An Annotated Lilly (Ii) © D

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p.25 AN INTRODUCTION TO ASTROLOGY

Chapter 1 The number of planets, signs, aspects, with their several names and characters

In the first place you must know that there are seven planets, so called and charactered: | Saturn L, Jupiter K, Sun 0, Venus C, Mercury B, Moon 5. There is also the Head of the Dragon, thus noted P; and the Tail Q. P and Q are not planets but nodes.6 There be also twelve signs: Aries a, Taurus b, Gemini c, Cancer d, Leo e, Virgo f, Libra g, Scorpio h, Sagittarius i, Capricornus j, Aquarius k, Pisces l. Through these twelve signs the planets continually move, and are ever in one or other degree of them. It is necessary you can perfectly distinguish the character of every planet and sign before you proceed to any part of this study; and also the characters of these aspects that follow, viz & U V X R. p.26 You must know every sign contains in longitude 30°, and every degree 60 minutes, &c. The beginning is from Aries, and so in order, one sign after another: so the whole zodiac contains 360°. The 2nd degree of Taurus is the two and thirtieth degree of the zodiac,7 the 10th of Taurus is the 40th, and so in order all throughout the twelve signs. Yet you must ever account the aspects from that degree of the zodiac wherein the planet is: as if Saturn be in 10° of Gemini, and I would know to what degree of the ecliptic he casts his sinister sextile aspect;8 reckoning from Aries to the 10th degree of Gemini, I find Saturn to be in the 70th degree of the zodiac, according to his longitude. If I add 60° more to 70, they make 130, which answers to the 10th degree of the sign Leo, to which Saturn casts his sextile aspect, or to any planet in that degree.

6 More specifically, the Moon’s nodes. The ‘Head of the Dragon’ is the Moon’s north node (P), the point in its monthly journey where the Moon crosses the ecliptic from south to north. The ‘Tail of the Dragon’ is the Moon’s south node (Q), where it crosses the ecliptic from north to south. Since the ecliptic defines the Sun’s apparent path around the Earth, it is only when the Sun and Moon are near the nodes that eclipses occur. The association of the ecliptic and nodes with ‘the dragon’ is very ancient and appears in Babylonian myth, where the spring god Marduk (known to have solar qualities) engaged in battle with Tiamat (primeval chaos). The myth relates the triumph of light over darkness, and reason over instinct, since Tiamat was ‘the terrible dragon of the abyss’, ‘the mother of the unnamed and the unformed’. Upon her defeat, Marduk cut the great dragon in two, putting its head into the Moon’s ascending node, its tail into the descending node, and forcing it to carry six of the zodiacal constellations on its back and six on its belly. In so doing, Marduk defined the year, the days of the year, the planetary orders and the cycles of the Moon. The myth (better known in its Greek form as the victory of Zeus over the titans) is pictorially depicted on a Babylonian boundary stone, dated to the 6th century BC. Scholars believe that it celebrates the development of the mathematically defined zodiac, which becomes increasingly used in astronomical measurement from this period onwards. (For details of the myth see The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight between Bel and the Dragon as told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh by the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 1921; online at http://fax.libs.uga.edu/BL1620xB7/1f/babylonian_legends_of_creation.pdf). Lilly never referred to these points as the north or south nodes, but generally wrote the words Caput and Cauda, a convention I have applied when they appear as symbols in his original text. Caput is the Latin word for ‘head’ (from which the word ‘capital’ is derived); Cauda is the Latin word for ‘tail’. Lilly considered Caput (P) to be a point of increase and essentially benefic; whilst Cauda (Q) is associated with loss and so is considered essentially malefic. See CA p.83 for Lilly’s explanation of their influences. 7 Known as its ‘absolute longitude’: the placement of a planet within the 360° of the circle. Absolute longitude commences with zero at 0° Aries (where the ecliptic crosses the equator to mark the equinox and the beginning of spring for the northern hemisphere) and increases by 30° for each subsequent sign of the zodiac, so that a planet at 2° b by zodiacal longitude is referenced at 32° by absolute longitude. A conversion table is available online at www.skyscript.co.uk/ablong.html (02/06/11). 8 For a definition of the terms ‘sinister’ and ‘dexter’, see ahead, CA p.108.

