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Measurement of Time
Measurement of Time M.Y. ANAND, B.A. KAGALI* Department of Physics, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560056 *email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Time was historically measured using the periodic motions of the sun and stars. Various types of sun clocks were devised in Egypt, Greece and Europe. Different types of water clocks were assembled with ever greater accuracy. Only in the seventeenth century did the mechanical clock with pendulums and springs appeared. Accurate quartz clocks and atomic clocks were developed in the first half of the twentieth century. Now we have clocks that have better than microsecond accuracy. This article gives a brief account of all these topics. Keywords: Sun clocks, Water clocks, Mechanical clocks, Quartz clocks, Atomic clocks, World Time, Indian Standard time We all know intuitively what time is. It can be civilizations relied upon the apparent motion of roughly equated with change or motions. From these bodies through the sky to determine the very beginning man has been interested in seasons, months, and years. understanding and measuring time. More We know little about the details of recently, he has been looking for ways to limit timekeeping in prehistoric eras, but we find the “damaging” effects of time and going that in every culture, some people were backward in time! preoccupied with measuring and recording the Celestial bodies—the Sun, Moon, planets, passage of time. Ice-age hunters in Europe over and stars—have provided us a reference for 20,000 years ago scratched lines and gouged measuring the passage of time. Ancient holes in sticks and bones, possibly counting the Physics Education • January − March 2007 277 days between phases of the moon. -
Grade 6 Quarter 1 Lessons Ycsd.Pdf
Name__________________________________________________________________ th 6 Grade - Grading Period 1 Overview Ohio's New Learning Standards Minerals have specific, quantifiable properties. (6.ESS.1) Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary rocks have unique characteristics that can be used for identification and/or classification. (6.ESS.2) Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary rocks form in different ways. (6.ESS.3) Clear Learning Targets "I can": 1. _____ follow a laboratory procedure and work collaboratively within a group using appropriate scientific tools. 2. _____ work individually, with a partner, and as a team to test a scientific concept, change a variable, and record the experimental outcome. 3. _____ use the engineering design cycle to develop a solution with a predictable outcome. 4. _____ cite specific text or online resource to support a proposed design solution. 5. ____ identify minerals by testing their properties 6. ____ use mineral properties, to use in testing and identifying minerals. 7. ____ use the rock cycle to describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. 8. ____ identify the unique characteristics to classify rocks. 9. ____ describe the formation of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks 10. ____ use the unique characteristic of sedimentary rocks to identify and classify sedimentary rocks. 11. ____ identify the characteristics/classify metamorphic rocks. 12. ____ describe how metamorphic rocks form. Name_________________________________________________________________ th 6 Grade - Grading -
Epistemic Humility, Arguments from Evil, and Moral Skepticism
Jonathan L. Kvanvig c02.tex V1 - June 4, 2009 11:16am Page 17 2 Epistemic Humility, Arguments from Evil, and Moral Skepticism Daniel Howard-Snyder Many arguments from evil at least tacitly rely on something like the following line of thought: The Inference. On sustained reflection, we don’t see how any reason we know of would justify God in permitting all the evil in the world; ¹ FN:1 therefore, there is no reason that would justify God. The conclusion is frequently more nuanced: ‘‘it is very likely that there is no such reason’’ or ‘‘more likely than not’’ or ‘‘more likely than it otherwise would be’’. Some critics reject the premise: we do see how some reason would justify God. These are the theodicists. Others accept the premise but reject the conclusion: the evidence or non-evidential warrant for God’s existence is much better than the evidence for no justifying reason. These are the natural theologians and Reformed epistemologists. Some critics, however, insist that even if the premise is true and even if there isn’t better evidence or non-evidential warrant for God’s existence, we should For comments on previous drafts, I thank Michael Almeida, Nick Beckstead, Michael Bergmann, Rebecca Copenhaver, Trent Dougherty, Robert Epperson, Frances Howard- Snyder, Hud Hudson, Shieva Kleinschmidt, Christian Lee, Wes Morriston, Michael Murray, Robert Pasnau, Alexander Pruss, Michael Rea, John Schellenberg, Michael Tooley, Ryan Wasserman, Dennis Whitcomb, and three anonymous referees. ¹ Three notes in one. (1) The theistic God is the God in question here. At a minimum, this God has enough power and knowledge to prevent evil, and is unsurpassable in moral goodness. -
ABSTRACT Ut Omnes Unum Sint: Examining the Presence of The
