Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN-2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 7, 2020

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF IN EASTERN : AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

Fagu Tudu1, Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra2

1RGNF Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of History, KIIT, Deemed to be University, , Odisha, India. 2Assistant Professor, Department of History, KISS, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Received: 09.02.2020 Revised: 18.03.2020 Accepted: 27.04.2020

Abstract The social life of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is one of the fascinating aspects of the tribal in Eastern India. In India 75 Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) inhabit in various geographical regions and out of these 13 Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)reside in Odisha. Especially, Mayurbhanj is a tribal dominated district where 53 tribes and4 Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups are inhabited. Out of these, Hill Kharias is one of the major PVTGs in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. Accounts of Hill Kharias are all the more intriguing and chasing and assembling as well. They move in the backwards looking for nourishment around the year. They are semi-migrant tribe and their sustainability completely relies on forest. Now-a-days as they are not additionally getting timberland assets as they were getting prior. Still their monetary condition is poor right now. In fact, the social life of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is very interesting study for the scholars to know the history of one of the primitive tribal groups of Odisha. The empirical study has been done by the present scholars to focus on the social activities of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj. Different aspects of social life of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj liketheir family, clans, housing pattern, birth and death rituals, marriage system, health and hygiene, social council, educational system, change and development, etc. have been highlighted in the present piece of work. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been used in this article to access the social life of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj of Odisha in Eastern India Keywords: Primitive, Kharia, Tribe, Social life, Marriage, Education, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.07.154 INTRODUCTION Initially the Hill Kharia was a Primitive Tribal Group of MEHODOLOGY Mayurbhanj of Odishain Eastern India. Odisha is aptly considered Both the primary and secondary sources have been used in the as the land of a number of different types of Scheduled Tribes writing of the present piece of work. The primary data have been numbering sixty two. According to Oxford Dictionary, a tribe is a collected from Gazetteers, literatures, reports, practical group of people, usually staying in jungle areas, in a small observations, hearsay accounts of respondents through the locality, absolutely illiterate poor, hardly clad in clothes, usually interview methods during the period of experimental field dark and frail, fully living within their own community whose survey, etc. For the collection of data, the present authors have marriage always takes place among themselves, engaged in used the qualitative research methods such as field study, hunting and searching for roots, shoots and fruits as their veg or personal interview, schedules and taking photographs. The non-veg food and roasted animals as non-veg food.1 Among the extensive field survey had been undertaken for the collection of total sixty two tribes, there are 13 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal detailed information (data) with regard to the origin, history, Groups (PVTGs) inhabited in the state of Odisha.2 Hill Kharia social life, past and present life, Change and Development of Hill tribe is one of the 13 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups Kharias of the Mayurbhanj District of Odisha. The present (PVTGs) of Odisha in Eastern India, According to 2001 statistics, authors have used schedules for the collection of primary data the total population of Hill Kharia tribe was 1673 and it regarding the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj. The collected data increased to 1908. regarding the social life of Hill Kharias are based on practical observations and the hearsay accounts of respondents through The Hill Kharias to a great extent depended upon hunting and the interview method. The photographs of different aspects of nourishment assembling. The people of Hill Kharia tribe have the social life of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj district have also pre-rural degree of innovation and for the most part they are been properly taken by the present authors at the time of field preliterate. Accordingly, in the formative activities, the Hill (spot) survey. Thus, for the collection of primary data, the Kharias of Mayurbhanj have been treated such as a different get- empirical method had been basically used by the present together and named by way of a crude inborn gathering. Hence, researchers. The secondary data used in the current article are they have been improved such as especially powerless innate Books, Magazines, Reviews, Journals, Periodicals, Proceedings, .3 gathering of India in South Asia Mayurbhanj is bounded on the Records, and published theses. At first, the footsteps of these north by the district of Singbhum of and Mindnapur earlier research works have been followed here to highlight the district of , on the South by the district of different aspects of the social life of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj. district and Keonjhar district, in the east by the Mindnapur and The data collected from both the primary and secondary sources , on the west by the district of Keonjhar and are critically analysed and applied in the writing of present , It was the largest and wealthiest of the feud article. and wealthiest of the feudatory state of Odisah in Eastern India. The social life of the Hill Khrias of Mayurbhanj district is very DISCCUSSION AND RESULT ANALYSIS interesting study for the scholars as well readers of tribal history Social Life of Hill Kharias to know the life style of the people of one the Particularly The first Khar-Kharia name has been restricted to Kharia who Vulnerable Tribal Groups of Odisha. The present article attempts convey palanquin and looking through timberland things. The to highlight the different aspects of the social life of Hill Kharias Hill Kharias are along these lines named as per custom that their of Mayurbhanj of Odisha in Eastern India. first predecessors conveyed a banghy (conveying post). The historical backdrop of inception of Hill Khariasd is plays that

