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For official use only

REPORT ON FOREST BESOfJR£ES OF KEONJIIAR DISTRICT OF C'RISSA STATE

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN ZONE CALCUTTA 2000 For omcfat use only

REPORT

ON

FOREST RESOURCES OF KEONJHAR DISTRICT OF ORISSA STATE

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN ZONE CALCUTTA 2000 PHRFACE

The inventory of forest resources of Keol~har District of Orissa was carried out during the year 1997-98 by Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Calcutta. 'ntis report highlights the details regarding forest areas inventoried, methodology adopted, processing of data and out come of the survey.

The geographical area of the district is 8303 sq.km. and population is 13,37,026. Total forest cover of Keonjhar district is 3543 sq.km. but the recorded forest area is only 3102.43 sq.km. A total of 377 plots were laid in the district (223 plots in Sal stratum and 129 plots in Misc. stratum) each plot representing about 8 sq.km. The total standing volume of the forest was 15.12 million cU.m. giving 52.9 cU.m. per hectare. The total Humber of sIems comprising both the slrntullls were 73.21 millions with hn avcmge of 256 stems per hectare. The main species dominating the growing stock are Shorea robusta, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia crenulata, Madhuca latifolia, Diospyros Il1clanoxylon, Lnnnea coromandelicn ctc.

The staff of Eastern Zone, Calcutta entrusted with the task of cnrryi ng out lite inventory and data processing, deserve much 3ppreciation. The cooperation/help extended by Orissa Forest Department is thankfully acknowledged. Further, Conservator of FOl"ests, Development Circle, Cuttnck, Orissa needs words of appreciation for his expelt comments and valuable suggestions.

It is hoped that the report will be useful by way of providing important information for the forest resources management and development planning of the state.

( Dr. D. Pandey) Director , GOVERNr:'lENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS, FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA, (EASTERN ZONE) CALClTTTA.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This organisation expresses its gratitude and sincere thanks·to the officers and staff ofO-rissa Forest Department for their valuable co-operation extended to our field parties during the survey work, without which it would not have Qeen possible to complete the survey wprk in stipulated time.

I express my sincere thanks to all officers and staff mem.bers of Eastern Zone of Forest Survey of India who were entrusted with carrying out the forest . inventory and bringing out the report in the present form.

(Madhawa Trivedy) Joint Director. PART-I

(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS, CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS) TABLE OF CONTENTS. ClIAI)T}:U: I J BACKGROUND IN]i'OI~MATION J 1.1 INTRODUCTION: 3 1.2 SlllJA110N AND BOUNDAR Y: 3 1.3 SOl L: 3 1.4 CL1MAn~: 4 1.5 RIVER S YSruM: 4 1.6 MINERAL RESOURCES: 4 1.7 PEOPLE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDllON: 5 1.8 ADMINlSlRAnVE SET-UP: 5 1.9 FOREST: 6 . ("lIAPTER - II 7 DF.sIGN ANI> M,nlJODOLOGY 7 2.0 GENERAL: 7 2.1 OBJECTIVES: 7 2.2 AREA SELECTED FOR INVENTORY: 7 2.3 MAPS AND TOPOSlIEETS: 7 2.4 SJ\MI'LING DESIGN: 8 2.5 DATA COLLECTION: 9 ClIAPTfm III 11 DATAPROCI<;SSINGAND L'OMl'ILATION 11 3.0 GENERAL: I L 3.1 MANUAL PROCESSING: 11 3.2 lNP1IT FOR THE COMPUTER: 11 3.3 PROCESSING ON COMPUTER: 1L 3.4 VOLUME ESTIMATION: 12 3.5 TImE VOLUME: J3 3.6 PLOT VOLUME: 13 3.7 ANALYSIS OF GROWING STOCK: 13 3.8 ERROR: 14 CIIAPTEH:IV IS RESULTS OF JNVJo:NTORY IS 4.0 <1ENERAL: 15 4.1 INV]\NTORY COVERAGE: 15 4.1.1. IU~CORDED FOREST AREA: 15 4.1.2 INVENTOIUEDAREA: 15 4.2 S"Ilu\l1FlCA TION: 16 4.3 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRWTION DATA: 16 4.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES: 17 4.3.2 DISTRlDl.JI10N OF FOREST AREA BY TOPOGIU\PHY: 17 4.3.3 D1STRIBlITION OF FOREST ARr~ BY ASPECT: 18 4.3.4 DIS'IlUBunON OF FOREST AREA BY ROCKINESS: 18 4.3.5 DIS'I1UBUllON OF FOREST AREA BY SOn. CONSISTENCY: 19 4.3.6 DJSTRD3l.J110N OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL TExnJRE: 19 4.3.7 D1STIUBU110N OF FORf~T AREA BY son. EROSION: 19 4.3.8 DISTRIBl.JI10N OF FOREST /\REA BY INJURIES TO CROP: 20 4.3.9 DISTRlBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE: 20 4.3.10 DISlRIBUllON OF FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE: 21 4.3.11 DlSTRIl3Ull0N OF FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALTIY: 21 4.3.12 DISTRlBlHION OF I'UREST AREA BY DElilu\DATION: 21 4.4 TREE DENSITY snJDY: 22 4.4.1 'nWE DENSITY.STRATUM - SAL: 22 4A.2 THEE DENSITY. STRATUM - MISCEI ,1.ANEOlJS: 22 4.5 TOTAL NUMBER OF STEMS: 23 4.6 VOLUME STUDIES: 23 4.6.1 STRATUM WISE VOLUME ANALYSIS - SAL STRATUM: 24 4.6.2 STRATUM WISE VOLUME ANALYSIS - MJSCELLANEOUS STRATUM : 24 4.7 TOTAL VOLUME: 24 4.8 ESTIMATION OF STANDARD ERROR: 25 CIIAPTER:V 26 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 26 5.1 SUMMARY: 26 5.2 COMPARISON wrrn PAST SURVEY RESULTS: 27 5.3 CONCLUSION: 27 5.4 SUGGES11ONS: 27 mUUO<;HAl'IIY 29

