 3337 1511 3850 7770 6309 5240 5210 7723 8076 3001 8345 8667 9198 5718 3087 Acres) (in Acres) 11672 35052 10507 Total land Total Total land (in Total 8 35 61 24 13 33 45 10 16 18 SHG 2 1 7 85 49 12 35 74 65 23 SHG 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 3 2 0 9 0 (no) 22 30 12 Cottage Cottage & Village Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries Industries (no) Industries 538 376 906 690 661 868 645 579 725 625 181 755 471 163 BPL HHs BPL HHs 1293 1440 1477 1131 1509 1050 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 98 35 52 52 67 69 36 126 113 146 centre Health Health centres 1 1 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 Secondary Secondary School School 6 7 1 2 1 3 6 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 2 1 6 UPS UPS 8 1 5 4 6 8 9 6 4 7 4 8 9 12 PS 10 15 12 13 11 10 PS 6688 8275 8987 3408 2735 7200 4427 3583 2833 9511 8577 3829 7626 6873 3511 6742 6428 6373 Total Total 11213 10649 ST 5125 5670 6647 2918 2671 4644 4151 3499 2638 6480 ST 5398 3047 3043 5585 4308 2042 7238 5616 3969 2623 19 10 19 33 SC SC 212 282 492 149 410 469 415 106 106 215 442 105 329 430 130 138 Population Population 45 65 680 696 341 266 162 2764 7260 1826 2123 1364 3082 2329 3612 1351 2323 1848 2146 2562 General General 599 556 of 805 615 786 585 2117 1746 No. 1024 1812 1698 2504 1631 1055 HHs HHs 1713 1866 2086 2100 1247 2063 No. of 17 20 15 13 14 10 21 17 11 12 14 13 16 11 10 14 19 28 13 14 No. of No. No. of No. villages villages Name of GP Name Badjharan Bankati Bijatala Luhasila Manikpur Raihari Saragada Chadheipahadi Madheikacha Khanta Name of GP Name Asana Bisoi Sanpurunapani Badmanada Bautibeda Baneikala Luhakani Khadambeda Nuagan Jaganathpur 6. Bisoi 6. Sl. No. 5. Bijetola 5. Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 72 63 land 167 477 465 194 364 150 Irrigated Irrigated 782 532 894 800 987 873 712 902 512 707 967 Land 1895 2612 2532 3645 1374 1782 1533 1163 2340 1932 3190 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 989 846 1012 3723 1529 4369 5149 4870 1400 2147 3251 2500 1049 1716 3255 3445 1281 1431 1679 4505 1114 1557 (in Acres) Total land Total 0 40 18 74 76 81 15 30 26 54 15 65 25 15 42 38 25 62 24 31 33 101 SHG

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 30 56 22 25 10 38 26 75 15 16 (no) 105 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 669 468 941 993 784 634 897 503 681 680 872 758 538 596 458 BPL HHs 1125 1627 1338 1226 1149 1172 1320 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 Health centres 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 Secondary School 2 2 6 3 5 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 5 3 6 1 2 4 1 1 1 UPS 10

6 3 8 4 4 7 2 6 2 7 4 7 4 7 5 8 4 3 6 25 11 PS Total 4075 2665 4595 4595 7430 6428 4635 6549 3074 6309 3409 6234 5884 4318 5250 7934 8529 3554 3244 5296 10043 11184 787 936 ST 1608 1608 2805 5254 2054 3646 1573 2274 1492 3478 1470 2146 2753 2757 3284 3577 1271 1524 3134 1544 96 84 SC 167 141 141 290 923 366 907 197 573 775 267 376 192 756 675 118 145 575 Population 1468 1078 1711 2846 2846 6948 5007 3908 2416 1984 3368 1385 2258 1843 3313 2864 3006 2301 3894 4277 2199 1602 2017 1956 General of 818 778 875 903 No. HHs 1900 1280 2145 2507 1843 1534 1143 1499 1028 1736 1150 1649 1509 1198 1305 1743 1940 1009 7 9 8 6 9 5 7 8 6 3 8 20 34 10 12 11 11 15 15 19 20 10 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Chanchhipada Agiria Anla Betnoti Baisinga Dahikoti Gaddeulia Jugal Kalama Mahisasole Merda Nadpur Patalipura Purunia Purinda Raghupur Sathilo Santara Salbani Saitpur Ambagadia Muktapal Sl. No. 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 7. Betanati 7.