Journal of critical reviews 846

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

their customary livelihood had been to till the muck and convey as a crude segment of among the clan. This Kharia clan, which banghy. Here Dalton additionally accounts the accompanying recorded a populace of 2,22,844, male is 109817,female-113027, custom misting..4The Hill Kharia tribe is divided into three social sex apportion is 1029, female proficiency rate 58.46 in Odisha gatherings such as Hill Kharia, the Dhelki Kharia and Dudh according to the 2011 censusis found in three district Kharia respectively. These 3 gatherings are recognized starting Sundargarh, and Mayurbhanj.10Most of the Hill Kharia one an additional, the evaluations of the clan, speak to the people are set up especially in the Similipal Hill area of the chasing and nourishment gathering phase of monetary life Mayurbhanj district. The other two areas of the clan are alongside the act of simple development and crude culture. These circulated in the other two Districts. The Hill Kharias legend areas of the clan don't have claim social attributes however is demonstrates that the Kharias and another network in just the result of the ill-conceived sexual association of the Hill particular. The Hill Kharias native places are arranged in the Kharia with individuals from outsider ethnic gatherings. woods or set up near the timberland. The settlement adjusts to a Concerning the tale of relocation of the Hill Kharias, the Similipal great extent to a vague bunch where the houses are dispersed Hill rang was the hearth and home of the Hill Kharias since long inside a little zone. At times the towns fitting in with a direct year ago. They were likewise noticed in in border districts of example having hovels assembled near one another. Formerly a Jharkhand state, the areas of Midinapur and Bankura in West Village was set up in a specific spot the Hill Kharias trial the Bengal state, and furthermore most huge spot of theirs was insignia to see if or not the site is reasonable for home. What the Balasore, Mayurbhanj, Keonjher, Sambalpur and Hill Kharias do it that strict leader of the town named Dehuri and regions in Odisha province of India in South Asia. As indicated by a couple of others got the probably chosen places. The Dehuri the 2001 enumeration the absolute Kharia populace in Odisha burrows a pit and fix a stake in it.11 was 188,331 expanding to 222,844 in 2011 census reports of govt. of India. The development of the Hill Kharia was 16.80% 2. Clanship over the decade2001-2011. As indicated by the 2001census the There seems to be a great deal of controversy regarding the sex apportions of the Kharia was 1015. As indicated by the 2001 number of clans among the Hill Kharias. Hill Kharias are divided registration their place of education was 45.23 expanding to into two clans; the Nag clan and the Saluk clan as also noticed by 58.46 at the 2011 census.5 S.C. Roy, only two clans among the Hill Kharia of Mayurbhanj, He The three segments of the tribes have been impacted by different also noted that in an earlier work T. C. Das (1931) recorded the societies and have therefore experienced definite changes. The presence of six clans.12 We recorded as many as eighteen clan Dhelki Kharias and Dudh Khariasare changed more than the Hill names of these ten clans have as their prefix or suffix the term Kharia. In the ongoing past some Hill Kharia left their slope Dehuri which suggest that these clans might have originated by a abodes moved to different pieces of the territory looking for process of drift (fox 1967). But it could not be found out as to occupation. Presently the Hill Kharias are living with other which were the parent clans, unlike the other tribes of the region laborer networks. This contact with station Hindus has acquired such as the Santal, the Hill Kharia have no clear idea about the some perceptible changes their techno-monetary and strict structural features of their own society. Even some of the names circles. Therefore, they started settled farming, animal cultivation of the totems are not known.13 and working class for their job. Then again, the people of Dudh and Dhelki Kharias who had been in interaction with Hindu 3. Family standing for a long time which have been more affected by Hindu The social presence the establishment of family in view of which concepts.6 Area of Mayurbhanj is located in the northern Odisha it is considered as the most basic as a major aspect of a general truly renowned as the "place that is known for the public. The family is credited with numerous a significant job and Maharajas/Bhanjas rulers", Since taxing year prior likewise capacity like-financial, social, mental, and strict and so on in the known for its predominant tribal populace, lively culture, Chhau general public. In the Hill Kharias people group individuals dance, the acclaimed Similipal timberlands (National sanctuary), afterwards marriage couple remains distinct from possess their excellent sanctuaries, Kechakeshori temple, stone family. In the greater part of the case the wedded youngsters work, and mostly Tassar product and obviously fire rice "Mudhi" build up their own family and cook nourishment on independent in addition to other stuffs. Mayurbhanj region possesses household. The family of Hill Kharia tribe is commonly nuclear- numerous epochs in the history of mankind. The locality gets its powered in construction. The joint(combined) families are very names from the consistent rule of two old realms for over a few in that community. Their family is controlled by male thousand years-the "Maury as" and the "Bhanjas" until its merger member. The dad/father (Bapa) is the leader of the household with the territory of Odisha on January 1, 1949.7Really, affairs. His choice is final by his own will. The kids are given full Mayurbhanj is a non-coastal region with an all-out topographical opportunity. They are likewise cooperatives to the guardians in region of 10,418 sq. k.ms and is arranged on the northern limit of the exhibitions of house hold 14 the Odiha State with its region central command at town. The district of Mayurbhanj of Odisha lies between 21o 17’ 4. Houses of Hill Kharias and 22o3’ north latitude and between 85o40’ and 87o 10’east The people of Hill Kharia tribe live in the slopes and timberlands longitude.8The District is limited on the North by West Bengal of the district of Mayurbhanj in Odisha. Their village is very small and Jharkhand, on the West by Keonjhar District and on the East in size and it comprised of five houses to twenty houses. The huts by Balasore District of Odisha. The district of Mayurbhanj is of Hill Kharias are situated in a dispersed way on slope tops, divided into four regulatory sub-divisions such as :(i)Baripad ,(ii) slants, etc.. A normal Hill Kharia house is a little multiuse Bamanghaty with central station at , (iii)Panchpir quadrangular hut with divider prepared with Sal wood and laid with home office at and (iv)Kaptipada with home office with mud. The top of the cover is finished out of a twofold at and twenty six Tahasils and twenty six squares, 382 slanted wooden for a men and covered with greensward or Gram Panchayats, 3945 Villages twenty eight Police Stations, straw. When the Hill Kharia and Mankadia Development Agency, sixteenth Police out posts, 3 NACs and one Municipality.9 undertook the developmental works of Hill Kharia Different aspects of the social life of the Hill Kharias of community, then their old huts were replaced by Khappar / tile Mayurbhanj of Odisha are briefly described below. roofed houses. Thereafter, Indira Awas yojana is found to be provided by the Central Government to the families of Hill Kharia 1. Areas of the Hill Kharias tribe through the Developmental Agency of Jashipur. Now, the The Hill Kharias clan is partitioned into three gatherings to be housing patterns of the Hill Kharias are found slightly developed specific, the Pahadi Kharia or Hill Kharia, the Dhelki Kharia and and changed. the Dudh Kharia Of these three segments are recognized as Primitive Tribal Groups/ the Particular Vulnerable Tribal Groups