2 MAPS AND DIl'lGRAMS a)Map of India showing ~roject area in Keonjhar district. b )Foroest Survey of India inventory design. ~)Map of Keonjhar district showing roads, rivers & important places d.JMap of Keonjhar district showing distribution of grids by stratun e)Map of Keonjhar district showing distribution of grids by important land use. CHAPTER: I

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The inventory work for assessing the forest resources of Keonjhar district of Orissa State was token up as a part of the program of Eastern Zone of the Forest Survey of India for the year 1997-98. The inventory was carried out under the existing methodology and design of Forest Survey of India. The report covers the entire district of Keonjhar and is based on sound statistical footing and expected to provide base line data for development planning. The rapid recession of forest due to impending biotic interference has been a cause for this organization to undertake the inventory work for reliable estimation of the quantity of forest resources existing in the area.

1.2 SITUATION AND BOUNDARY:

The geographical location of the Keonjhar district falls between 0 21 0 11' Nand 220 10' N latitudes and between 85 11 fond 86°22'E longitudes. It is situated in the northern port of Orissa. The district is bounded in the north by Bihar State, and Sundargarh district in the West and district in the South, , Baleshwar and Mayurbhanj district in the East. I The boundaries~'and location of the district is shown in the mop enclosed.

1.3 SO It: The soil is of red type in most of the areas of Keonjhar and surrounding. The soil of belongs to coastal alluvial type. The main constituent of clay minerals is Kachinite and is found in 6 blocks of the district e.g. Telkoi, Patna, Champua, , Banspal and Keonjhar; The soil is rich in phosphorous but generally poor in organic matter and nitrogen. The soil type is alluvial with loamy structure in the plain region of Baitarini River belt. The soil is fertile and more developed for agricultural purpose. The soil type is red laterite with high iron content in the hilly region of Bhuyanpirh and acidic in reaction. The PH 'range of the soil is between 5.5 to 6.0 which shows the acidic nature of the soil. 1.4 CUMATE:

There are three well marked seasons in the district. They are summer, rainy and winter season. The hotJest month is May with maximum .mean temperature of 380 C and minimum mean temperature of 25°C. The coldest month is December. The maximum mean temperature is recorded as 270 C while the minimum mean temperature is 12°C.

The annual average rainfall of the district is 1534.5 mm which was based on the data last 50 years. Maximum rainfall is noticed during the month June to September.· The total annual rainfall as recorded from the different blocks of the district is summarized below:

Yeor Total annual rolnfall ( m.m) 1993 1461.3 1994 1288.0 1995 1179.0 1996 923.7 1997 1445.7

The relative humidity is about 75% during while it varies from 35 to 40% during rest of the period of the year.

1.5 RIVER SYSTEM:

The important river Baitarini rises from the Gonasika hills in Keonjhar district and constitutes the boundary between Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts as also between Keonjhar and districts. The Baitarini is regarded as a very hily river and mythologically it is connected with the exile of Shri Ramchandra. Baitarini enters near Balipur and becomes the boundary between Jajpur and Bhadrak districts. Before it falls into the Boy of Bengal it joins with the Brahmani near Dhamra passing by Chandbali, a minor port, it enters the sea as the Dhamra river. This river brings flood in the districts of Jaipur, Bhadrak and Keonjhar.

·1.6 MINERAL RESOURCES:

Orissa is a large producer of high grade iron and manganese ores. Iron deposits are found in the districts of , Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj. Important Singhbhum - Keonjhar - Banoi iron ore belt runs through this district. The Orissa iron ore has iron content to the extent of 60% and both the Rourkelo Steel Plant and Tata Iron & Steel Company ( TISCO) depend upon Orissa for Ores. High grade iron ore deposits are also found in Daitary Hill along the boundary between Keonjhar and Cuttack districts. Manganese and its deposits are found in Keonjhar, Sundargarh, Bolangir and Kalahandi districts. Orissa accounts for 20% of the total output of manganese in India. Oeposits of chromite also occur in Keonjhar district. Low grade lateritic nickel are also found in Keonjhar district.

Orissa Government has established a corporation under the name "Orissa Mining Corporation" for exploiting the mineral wealth of the State.(Ref: states of our Union - Orissa, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting).

'.7 PEOPLE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION:

The district is backward both economically and educationally. A bulk portion of the total population belongs to scheduled tribes and scheduled castes. Effort of advancement in education among the scheduled tribes is not so fruitful by the Government due to psychological and social behavior pattern of the scheduled tribes. Total popUlation, literacy rate and scheduled castes, scheduled tribes population is summarized below:

Total pODulation literacy rate in percentage Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Total 1337026 677480 659546 44.73 59.04 30.01 Rural 1170152 588129 582023 41.91 56.51 27.18 Urban 166874 89351 77523 64.12 75.19 51.09

(Ref: Census of India 199 L Final population Totals, Series - 1 Paper 2 of 1992)

Population Scheduled Castes Scheduled .Tribes Total: 153639 595184 Rurol: 129543 554633 Urban: 24096 40551

Most of the people depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. Paddy is the main crop of the district. The other crops are jute, millet and oil seeds. The irrigation facility is poor in the district and the agriculture is mostly dependent on natural rain. Despite abundant mineral resources, the district has not been systematically exploited. Lock of infrastructure facility and communication also stood in the economic development of the district.

1.8 ADMINISTRATIVE SET·UP:

The district at present comprises of 3 sub divisions 0 e.g. Keonjhar Sadar, Anandapur. Champua, 7 tahasils, e.g. Telkoi, Borbi!, Champuo, Keonjhar. , Anandapur, Hatodihi with 13 community Development Blocks. Ihe dislricl flus / luwrl', urHj ?I?!j villuq(~(, OIJI or wllir,ll 'j()t,; villages arc inhabited and 58 uninhubilcd villages. 111010 ore 6 Illcrnbcrs or Leqislolivo Assembly and only 1 mernber of Parliament.