176 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 0 0 65 56 35 37 42 80 321 611 871 165 land 179 2454 4591 6486 4148 3603 5655 5304 Irrigated Irrigated Land Cultivated Cultivated 125 771 913 732 720 353 701 201 721 Land 2823 1562 1577 2872 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 6797 5541 1365 8182 5042 4120 5907 6662 (in Acres) Land Use pattern Land Use Total land Total 789 780 886 895 23 58 46 73 39 52 45 69 1319 3345 2176 2375 1245 1496 1070 3578 1425 SHG (in Acres) Total land Total

50 14 39 58 42 39 36 23 19 42 54 32 SHG 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 826 950 673 959 BPL HHs 1278 1258 1420 1266 914 527 864 612 951 405 892 BPL HHs 1716 1097 1231 1107 1337 1151 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 centre Health 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Health centres 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 Secondary 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 School 3 4 3 4 1 3 6 7 Secondary UPS School 3 2 2 3 4 6 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 9 7 4 9 6 PS UPS 12 10 4 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 3 7 2 5 PS 12 Total 3883 7378 6508 9077 4789 5828 8466 9560 Total 4742 3003 6809 5464 5187 6213 5261 5428 2731 3646 6022 6988 4825 ST 3393 5152 4869 7442 4252 3501 7473 4616 ST 2282 2446 2790 1997 2085 4579 1549 1853 1620 2552 3057 4511 4342 SC 490 309 641 502 118 412 149 510 Population SC 679 238 822 354 832 544 347 541 170 214 1027 1365 1360 Population 0 998 419 844 1917 1133 1915 4434 General 319 764 553 269 1781 2992 2102 2280 1280 2880 3031 1605 2307 General 987 HHs 1327 1291 1808 1279 1008 1510 1540 No. of of 998 725 No. HHs 1579 2669 1831 1300 1331 1515 1810 1087 1255 2107 1112 6 9 9 5 14 11 13 12 No. of No. 7 9 9 9 9 9 8 6 8 villages 12 16 14 15 No. of No. villages Name of Name GP Arpata Bhandagan Kuamora Pasuda Puruna Puruna Baripada Ranibandh Sainkula Sankhunta Titia Baradihi Jaypur Kushalda Sialaghaty Tendra Tarana Talgaon Pasana Jarkani Name of GP Name Jamada Hensda Bad Dundu Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 8 7 6 5 4 Sl. No. 3 2 1 8. Gopabandhunagar 8. 9. Jamada 9.

177 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 468 315 181 511 653 215 162 838 601 land 1179 Irrigated Irrigated 975 805 Land 1170 4012 1321 1372 1815 3284 6242 1076 2695 1089 1156 3416 1859 1085 1188 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 1261 6205 2874 2224 2989 9766 9397 1141 4669 1403 2894 1073 2871 4956 3859 2188 1619 (in Acres) Total land Total 35 55 27 31 72 36 30 46 36 66 18 27 44 45 55 14 17 SHG 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 893 840 848 956 987 552 578 623 546 BPL HHs 1071 1481 1028 1053 1445 1263 1327 1026 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 1 Health centres 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Secondary School 3 4 8 2 2 2 3 5 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 UPS 8 5 6 5 7 6 9 3 5 9 5 5 6 2 7 2 5 PS 5429 5424 4529 4212 8384 6070 6050 5924 4240 7264 3449 4345 4658 6279 6090 3201 2905 Total ST 4615 3373 3945 2145 3915 4739 3485 3454 3834 3995 2422 1623 2301 4657 4890 2502 1692 0 68 SC 271 112 171 442 254 244 308 643 100 363 259 781 530 272 205 Population 543 413 306 928 494 1939 1625 4215 1087 2257 1827 2906 1027 2463 1576 1092 1145 General of 840 808 552 713 655 911 No. HHs 1382 1524 1118 2596 1125 1016 1493 1389 1219 1750 1303 9 8 7 7 17 13 18 17 13 21 18 11 13 16 13 12 11 No. of No. villages Saragchhida Purunapani Patihinja Parulia Nodhana Marangtandi Kuliana Kuchei Kuabuda Keutunimari Gendapokhari Gouduruma Gangraj Dumurdiha Chandua Bhagabanpur Baiganbadia Name of GP Name Kuliana

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sl. No. 10. 10.

178 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 43 42 30 80 12 land 201 502 340 451 Irrigated Irrigated 4233 1802 2780 4871 1597 2876 1644 3500 1093 3586 2101 1840 4871 1018 1093 Land 2126 1744 11802 21041 13075 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 4725 2938 3245 5419 3512 3500 1840 5000 1552 4430 2889 1276 5419 1621 1578 4431 15781 25725 26275 10534 (in Acres) Total land Total 2 5 33 38 27 37 37 28 25 35 24 32 15 23 67 28 10 24 55 21 SHG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 31 (no) Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 440 713 364 575 770 785 689 812 995 621 905 767 965 969 625 569 525 BPL HHs 1115 1508 1111 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 Health centres