Journal of critical reviews 847

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

5. Birth, Childhood and puberty Rites. till three days after the child birth. Because during these days The turning points in the life an individual are the critical bleeding continues and there may be some harm for her. Before occasions of birth, puberty, marriage, and serious illness which allowing to neck milk of the mother, the new born child is given may possibly end in death. For these critical junctures of the mild of she-goat first. This custom is even found among the individual’s life, when confidence is shaken by fear and anxiety, Mundas also. On the day of Chhathi ceremony, the women of the the primitive man, like most of his civilized fellow-men, seeks to family throw away all the dirty clothes and earthen pots used by satisfy the emotional need of restoring hope and confidence to the mother of the new born child. On that day, the women of the his mind by methods expected to enlist the help of invisible village go to river or pond for purification bath.On the ghat supernatural powers believed to be potent enough to help him in (bathing place) the women after taking purification bath offer tiding safely over each crisis. The methods devised and organized vermillion, oil and turmeric (Haldi) to respective deities i.e. by each society for this purpose, constitute what have been called ‘Pahari deota’, (hill god), ‘Baram’(jungle deota) .and ‘Bauma’ or rites and include the socio-religious ceremonies relating to birth earthen goddess. The midwife offers egg to ‘gangamac’ or river and childhood, puberty and marriage, disease and death. In the goddess. After finishing this purification bath, they return back to lower culture these ceremonies generally increase in complexity house where the laya or naya or Dihari or Dihuri sacrifices fowl with the degree of culture.15 in the names Gaon- grama thakurs (Village deities). This sacrificed fowl is prepared separately with rice and it is used by 6. Pregnancy and Child Birth laya or Naya or Dihuri only. The body of the sacrificed fowl is Birth: At the time of child birth the men leave the hut, and cooked and is distributed among the relatives. Rice-beer is also ordinarily only elderly women remain to attend the expectant offered to burha-burhis inside the house and near the hearth. mother. The Hill Kharias are not very particular about the laying Then rice-beer or any others alcohol drink are enjoyed by family in room. Their huts are too small and no separate hut is raised & relatives in the whole day to night. Relatives and neighbours of for the purpose and also no separate door for hot exclusive the parent of the new born child are invited to the house. entrance and exit are provided. The delivery of the child Maternal uncle and his relatives are also invited to attend this generally takes place in the same hut where the family members chhathi or purification bath ceremony. The invites are served site and sleep because they have no separate sleeping room. with rice-beer and if possible they are also served with food.19 Among the Hill Kharia, calling of Dai (midwife) during the time of delivery is commonly found but like other people they do not 8. Puberty/Young take help from the midwife of other community. Generally old The Kharia girls generally attain puberty at the age of 13-16 Hill Kharias men act as Dai.16 But, there are also some expert years. During the onset of menses the girl remains in seclusion women in this activity. The work of a Dai generally, is to warm for a period of 7 days during which she is considered to be and to anoint the expectant mother, washing of dirty clothes of polluted and tabooed to look or be looked at by the males. At the the new born, mother is the duty of the Dai. Umbilical cord of the end of the period she takes a purificatory bath anointing baby is cut by the Dai and it is buried by the side of the turmeric paste and oil and wears a new Saree. Her family hosts a house.When there is some delay or excess pain during the time of small feast for their relatives.20 delivery, the Hill Kharias believe that there must be some effect of evil eye and so they take help of Gunia or Guru. The gunia or 9. Marriage System Guru recites mantras and apples herbs or he tries to destroy the While working on marriage system, the scholar has given a effect of evil’s eye. Sometimes fowls and /or goats are also proper treatment to prevalent forms of Marriages and the true sacrificed.17 nature of selection of bride and bride grooms. The work also After the child birth the family becomes impure and this birth reveals a conspicuous presence of dowry system, polygamy and pollution lasts for nine days when they celebrate Chhathi, the prohibition of dowry system and not prohibition of window purificatory bath. But here is a custom to celebrate the Chhathi remarriage in the then Odisha. So also a woman’s various ceremony after 21st days. During this period the mother of the contributions to the society in different positions. Such as wife, new born child observes some taboos. The mother and child may mother, educationist, ruler, prostitute and Devatas are also not come out of the hut till the end of this period. Males are also discussed here. Her status as a wife or other is found in generally not allowed to enter into the hut in which new born integrating the family’s chant bond and virtues of all the child and the mother are lying and generally the huts of there are members revolving around her. Marriage with different clans very small in size. So during this period they cook food outside of and ranks are viewed as social wrongdoing and the guilty party is the hut and new born baby and the mother are allowed to lie expelled from the general public. Among them, there is inside the hut.18 predominance of exogamous faction framework which directs their conjugal unions. Various areas among the Hill Kharias never 7. Naming Ceremony (Chhathi ceremony) intermarry. Marriage is a significant foundation of the Hill It is a common notion found in every society that if a new baby Kharia’s society. They lean toward grown-up marriage. The comes in a family the members of that family are considered young men and young ladies are viewed as fit for marriage in the impure. That is why other peoples do not accept food and water wake of accomplishing the age of eighteen and sixteen, in that family. So the ritual impurity starts at the birth of the child separately. They enjoy liberty in choosing their mates and so, the and end with the completion of Chhathi rites. Among the Hill consent of both the partners, especially, the consent of the girl is Kharias of Mayurbhanj subdivision, as a rule chhathi should take a deciding factor in finalizing the matrimony. They practice place on the ninth day after the child birth. But if due to some monogamy though at times polygamy is permitted. Their modes pressure of work or some other difficulties, it is not possible to of acquiring mates are by elopement, by negotiation, by perform the Chhathi ceremony on that day, this can be celebrated intrusion and by service. Besides, levirate, surrogate and widow on the third, fifth or seventh day of the birth. It is considered the remarriages are definitely permissible under certain final purification ceremony of the new born baby, mother and its circumstances. In Hill Kharia community, bride price is a chief family as well. Until this day the whole family remains in a state component of the marriage system. In fact, the groom’s party of taboos. Especially the new born baby and his mother are kept pays bride price to the bride’s side in the regular type of in a separate place. If it is not possible they are kept in one corner marriages and surrogate marriages except marriage by intrusion, of the house. The mother of a new born baby observes some marriage by service and ‘son-in-law in house types.21After labels. She cannot cook food for family members and for herself marriage, the Kharia couple set up their separate residence in the also. She cannot go to forest for collecting roots, fruits, flowers, groom’s village. However, depending upon individual situations etc. She cannot cut a tree or neither can she bring fire wood. The the couple may stay at the bride’s village or at the groom’s mothers of the new born baby are not given food not food to eat maternal uncle’s village or with any of their kins.