ABSTRACT Ut Omnes Unum Sint: Examining the Presence of the Catholic Intellectual Tradition at a Baptist University Carmen M. Galvan Director: Dr. Barry Hankins, Ph.D. of History This research collected firsthand accounts of faith and teaching from both Catholic and non-Catholic faculty at Baylor University in order to prove that Baylor has intentionally sought and hired additional Roman Catholic faculty in order to strengthen the university’s religious identity. The appeal of Catholics was found to be the Catholic intellectual tradition, which holds that faith be integrated with learning in all aspects of academia. The research revealed four major commonalities of Baylor’s Catholic hiring: 1) the university hiring process, 2) the integration of faith and learning in the classroom, 3) the positive and/or negative experiences faculty have had at Baylor, and 4) the faculty’s perspective of Baylor 2012 and its future. UT OMNES UNUM SINT: EXAMINING THE PRESENCE OF THE CATHOLIC INTELLECTUAL TRADITION AT A BAPTIST UNIVERSITY By Carmen M. Galvan Waco, Texas May 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION ………………………………………………………………………... v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………. 1 Purpose of Thesis A Rift of Religion 2. METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………… 12 Selection Process Data Collection, Coding, and Analysis 3. HIRING OF ROMAN CATHOLICS AT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY………… 21 Administrative Interviews Commitment to Faith 4. CATHOLIC INTELLECTUAL TRADITION AT BAYLOR UNIVERSITY .. 32 Tradition of Faith in the Classroom Catholic Faculty in a Baptist Environment Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….... 45 ii PREFACE “But you’re Catholic … why are you going to a Baptist university?” Right after my choice of major, this question of spiritual identity was one of the most common I heard as an entering freshman at Baylor University. -
Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism?” International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 69.3 (2010): 193–204
1 On Plantinga on Belief in Naturalism1 Troy Cross Introduction Naturalism, according to Alvin Plantinga, is the thesis “that there is no such person as God or anything at all like God” (2011b, 435; see also, 2002a, 1; 2011a, vix), and one could be forgiven for thinking that what Plantinga calls his “Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism”, or “EAAN”, which he has refined and defended for over two decades, is an argument against that thesis (1991, 1993, 2002a, 2002b, 2011a, 2011b). But that would be a mistake. The conclusion of the EAAN is not about the truth of naturalism but about the rationality of believing naturalism to be true: it is that one cannot rationally and reflectively believe that contemporary evolutionary theory is correct about our origins while also believing that neither God nor anything like God exists.2 The difference between truth and rational belief is important here. Consider Moore’s paradoxical sentence: “I don’t believe it’s raining but as a matter of fact it is” (Moore, 209). Nothing prevents that sentence, or others like it, from being true. If you 1 For instructive conversations on this topic I am indebted to John Bang, George Bealer, Mark Bedau, Eliyah Cohen, Bryan Cross, Augie Faller, Emma Handte, Elad Gilo, Nick Gigliotti, John Hare, Jordan Horowitz, Paul Hovda, Alexander Pruss, Margaret Scharle, Derek Schiller, Mackenzie Sullivan, and Carol Voeller. I also wish to thank audiences at Reed College and the University of Nebraska Omaha where I presented early versions of some of this material. Anthony Nguyen gave me many helpful comments on a draft. -
St. Thomas Summer Seminars in Philosophy of Religion And
Recent PhDs and current graduate students in philosophy, theology, or religious studies are invited to apply to participate in the 2010 St. Thomas Summer Seminar in Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology. The 2010 St. Thomas Summer Seminar in Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology June 15—July 2, 2010 University of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota TOPICS AND SPEAKERS ORGANIZED BY THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF DISAGREEMENT Dean Zimmerman Alvin Plantinga (Notre Dame) and Roger White (M.I.T.) and (Rutgers) Richard Feldman (Rochester) Thomas Kelly (Princeton) Michael Rota SCIENCE AND RELIGION REDUCTIONISM AND THE (University of St. Thomas) Alvin Plantinga (Notre Dame) and PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY Elliott Sober (UW-Madison) Alan Love (University of Minnesota) THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT WRITING FOR AUDIENCES Alexander Pruss (Baylor) and OUTSIDE THE ACADEMY Peter van Inwagen (Notre Dame) Peter Kreeft (Boston College) THE PROBLEM OF EVIL Peter van Inwagen (Notre Dame) and Evan Fales (University of Iowa) http://www.stthomas.edu/philosophy/templeton/project.html Twenty participants will be selected; each will receive a stipend of $2,800 and will be provided with accommodations and meals for the duration of the seminar. CONTACT APPLICATION DEADLINE: Dr. Michael Rota Applications must be received by December 1, 2009 St. Thomas Philosophy of Religion Project For information on how to apply, go to http://www.stthomas.edu/philosophy/templeton/project.html. Department of Philosophy, JRC 241 University of St. Thomas This program is funded by a generous grant from the John Templeton Foundation. 2115 Summit Avenue Saint Paul, MN 55105-1096 Email: [email protected] . -