2 1 1 2 3 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 Secondary School 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 1 UPS 7 6 6 3 6 7 5 4 3 7 3 6 6 9 9 2 7 3 3 10 PS 4082 4508 3622 3011 3982 5756 4488 4313 6367 5168 4698 4226 6175 3645 5260 5056 4795 3403 2866 2832 Total ST 2029 3967 3488 1646 1495 3454 2650 1760 3062 3295 1520 3717 3644 2873 4894 4682 2591 2689 2803 2613 0 0 62 79 76 25 50 28 98 Population SC 503 688 350 820 923 114 624 283 188 633 1464 55 63 479 838 484 584 316 346 616 219 1550 1289 1799 1488 1733 2382 1759 2554 2248 1571 General 966 862 680 912 941 980 905 905 965 991 920 870 680 HHs 1063 1428 1226 1273 1158 1808 1240 No. of 7 7 8 4 9 6 9 15 14 11 11 11 15 10 24 10 12 17 19 14 No. of No. villages Tangabila Rugudi Padagarh Pantho Moudi Matiagarh Mananda Mahardapalsa Jashipur Jamukeswar Jamdasahi Gudgudia Ektali Durdura Dhalabani Chakidi Begunia Baunsanali Barehipani Astakuanr Name of GP Name Jashipur

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 11. 11. Sl. No.

179 68 94 62 80 81 87 68 17 95 116 159 101 161 land Irrigated Irrigated 956 913 421 1307 1776 1882 1097 1157 1544 1587 1733 2410 1734 Land Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 717 2707 3325 3710 2090 1197 3102 1469 1647 3319 3921 1218 3561 (in Acres) Total land Total 25 60 76 42 84 61 48 77 55 23 15 36 100 SHG 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 0 0 39 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 841 993 681 962 BPL HHs 1922 1042 1081 1062 1015 1083 1079 1151 1001 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 Health centres 0 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Secondary School 2 4 3 2 2 3 1 4 4 4 2 3 1 UPS 8 7 9 9 6 7 8 5 4 14 11 14 10 PS 4171 7938 7278 4903 6819 6587 4721 7752 7958 7116 1472 5022 7071 Total 0 ST 4039 3604 3989 2378 2728 5235 4435 5366 5150 4467 2765 3770 53 SC 894 713 423 189 551 993 130 383 1073 1329 1923 1285 Population 79 97 929 885 3261 2395 1812 2762 1835 1656 1342 1874 2016 General of 965 No. HHs 1892 1081 1128 1598 1432 1775 1708 1250 1614 1077 1001 1578 7 8 6 7 20 10 16 12 13 20 11 14 12 No. of No. village Name of GP Name Dudhiani Chitraposi Badagaon Tato Rasamtala Patbil Mirigonandi Kuliposi Kerkera Dari Batapalasa Bala Badadeuli Karanjia

Sl. No. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12.

180 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 19 land 159 481 718 384 867 178 795 240 215 140 945 148 1280 Irrigated Irrigated 470 821 640 554 803 741 196 1098 2046 1049 1609 1867 1051 2420 2814 1841 2100 1580 2015 1040 1610 2840 1304 1168 1899 1277 Land Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 921 890 (in land 3800 8407 1841 8092 5060 5823 5769 6295 4012 3578 2578 3010 2546 3183 5386 2137 1904 3763 9652 5671 2117 2385 9376 Total Total Acres) 13993 6 9 8 9 6 15 17 12 36 18 10 12 21 24 14 10 14 32 36 14 16 24 40 21 36 13 SHG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 (no) 11 51 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 585 654 592 713 893 731 664 503 664 937 527 629 562 842 882 760 820 879 818 944 BPL HHs 1265 1156 1197 1084 1459 1333 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 Health centres 1 0 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 Secondary School

6 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 3 5 9 2 UPS 13 5 9 5 3 3 4 5 5 4 1 1 3 1 6 9 2 8 6 8 8 2 8 2 9 5 17 PS 6186 6999 2689 3398 3590 4821 3824 4617 3781 3821 2705 4195 3732 6468 5127 3414 7215 5656 5005 6148 3439 6511 3207 8006 5715 6347 Total 884 ST 4440 5897 2683 1117 4046 3185 3820 3642 3657 2206 2656 2750 3584 1118 1563 3138 2444 3119 1829 2430 4966 2397 2304 4608 5515 6 7 6 6 6 21 55 30 59 33 94 94 SC 246 608 321 776 300 443 296 143 870 223 152 589 582 877 Population 0 554 740 745 632 791 133 105 493 949 597 738 1725 1047 1218 3233 3634 2916 2268 1865 2790 1551 1743 3162 3625 2521 General of 662 568 937 989 789 585 957 868 715 664 820 829 931 960 874 No. HHs 1545 1538 1061 1050 1216 1390 1120 1139 1321 1895 1235 3 5 6 4 6 4 2 3 3 3 3 8 4 3 9 5 7 8 4 6 7 4 8 13 14 12 No. of No. village Pedagodi Chakradharapur Jambani Jhinkpada Kolialam Majhigadia Noto Pokhari Padma Ram Chandrapur Sarat Ranipokhari Sardiha Badagudugudia Badkhaldi Debala Dewanbahali Jadida J.S.Jamdiha Labanyadeipur Mankadapada Nuddiha Pingu Kaptipada Badbisole Salchua Name of GP Name Kalamgadia Kaptipada

13. Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

181 592 360 395 623 123 460 745 145 180 490 land 1032 1238 1787 1630 Irrigated Irrigated Land 2050 2282 3827 2270 3300 1253 2850 1542 2368 2648 1928 2650 1217 1724 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 2954 2865 5380 4932 4234 2589 4725 1745 3960 2894 3630 2579 3481 11078 (in Acres) Total land Total 0 23 29 38 25 40 22 48 37 47 38 19 27 48 SHG

7 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 42 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 775 811 907 875 827 704 BPL HHs 1384 1131 1493 1031 1135 1264 1080 1167 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Health centres 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 Secondary School 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 4 5 2 1 4 5 UPS 6 4 3 7 5 6 3 5 7 5 5 4 6 12 PS 4241 3580 6799 4455 6680 4647 3852 4599 5249 5735 3758 3147 5255 5830 Total ST 3292 3557 5361 3144 5189 3657 3318 2004 3997 4725 2656 2742 4428 4842 9 7 90 76 94 82 25 SC 285 485 232 324 448 199 148 Population 14 664 953 666 458 916 380 820 840 1221 1259 2147 1053 1020 General 938 997 867 HHs 1140 1735 1041 1294 1179 1020 1306 1300 1240 1461 1467 No. of 5 8 7 5 4 6 9 7 9 16 14 11 11 17 No. of No. village Name of GP Name Dhanghera Dengam Bahanada Bangra Basipitha Bholagadia B.C. Pur B.C. Dukura Gadigan Karkachia Laxmansahi Sapanchua Badpathara Badfeni Khunta

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14.

182 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 0 0 0 80 14 145 123 456 488 580 640 125 144 258 683 432 120 land 2160 land 1246 1368 Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated 911 386 751 978 Land 3279 4452 1081 2215 2995 2396 2073 4511 4055 5081 2951 Land 1574 1214 1552 1478 3168 1427 Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use Land Use pattern Land Use 328 1975 6957 1816 2235 5067 2728 5519 3214 4633 5077 2236 6662 4926 4966 3319 7280 6028 7484 1971 6832 Acres) (in Acres) Total land Total Total land (in Total 26 47 41 57 25 13 22 28 58 42 35 21 45 38 35 38 22 30 55 53 36 SHG SHG 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 11 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries Industries (no) Industries Cottage Cottage & Village 873 832 836 725 959 BPL HHs 883 858 586 978 1301 1242 1273 1325 1339 1709 1140 BPL HHs 1505 1195 1418 1772 1001 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Health centres Health centres 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 Secondary Secondary School 4 3 4 4 3 2 1 2 4 4 3 2 School UPS 1 5 3 5 1 4 5 1 1 UPS 6 8 6 7 9 8 6 10 10 10 10 PS 10 4 8 3 7 6 8 11 10 10 PS 8268 6572 7206 8111 4947 4159 5353 6450 7179 4628 Total 10140 15112 4417 7688 6787 5421 3438 6838 7656 8387 5563 Total ST ST 3186 3215 4656 5514 3972 3620 3016 5367 6546 4838 4583 3573 2122 2485 5368 2655 2818 3623 4485 2840 3608 98 SC SC 636 141 576 487 200 426 126 894 613 332 375 988 395 709 186 595 278 690 543 Population 1159 Population 434 775 441 957 723 1920 4215 1024 2057 2620 2893 4857 1412 4446 3216 1974 2110 1911 2700 9115 1983 General General 936 of HHs 1222 1563 1582 1211 1804 1581 2205 1522 HHs No. of 2100 1320 1730 2047 1175 1086 1385 1699 2409 1476 1628 2628 H No. 9 7 6 6 9 7 5 9 10 14 12 13 10 10 15 17 11 16 15 17 15 No. of No. No. of No. village villages Name of GP Name Badmouda Bhalubasa Guhaldangiri Halda Hatia Kuleisila Purunapani Sanpakhana Suddarsanpur Name of GP Name Kusumi Uperbeda Talapati Jorda Talapokhari Badhatnabeda Dhangidimuta Chuapani Joypur Hatbadra Mayurdar Jhipabandh Kusumi Rairangpur