Journal of critical reviews 848

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

Age of Marriage: The Hill Kharia tribe peoples do not fix age for the woman from the latter. In case of rape and pregnancy caused marriage. According to them when a girl attains her adolescent by rape or illicit relationship the male offender is severely fined stage she is married. But when we see their family and their and forced to marry the victim by the later which accepts the issues we may guess easily that though the child marriage was truth of women’s accuse.22 not found, but early marriage is comparatively more. Among the Widow marriage: levirate and Surrogate: Widow marriage Hill Kharias, marriage may be settled the same village or may be and junior levirate is prevalent among the Hill Kharia tribe. After in other villages. There is no limitation in regard of place and the death of her husband generally the girl returns back to her distance for marriage. father’s house. But if she has children, in this condition she is Types of marriage: Among the Hill Kharia of Mayurbhanj bound to stay in the house of her deceased husband. There is also Distirict, following types of Marriage system is found. These are a practice among the Hill Kharias that if the deceased husband given bellow:- has any young and unmarried brother the window may marry Marriage of Arrangement (Raji Khusi Beha): This type of him. Of course she is free to marry any male person of her choice marriage is established by betrothal or negotiation system. This other than the younger brother, in that case her new husband is started from the side of boy’s father. When the father of a boy has to pay compensation to the younger brother of her ex- wants to marry his son, he finds out a person, known an Agha husband and to their parents-in-law or she may leave her ex- (mediator) and by the help of the mediator goes to the house of husband’s house and stay with her parents’ house if she so likes. the father of the girl and he tells them about the demand of their Illicit relationship with one’s younger brother’s wife is strictly girl. If the father and mother of girls like it they ask the mediator tabooed even if she is young and widow. Marrying wife’s younger to come on such and such day to see the girl. He comes back to sister is absent though not prohibited.23 the house of the boy’s father and on the fixed day the father of Adult life: The responsibilities of a Hill Kharia married couple the boy accompanying some near relatives (male members) go to increased and they both are expected to be accommodative the house of the girl’s father, their face washed first and mat are according to the norms and values of the community. It is their offered to sit on. Then the girl is brought before the part. At that duty as experienced persons to mould others,i.e., the various age time she is given a piece of cloth or and some rupees in cash. and sex groups related with kith’s him bond. By virtue of social Then this proposal is discussed there. Thereafter, they are served sanction and being supported by mutual love and affection, then with Handia or rice- beer and food and then they return back to inspire automatically to help each other in all economic activities. their village. Sometimes date for marriage ceremony is also Through various life experiences couple go ahead passing decided on this day. But generally date for marriage is decided through poverty, care and anxiety but in rare cases they fail letter on. It depends on the father of the girl. Among the Hill abnormally. The couple spent their lives in a house newly Kharias this type of marriage is mostly liked. constructed in the courtyard at the time of marriage. As far as Love Marriage (Sanga Beha): Among the Hill Kharias people possible the husband and wife share the miseries poverty and love marriage or Sanga Beha is also found and this type of their relationship in all aspects of their life. In rare cases, marriage is also socially sanctioned. When a girl and a boy love husband and wife are not faithful towards each other which are each other and when they decide to live as wife and husband, the major cause of divorce among them. The free moving life they come to live in the house of boy’s. With clan exogamy is as among Hill girls and independent forest works come to an end rule, the marriage between the boy and girl is accepted. In this after marriage. The same work is performed under certain marriage bride-price is demanded but its payment depends upon restrictions and social regulations. The married son among the father of the boy. This type marriage is basically seen during Kharias assumes an individual life in course of time and there by the Raja festival and Car festival. lessens the burden on parents. On the other hand he limits Marriage by elopement: Sometimes, love marriage takes place himself with his own family life consisting of his wife and by elopement. This happens on the condition when boy and girl children. The husband is the master of the house and supervised love each other and they want to live as wife-husband. But their all the important works whereas the wife mostly indulges in the fathers do not allow them to live in their houses. When they house hold affairs. But the women also engage or her in the field guess about the tendency of their fathers they decided to run outside the house and go to forest for the family needs. The first away to other village. Later on their fathers accept this type of two years after marriage is a critical period of the conjugal life in relationship also. which both adjust with the new situations and both of them try Marriage by Service (Gharjwa): A poor boy who is unable to their best to satisfy each other for future life. Among Hill Kharias pay the bride price for his desired girl may in lieu of that serve marriage is not a contact but regarded as armament. The consent her for 3 years. Then he is allowed to marry the girl and move to fails in exceptional cases which is negligible. Throughout the life his new home with her, The boy approaches girl’s parents with a both of them try to please each other in biological, economic and gourd of Salap wine and a goat. When he finally leaves with his social terms and maintain a healthy and peaceful relationship. bride, he is presented with a cow, a goat, a gold nose ring, other Conflicts and quarrels which is general phenomenon of married brass and bead ornaments, cloth, about 10kg. of rice, salt ragi life, seldom ends in separation. The son after marriage respects millet, and R.s 30 by his parents in the presence of relatives, their parents and takes all care, especially when he is the only village elders, Dehuri (Head man of the village ) and other in son. When there is more than one son, the sons neglect in their their village people who perform rite of marriage. duty. Most of the women involved in quarrel and conflict with Post Marital love affairs and Re-marriage: The Hill Kharia their parents. 24 women tend to indulge clan destiny in licentious relationships with men other than their husband. If such illicit intimacy is 10. Divorce caught red handed by the husband he has every right to beat the Among the Hill Kharias separate is permitted on specific grounds adulterer and caution him against further advances. If he likes so like barrenness or contrariness. The customary social council of he can bring him before the traditional village Panchayat. In case the Hill Kharia community decides the case for separate. On the the accused pleads guilty or his guilt is proved otherwise he is basis of faithlessness, separate is allowed in their community. On fined and warned leave her husband and marry him. Re-marriage that case spouse's family is mandatory to restore the money and is allowed by the later collecting a fine which their own kind, which they got as lady of the hour cost.25Otherwise in that traditional fine what will they decided by Dehuri(Head man of case of divorce and re-marriage due to unhappy marital life are the communities/ village) and some village headmen or some few. Only men have the right to divorce under these facts such as animals also which is deposited in the common village found 1. Illicit relationship of the wife with a lover, 2. Elopement with a except the cash that is paid to the husband as compensation. lover, ,3. Laziness and non-co-operation of the wife in domestic When one’s wife elopes with her lover the former claims affairs such as cooking, child care, food gathering, 4. compensation double the amount of bride price he had paid for Misbehaviour, mal-adjustment, misunderstandings and frequent