An Annotated Lilly (ii) © D. Houlding; all rights reserved, 2011. This serialised document is made available for free personal study use. No part may be reproduced or redistributed in any form. The only authorised download is available at www.skyscript.co.uk/pdf/CA.html. 32

- VOLUME I: AN INTRODUCTION TO ASTROLOGY -

When two planets are equally distant one from each other 60°, we say they are in a sextile aspect, and note it with this character: &. When two planets are 90° distant one from another, we call that aspect a quartile aspect, and write it thus: U. When planets are 120° distant we say they are in a trine aspect and we write it thus: V. When two planets are 180° distant, we call that aspect an opposition, and character the aspect thus: X. When two planets are in one and the same degree and minute of any sign, we say they are in conjunction, and write it thus R. So then if you find Saturn in the first degree of Aries, and the Moon or any other planet in the first degree of Gemini, you shall say they are in a sextile aspect, for they are distant one from another sixty degrees, and this aspect is indifferent good. If Saturn or any other planet be in the first degree of Aries, and another planet in the first degree of Cancer, you must say they are in a quartile aspect, because there is ninety degrees of the zodiac between them: this aspect is of enmity and not good. If Saturn be in the first degree of Aries, and any planet in the 1st degree … p.27 … of Leo, there being now the distance of an hundred and twenty degrees, they behold each other with a trine aspect; and this doth denote unity, concord and friendship. If you find Saturn in the first degree of Aries, and any planet in the first degree of Libra, they being now an hundred and eighty degrees each from [the] other, [they] are said to be in opposition: a bad aspect; and you must be mindful to know what signs are opposite each to other, for without it you cannot erect the figure. When Saturn is in the first degree of Aries, and any planet is in the same degree, they are then said to be in conjunction: and this aspect is good or ill, according to the nature of the question demanded.

Signs opposite to one another are: a b c d e f g h i j k l

That is, Aries is opposite to Libra, and Libra to Aries; Taurus to Scorpio, Scorpio to Taurus: and so in order as they stand.

*Ephemeris, what, and its use I would have all men well and readily apprehend what precedes, and then they will most easily understand the Ephemeris; which is no other thing than a book containing the true places of the planets, in degrees and minutes, in every of the twelve signs both in longitude and latitude, every day of the year at noon, and every hour of the day, by correction and equation. I have inserted an Ephemeris of the month of January 1646, and after it a Table of Houses9 for the latitude of 52 degrees, which will serve in a manner all the kingdom of England on this side of Newark-upon-Trent without sensible error; and this I have done of purpose to teach by them the use of an Ephemeris, and the manner and means of erecting a figure of heaven, without which nothing can be known or made use of in astrology.

9 Lilly’s Ephemeris and Table of Houses are inserted after the introductory pages, following CA p.24 (noted p.24[i:b]-p.24[i:o]). The Ephemeris is reproduced again here besides his descriptive text for easy reference; this does not occur in the manuscript.

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Chapter 2 Of the use of the Ephemeris10 The first line on the left-hand page tells you January has 31 days. p.28 In the second line you find the daily motions of the planets and the Dragon’s Head. | In the third line and over the character of L you have M.D. - M signifying Meridional,11 D, Descending;12 that is, Saturn has meridional latitude and is descending. | In the next column you find M.D. and underneath K; that is, Jupiter has south or meridional latitude, and is descending. In the third column you find M.A. and under those letters F; that is, Mars has meridional latitude, and is ascending. | The Sun has never any latitude.13 In the next column to the 0, you find C and then B with the title of their latitude. Now if over any of the planets you find S.A. or [S.]D. it tells you that planet has Septentrional14 or north latitude, and is either ascending or descending, as the letters A. or D. do manifest. In the fourth line you see L K F 0 C B 5 P, now you must observe ever, the Q is in the opposite sign and degree to the P, though he is never placed in the Ephemeris. In the fifth line you have a c j j l k h e: Over a you have L, that is to acquaint you that Saturn is in the sign of Aries. And so over j stands F; and so of all the rest one after another. In the sixth line you have the figure 1, telling you it’s the first day of January, and so underneath it to the lower end, you have the day of the month. Next to the figure 1, you have the letter a, which is the letter of the day of the week; and if you run down under that column; you see the great letter to be D, which is the Sunday or Dominical letter of the year 1646.15