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16. 15

183 0 35 65 12 50 50 43 220 318 356 252 375 148 124 120 215 218 102 251 206 land Irrigated Irrigated 975 608 918 925 382 527 Land 1185 2016 3405 1408 2865 1022 1168 2147 1785 1577 3135 1213 1408 1338 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 974 2171 3899 2781 4329 1844 2138 2239 3710 2217 4197 1439 3157 3214 2148 4469 1776 2555 1925 3579 (in Acres) Total land Total 17 49 63 46 53 25 29 43 41 28 42 24 11 21 36 41 39 65 44 115 SHG 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 (no) 54 16 52 35 71 45 200 155 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 525 997 801 363 856 917 513 834 801 612 408 670 711 964 865 BPL HHs 1030 1057 1302 1243 1335 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Health centres

1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 Secondary School 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 6 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 UPS 6 7 6 6 6 4 7 3 5 0 4 7 3 7 6 7 7 7 8 PS 11 3042 5491 5281 4472 4533 2973 6387 4668 4552 4566 4224 2741 2387 5207 5270 7003 4762 5519 7057 Total 12331 997 892 ST 1785 2037 2096 1084 1383 1332 1562 2318 2199 2749 1164 3104 2525 1290 4041 2442 2656 3893 0 87 52 84 91 161 624 236 100 239 414 183 481 397 231 265 243 SC 1060 2807 1478 Population 937 216 1170 3293 2125 2764 2914 1541 4586 1936 6775 1924 2301 1306 3436 4164 1138 3639 2598 2921 General 633 521 809 825 674 499 848 HHs No. of 1485 1403 1253 1457 1414 1153 1170 1325 1411 1565 1309 1276 1743 8 6 8 5 8 5 8 5 7 7 5 3 4 10 14 10 13 12 15 21 No. of No. villages Sureidihi Palasmunduli Sanmundhabani Morada Nuhajhalia Nuagan Gadigan Haldipal Kohi Gadia Ghalamuhan Jualibhanga Durgapur Dhadasahi Name of GP Name Chitrada Dantinmuhan Chikitamatia Chadheigan Barkand Bhaliadiha Morada

20 18 19 15 17 16 10 12 14 9 11 13 8 7 Sl. No. 5 6 4 3 1 2 17.

184 District Human Development Report Annexures 5 0 0 56 52 201 200 106 150 500 315 188 land Irrigated Irrigated 539 823 786 1466 1233 2813 1392 1223 1265 1097 1895 1112 Land Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 940 1794 1965 2587 3736 1978 1819 1762 1892 2483 2668 4512 (in Acres) Total land Total 4 7 4 1 2 2 6 1 3 2 1 5 SHG

8 3 4 5 6 7 6 10 16 11 12 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 496 834 861 670 312 435 518 101 234 254 786 BPL HHs 1120 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 Health centres 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Secondary School 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 UPS 2 3 4 2 1 3 4 3 4 5 5 11 PS 5215 4862 5289 4052 4088 4887 3928 6841 4924 4023 6317 4625 Total ST 2801 3053 2184 1112 1451 3558 1797 3118 3424 2260 2454 2706 64 SC 622 108 444 162 653 485 880 486 299 198 817 Population 676 1792 1701 3041 2496 2475 1646 2843 1014 1464 3665 1102 General of 938 997 No. HHs 1298 1206 1463 1120 1051 3799 1662 1188 1708 1201 7 9 5 8 9 9 9 12 14 10 13 10 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Godapalsa Ghagarbeda Panpatria Angarpada Budamara Baidyanath Bhanjakia Raruan Tilakuti Niunty Narasanda Nuagaon Raruan

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18.

185 0 0 0 50 12 87 24 45 65 77 895 115 102 633 land 1480 Irrigated Irrigated 950 Land 1516 5332 1125 2063 2214 1257 3472 3438 1257 3100 2368 3808 2567 1284 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 4206 9341 2289 3517 6512 2584 1851 4348 4027 1536 3400 3058 4011 2677 2152 (in Acres) Total land Total 52 97 21 35 27 17 38 49 45 19 61 40 64 39 37 SHG 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 60 (no) 105 213 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 379 819 818 686 626 906 670 991 662 648 BPL HHs 1002 1389 1172 1398 1030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Health centres 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 Secondary School 2 5 1 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 6 3 3 1 1 UPS 3 4 8 5 8 5 6 6 9 7 9 5 5 12 12 PS Total 9078 3544 5477 5393 5377 6869 7493 3758 5377 3412 7905 6229 6125 4100 5025 ST 396 9078 1273 3650 2099 5351 3358 4297 3814 2061 2635 2657 4310 2813 2420 26 66 SC 193 144 316 512 260 998 260 868 123 474 195 582 Population 4381 0 4697 2078 1653 2978 2999 2936 2364 1303 1285 4402 3449 1341 1092 2023 General 762 856 654 830 927 HHs 1938 1211 1144 1565 1506 1202 1910 1427 1391 1385 No. of 8 9 7 7 24 10 20 10 11 16 11 10 21 13 12 No. of No. villages Nalagaja Sanmanida Sarumula Totapada Raghabpur Jhatiada Kamardiha Godighati Debsole Chhatana Amarda Nakichua Name of GP Name Khuntapal Badampur Rasgobindapur Rasagovindpur