Journal of critical reviews 849

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

quarrels between the husband and wife. Sterility or barrenness is spirit depend on the conduct and character of the dead man in not accepted as a reason for divorce since they believes that his life. either of the spouses are responsible for this. The husband can take a second wife either the consent of his first wife to get 12. Language of Hill Kharias children in this case. The divorce is finalised in presence of the The Hill Kharias individuals were/are communicating in their husband, wife’s brother, the Dehuri and other head leader of own Kharia language. The Hill Kharias banter with one another their village. The husband pays some fines and a Saree to his in different dialects and like Odia, Santali, Munda, , Ho and departing wife. She can re-marry after few months; In that case neighbor other tribals’ language when they chatted with pariah her former husband cannot claim his share of compensatory they utilized different sorts of languages.30 Mayurbhanj Hill bride price from her new husband. Though wife cannot divorce Kharias individuals for the most part communicating in possess her husband she can desert him any time and stay with anybody language and and furthermore neiboughring else she loves. Thus her husband is forced to divorce her after innate dialects and so on. collecting compensation from her second husband.26 13. Food Habits 11. Death Rituals The main food of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is water rice At the point when a wedded individual kicks the bucket, he/she (Pakhala). It is supplemented by different edible seasonal forest is incinerated and the un-wedded are covered. If there should be products like fruits, roots tubers, green leaves, mushrooms, an occurrence of burning, the skeletons and cinders of the flowers, etc. Which are boiled and eaten, usually they take expired are placed in new mud vessel with certain dry rice and watered rice/ (Pokhala/Basi) with fried vegetables /Greens, mixed into most profound piece of a stream. The passing green chillies, salt and also dry fish. For lunch and dinner they eat contamination is watched for ten/eleven days and funeral home boiled rice with vegetable curry. The leafy greens (Saga) of the ceremonies are found accomplished towards the finish of the forest like –Matha Saga, Baniari Saga, Chatani Saga, Jhinei Saga, deed. The family members and companions of the perished are Gadri saga, Jali saga, Kundali saga, Kaunra saga. They are taken specified a dining experience and a tall piece of remembrance as the side dish in addition to salt and Chilly.They take the meat stepping-stone established close to his home 27The dead bodies of rats, squirrels, godhi, Jhinka and Baga, Para, Chilo, Kisini, potam are generally buried in the village graveyard but the dead bodies bird, Tih-toloh bird, maskal bird other wild animals and different of few well-to-do people are cremated. In exceptional cases, like types birds. They collect the fruits like kendu, chara, banicha, death by small pox, snake bite, falling from a free the dead are bhudur, mango, jamu along with various roots like pitalu, ramalu, burnt in the burial ground. When somebody dies of leprosy, the panalu, mahualu, khamalu, chimalu, churkalu, kandalu,etc. The dead body is not usually disposed of, but the hut or house where Hill Kharia people are very fond of Kalei poki, tasar poko, Kurkuti he or she had lived is set on fire. Lamentation for the dead is the and Bardi poko. The Hill Kharaias collect fish, crabs, genda, general custom among the Hill Kharias. If the dead was a married samuka, kuchia from the river beds and Mushrooms like Rutka, women and her husband was alive. Her body is then wrapped in patal, kukuda, kamar, maudhal kath, bali for a side dish.31Besides a new cloth and vermilion mark is put on her head. She is bound rice, they also eat rag gruel, maize and other minor millets like on a ladder and taken by men to the grave yard for burring. The janha. Like other tribal people they are fond of non–vegetarian grave is dug and the coffin is placed in it. The first load of earth to items. They consume the meat of goats, chickens and fish, which cover the grave is thrown in by the elder son. The dead body is they catch from the fresh water in the different rivers and ponds placed in the grave leaping the head towards north and legs hill streams. During festive and ritual occasions they prepare towards south. But the face of the dead should be directed special food like-boiled and baked rice cake and meat curry for towards east.For ten days after the burial or cremation the eldest their consumption. They drink two varieties of liquor i.e. rice son offers water, tobacco, boded rice, tooth picks, etc., birth in the beer (Handia) and country liquor, Mahua liquor (mohuli mad). morning as well as evening in the name of the dead death is Liquor is first offered to the deities, spirits and ancestors to considered to pollute. So after the burial, all who had attended satisfy them during festivals and rituals. Tobacco is very popular the burial bathe, At right, every member of the family and all among them. It is smoked and chewed with lime.32Sometimes Hill other participation in the burial take only boiled rice prepared by Kharias curry is changed. During the different seasons, sagas and male members in a new earthen pot, and for the next ten days multiplicity type’s mushroom are consumed by the Hill Kharias. also they do not eat non-vegetarian food. Other men of the Catching fish is accessible in summertime and they also get community do not touch them. 28 different sort natural products like Jackfruit, mango, ambla, Purification: On the tenth day after the burial, the purification Turmeric (Tentule) and different type timberland winged ceremony takes place. In that morning, the houses are cleaned, creatures' meatin different seasons. At the point when they set almost all family members’ practice fasting. The courtyard is up the curry they don't more than utilized flavours cleaned and plastered with cow dung. Clothiers and household fundamentally they are utilized for getting ready curry salt, utensils are also washed. The near relatives shave off their head Greens bean stew, turmeric powder is included. The Hill Kharia and cut their nail, (women are not allowed to cut off their hair). set up a beverage of custom made rice brew, (privately well- Before the ceremonial bath, turmeric paste is smeared on the known as Handia). In their functions, celebrations and in body and karanj oil is rubbed but now-a-days mustard oil or ceremonial works each every person drinks the (Handia) alcohol sesame oil is also used for some refreshment. In which a few near from child to old person. Country liquor Mahua/Muhuli is relatives also join, people come back to dead person’s house. likewise a most loved beverage of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj. Water is sprinkled in the courtyard by the traditional sacred specialist or by any other person designated to do it. In the 14. Dress and Ornament evening rice, dal and vegetables are boiled in which molasses or The children of Hill Kharias remain naked till about five or six sugar may be added. With this the mourning is over and the years of the age. They wear piece of loin-cloth. This is worn till family is considered fit to join in any community function. When the age of about twelve. Adult person at home wear Towl dhoti / a child dies, no such celebration is performed except a loongi, over it, a kardhani. A very old man only wears a ceremonial bath. Rarely the purificatory ceremony is observed napkin/loongi/ lungi like a boy. They used to wear their on 6th day.29 traditional cloths many years ago but now–a-days influence of Belief regarding Death: It is the belief of these Hill Kharias that the modernity, they also use like their neighbouring tribal or when a man dies, his soul always lives along with his family non-tribal people dress and ornaments due to the impact of member, they believe that their ancestors live with them near current culture. The Hill Khariasmale individuals wear full pants their hearth. The benevolent and malevolent activities of the and they normally wear the hand loom dhoti/loogi and Ganji. The women wear Sari, with expansive hued emergencies crosses and