The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: the Possibility of Time Travel
University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well Honors Capstone Projects Student Scholarship 2017 The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: The Possibility of Time Travel Ramitha Rupasinghe University of Minnesota, Morris, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/honors Part of the Philosophy Commons, and the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Rupasinghe, Ramitha, "The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: The Possibility of Time Travel" (2017). Honors Capstone Projects. 1. https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/honors/1 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Philosophy and Physics of Time Travel: The possibility of time travel Ramitha Rupasinghe IS 4994H - Honors Capstone Project Defense Panel – Pieranna Garavaso, Michael Korth, James Togeas University of Minnesota, Morris Spring 2017 1. Introduction Time is mysterious. Philosophers and scientists have pondered the question of what time might be for centuries and yet till this day, we don’t know what it is. Everyone talks about time, in fact, it’s the most common noun per the Oxford Dictionary. It’s in everything from history to music to culture. Despite time’s mysterious nature there are a lot of things that we can discuss in a logical manner. Time travel on the other hand is even more mysterious. -
From Restricted to Full Omniscience
Religious Studies, Page 1 of 8. f Cambridge University Press 2010 doi:10.1017/S0034412510000144 From restricted to full omniscience ALEXANDERR.PRUSS Baylor University, One Bear Place #97273, Waco, TX 76798-7273 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Some, notably Peter van Inwagen, in order to avoid problems with free will and omniscience, replace the condition that an omniscient being knows all true propositions with a version of the apparently weaker condition that an omniscient being knows all knowable true propositions. I shall show that the apparently weaker condition, when conjoined with uncontroversial claims and the logical closure of an omniscient being’s knowledge, still yields the claim that an omniscient being knows all true propositions. Introduction Peter van Inwagen has argued that God does not know what we shall freely do.1 But van Inwagen does not embrace open-future views on which there is no fact of the matter about what we shall freely do. There is such a fact, but on van Inwagen’s view, God does not know it. Nonetheless, van Inwagen holds that God is omniscient, because, roughly speaking, God knows every true proposition that can be known. I shall show, however, that the statement that God knows every knowable truth, as well as the precise statement of van Inwagen’s ‘tentative’ account, have the consequence that God knows every true proposition, as long as we assume that God’s knowledge is closed under conjunction and tautological consequence, together with some uncontroversial claims and, in the case of van Inwagen’s account, the non-triviality claim that the account requires an om- niscient being to now know some contingent truths. -
Mathematical Languages Shape Our Understanding of Time in Physics Physics Is Formulated in Terms of Timeless, Axiomatic Mathematics
comment Corrected: Publisher Correction Mathematical languages shape our understanding of time in physics Physics is formulated in terms of timeless, axiomatic mathematics. A formulation on the basis of intuitionist mathematics, built on time-evolving processes, would ofer a perspective that is closer to our experience of physical reality. Nicolas Gisin n 1922 Albert Einstein, the physicist, met in Paris Henri Bergson, the philosopher. IThe two giants debated publicly about time and Einstein concluded with his famous statement: “There is no such thing as the time of the philosopher”. Around the same time, and equally dramatically, mathematicians were debating how to describe the continuum (Fig. 1). The famous German mathematician David Hilbert was promoting formalized mathematics, in which every real number with its infinite series of digits is a completed individual object. On the other side the Dutch mathematician, Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, was defending the view that each point on the line should be represented as a never-ending process that develops in time, a view known as intuitionistic mathematics (Box 1). Although Brouwer was backed-up by a few well-known figures, like Hermann Weyl 1 and Kurt Gödel2, Hilbert and his supporters clearly won that second debate. Hence, time was expulsed from mathematics and mathematical objects Fig. 1 | Debating mathematicians. David Hilbert (left), supporter of axiomatic mathematics. L. E. J. came to be seen as existing in some Brouwer (right), proposer of intuitionist mathematics. Credit: Left: INTERFOTO / Alamy Stock Photo; idealized Platonistic world. right: reprinted with permission from ref. 18, Springer These two debates had a huge impact on physics. -