1.9 FOREST:

. The forest of Keonjhar can be classified into two major forest type aJ Group C Northern Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest and b) Group 58 : Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest. The above classification is based on revised classification of the forest type of India by Champion and Seth. .

Several variation occur due to edaphic and biotic factors within the above two main groups, as a result the forests are further sub groups as under:

a) 3C/c 2e Moist Peninsulor Valley Sal b) 5B/C 1 C Dry Peninsular Sal Forests c) 5B/C2 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests.

Besides, the above three main sub-groups Dry Sal Forests and E 4 Lateritic Semi evergreen Forests and DSI Dry Deciduous Scrub Forest also exist to- some small extent in the district.

The main species are Shorea robusta, Anogeissus lotifolio, Terminalia crenulato, Madhuca latifolia, Diospyros melonoxylon, Lannea coromandilica etc. There ore 6 members of Legislative Assembly and only 1 member of Pariiament. CHAPTER - II

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

2.0 GENERAL:

The inventory involves collection of a wide spectrum of information. An approved manual of instructions for field inventory of Forest Survey of India, Dehradun has been followed for carrying out the Survey of Keonjhar district of Orissa State.

2.1 OBJECTIVES:

The broad objectives of the present inventory are as follows:

i) to estimate the total growing stock of the area ii) to collect information on crop data. its composition, status of regeneration. injury to crop. fire incidence, grazing incidence etc. jii) to collect information on distribution of forest with respect to various para meters e.g. topography. aspect. soil-depth etc. iv} to monitor periodically ( 10 years cycle) the changing pattern of the forest resources.

2.2 AREA SELECTED FOR INVENTORY:

. Following areas are treated as forest areas for the purpose of forest inventory :

a) area shown in green wash on the Survey of India toposheets. b) all such areas in which woods such as thick jungle. open forests, bamboo etc. are present. c) all those areas indicated by dotted line or spotted line or a pillar line as forest area. d) any other areas reported to be forested areas by local forest department.

2.3 MAPS AND TOPOSHEETS:

The map of India showing the project orea is shown in the attached map. The forest area on 1: 50.000 scale topographic map sheets of Survey of India were used for the forest inventory works. 21 toposheets were used, the list of which is furnished below: S.No. Map sheet number Total 1 73 F/B.12 2 2 73G/l.2.5.6,7 .8.9.1011, 12.13.14.15.16 14 3 73 K/2.3A.7.8 5 Total: 21 nos.

2.4 SAMPLING DESIGN:

Morking of grids:

The design is systematic with a grid size of 2.5' x 2.5' of latitude and longitude with two sample plots. each of 0.1 ha. area, selected from each grid one at random and the other linked to the first in the opposite direction at an equal distance from the grid centre. These plots form the basic sampling units. Thus, 72 plots are laid out in a toposheet with 36 grids on 1: 50,000 scale. Hence one sample plot of 0.1 ha. represents about 10 sq.km. on the ground and the intensity of sampling is 0.01 %. The length of each side of the square shaped sample plot is 31 .62 meters on the ground and 0.6324 mm ( say 0.6 mm) on the toposheet of scale 1 :50,000.

Precision and accuracy of the survey:

The result of the survey would at the precision level of 95% probabilily wilh error limit of 2: 10% ot lhe slate level.

Marking of plot center:

The method of marking of the plot centers of these two sample plots on the map in each grid of 2.5' x 2.5' is as follows:

1) first, the length and width of each grid ore measured to the smallest convenient scale. 2) the length of the side of the plot on the map corresponding to a 0.1 ha. square plot on the ground is calculated. Let X and Y be the length and w idth of the grid and 5 the side of the plot. 3) substract side 5 from both sides i.e. find (X-5) and (Y-5). Let these numbers be X' and Y' 4) two random numbers, one in the range of 0 to X' and the other in the range of 0 to y' are selected. These numbers are called x and y respectively. 5) half of the side of the plot (5/2)each are added to find x + 5/2 and y +5/2

6) x +S/2 and y +5/2 will be the coordinates of the center of the first plot in the grid considering the left hand bottom corner (South - West corner) of the grid as the origin of the axes. 7) the center of the second plot is located by joining the center of the first plot with the grid center and extending this line in the opposite direction. 8) a point at an equai distance from the grid center in the opposite direction is marked. This will be the center of the second plot. laying out of the plot:

The plot center is the intersection of diagonals of the 0.1 ha. plot. Diagonals are aligned NW-SE and NE-SW measuring 44.72 m each. After having approached the plot center with the help of toposheet and reference point, corners of the plot are fixed with respect to the plot center by measuring 22.36 m. in each of the directions viz. North-West, south-East. North-East and South-West directions from the plot center. The North, East, South and Western extremities of the plot are fixed by measuring 15.81 m. from plot center in each of these direction.

Regeneration SUNey :

In each plot, a 4 mt x 4 mt square plot was chosen. Care was taken so that the center and diagonals of this .plot coincided with the center and diagonals of the Original plot. Regeneration of dominant and codominant species was counted and noted in the following categories:

No. of regeneration 8 or more - Adequate regeneration No. of regeneration less than 8 - Inadequate regeneration No. of regeneration 0 - No regeneration

2.S DATA COllECTION:

Data from the field is collected by an inventory crew headed by a crew leader. To visit a plot, a prominent reference point is selected in the vicinity of the plot center. The reference point is a clearly visible point both on the map as well as on the ground e.g. a nola junction or 0 identifiable natural feature on the spot. It is marked by a peg with appropriate markings. For collection of codified information from each sample plot the following forms are used. :

Plot approach form: It gives an account of details regarding the approach to the plot. All the details from camp site to the plot center are recorded. A prominent reference point along with bearings sis recorded which serves as an aid to reach the plot at a future date.

Plot description form: The description of several parameters such as topography, soil, land use class, forest type, regeneration, crop data etc~ are collected and recorded in this form for an orea of 2 ha. around the plot.