Journal of critical reviews 850

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

is around 6 feet to 8 feet in size and finale of the sari arises to 17. Social Council of Hill Kharias miserable up to the knee level as lower article of clothing and Each Hill Kharias village has its conventional Panchayat and underneath the correct armpit, utilization of shirts and under communities headmen and different pioneers. Pradhan is the piece of clothing is not in like manner among little youngster. head of their village. Dehuri manages the village allotting and Furthermore, they utilize number of decorations like silver chooses relational questions, instances of breaks of social bangles, globule or silver neckband, clips and so on., utilization of traditional laws. The Hill Kharias community has their own studs and silver ring in their fingers so on.33 Hill Kharias woman settlement system panchayat or village system. In the village wears six or seven brass armlets (Kharu) on each arm, a brass panchayat cased identified with bread bug unthinkable and extra pin on each side of the nose, and brass-ring (Mundi) on the conjugal connection bury clan marriage, intra faction marriage fingers and toes. They tie up their hair at the back with Taser silk separate, diversion of property and so on38Now, the Hill Kharias ribbons. Childrens of Hill Kharias in early childhood were are participating in the Pnchayat Raj system, for which they are banyan, T- shirt. But in late childhood boys wear pant, frock and also contesting in the present Panchayat election of their locality. Salwar, Adult men wear only shirt Dhoti and Banyan T-shirt at In spite of modern Panchayat Raj system, the traditional village the time of work, in the house and village. But when they were council structure of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is still in going out of the village they wear full Dhoti, Banyan, kurta (shirt) prevalent in their society. and Napkin (Gamuchha). The olds women wear Saree and Chhaya and Blouse but the young women also wear Saree, 18. Health and Hygiene chhayas, (Petti coat) and blouse. Like all women the Hill Kharias The Primitive tribal communities, like all other homosapiens, live women are fond of ornaments i.e. hair, neck, nose, ear, wrist, feet in an environment which leaves profound impact on their health. and Fingers, etc. These are glass or metal bangles, anklets, Certain areas are prone to certain types of disqualifications or armlets, ear, nose, and toe rings, finger ring, hairpin, bead or defects. Sometimes good drinking water is not available there metal necklaces. The elder and older women decorate their and the people have to suffer for lack of it without being able to bodies with tattoo marks especially on their fore heads, eye take any remedial measure. The fundamental feeling of Health corners and in both hands and legs. There is no such uniqueness and Hygiene ought to remember for the individuals brushing reflected in their dress pattern. Now the younger generation teeth, washing up, brushing the hair, staying clean, utilizing 34 prefers to use modern dress and interested for varieties tattoo. bubbled water for drinking purposes and so forth are a portion

of the essential significant routine which ought to be received by 15. Material Culture of Hill Kharias them. Wellbeing card for every individual from the family Hunting: Hunting is the most important a part of the socio demonstrating the subtleties of preventive and remedial cultural life of Hill Kharias. For the most part, the Hill Kharias go treatment including inoculation program ought to be kept up. to wilderness for hunting regularly in the feebly, every year. At Sustenance improvement software engineer for kids, ladies and the point when they go for chase and make a few gatherings, and grown-ups ought to be given due significance. The calorie keep everybody bow and bolt and furthermore verities weapon estimation of the neighborhood nourishment ought to be worked of their own hand. The bow is made by the bamboo (Banusha) out and it ought to guarantee that the all-out calories in take by and the young men utilize the sling and different sorts of net for every individual from the family are sufficient so as to destroy keeping the forest animals. The net is locally said as "fasha or mal sustenance cases totally in the area.39 35 fashi". Fishing: Communal and singular fishing is additionally regular 19. Education among the Hill Kharias utilization of angling nets, angling snare, Education is the weapon to change the society. Education not just bamboo fishing stick, and so on are exceptionally normal. The aides in working up person's character, character and insight yet Hill Kharias individuals called the fishing net as "Jalam, Jal is a in addition his beneficial limit and his capacity to play out a lot of local language" and bamboo fishing stick as "Haibale darn".36 work all the more productively. It additionally uncovers that in

essential training the brews rate is higher than the females. This 16. Household’s Articles is on the grounds that, with the constrained asset they like to The household articles of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj are instruct just for their male kids. The Hill Kharias individuals rely short. Very few of them have cot and kantha to sleep. They use upon the Government run instruction organization, They don't scissors to cut their hair because the local barbers do not shave have legitimate garments to wear and furthermore incapable to them. For cooking and storing food materials they use earth hold up under the expense of school uniform, scratch pad, pen vessels, gourd vessels and Aluminium utensils, bamboo baskets, and pencils additionally authorizes many younger students' to leaf plates and cups. Besides these, the agricultural implements drop tightening advanced education. Be that as it may, presently like plough, digging stick, leveller, yoke, axe, knife, etc. are also however the Government is without giving school outfits yet kept in their houses. Other important articles, like sling (Sika), guardians can't bear the cost of other consumption once in a rope, ladders, snuff boxes , combs, winnowing fan, broom stick while charged by the School. Due to some reasons number of mortar and pestle, grinding stone, spinning instruments, rain understudies drops out even at the essential level from hats, umbrella, different types of fishing nets and traps, bow and instruction. In addition, after the beginning of adolescence, the arrow, etc. are also kept and used by them in their day activities. customary and moderate guardians like to hold their little girls at The Hill Kharias use a small number of household articles. There home and organize marriage as opposed to sending them to is a saying on Hill Kharia frustrate, “Kandhe Budia, hate pachhia”. class. Many Hill Kharias young ladies don't want go for advanced It means they always go out with an axe on shoulder of male and education since they study advanced learning educational plan is a basket in hand of female. They are using aluminium cooking troublesome so this is smarter to remain at home to help family utensils instead of earthen utensils. Besides these they use bow unit works. Now-a-days has taken so (Dhanu) and arrow (Tirah) sickle (Dahah), spade (kodala) and many developmental programmes for advancement of training cub (sabal) in their day to day life. And they also use Bahangi and among the Hill Kharias through Hill Kharias and Mankidia stings to bring the large quantity of minor forest product. The Hill Development Agency office, Jashipur40.The School provides Kharias are utilizing a smaller amount of the family component everything to the Hill Kharia children like dresses and other objects. They do not use the other costly things and furthermore materials for their education. Now, the Hill Kharias are attentive they use cutting instruments for cutting reason, they utilize iron to offer new education to their children. At present the Hill hatchet, blades, sickle, scissors, sparing razor and so forth.37 Kharias girls are going to school for education and the boys also wanted to be more educated in that community. Because, the educated girls and boys can get high status in their society. In