10 Lilly used the Julian calendar (abbreviated to JC or OS: ‘old style’), which at that time was 10 days behind the Gregorian calendar (GC or NS: ‘new style’) so that Jan 1st JC = Jan 11th GC. The Julian calendar measures the year as 365 days, instead of the more precise value of 365.25 days as measured by the Gregorian calendar, which was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and quickly adopted by Catholic nations. Protestant nations were much slower to adopt this ‘Pope-approved’ calendar, and Britain was one of the slowest; failing to adopt it formally until 1752. Protestant Germany, where the ephemerides used by Lilly were published, adopted it in 1700 (the date at which the difference between the two calendars increases to 11 days). Lilly’s convention for recording the year also needs some explanation. January 1st was used to commence the ‘historical year’ and was accompanied by New Year celebrations; but prior to 1752 the ‘civil’ or ‘legal’ year commenced with the Feast of the Annunciation on 25th March. This explains why some of Lilly’s charts (those dated between 1st Jan. and 25th Mar.) appear to show a year earlier than they should; see his original chart data compared to the date of the modern redrawn equivalent at CA p.135. It was sometimes the practice to mark two years, the first of which related to the historical year, the second of which related to the legal year. This was done in the style: 1646/1647, or 1646-7, or as demonstrated by Lilly in his chart relating to Presbytery at CA p.439. See my p.35, footnote 14, for a discussion of ambiguities in the recorded ‘time of day’. 11 Referring to the southern meridian of the midheaven; the term is generally used to mean southern. 12 Here ‘descending’ means increasing in southern latitude; ‘ascending’ increasing in northern latitude. 13 Because latitude is measured north or south of the ecliptic: the Sun’s apparent path. 14 From the Latin septem ‘seven’ + triones ‘plow-ox’ which draws association between the direction north and the seven distinct stars of the asterism of the Plough in Ursa Major, which encircles the North Pole. 15 That is, a=Thursday, b=Friday, c=Saturday, D=Sunday, e=Monday, f=Tuesday, and g=Wednesday.

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Over against the first day of January under the character of L you find 27 48: over those figures you see a; the meaning is: Saturn is, the first day of January, in 27 degrees and 48 minutes of Aries. Now you must observe, sixty minutes make one degree, and that when any planet has passed thirty degrees in a sign, he goes orderly into the next, as out of Aries into Taurus, out of Taurus into Gemini, &c. p.29 In the fourth column, over against the first of the month, you find 28 R 12, over them c, and over it K; that is, Jupiter, the first of January, is in 28 degrees of Gemini and 12 minutes. The letter R tells you that he is retrograde; had you found Di. or D. it had told you he was then come to be direct in motion. Of all these terms hereafter by themselves. In the fifth column you find 10 5, over those figures j F, viz, Mars is, the first of January, in the tenth degree and 5 minutes of Capricorn. | And so by this order you find the 0 to be in 21 degrees, and 34 minutes of j; and C in 5 degrees 7 minutes of l; B in 5 degrees and 29 minutes of k; the 5 in 21 degrees and 23 minutes of h, P in 12 degrees and 34 minutes of e. So you see on the left-hand page there are ten columns; the first, the day of the month; the second, the week-day letter; the third, the degree and minutes of L; the fourth, the degrees and minutes K is in; and so every column the like for the rest of the planets. | Over against the tenth of January, under the column of the 0, you find 0 k 4416 minutes, which only shows you the Sun to be that day at noon, in 0 degrees and 44 minutes of k, &c. | In the lower end of the left- side page, after the 31 of January you find Lat. of Pla. that is, the latitude of the planets. Under the letter C you find 1 10 20. | Under the column of L over against 1, you find 2 31; then continuing your eye, you have under Jupiter 0 5: under Mars 0 47; under Venus 1 13; under Mercury 1 45. The meaning hereof is, that the first day of January Saturn has 2 degrees and 31 min. of latitude; Jupiter 0 degrees 5 min; Mars 0 degrees 47 min; Venus 1 degree 13 min; Mercury 1 degree 45 min of latitude. To know whether it is north or south, cast your eye to the upper column and you may see over the character of L stands M.D. that is, meridional descending, or south latitude. Where you find S. it tells you the latitude is north; if you find A, the planet is ascending in his latitude; if D then descending. p.30 Chapter 3 The right-hand page of the Ephemeris unfolded There are eight columns: the first contains the days of the month; the six next contains the manner, quality and name of those aspects the Moon has to the planets; as also, the hour of the day or night when they perfectly meet in aspect; the eighth column has only those aspects which L, K, F, 0, C, B make to each other, and the time of the day or night when. In the fourth line under L you find Occid.; that is, Saturn is occidental17 of the Sun, or sets after him; and so of Jupiter, or where[ever] you find Occid. it notes as much. | Under F you find Orient.; that is, Mars is oriental,18 or rises before the Sun. And so at any time. For better understanding the true time when the Moon comes to the aspect of any planet, you are to observe that all those that write Ephemerides compute the motion of the planets for the noon time, or just at twelve. And you must know, we and they ever begin our day at noon, and so reckon 24 hours from the noon of one day to the noon of the next,19 and after this manner you must reckon in the aspects. As for example:

16 The 1647 text reads ‘0 k 14’, which is corrected, to agree with the table, in the 1659 edition. 17 Occidental: western (i.e., comes into view in the western half of the sky after sunset). 18 Oriental: eastern (i.e., comes into view in the eastern half of the sky before sunrise). For a fuller definition and Lilly’s description of these terms see ahead CA p.114 and accompanying note. 19 Unlike the civil day which begins and ends at midnight, or the planetary day which begins and ends at sunrise. There are also systems which begin and end each day at sunset, a convention used by Catholic Renaissance astrologers such as Jerome Cardan. Misunderstanding of how the astrologer commenced the ‘time of day’ can lead to errors in the re-calculation of historical charts, and caused confusions even in Lilly’s era. An example can be seen in Lilly’s chart at CA p.152, which shows the wrong planetary day-ruler. Whoever drew the chart for publication took ‘23h 45 PM’ to mean 11:45 PM, not realising that this accurately described the time of the chart as 23 hrs and 45 mins after noon, equating to 11:45 AM, not 11:45 PM (P.M. stands for post meridiem: ‘after noon’).

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Over against the first day of January 1646, which is Thursday, and under the column appropriate to the Sun, you find & 0, the meaning whereof is that the Moon is in sextile aspect with the Sun that first day of January at noon, or no hours P.M. or Post Meridiem. Over against Friday the second of January, you find under the column of Venus: U 6, and on the right hand side over against the same day under Mercury: & 9; which is no more than this, viz. the second day of January at six o’clock after noon, the Moon comes to the U or quartile aspect of Venus; and at nine of clock she meets with the sextile of Mercury. Over against the sixth day of January, being Tuesday, under L, you find U 14, that is, fourteen hours after noon of that day, the Moon comes to the U of Saturn. Now you may easily find, that the fourteenth … p.31 … hour after noon on Tuesday, is two of clock in the morning on Wednesday. Again, under the column of the Sun you find R 11 48, which is no more but this: the Moon comes to conjunction with the Sun at 48 minutes after eleven of clock at night: Now you must know [of] the Moon [that] her conjunction with the Sun is her change,20 her next U after conjunction with the Sun is the first quarter, her X with the Sun is full Moon, her U after opposition is her last quarter. If you understand but this, that thirteen hours is one of clock the day subsequent;21 fourteen hours: two of clock; fifteen hours: three of clock in the morning, sixteen is four of clock; seventeen hours is five in the morning; eighteen is six of clock; nineteen hours is seven of clock; twenty hours is eight in the morning; twenty one hours is nine of clock; twenty two hours after noon is ten of clock the next day; twenty three hours after noon is eleven of clock; &c. Now we never say twenty four hours after noon, for then it’s just noon, and if we say 00.00 after noon that is just at noon, or then it’s full twelve of clock: understand this and you cannot err. In that column under The Planets’ Mutual Aspects, over against the third of January, being Saturday, you find & L K 21; that is Saturn and Jupiter are in sextile aspect 21 hours after noon of the Saturday; and that is, at nine of clock on the Sunday morning following. Over against the fourth day you find 5 Apogaeum, that is, she is then remotest from the Earth. Over against the eighteenth day in the outmost column you find 5 Perigeaon, that is, the 5 is then nearest unto the Earth.22