11 12 13 14 15 9 10 8 7 6 5 4 Sl. No. 3 2 1 19. 19.

186 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 0 0 36 88 31 26 18 11 25 65 100 201 188 165 land Irrigated Irrigated 388 735 518 514 651 518 459 589 541 787 612 891 Land 1159 1180 1298 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 1899 2025 1373 1125 1358 3202 1161 2351 3091 2712 1195 1725 1976 2416 2228 (in Acres) Total land Total 3 7 32 12 17 42 42 29 31 82 32 41 80 72 62 SHG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 806 589 807 777 958 922 672 600 816 BPL HHs 1232 1708 1061 1740 1372 1182 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 Health centres 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Secondary School 2 5 3 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 2 3 2 6 6 UPS 8 2 7 7 5 6 7 4 4 6 5 9 6 10 11 PS 4900 7281 5098 4265 4908 5523 5180 4361 9043 3721 4933 5388 8317 6110 Total 10266 127 ST 3284 4261 2766 1916 2087 4235 2981 3740 6127 3551 4896 4606 4261 2757 28 20 94 SC 274 535 217 335 103 256 265 638 360 456 535 569 Population 593 150 132 1342 2485 2115 2014 2718 1032 1934 2278 4712 3255 1314 6940 General 902 of No. 1091 1725 1209 1060 1381 1160 1312 1055 2261 1202 1285 2218 2471 1860 HHs 5 9 7 7 8 9 11 15 13 15 17 12 27 28 14 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Bagbuda Bhurusani Dhangdisole Jalda Jhadpokharia Joka Murunia Paktia Pokharia Pokhardiha Rajaloka Sankhabhanga Saraskana Shirsa Umadeipur Saraskana

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20.

187 39 32 75 68 122 172 288 200 151 land Irrigated Irrigated 959 5362 2045 2221 4799 1543 1439 5543 5501 Land Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 5668 1083 2897 2344 4972 2543 2322 6240 5792 (in Acres) Total land Total 54 28 18 27 48 21 51 23 47 SHG 0 5 0 2 0 0 43 15 30 (no) Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 723 617 630 454 BPL HHs 1104 1504 1279 1495 1443 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 Health centres 0 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 Secondary School 3 3 2 2 6 3 8 6 5 UPS 6 5 4 9 5 2 5 10 11 PS 6400 4127 3277 5704 7991 3232 6170 8065 7213 Total 981 ST 5605 2634 1998 4283 1742 1147 5936 3037 SC 328 252 861 921 324 1142 1043 1018 2331 Population 467 351 1027 3862 2787 1166 3980 1111 1845 General of 883 787 618 No. HHs 1104 1085 1924 1549 1767 1750 7 7 6 8 9 12 13 13 12 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Chaturanjali Galusahi Jhadghosda Sukruli Teranti Khiching Arjunbilla Haldia Jamuti Sukruli

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21.

188 District Human Development Report Annexures 3 20 14 50 40 30 land 870 262 223 120 150 165 481 395 Irrigated Irrigated 924 680 890 698 Land 1023 1091 1008 2032 2334 1620 2503 1203 1588 2178 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 2448 2720 2538 2035 2432 5079 3161 5836 2057 2639 4904 1951 2621 1855 (in Acres) Total land Total 43 54 36 20 37 51 83 60 32 57 56 63 60 31 SHG

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 (no) Cottage Cottage & Village Industries Industries 905 583 596 908 817 417 649 710 475 BPL HHs 1533 1068 1440 1145 1168 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 1 Health centres 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 Secondary School 6 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 3 2 4 3 UPS 4 5 8 3 6 6 6 6 3 7 6 4 3 1 PS 6590 5539 4417 3234 4732 5269 5530 3770 3358 6492 6459 4296 7065 3074 Total ST 5148 4885 2949 2029 4077 4625 4577 3229 1646 1809 5723 1305 3704 1755 1 1 75 86 SC 535 189 200 112 178 234 260 217 613 130 Population 907 579 654 444 841 540 476 1382 1016 1534 4449 2774 2748 1189 General 137 596 926 of 896 No. HHs 1559 3315 1223 1341 1375 1094 1943 1495 1137 1675 2 5 4 7 6 4 14 10 12 10 20 13 12 17 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Balidiha Baunsabilla Bhaluki Gundihudi Kalapathar Kendua Khandia Kuchilaghaty Mahulia Paikabasa Rangamatia Samakhunta Sindurgoura Sirishbani Samakhunta

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 22.