Journal of critical reviews 851

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

some areas Anganbadi Centre are found to be provided with min- community of Mayurbhanj owing to the facilities provided by day meal for the below 5 years children.41 both the Central and State Governments of Odisha through the Hill Kharias and Mankidia Development Agency , Jashipur. 20. Development and Change of Hill Kharias The factors, such as, far-reaching contact with the culture of CONCLUSION neighbouring other tribal caste people or Hindu people, own We can conclude from the above discussion that Social life of the endeavour, encroachment of outsiders into traditional forest Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is associated with forest and all the based economy of the forager, impact of forest policies and social activities of Hill Kharias are based on their life style restriction of project Tiger/Elephant and Biosphere Reserve for straight and secondarily. When the present scholars took exploitation of MFP collection in core and reserve areas, planned research in the respondent area found that most of the Hill development interventions by the Government and private Kharia people are engaged in forest resources collection. In few agencies have brought forth changes in the life and livelihood of areas, people were working as daily wages earning laborer or the Hill Kharias. Thus, the changes have reflected in their social daily agricultural laborers. That mentioned and likewise featured life style system, techno-economic and religious spheres. Now-a- the settlement example of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj. In fact, days some of them are living with other peasant communities or Mayurbhanj district area is seen as probably the least fortunate society. In some areas, the Hill Kharia families in the villages locality in the State of Odisha. The rate of neediness is further in quiet depend on the near forest for their daily maintenance. preliminary focused areas of the location. Hence an incorporated Though, sharp depletion of the forest cover has posed most methodology every one of these divisions is the need of great important threat to their maintenance.42 importance for all round improvement of the area. Again to decrease the higher centralization of provincial neediness, The Hill Kharias have been taken up economic activates, like satisfactory assets ought to be occupied to the rustic development cultivation, physical farming; gross making and fuel improvement programs by correcting/changing the circle pick wood collection and timber cutting for sale for their livelihood. over of the early stage problems that are related to the working Religiously, they have followed the Hindu faiths and observed country advancement programs. After the Fifth Five year plan some Hindu festivals. In the Mayurbhanj district especially for period Government has implemented various plans and policy them different development programmes have been for the better living condition of Hill Kharias and their implemented through the different Government agencies, like development of socio-economic level. Both the Central and State ITDAs, DRDA, Block, GPs and ICDS and NGOs, etc. The Hill-Kharia Governments are providing special provision for the particular tribe has been identified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups vulnerable people like special school for both girls and boys, (PVTGs) by Government of India and Odisha. By the preservation of their culture and how to preserve the forest and governmental effort a micro project HM& DA at Jashipur in minor product of forest area, strengthened their social life. In Mayurbhanj has been established and working since 1987 for the fact, Hill Kharias are divided into two clans; the Nag clan and the total development of the Hill-Kharia population of 18 Villages of Saluk clan as noticed from their society. Marriage is a significant Jashipur and Karanjia blocks. The Hill Kharias due to the factors, foundation of the Hill Kharia’s society. The young men and young like development interventions by the Government, especially ladies are viewed as fit for marriage in the wake of accomplishing the Hill-Kharia and Mankirdia Development Agency at Jashipur in the age of eighteen and sixteen respectively. They practice Mayurbhanj district (HKMDA), cultural contacts with other monogamy though at times polygamy is also permitted in some communities, non-availability of major forest produce in specific cases. Now-a-days Government of Odisha has taken so many months, changeover to other construction work, contractual developmental programmes for advancement of education and labour, motor driving, pickle making, leaf cup and plate making. health awareness among the Hill Kharias through HK & MDA, And this has been possible due to the organization of orientation Jashipur. The fundamental feeling of Health and Hygiene has training by the HKMDA Micro Project. A few educated youths been slightly improved in the Hill Kharia community of have been engaged as Teachers in the Gyan Mandirs School and Mayurbhanj. There is no uniqueness reflected in the dress Education complex, Watchman and field attendants in the Forest pattern of the Hill Kharias. At present the younger generation of Department and other Govt. Dept. and agencies. The Hill Kharia & the Hill Kharias prefers to use modern dress. The traditional Mankidia Development Agency (HKMDA) micro project village council structure of the Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is operating for the holistic development for them including being continued till today in their society along with the implementation of economic development programmes to raise Panchayat Raj system of modern period. Governments also try to 43 their standard of living and to ensure quality of life. The develop how these excluded population will be include in the multifarious development programmes, such as housing under main stream people and they will live in better conditions with Indira Awaas Yojana, drinking water provision (Tubel, supply developed with their social economic , health, education, culture, water) link roads, health and sanitation, education environment, tradition, folk lore and folk tales, etc. On the whole, the above including other infrastructure works and packages of benefit discussed social life of Hill Kharias of Mayurbhanj is an important schemes both individual and in group mode, like tailoring, goat aspect of the history of one of the primitive tribal groups of rearing, fishing, leaf cups and plates making have changed their Odisha in Eastern India. outlook. The recent development interventions through Self Help Groups (SHGs), by both men and women have brought significant ACKNOWLEDGEMENT change in the social and economic life of the Hill Kharias. We acknowledge with grateful thanks to Prof. Achyuta Introduction of modern agriculture, multiple cropping, use of Samanta, Founder of KIIT & KISS ,Deemed to be University and high yielding variety of seeds provision of irrigation facility, input Prof. H.K. Satapathy, Vice Chancellor, KISS, D.U, Prof. Rajkishor assistance, horticulture activities including backyard plantation Meher, Director of Research, KISS, whose valuable suggestions with vegetable intercropping’s, marketing of goods, etc. through have been utilized in this paper. group approach have brought forth noticeable changes in their life style. After being trained, some educated Hill Kharias have REFERENCES adopted small business. The human asset improvement 1. Behura, N.K. (2004). Tribal of Odisha, Schedule Caste and programs taken up by the smaller scale venture, similar to Schedule Tribes Research and Training Institute, nursery instruction and essential training by opening up Gyan Bhubaneswar, Revised Edition: p.30. Mandir school and one Residential Educational complex and 2. Samal, A. (2001). Tribal Development administration; case association of wellbeing registration at town level have excellent study of District in Odisha, ISEC, Nagarbhavi post, formative effects on the Hill Kharia kids and their parents. Now, Bangalore, p.6. some change and development are found in the Hill Kharia