Plot enumeration form: This form is filled up for each plot. The details recorded are the name'of the species, its code and diameter. Trees less than 10 cm. d.b.h. and utility less than 70% are usually not recorded. Border trees are counted "IN" when they touch NW-NE and NW-SW boundaries and considered "OUT" when they touch NE-SE and SW-SE boundary Jines.

Sample tree form: Data for trees with diameter 10 em. and above at breast height are collected from the North-West quadrant of the plot. In this form, additional data e.g. tree height, bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape of the tree etc. are recorded.

Bamboo enumeration form: This form is designed for enumeration of bamboo culms per clump. Age and soundness of culms and clump size are the parameters considered. Separate forms are used for clump forming and non-clump forming bamboo.

Bamboo weight form: To determine the green weight and dry weight of bamboo, this form is maintained. For each species, mature bamboo are selected from each diameter class 30 cm. long pieces from the bottom, middle and top are selected and their green weights recorded. These pieces are properly documented and kept in the base camp and weighed every 30 days till a constant ( air dry J is obtained.

Since, bamboo did not occur widely (over large areas or with conspicuous presence) in Keonjhar , data on Bamboo collected there, has not been elaborately tabulated. , CHAPTER III

DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION

3.0 GENERAL: Data processing was carried out in the following three phases:

I. Manual processing II. Input on computer ahd III. Processing on computer.

3.1 MANUAL PROCESSING:

It involves the following steps: 0) Proper documentation of the field information received b) Codification of the information in the field forms which has not already been incorporated. c) Manual checking of the information filled in the forms. d) Reconciliation of the discrepancies with the help of the field officers.

3.2 INPUT FOR THE COMPUTER:

After manual checking, the information of the field forms was fed into the computer. The following data is stored in the hard disk for onward processing.

1. Plot description data 2. Plot enumeration data 3. Sample tree data.

3.3 PROCeSSING ON COMPUTER:

Processing on computer includes the following steps:

1) Verification of data for the creation of clean file and the transference of the same to hard/floppy disk. 2) Consistency checking of the data on computer. 3) Correction of the data to remove discrepancies noticed during consistency ctlecking. 4) Tabulation of plot-wise stem distribution for the district as a whole. 5) Preparation of tables of volume distribution. 3.4 VOLUME ESTIMATION:

Felled tree data for developing general volume equations were not collected during the inventory, because of restrictions on felling of trees. Local volume equations already derived and used in district forest inventory survey by Central Zone, Nagpur were used to estimate the volume.

The locol volume equations used for different species are as under:

Adina cordito/io Y=O.08507 + 0.19669 D + 7.16812 0 2

Anogeissus latifolia 2 3 Y = 0.13928 - 2.87067 0 + 20.22404 0 - 13.80572 0

Bombax ceiba Y= 0.02834 + 4.68381 0 2

Boswellia serrato Y=0.36432 - 1.32768 ~O + 9.48471 0 2

Bride/ia refusa ..jy= 0.11620 + 4.12711 0 - 1.08508 ~D

Dolbergia lotifo/io . V =-0.00965 + 0.585460 - 2.56050 0 2 + 24.342125 0 3

Diospyros melanoxylon ~Y= 0.06728 + 4.06351 D - 0.99816 ~D

Garugo pinnata V= - 0.09144 + 1.48588 0 - 5.53172 0 2 + 24.04851 0 3

Lagerstroemio pONifloro Y= 0.07199 - 1.259230 + 9.284'6 0 2

Lonneo coromondelico . 2 3 Y= _ 0.01071 - 0.665280 + 9.544780 - 4.58876 0

Modhuco lofito/io Y=0.1 0423 - 1.38429 0 + 8.39379 0 2

Mitragyno parviflora Y= 0.08444 - 1.26801 0 + 8.7527402 PterocOl pus m arsupiurn ...JV= - 0.16276 + 2.82002 0 + 0.04034 ...J 0

Shoree robusla ~V =0.19994 + 4.57179 D - 1.56823 ~D

Syzigium cumin; ~V= 0.30706 + 5.12731 0 - 2.09870 ..J D

Terminalia belerica V= - 0.14823 + 2.44138 D - 6.86434 0 2 + 18.05444 0 3

Terminaiia crenulata V= 0.05061 - 1.11994 D + 8.77839 D2

Miscellaneous species ~V= 0.06063 + 3.43666 D - 0.75571"" D

V = expressed in m3 0= in meter.

3.5 TREE VOLUME:

Volume of each enumerated tree was estimated with the help of volume tables / equations and .was used for generation of stock tables by species by species and diameter class.

3.6 PLOT VOLUME:

Volume of each enumerated tree in 0 plot when added up provided the plot volume. These plot volume figures were the basis for estimation of sampling error.

3.7 ANALYSIS OF GROWING STOCK:

Analysis of growing stock was carried out from plot data and per hectare figures worked out for each stratum by species and diameter class. Following were the important tables generated for each stratum:

1. Stems/ha. for individual species and its distribution into diameter classes as 10-19 em. , 20-29 em., 30-39 cm. etc. 2. Total stems by species and diameter classes. 3. Corresponding volume I ho. by species and diameter classes. 4. Total volume by species and diameter class. 3.8 ERROR:

statistical inference is incomplete without information on associated errors and the user of the results wants to have some control over its magnitude.

For estimation of sampling error some assumption was taken into consideration. The sample was considered as a systematic cluster sample having two sample plots in each cluster. While estimating the sampling error the sample was considered to be of unequal sizes and ratio method of estimate was used since in many grids only one plot was enumerated.

Standard errors have been estimated over the growing stock in each stratum and over the entire project area irrespective of the stratum. CHAPTER: IV

RESUlTS OF INVENTORY

4.0 GENERAL:

Inventory data of the survey of Keonjhar district has been analyzed at the district level separately for each stratum with a view to highlighting the forest type, composition and distribution of the tree vegetation in the area. Distribution and break up of forest area by various parameters like land use classes, crop composition, topography classes, size class, soil depth class, grazing incidence, fire incidence etc. has also been worked out and the results are furnished in this chapter.