189 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 32 26 18 90 619 188 132 570 170 land Irrigated Irrigated 482 894 Land 3325 4089 3183 2338 1156 2673 1685 1542 2675 3067 1713 3763 2961 1361 Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 786 3505 7891 8135 5461 3121 8504 2589 3465 2987 6007 2561 3265 8883 2578 1413 (in Acres) Total land Total 0 32 38 45 52 45 32 25 16 27 49 50 21 28 40 SHG 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 534 982 942 527 618 610 450 853 864 654 688 592 450 BPL HHs 1024 1199 1359 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Health centres 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 Secondary School 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 4 1 5 2 UPS 6 9 6 9 9 8 8 7 6 5 7 3 4 10 11 10 PS 5453 7076 7550 5207 7039 6833 5460 3677 7827 3357 4919 5605 5714 5731 4191 3785 Total 747 ST 3923 5138 2804 4561 4831 5105 3351 3034 3202 3560 2478 4412 4379 2380 2176 86 86 SC 187 273 484 964 155 232 719 141 233 2512 3270 2574 1027 1333 Population 0 373 764 240 583 478 1343 1852 2234 1724 1443 2219 1127 2100 1211 1376 General 498 795 785 946 840 916 HHs 1745 1828 1264 1672 1570 1336 2010 1135 1297 1233 No. of 6 6 6 4 10 16 13 17 12 12 10 12 10 14 10 11 No. of No. villages Name of GP Name Bharandia Champajhar Digdhar Hatigoda Jarak Keshadihi Padiabeda Saleibeda Thakurmunda Bhaliadal Kendujiani Khandabandha Salchua Satkosia Talpada Mahuldiha Thakurmunda

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 23.

190 District Human Development Report Annexures 0 0 0 0 0 15 69 48 26 land 159 Irrigated Irrigated 3425 2605 2350 4253 3216 2147 2315 2141 2157 2795 Land Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use 4908 3288 3350 5122 4169 8741 3204 4122 3698 3408 (in Acres) Total land Total 23 26 21 19 30 11 36 24 12 28 SHG 8 0 0 5 0 7 0 0 0 18 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries 695 727 986 807 769 703 895 575 819 BPL HHs 1094 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Health centres 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 Secondary School 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 UPS 7 7 6 7 6 9 5 7 5 5 PS 7548 4407 3750 4597 5231 4702 3767 4126 5474 4726 Total ST 4352 3275 3127 3866 4329 4509 2462 3342 4595 2374 SC 387 159 310 153 254 193 667 148 390 234 Population 0 973 313 578 648 638 636 489 2809 2118 General of No. 1939 1112 1000 1239 1166 1058 1091 1189 1252 1184 HHs 6 9 8 9 8 7 8 9 8 11 No. of No. villages Baddalima Name of GP Name Badnarani Gitilata Kulughutu Lupung Pandupjani Rengalbeda Naranpur Sanbhundu Tiring Tiringi

1 24. Sl. No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

191 679 866 750 188 774 869 107 12 41 25 20 48 33 land 1729 2620 2550 2702 259 108 598 222 332 100 360 392 land 1000 Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated 612 968 Land 1769 2481 3089 1269 4145 3116 1984 3514 3048 735 916 185 403 261 872 976 Land 2495 1420 4043 2215 2679 2965 1524 2630 Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Land Use pattern Land Use Land Use pattern Land Use 5535 7347 1989 4250 4777 9405 5446 1578 12049 60825 16582 415 (in Acres) Total land Total 6324 5082 4925 8828 5292 3111 5877 3702 1653 1930 2069 3304 2253 3292 (in Acres) Total land Total 96 76 51 54 82 61 48 87 49 58 100 SHG 7 28 25 33 10 79 56 64 34 41 27 72 65 22 23 SHG 0 53 84 82 38 73 78 175 150 162 124

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 18 28 Cottage Cottage & Village 252 880 520 1495 Cottage Cottage & Village Industries (no) Industries Industries (no) Industries 530 758 968 BPL HHs 1245 1622 1326 1198 1368 1805 1049 1187 820 975 951 666 890 707 528 777 BPL HHs 1503 1016 1117 1209 1134 1471 1159 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 Health centres