20 New Moon. 21 13 hours PM, by this system, is the same as 1:00 AM by ours. This system uses a 24 hour clock which records all time as PM to show that it commences from noon. There is no use here of the abbreviation AM, to stand for anti meridiem: ‘before noon’ – this refers to an alternate system of recording time as hours before midday; see for example CA p.41 and my footnote 34. 22 The equivalent modern terms, apogee and perigee, are French derivatives of these Latin words. These originate from the Greek: apogaion (apo-far + gaia-earth: ‘far from earth’) and perigeion (peri-near + gēo-earth: ‘near to earth’).

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Over against the twelfth day, in the same outmost column, you find B in Elong. Max. It should be B in Maxima Elongatione, for that day Mercury is in his greatest elongation or distance from the Sun.23 Over against the sixth of January, you find in the outside column: Vc 0 K SS F B; that is, the Sun and Jupiter are in a quincunx aspect that day; now that aspect consists of five signs, or 150 degrees.24 | SS is a semisextile, and tells you that day Mars and Mercury are in semisextile to each other: this aspect consists of 30 degrees.25 p.32 Over against the 25 of January, you find in the outmost column U LF 11, and Q 0L. The meaning is, that at eleven of clock after noon, Saturn and Mars are in a quartile aspect; and Q 0L tells you, the Sun and Saturn have a quintile aspect to each other that day. A quintile consists of two signs, twelve degrees, or [it is] when planets are distant 72 degrees from each other. We seldom use more aspects than the R & U V X: to these of late one KEPLER,26 a learned man, has added some new ones, as follow, viz: A semisextile, charactered SS, consisting of 30 degrees. A quintile: Q, consisting of 72 degrees. A tredecile: Td, consisting of 108 degrees. A biquintile: Bq, consisting of 144 degrees A quincunx: Vc, consisting of 150 degrees. I only acquaint you with these, that finding them anywhere you may apprehend their meaning.27 | After those two sides of an Ephemeris, follows in order, a Table of Houses;28 for without a present Ephemeris and Table of houses it’s impossible to instruct you to set a figure, without which we can give no judgement, or perform anything in this art.

23 For most planets, greatest elongation in any cycle with the Sun is marked by the opposition aspect. This term is particularly relevant for Mercury and Venus, which can never oppose the Sun. Although they do not always reach their extreme limits, the greatest elongation of Mercury is 28°; that of Venus: 48°. This makes Mercury difficult to observe since it appears in the darkened sky for only a short period before sunrise or after sunset, always remaining close to the horizon. At greatest elongation Venus is very brilliant, but can never be seen for much more than 3 hours before sunrise or after sunset. 24 The abbreviation Vc utilises the Latin numeral V (quînque) and c. for circuit, relating to the 12 signs of the zodiac. This encapsulates the general description of the quincunx as ‘five-twelfths’; see Kepler, The Harmony of the World, translated by Aiton, Duncan and Field, Philadelphia, 1997; p.340 (hereafter: HoW). The quincunx is also known as the ‘inconjunct’, a name which more readily expresses the classical view that planets placed this distance apart are not connected. The basis of this term is that no recognised aspect exists between them; yet even this state of aversion is capable of offering a meaning, for which reason, over time, the inconjunct relationship became known as an aspect in its own right. 25 The semi-sextile is traditionally said to be of a similar nature to the sextile, but weaker in influence. The relationships of the inconjunct (quincunx) and semi-sextile were both known and discussed in classical astrology, the consensus being that the inconjunct is too averse, and the semi-sextile too feeble, for either to offer reliable connections on their own account; they were however, used descriptively or to offer support to other testimonies. The same is not true of the aspects which Lilly mentions next. These ‘new’ or ‘minor’ aspects were introduced by Kepler (see below). Lilly is obliged to explain what these are since they appear in his example Ephemeris. He makes further reference to these aspects in his third volume on nativities but makes no use of any of the Kepler aspects with regard to horary. 26 Mathematician and astronomer, Johannes Kepler, born in the German province of Swabia, 1572. He argued in favour of subtle geometric relationships between the planetary orbits and their distances from the Sun, and formulated new laws of planetary motion. In his Harmony of the World Kepler introduced new aspects into astrology based upon his theory of harmonics, and reinforced by his detailed observations of weather conditions and study of over 800 natal charts. Whether or not the Kepler aspects are useful for natal techniques, it is generally considered that they add nothing but superfluous details to horary charts. Lilly is misleading in his next comment, leaving the impression that Kepler also introduced the semi-sextile and quincunx, which, of course, he did not. 27 This confirms that Lilly is merely explaining what the Kepler aspects are, not endorsing their use in horary technique. He does, however, make infrequent use of the traditionally known semi-sextile aspect. 28 See the inserts in the introductory pages of CA on pages marked p.24[i:d]-p.24[i:o]. These tables use the Regiomontanus system of house division.