4.1 INVENTORY COVERAGE:

Inventory Grea comprises the Keonjhor districts in Orissa state. The geographical area and the extent of forest cover of the above districts is given below:

District Geographical Forest cover ( sq.km.) area (sq.km.) Dense Open Mangrove Tolal Keonjhar 8303 1739 1804 3543 Source: State of Forest Report 1997,F.S.I.Publi-cation.

4.1.1. RECORDED FOREST AREA:

District wise and legal status wise forest area of the district is summarized below:

Legal Status Recorded forest area (Sq.km.) Reserved forests 1839.37 Demarcated protected forests 273.63 Undemarcated protected forests 220.78 Unclossed forests 0.26 Revenue forests 768.39 Total: 3102.43 Source: State Forest Department.

4.1.2 INVENTORIED AREA:

The extent of forest area as represented by 377 plots marked on green wash area of toposheets of the Keonjhar district was calculated using "dot grid" method which comes out to be 3063.88 sq.km_ Henceforth the inventoried forest area as calculated by 'dot grid' method would be token as the total forest area of the district i.e. 3063_88 sq.km.

15 4.2 STRATIFICATION:

Stratification was based on proportional distribution of the forest plots as per foresl composilion and land u~e class. Two major forest types have been identified according to forest crop composition found in two ha. area around the plot centre. So, on the basis of that the forest plots were divided into two different strata which oro i. ) Sal rOlesl and 7) Miscellaneous forests. Oul of 377 plols surveyed in Kconjhar dishicl 220 plols were Iuulld 10 be unuer Sol sliululll Ulld' 2Y plols under miscellaneous forest.

377 plots have been distributed over 3063.88 sq.km. forest area. One plot. therefore, represents 812.70 ha. or 8.127 sq.km. forest area. Forest area covered by 25 plots has been excluded while calculating the net forest area for growing stock estimation as those plots lie in forest land but are under agriculture habitation barren land etc. i.e. forestry plots but under non forestry use. The net forest area for growing stock estimation and its distribution among various stratum is furnished below:

Stratum Forest area ( sg.km.) for growing stock estimation.

1. Sol \8\2.32 2. Miscellaneous. 1048.38 Total: 2860.70

4.3 ANALYSIS Of PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA:

Plot description data were analyzed on various parameters like soil land use, terrain condition, injuries to crop etc. and following information were generated. 4.3.1 DESCRIPTlON OF FOREST AREA BY LAND USE CLASSES:

Code Land use Description No.of Forest Petcenta No. plots area (sq. ge km.1 1 Dense tree forest Forest with canopy 16 13003 4.24 density 70% and above 2 Moderately dense Forest with canopy 190 154413 50.40 tree forest density 30% to 69% 3 Open tree forest Forest with canopy 106 86146 28.12 density 5 to 29% 4 Scrub forest Forest with canopy 27 21943 7.16 density less than 5% 5 Bamboo brakes Areas completely - - - covered with bamboo 6 Shifting cultivation Areas under current 4 3251 1.06 as well as previous years shif1ing cultivation 7 Young plantation 10 BI2.7 2.65 of forest species 8 to 10 Trees in line Trees along forest I 813 0.26 road. canol banks. l1y lines and Govt.grass land etc. 11 Barren land - 3 2438 0.80 12 Agriculture land - 3 2438 0.80 without trees 13 Agricultural land - 9 7315 2.39 with trees 14 Non forest - 3 2438 0.80 plantation 15 Habitation - 2 1625 0.53 16 Water bodies - 1 813 0.26 18 Young crop of - 2 1625 0.53 natural or artificial reqeneration Total: 377 206388 100.00

The above table reveals that most of the forest in Keonjhar district is moderately dense and open tree forest.

4.3.2 DISTRIBUTION Of FOREST AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY:

Distribution of forest area of the district by topography is given below:- Percentage Code Topography No.of plots Area In ha. 5.84 1 flat 22 17879 112153 36.60 2 GenUy rolling 138 54.38 3 Hilly 205 166604 2.65 4 Very hilly ,10 8127 0.53 Unrecorded 2 1625 Total 377 306388 100.00

MOst of the Forests in Keonjhar district ore having hilly or gently rolling topography with 54.38% and 36.60 % forest oreo respectively.

4.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY ASPECT: below:- The distribution of the area by various aspect is summarized

Percentage Code Aspect No.of plots Forest area (ho.) 5.57 1 Northern 21 17067 17.50 2 North-eastern 66 53638 9.02 3 Eastern 34 27632 15.38 4 South-eastern 58 47137 7.96 Southern 30 24381 5 15.92 So u1h-western 60 48762 6 4.51 7 Western 17 13815 45511 14.85 8 North-western 56 27632 9.02 9 No aseect 34 0.27 Unrecorded 1 813 100.00 Total: 377 306388

4.3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY ROCK'NESS: The forest area by rockiness classes is as under: Percentage Code Rockiness No of plots Forest area in ha. 1.59 1 High 6' 4876 10.87 2 Medium 41 33321 67454 22.02 3 Low 83 65.25 No rock 246 199924 0.27 Unrecorded 1 813 100.00 Total: 377 306388

The above table reveals medium to low rockiness in Keonjhar forest to the extent of 32.89% whereas no rock orea;s 65.25% of the forest area. 4.3.5 DISTRIBUTION OF fOREST AREA BY SOil CONSISTENCY:

Soil of the district are found to be under thE! following categories:

Code Soil consistency No.of plots foresf area in ho. Percentage 1 Friable 51 41448 13.53 2 Slightly 290 235683 76.92 compact 3 Compact 33 26819 8.75

4 Cemented 5 No soil 1 813 0.27 Unrecorded 2 1625 0.53

Total: 377 306388 100.00

The above table shows that most of the soil is slightly compact to the extent of 76.92% whereas the friable and compact soil cover 13.53% and 8.75% of the forests respectively.