1 1 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 centre Health 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Secondary Secondary School 2 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 School UPS 2 3 6 4 3 3 1 3 4 5 1 4 3 3 2 UPS 5 7 7 4 8 8 11 10 14 10 11 PS 7 4 8 3 4 7 4 6 6 5 4 3 10 10 11 PS 6388 3467 8834 4085 8337 7157 6449 4351 6620 5133 6042 Total 5697 6341 6056 7521 4825 3182 5700 6429 6663 6083 7538 5775 3934 4699 Total 10345 ST 5404 2966 4929 1315 6596 3701 6104 3899 4771 3618 5771 ST 494 733 703 2689 4048 5182 2199 2457 1482 3649 2656 2793 3120 1092 3486 90 46 43 41 SC 122 339 173 518 562 292 1367 81 94 99 Population SC 223 379 354 487 374 168 317 406 604 460 191 1093 Population 894 379 299 409 230 2538 2431 1568 2938 1287 1223 General 805 2785 5918 3370 2607 1957 4690 3175 3456 3464 4257 3132 3814 4223 1022 General of 980 No. HHs 1563 2456 1143 2005 2180 1624 1175 1805 1239 1532 708 850 1495 1642 1075 1620 1086 1903 1108 1520 1254 1057 1838 1672 1007 HHs No. of 9 3 6 7 4 5 4 14 11 11 11 No. of No. 7 6 6 5 9 villages 10 22 13 15 20 15 11 13 20 16 No. of No. villages Kanimohuli Anlakuda Kujidihi Chuhat Paktia Ufalgadia Baghada Nuagan Mahabila Kantisahi Kostha Name of GP Name Dhatika Fania Deuli Badvalia Sridamchandanpur Nuagan Khaladi Bhimtali Bad Singaria Radho Patsanipur Kundabai Kochiladiha Bahubandha Name of GP Name Badakhaman Suliapada Udala

11 10 9 8 14 15 13 12 7 9 10 11 6 8 5 7 4 6 3 5 Sl. No. 2 Sl. No. 3 4 2 1 1 25. 26.

192 District Human Development Report

Annexure III

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Mishra, Rudranarayan (2003), “Patterns and Panda. M (2000), “Changing Poverty Scenario Determinants of Undernutrition among in Orissa”, Paper Presented in the Seminar Women and Child in Orissa: Evidence from on Social Development Research, NCDS, NFHS-2, 1989–99’, Unpublished M. Phil. Bhubaneswar, March Dissertation submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Pandey, Balaji, Damodar Jena and Sugata Mohanty (2002), “Trafficking in Women in Misra, S.N. and M. Behera (2000), “A Orissa: An Explorative Study”, Institute for Comparative Study of Nutritional Support to Socio-Economic Development, Bhubaneswar. Primary Education (Mid-day Meals Scheme) in Orissa and Tamil Nadu” (Project Report Pathy, Suguna (2003), “Destitution, Deprivation Prepared for the Planning Commission, and Tribal Development”, Economic and Government of India), Nabakrushna Political Weekly, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 27, 5–11 July. Choudhury Centre for Development Studies, Bhubaneswar. Ramesh Bhatt (2000), “Issues in Health: Public Private Partnership”, Economic and Political Mitra, Arup (2001), “Employment in the Weekly (EPW), December 30 Informal Sector”, in Amitabh Kundu and Alakh N. Sharma (eds), Informal Sector in Rampal, A. (2000), “Education for Human India—Perspectives and Policies, Institute Development in South Asia”, EPW, July 22 for Human Development, New Delhi. Rout, Nihar Ranjan (2003), “Nutritional Status Mohapatra, L.K (1991) “Development for of Women in Orissa: A Rural Urban Differential Whom? Developing the Dispossessed from NFHS-2”, International Institute for Tribals,” Social Action, July-Sep. Population Sciences, Mumbai.

Mohapatra, Shyam Sunder (1991) “Santals in Satapathy, Sadhana (1993), “Floods and Flood a Changing World: Socio, Cultural Study of Control Policies: An Analysis with reference the Santals of Mayurbhanj, Orissa,” Folklore, to the Mahanadi Delta in Orissa”, Monograph January Series, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum. NABARD, (2008), “Potential Linked Credit Plan”, Mayurbhanj, Orissa Sikshya Sandhana (2002), “Alternative Education Programme for Tribal Children”, Padhi, M. (2004), “Government Initiatives Annual Report 2001–2002, pp. 3–10, Sikshya for Quality Elementary Education in Sandhana, Bhubaneswar. Orissa”, paper presented at a Workshop organised by Department of School and Singh, Satvir and RR Saxena (1995), Mass Education, Government of Orissa in “Achievement Difference and School effects”, collaboration with UNICEF, Orissa on 19–20 New Delhi: Indian Education Review, Vol.31 February, 2004 at New Delhi. NCERT

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Published by Planning and Coordination Department, Government of Orissa