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* The use of the Table of Houses As there are twelve signs in the zodiac, through which the Sun and all the planets make their daily motion, so are there, as you may see, twelve several great pages; and as Aries is the first sign of the zodiac, so in the first line of the first great page do you find 0 in a; in the second grand page and first line you will find 0 in b, in the third page and first line 0 in c; and so in order according to the succession of signs one after another through the twelve pages: By help of these tables we frame a figure, as I shall now acquaint you. p.33 Chapter 4 How to erect a Figure of Heaven by the Ephemeris and Table of houses aforesaid In the first place you are to draw the figure thus; and to know that those twelve empty spaces are by us called the twelve houses of heaven. That square in the middle is to write the day, year, and hour of the day when we set a figure. The first house begins ever upon that line where you see the figure 1 placed; the second house where you see the figure 2 stand; the third house where you see the figure 3; the fourth house begins where you find the figure of 4; the fifth house where you see the figure 5; the sixth where you see the figure 6; the seventh house where you find the figure 7; the 8th house where you find the figure 8; the ninth house where you find the figure 9; the tenth house where you find the figure 10; the eleventh house where you find the figure 11; the twelfth house where you find the figure twelve. What space is contained between the figure 1 to the figure 2, is of the first house, or what planet you shall find to be in that space, you shall say he is in the first house; yet if he be within five degrees of the cusp of any house, his virtue shall be assigned to that house whose cusp he is nearest, &c., but of this hereafter.29 The cusp or very entrance of any house, or first beginning, is upon the line where you see the figures placed; upon which line you must ever place the sign and degree of the zodiac, as you find it in the Table of Houses. As if you find … p.34 … ten degrees of a for the tenth house, you must place the number 10 and sign of a upon the line of the tenth house, and that same tenth degree is the cusp or beginning of that house, and so in the rest. In erecting or setting your figure, whether of a question or nativity, you are to consider these three things: | First, the year, month, day of the week, hour or part of the hour of that day. | Secondly, to observe in the Ephemeris of that year and day the true place of the Sun in sign, degree and minute at noon. | Thirdly, what hours and minutes in the Table of Houses do answer or stand on the left hand against the degree of that sign the Sun is in the day of the question; for by adding the hour of the day, and hours and minutes answering to the place of the Sun, your figure is made, and this sign where the Sun is you must always look for in that great column under the title of the tenth house, where you find the Sun and that sign together; as if upon any day of the year when I set my figure, the Sun is in Aries, then the first great page or side serveth, for there you find 0 in a. If the Sun be in Taurus, then the second page serveth, and so in order. And as in the uppermost line you find 0 in a b c, &c., so underneath those characters, and under the tenth house, you see 0 1 2 3 4 5 6, and so all along to 30 degrees; so that let the Sun be in what degree he will, you have it exactly to degrees in the second lesser column, under the title of the tenth house. If any minutes adhere to the place of the Sun, as always there does, if those minutes exceed thirty, take the hours and minutes adhering to the next greater degree the Sun is in; if less minutes than thirty belong to the Sun, take the same you find him with, for you must know it breeds no error in an horary question.30

29 That is, if a planet is placed at the end of the 1st house, within 5° of the cusp of the 2nd house, its influence is associated with the 2nd house; for more on this rule see CA p.151. 30 A horary interpretation relies more upon a good, integrated judgement, than it does upon absolute precision, and the practicalities of traditional chart calculation made it necessary to allow a certain amount of ‘rounding up’ in reference to pre-calculated tables. See also CA p.42, p.44 and p.47, where Lilly claims that it is unnecessary to calculate planetary positions to the minute for horary interpretation.