4.3.6 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOil TEXTURE:

The distribution of district forest by soil texture is given below:

Code Soil texture No. of plots Forest oreo in ha. Percentage 1 Clayey 9 7314 2.38 2 Clayey loam 72 58514 19.10 3 Loam 228 185296 60.48 4 Sandy loam 65 52826 17.24 5 Sandy - - - 6 No soil 1 813 0.27 Unrecorded 2 1625 0.53 Total: 377 306388 100.00

This shows that the soil texture of the forest is predominantly loamy upto the extent of 60.48%, while the occurrence of clayey loam and sandy loam is 19.10% and 17.24% respectively.

4.3.7 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY SOIL EROSION:

The extent of erosion in the distric t is given below:

Code Soil erosion No.of plots Forest area in ha. Percentage 1 Heavy erosion 9 7314 2.39 2 Moderate eros. 33 26820 8.75 3 Mild erosion 290 235683 76.92 4 No erosion 43 34946 11.41 Unrecorded 2 1625 0.53 Totol: 377 306388 100.00 The survey revealed that major portion of the forest area faces mild erosion {76.92%). The forest area effected by heavy erosion and moderate erosion is· 2.39% and 8.75% respectively. Area free from complete erosion is only 11.41 %.

4.3.8 DISTRIDUTION OF FOREST AREA B,Y INJURIES TO CROP:

Injuries to crop as observed during inventory is as under:

Code Details No.of plots Forest area In Ha. Percentage No. Baler aUack.leaf defoliater attack or damage by other rest e idemic 2 Top drying 3 Girdling and illicit 340 276318 90.18 felfin 4 Scarring of trees 5 Lopping for fodder 6 Wind damage and flood damage 7 Other injuries 7 5689 1.86 8 No injuries 7 5689 1.86 Unrecorded 23 18692 6.10 Totel 377 306388 100.00

This indicates that maximum injuries occur by human agencies in the form of illicit felling. Injuries due to wildlife, lightning, climber is found to be the second most important factor which constitute 1.86% forest area. Area free from complete injuries constitutes only 1.86%. It is, therefore, necessary to take proper protection measures to prevent damage to crops by illicit felling.

4.3.9 DISTRIIlUTION OF FOREST AREA BY FIRE INCIDENCE:

Forest area as affected by fire incidence is given below:

Code Item No.of plots Forest area in Percentage ha. 1 Heavy 2 Moderate 15 12191 3.98 3 Light 160 130032 42.44 4 No fire 179 145473 47.48 Unrecorded 23 18692 6.10 Total: 377 306388 100.00

Fire does not seem to be a major problem in the forests of Keonjhar district as found out in fhis inventory. 4.3.10 DISTRIDUTION OF FOREST AREA BY GRAZING INCIDENCE:

Forest area as affected by grazing incidence is as under:

Code It e rn No.Gf plots Forest area in Percentage No. ho. 1 Heavy grazing 19 15441 5.04 2 Medium 145 117842 38.46 grazing 3 Light grazing 140 113778 37.14 4 No grazing 50 40635 13.26 Unrecorded 23 18692 6.10 Total: 377 306388 100.00

Heavy grazing occurs in 5.04% forest area of the district. Moderate to light grazing is preponderant (75.6%) in the district. Area not affected by grazing is only 6.10%.

4.3.11 DISTRIDUTION OF FOREST AREA BY PLANTATION POTENTIALITY:

Plantation potentiality of the inventoried area can be judged by the following table:

Code Plantation No.of plots Forest area in Percentage No. potentiality ha. 1 Plantable 99 80457 26.26 2 Unplantable 41 33321 10.87 3 Not applicable 234 190172 62.07 Unrecorded 3 2438 0.80 Total: 377 306388 100.00

Plontable area is only 26.26% in the district forest.

4.3.12 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA BY DEGRADATION: Following table shows the degradation status of the inventoried area:

Code Degraded status No.of Forest area In Percentage No. plots ha. I Grazing,fire,pollarding illicil culling, lopping 11 Heavily degraded 107 86959 28.38 12 Moderately degraded 144 117029 38.20 13 Mild degraded 103 83708 27.32 14 Not degraded 12 9752 3.18 II Other natural calamity such as landsl~de, glaciers,rainfall etc. 21 Heavily degraded I 813 0.27 22 Moderate ly degraded 2 1625 0.53 23 Mild degraded 4 3251 1.06 24 Not degraded - - - Unrecorded 4 3251 1.06 To'e!: 377 306386 100.00

21 67.38% of the forest area is under heavy to moderate degradation whereas the mild degradation occurs in 28.38% forest area. The degradation due to natural calamity is however negligible.

4.4 TREE DENSITY STUDY:

The distribution of stems/ha. by species and diameter classes in different strata hove been calculated which are given in table NO.1.1 to 1.2 (vide part It of this report). The number of stems/ha. by stratum are summariz.ed below:

Slrafum Description No.of stems/ha. I Sol 303.881 II Miscellan eo us 173.022

4.4.1 TREE DENSITY,STRATUM - SAL:

Number of stems/ha. in this stratum is 303.881. It is observed that Shorea robusta is the only predominant species in this stratum which accounts for 60.03% of the total stems. Concentration of stems is noticed in 10-19 cm. diameter class. The number of stems gradually decreases with the increase of diameter class. No. of trees above 60 cm. dia is negligible. 73.60% of the stems belongs to 10-19 em. diameter class followed by 18.62% and 5.74% in 20-29 cm. and 30-39cm. diameter classes respectively. Stems/ha. and percentage distribution of predominant tree species in this stratum are appended below:

Species No.of stems/ha. Percentage Shorea robusto 182.409 60.03 Buchononio /ongan 17.488 .5.75 Termina/io crenuloto 13.811 4.54 Madhuco lafifofio 11.972 3.93 Anogeissus lotiTo/ia 9.775 3.22 Diospyros me/onoxylon 9.596 3.16