Journal of critical reviews 852

SOCIAL LIFE OF HILL KHARIAS OF MAYURBHANJ OF ODISHA IN EASTERN INDIA: AHISTORICAL ANALYSIS

3. ‘Survey Report’ (2001). Hill Karia & Mankidia Development Journal of Academic Research and Development, Vol. 2, Agency, Jashipur, p.12. Issue-6 November, p.914. 4. Primitive Tribal group of Odisha, (2008). Published by 33. Vidhyarthi, L.P. & Upadhaya, U.P. (1980). op.cit., p.45. Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes Research and Training 34. Mohanty, P.K. (2017). Encyclopadia of Primitive Tribes in Institute (SCSTRTI), Bhubaneswar, p.2. India, Volume-1, , Kalpaz Publication Delhi, pp, 59-60. 5. Tribes in Odisha at a Glance Empowering the Tribals of 35. Patnaik, N. (2008). Primitive Tribes of Orissa, and their Odisha, (2015). Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Development Strategies, D.K. Print world (P) Ltd. New Research and Training Institute Bhubaneswar, Odisha, p.31. Delhi, pp. 125.138. 6. Ota, A.B., Mohanty. S.C. & Patnaik., K, (2016). Kharia (Photo 36. Das, J. (1999). op.cit., p. 194. hand book), SCSTRTI, Bhubaneswar, p.10. 37. Roy, S.C., & Roy, R.C. (1937). op.cit., pp.113-115. 7. Nayak, U.K. (2004). Mayurbhanj Parichaya (Odia book), 38. Bhowmick, P. K.,2013, Primitive Tribal Groups in Eastern Royal publication, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, p.5. India Welfare and Evaluation, Gyan Publishing House, New 8. Senapati, N. & Sahu, N.K., eds., (1967). Orissa District Dlhi, pp. 83-85. Gazetteers Mayarbhanj , Orissa Government Press; 39. Bage, M., (1960). Phanomenologie der Munda-Religion, , p.2. Berlin, Freie University, p.78. 9. Vidhyarthi, L.P & Upadhyay, V.S. (1980). The Hill Kharia 40. Bhowmick, P.K. (2013). op.cit., pp. 83-85. Then and Now: A Comparative Study of Hill, Dhelki and 41. Banerjee, G.C. (1982).Introduction to the Kharia language, Dudh Khria of Central Eastern Region of India, Concept Bahri publications, New Delhi, p.69. Publishing Company New Delhi, p.6. 42. Ota, A.B. & Sahoo, A.C, (Compiler), L. Bhol and B. Das (Data 10. Adivasi (Journal) Hill Kharia of Similipal, SCTRTI, Collection), Mahanti, K.K. ed. (2009). Phadia Khdia (Odia Bhubaneswar, Govt. of Odisha, p.33. Book), Published by Member Secretary Academy of Tribal 11. Behera, Bhabatosh, (July-1968). An Economic condition of Languages & Culture Adivasi Exhibition Ground Unit-1 the Hill Kharia Tribe (Article of N.O.U. Adivasi (Journal) Bhubaneswar, p.11. Vol.-X, Tribal Research Burea Orissa, p.30. 43. Sahoo, L. (May-2011). Kumar, Socio-Economic profile of 12. Tribes in Odisha at a Glance Empowering the Tribal of Tribal populations in Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar District, In Odisah, (2015). Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Orissa Review (online published journal), pp. 62-68. Research and Trainging Institute Bhubaneswar, Odisha, p.2. 13. Ota. A.B, (2009). Pahadi Khadia (Odia), Edited by Adivasi Tribal Language and Cultural office, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,p.5. 14. Sinha, D, (1984). The Hill Kharia of Purulia Impact of poverty on a Hunting and Gathering Tribe, Published by The Director Anthropological Survery of India Government of India 27 Jawaharla Nehru Road ,Calcutta ,pp.36-37. 15. Ibid. 16. Upadhyay, V.S. (2000).Hill Kharia/ Sabar, Jharkhand Tribal Welfare Resarch Institute, Ranchi, p.55. 17. Vidhyarthi, L.P. & Upadhyay,V.S. (1980). op.cit., p.15. 18. Upadhyay, V.S. (2000).op.cit., p.57. 19. Ibid. 20. Ota, A.B., & Sahoo, T.(2009).Hill Kharia (Photo Hand book) SCSTRTI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha , p.22. 21. Roy, S.C., and Roy, R.C.(1937).“The Kharias”, in Man in India, Vol. 1, Ranchi, pp.113-114. 22. Ota, A.B., S.C., Mohanty and Patnaik, K. (2016). Kharia, Published by SC & STRTI C.R. P Square Bhabaneswar, Odisha, p.10. 23. Vidhyarthi, L.P. & U.P. Upadhaya, (1980). op.cit., p.6. 24. Upadhyay, V.S. (2000). op.cit., pp.77-80. 25. Roy, S.C., and Roy, R.C., (1937). op.cit., p.113. 26. Mohanty, S.C, (January-1982). “Didayi,: A Picturesque Tribe of Orissa:, in ADIBASI, Edited by Tribal & Harijan Research- Cum trainings Institute, Government of Orissa Bhubaneswar, p.7 . 27. Singh Deb Sachan, J.N. (2012).Socio-Economic and Cultural Profile of The Kharias of Mayurbhanj, in Proceedings of the Odisha History Congress, XXXIII Annual Session, pp.50-55. 28. Ibid. 29. Behera, B. (2015). An Educational Stutus of Hill Kharia of Jhinei Village Samakhunta Block Mayurbhanj District Odisha, A Dissertation report of M. Phil, P.G. Department of. Anthroplogy, North Odisha, University, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, p.18. 30. Dash, J. (1999). Human Ecology of Forager , Commonwealth publishers Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi, p. 112 31. Banerjee, G.C. (1982). Introduction to the Kharia language, Bahri publications, New Delhi, p.69. 32. Mahrana, R. & Nayak, J.K. (2017). “Food and Habit and Food Preparation among the Hill Kharia Tribe of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha, An Anthropological Study”, in International

Journal of critical reviews 853