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* Example by one figure following I would erect a figure of heaven the sixth of January, being Tuesday, 1646, one hour thirty minutes afternoon, or P.M. that is, Post Meridiem. First, I look in the Ephemeris over against the sixth of January for the true place of the Sun, and I find it to be 26 39 j; then I look in the Table of Houses until I find the Sun in j, which I do in the tenth great page,31 and under the number 10, which signifieth the tenth house. I find j;… p.35 … I enter with the degree of the Sun, which being 26 39 I look for 27, and on the left hand against it I find l9h 56m; in the head of the table over them H.M. signifying hours and minutes.32 These hours and minutes, viz. 19 56, I add to the time of day in my question, viz. 1 30 (and so I must always in every question add both numbers together,33 and if they make more than 24 hours, I must cast away 24 hours), and enter the Table of Houses under the title of Time from Noon seeking for the remainder or the nearest number to it, and on the right hand over against it, under the several columns you shall have the cusps of the 10th, 11th, 12th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th houses. But to my former purpose: I add 19 56 to 1 30 and they produce 21 hours, 26 minutes; which number I seek for in that column entitled Time from Noon, or hours, minutes; and which number I find precisely in the eleventh great page,34 under 0 in k; and over against 21 26 on 10th house the right hand under the column of the tenth house I find l9, and over its head upward, the sign of k, so then I put 19 degree of k upon the cusp of the tenth house.

31 On p.32 of this text, noted: p.24[i:m]. 32 Lilly’s instruction is complete in terms of what to do, but it does not explain what information is being used, and how the table works. This column gives the hours and minutes of local sidereal time at noon, which measures the right ascension (RA) of the meridian; that is, the time interval between local solar noon and the transit of the first point of Aries over the meridian/midheaven. To demonstrate: when the Sun is at 0° a, the ecliptic crosses the equator and periods of day and night are equal: sunrise occurs at 6:00 am and sunset occurs at 6:00 pm; so six hours after sunrise the sun will reach the meridian, at noon. Therefore, when the Sun is at 0° a, the first point of Aries crosses the meridian at local noon, and sidereal time is zero, as can be seen on table on p.24[1:d]. Right ascension is a constant measure of time, based on the 360° revolution of the equator corresponding to the 24 hours of the civil day; therefore 15° of RA = 1 hour of time, and 1° = 4 minutes of time. The time interval increases throughout this column of the table because the Sun moves approximately 1° per day, so it crosses the meridian (denoting local noon) about 4 minutes earlier than the first point of Aries with each subsequent day. (This is an approximate measure because the Sun’s average movement is slightly less than 1° per day and the true figure is affected by latitude). 33 The first column in the table shows the sidereal time at noon, as explained above. Adding the time difference of the chart-time from noon, or subtracting it if the time of the chart is before noon, generates the local sidereal time of the chart. From this, following Lilly’s procedure, we can use the Table of Houses to discover the midheaven, ascendant and Regiomontanus cusps for the chart. Since sidereal time is local and varies according to latitude, these figures only relate to latitudes around 52°N. Tables of Regiomontanus Houses for other latitudes are available from Dorothy Kovach’s ‘World Astrology Network’ website at www.worldastrology.net/ebooks (03/02/2010). 34 On p.32, noted: p.24[i:n].