4.4.2 TREE DENSITY, STRATUM - MISCEllANEOUS:

The number of stems per hectare in this stratum is 173.022. It is observed that there is a varied range of species having distribution of stems in different diameter classes. However, Shorea robusta is the major occurring species in this stratum also and contributes 16.67% of the stems. Concentrolion of trees in lower diameter class i.e. 10-19 cm. is maximum which accounts for 72.94% followed by 16.04% and 6.45% in 20-29 em. and 30-39 cm. diameter classes respectively. No. of trees above 70 cm. diameter class is insignificant and constitute 0.27% only. The number of stems/ha. with percentage for some of the predominant species are furnished below:

Species Stems/ha. Percentage Shorea robusta 28.837 16.67 Anogeissus lofifolio 16.512 9.54 Terminofia crenulata 11 .008 6.36

22 Acacia auriculi(ormis 9.380 5.42 Madhuca /otifolio 6.279 3.63 Diospyros melonoxylon 5.736 3.31 Lanneo coromandelico 5.504 3.18

4.5 TOTAL NUMBER OF STEMS:

The tolal number of stems in different stratum by species and diameter classes are given in Table NO.2.1 and 2.2 (Vide Part II of this report). These are summarized below:

Strafum Oescri~ion Totalstems('OOO no.) I Sol 55073 II Miscellaneous 18139 Total: 73212

Thus, total number of stems in the forests of Keonjhor district has been estimated as 73.212 million.

Total number of stems which are predominant and occur obundantly in the respective stratum are summarized below:

A. Stratum: Sal: Total identified species - 93.

SI.No. Species Total stems('OOO n01 1 Shoreo robusta 33058 2 Buchanania longon 3169 3 Terminalia crenulata 2503 4 Madhuco latifotia 2170 5 Anogeissus fatifofia 1772 6 Diospyros me/onoxyJon 1739

B. Stratum: Miscellaneous: Number of identified species - 90 SI.No. Species Total stems_ {,OOOno l_ 1 Shorea robusto 3023 2 Anogeissus lat;falia 1731 3 TerminoJia crenulato 1154 4 Acacia ouriculiformis 983 5 Madhuco fatifofia 658 6 Diospyros melanoxylon 601 7 Lannea coromandelica 577

4.6 VOLUME STUDIES:

The distribution of volume/ ha. by species and diameter classes has been calculated and is given in the part II of this report. (Table NO.3.1 to 3.2 may be referred) The volume/ha. by stratum is furnished below:

23 S!.No. Stratum Volume/ha.(!n ml) 1 Sal 57.558 2 Miscellaneous 44.729 . 4.6.1 STRATUM WISE VOLUME ANALYSIS - SAL STRATUM:

Volume/ha. in this stratum is 57.558 m3 only. Concentration of volume is noticed in the lower diameter classes which accounts for 32.62% , 30.70%.,20.73%, 10.61% in the diameter classes 10-19,20-29,30-39 and 40-49 cm. respectively. The volume contribution above 60 cm. is only 1.37% only. The volume I ha. with some of the dominant species are given below:

Percentage S'P~cies Volume/ha.(ml) Shoreo robusto 30.090 52.28 Anogeissus lotifolio 2.537 4.4\ Terminoiio crenulato 2.810 4.88 Modhuca lotifolia 3.070 5.33 Oiosp_yros melanoxylon 7.085 12.31 Svzyqium cumin;; 3.184 5.53 Buchononio longon 1.365 2.37

4.6.2 STRATUM WISE VOLUME ANALYSIS - MISCELLANEOUS STRATUM ~

The vo!ume/ha. in this stratum is 44.729 m3 only. Volume is distributed in all the diameter class though the volume is concentrated in lower diameter class.

The distribution of volume in diameter classes e.g. 10-19,20-29,30-39 and 40-49cm. is 25.43%, 22.56%, 20.20% and 17.63% respectively. The volume above 70cm. is 6.32% only. No particular species is found to be present with absolute majority in this stratum. The association of species is mixed in nature. The volume/ha. for some of the mojor occurring species with percentage is furnished below:

Spocie:; Volurne/ha.(m3) Percentage Shoreo robusta 6.486 14.50 Ar.ogeissus loti,·olio 5.039 11.26 Termino/]o crenulata 2.076 4.64 h!adhuca lotifolio 3.685 8.24 Diospyros melanoxyion 7.687 17.19 ~gjum cumin;; 1.367 3.06 Ficus bengalensis 1.690 3.78 Schleichero tfijugo 1.518 3.40

4.7 TOTAL VOLUME:

Total volume by species and diameter classes in different strata have been estimated and furnished in table 4.1 and 4.2 which are appended in the part II of this report. To·tal volume by stratum is furnished below: SI.No. Stratum Tofal Volume/ha.(in '000 m3) 1 Sal 10431 2 Miscellaneous 4689 Total: 15120

Thus, the total growing stock in Keonjhar district is estimated as 15.120 million m3. The contribution of ·some of the dominant species in different stratum is appended below: a) Sal Stratum SQ_ecles Total volume('OOO m3} Shorea robusta 5453 Anoge;ssus latito/io 460 Terminafio crenu/ata 509 Modhuca latito/ia 556 Diospyros melanoxyion 1284 Syzygium cuminii 577 Buchananio longon 247

b) Miscellaneous Stratum

S_p_ecies lotal volume('OOO ml} Shorea robusto 680 Anogeissu5 ratito/ia 528 Terminojia crenulota 218 Madhuca /atifoJia 386 Diospyros melanoxyion 806 Syzyg;um cumini; 143 Schleichera trijuga 159 Ficus bengaiensis 177