The Consequence of the Consequence Argument∗
The Consequence of the Consequence Argument∗ Marco Hausmann Abstract The aim of my paper is to compare three alternative formal reconstructions of van Inwagen's famous argument for incompati- bilism. In the first part of my paper, I examine van Inwagen's own reconstruction within a propositional modal logic. I point out that, due to the expressive limitations of his propositional modal logic, van Inwagen is unable to argue directly (that is, within his formal framework) for incompatibilism. In the second part of my paper, I suggest to reconstruct van Inwagen's argument within a first-order predicate logic. I show, however, that even though this reconstruction is not susceptible to the same objection, this reconstruction can be shown to be inconsistent (given van Inwagen's own assumptions). At the end of my paper, I suggest to reconstruct van Inwagen's argument within a quantified counterfactual logic with propositional quantifiers. I show that within this formal framework van Inwagen would not only be able to argue directly for incompatibilism, he would also be able to argue for crucial assumptions of his argument. Keywords: free will, determinism, consequence argument, counter- factual logic 1 Introduction Incompatibilism, as I understand it, is the view that there is no free will if determinism is true. Peter van Inwagen has developed a much discussed argument for incompatibilism. His argument runs as follows: ∗This paper won the SOPhiA 2019 Best Paper Award at the Salzburg Conference for Young Analytic Philosophy, September 18{20, 2019. Kriterion { Journal of Philosophy, 2020, 34(4): 45{70. http://www.kriterion-journal-of-philosophy.org c 2020 The author 46 KRITERION { Journal of Philosophy, 2020, 34(4): 45{70 If determinism is true, then our acts are the consequences " of the laws of nature and events in the remote past. -
HYPOTHESIS: How Defining Nature of Time Might Explain Some of Actual Physics Enigmas P Letizia
HYPOTHESIS: How Defining Nature of Time Might Explain Some of Actual Physics Enigmas P Letizia To cite this version: P Letizia. HYPOTHESIS: How Defining Nature of Time Might Explain Some of Actual Physics Enigmas: A possible explanation of Dark Energy. 2017. hal-01424099 HAL Id: hal-01424099 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01424099 Preprint submitted on 3 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License SUBMITTED FOR STUDY January 1st, 2017 HYPOTHESIS: How Defining Nature of Time Might Explain Some of Actual Physics Enigmas P. Letizia Abstract Nowadays it seems that understanding the Nature of Time is not more a priority. It seems commonly admitted that Time can not be clearly nor objectively defined. I do not agree with this vision. I am among those who think that Time has an objective reality in Physics. If it has a reality, then it must be understood. My first ambition with this paper was to submit for study a proposition concerning the Nature of Time. However, once defined I understood that this proposition embeds an underlying logic. -
18 TK Client DS
SECURE ENTERPRISE TIME SYNC WHITEPAPER SERIES TimeKeeper’s Competitive Survey Introduction The TimeKeeper® suite of products are more accurate, more reliable and far more capable than CAPEX-free open source alternatives. TimeKeeper has a lower OPEX than alternatives, but more importantly, TimeKeeper has features found nowhere else. These features include the ability to verify time is correct, compare against many time sources, report when time is incorrect or when time sources fail, and much more. Standard logging and integration provide guarantees of accuracy whenever proof is needed in the future. Some TimeKeeper customers previously built large in-house projects to try to make alternative solutions fit their needs. These expensive and very limited solutions were abandoned once they saw TimeKeeper gave them all they needed and more out of the box, saving valuable time and resources. TimeKeeper in use TimeKeeper hardware and software is in use by financial institutions of all sizes, from exchanges and very throughout Wall Street & large investment banks to small “prop shops”. TimeKeeper is there because after rigorously evaluating the globally product, customers found it gave them capabilities they simply could not get anywhere else. In addition, TimeKeeper support is far better than any of the competition. A few comments from our customers: “KCG has been using TimeKeeper Client and Server Software for two years in our trading environment with great success. TimeKeeper delivers accurate time, and has helped us to reduce operational risk with its built-in failover and event notification. We use TimeKeeper Client Software on our servers, using NTP or PTP to sync them to our GPS Based TimeKeeper Servers.” – Steve Newman, Managing Director, Corporate IT and Infrastructure, KCG “Technology is readily accessible for synchronizing to the microsecond, and there is no excuse for not having this in place today.