4.8 ESTIMATION OF STANDARD ERROR:

The sample was considered as a systematic cluster sample having two sample plots in each cluster. In order to estimate the sampling error, the sample was considered to be of unequal sizes and ratioo method of estimate was used since in many grids only one plot was enumerated. The standard errors have been estimated for each stratum and over the entire area irrespective of the strata. The standard error percentage for different stratum is given below:

su.ao. . Stratum Sfandard ElTor % 1. Sol 7.39 2. Miscellaneous 9.46 District 5.87

25 CHAPTER: V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY:

1. Recorded forest area of the district is 3102.43 sq.km. whereas the inventoried

area as calculated by I dot grid' method on green wash area of toposheets is 3063.88 sq.km. which is 36.90% of the geographical area of the distrtct. The geographical area is 8303 sq.km. -

2. Two distinct strata e.g. Sol and Miscellaneous were identified in the forest area. Out of the totol forest area or the inventoried forest area of 3063.88 km2, 1812.32 km2 is under Sal stratum and 1048.38 km2 forest area is under Miscellaneous stratum. The inventory result has shown that 203.18 km2 forest area has now become habitation, barren land and used as agricultural purposes. i.e. forest areas but under non-forestry use. Thus, the forest area of 203.18 km2 hos been excluded for growing stock estimation.

3. Per hectare stems and volume in the two distinct strata is given as under :

SI.No. Stratum No.of stems/hoe Volume / ha. ( In m3) 1 Sal 303.881 57.558 2 Miscellaneous 173.022 44.729

4. Total number of stems in Sal and Miscellaneous forest are 55.073 millions and 18.139 millions respectively. Thus, total number of stems in Keonjhar district is estimated as 73.212 millions. 5. Total volume in Sal and Miscellaneous forest are 10.431 and 4.689 million m3 respectively. Thus. the total volume in Keonjhar forests is estimated as 15.120 million m3. 6. Regarding land use classification the inventory result indicates that 4.24% forest area is covered under dense forest. The moderately dense tree forest and open tree forest accounts for 50.40% and 28.12% forest areas. =The scrub forest covers 7.16% only.

7. 76.92% of the forest area faces mild erosion and moderate erosion occur in 8.75% of totoI forest areo. Soil conservation measures is suggested in the district.

26 8. Incident of OUght' and 'Moderate' fire incidence occurs in 42.44% and 3.98% of the forest area respectively. Heavy fire incidence is practically absent in the district.

9. Moderate to light grazing occurs in 75.6% of the forest area. Only 5.04% of the forest area is subject to heavy grazing. ; 10. Injuries to crop indicates that maximum injuries occur by human agencies in the form of illicit felling. Area completely free from injuries constitute only 1.86% of the forest area.

5.2 COMPARISON WITH PAST SURVEY RESULTS:

Earlier no survey was carried out in this district: therefore the comparison with past survey result in terms of stems and volume is not possible.

5.3 CONCLUSION:

The result of the survey of Keonjhar district lead the following conclusions

1. Though the forest area of the district is 36.9% of its geographical area which gives satisfactory picture of the state of affairs in Keonjhar. But health of these forests, their present condition and threats to them are matter of concem. Actually, out of these forests, dense and moderately dense forests are only in around 20% of the district area. Rest are either open forests, scrub forests or belong to other land use classes of non-forestry nature.

2. Soil erosion and grazing are problems that need attention and appropriate measures to check them from worsening further. However, fire does not seem to be a major problem. As a whole, heavy to mild degradation was observed in most part of these forests.

3. Illicit felling was noticed in 340 out of 377 plots tackled, and that is the gravest area to be paid attention to.

4. Some facts observed during field work are that, firstly, large areas are having mining operations leading to forest degradation.

5. Other thing which was observed was that Sal trees, being the most important and valuable species, are facing maximum damage and threats.

5.4 SUGGESTIONS:

1. Stringent protection measures are required to save dense forests and to improve the health of moderately dense or other forests. Mass publicity of

27 environmental awareness is advisable to involve the people in protection and conservation of forests.

2. Moderately degraded forests can be improved by simply protecting them and doing some cultural operations.

3. Heavily degraded areas may be supplemented with planting of suitable species like, Mango, Neem, ImlL Katha!, Jamun, Bamboo, Subabul, Eucalyptus etc.

4. Measures controlling soil erosion should be taken up both by way of artificial constructions and afforestation of suitable spp. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. States of our Union - ORISSA by Dr. Shreeram Chandra Dash,' publication Division. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 2. Census of India, 1991". Final population totals, series I, paper2 of -1992, Registrar General and Census Commission, 1ndia.

3. Census of India, 1991, Final population totals, Paper 1 of 1992 Vol. II Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.

4. Report on Agricultural Development activities in Keonjhar District.

5. Data of State Forest Department. Govt. of Orissa, Keonjhar Division.

6. published report on Forest Resources Survey of . Orissa State, F.S.I. publication.

7. India 1998 - A Reference Annual, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. MAP OF INDIA

SHOWING PROJECT AREA IN KEONJHAR DISTRICT

PROJECT AREA

MAP OF ORISSA SHOWING PROJECT AREA IN KEON- JHAR DISTRICT.

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STATISTICAL TABLES. List of Tables

District: KeanJhar State: Orissa

Table No. PartJculars Stratum Page No. 1.1 DIstribution of Stamslha. by species and Sal 1 diameter class (In em.)

1.2 Distribution of Stemslha. by species and Miscellaneous 4 diameter class (In cm.)

2.1 Distribution ottota, stems by species and Sat 7 diameter class (in cm.)

2.2 Distribution of total stems by spe<;;es and Miscellaneous 10 diameter class (In em.)

3.1 Distribution of volume/ha. by species and Sal 13 dlamemr classes (In ~m.)

3.2 Distribution of volumeJha. by specIes and Miscellaneous 16 diameter classes (in cm.)

4.1 DIstr1butJon of totll volume by species Sal 19 and diameter classes (in cm.)

4.2 Distribution of total volume by species Miscellaneous 22 and diameter classes (In cm., ....J « c.D 0 0 0' t-- L() U') L() U') C7' If) <..0 If) CO 0 t.(') ~ to 0 "

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