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In the third column, over against 21 26 I find 17 06; over it the sign of l; above l the 11th house number 11, which appoints you 17 degrees, and 6 minutes of l for the cusp of the 11th house. In the fourth column you find over against the former number 11 37; over that the character 12th house b; at the upper end 12, which tells you that 11 37 degrees of b must be placed on the cusp of the twelfth house. p.36 In the fifth column over against the former number [21 26], you have 25 31, over it c; over 1st house c: 1 House, which directs you to place the 25 degrees and 31 minutes of c upon the line or cusp of the first house. In the sixth column you find 17 10; over that d, 2 House, which tells you 17 10 degrees of the 2nd house sign d must be placed on the cusp or line of the second house. In the seventh little column over against the former number you have 2 22, over it the sign e, 3rd house and in the upper line 3 House; so you are directed to put the 2 deg. and 22 minutes of e upon the cusp of the third house. Having now perfected the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, first, second, and third house, I must direct you how to perform the rest. | You must for understanding hereof know, that the first six signs of the zodiac are opposite to the six last, as formerly I told you. a b c d e f g h i j k l Viz, Aries is opposite to Libra, and Libra to Aries; Taurus to Scorpio, Scorpio to Taurus: and so all the rest in order. | The twelve houses also are opposite each to other: as thus 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 So that the tenth house is opposite to the fourth, the fourth to the tenth; the eleventh to the fifth, the fifth to the eleventh, and so all the rest as you find placed. The use you are to make of it is this, that if on the cusp of the tenth house you find the sign a then must you place on the cusp of the fourth the sign g; and look what degree and minute possesses the sign of the tenth house, the same degree and minute of the opposite sign must be placed on the cusp of the fourth house, and so of all the other signs and cusps of houses. And this is general and ever holds true; without which rule observed, you cannot erect the figure aright. In our former figure you see 19 k on the cusp of the tenth house, … p.37 … e is opposite to k, and the fourth house to the tenth; so then I place 19 degrees of e upon the cusp of that house. Upon the line or cusp of the eleventh house you see l 17 6; f is the sign opposite to l, and the fifth house to the eleventh; so that I place 17 degrees and 6 minutes of f upon the cusp of the fifth house. The cusp of the twelfth house is the 11 37 of b; I see h is opposite to b, and the sixth house to the twelfth; I therefore put 11 degrees and 37 minutes of h on the cusp of the sixth house. I do so in the rest of the houses, and by this means I have framed the twelve houses, and placed the several signs of the zodiac upon the cusps as they ought to be. Having finished your twelve houses by the method preceding, you must now learn to place the planets therein; which you must do by observing in the Ephemeris the exact place of the planet in sign and degree at noon the day of the figure; and in what house you shall find the sign wherein the planet is, in that house must you place the planet, within the house if the planet be in more degrees than the cusp of the house; without the house,35 if his degrees be less than those of the cusp of the house. Over against the sixth day of January aforesaid, I find Saturn to be in 27 58 of a: I look for a in the figure, but find it not; I find l on the cusp of the eleventh, and b on the cusp of the twelfth house; so I conclude that the sign a is intercepted; for so we say when a sign is not upon any of the cusps of houses, but included between one house and another. I therefore place Saturn in the 11th house, as you may see.

35 That is, before the cusp: without means ‘outside’, in the same way that within means ‘inside’.

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[Detail from the sample Ephemeris showing noon positions for 6th Jan. 1646]

In the next place I find the place of Jupiter to be 27 40 c. I find 25 31 c to be on the cusp of the first house. Because the degrees adhering to Jupiter are greater than the cusp, I place Jupiter within the house. And because he is noted retrograde I place the letter R, the better to inform my judgement. In the fifth column of the Ephemeris I find Mars the sixth of January to be in the 13 55 j; which sign in the figure is the cusp of the 8th house: I therefore place Mars as near the cusp … p.38 … as I can, but his degrees in the sign being less than the cusp of the house, I place him without the house. I find the Sun the sixth day of January to be in 26 39 j, whom I place beyond the cusp of the 8th house, because the degrees of the Sun in j are more than the cusp of the house. In the same line and over against the sixth of January, I find Venus to be in 10 degrees, and 53 min of l. I find the sign of l on the cusp of the 11th house, and there I put Venus in the tenth house, near the cusp of the 11th house, but not in the house, because the degrees of the sign she is in are not equivalent to the degrees of the cusp of the 11th house, but are short of them. In the eighth column I find under the character of Mercury 13 18, above it k. I therefore place Mercury near the cusp of the tenth house, but not in the house, for you may see he is nearer in degrees to the cusp of the tenth house than the ninth; for by how much nearer he is in degrees to the cusp of any house, having the same sign, by so much the nearer he ought to be placed to the cusp of that house. In the ninth column, under the column of the Moon, I find over against the sixth of January 20 54, and over the figures h: so then I place the Moon very near the Sun in the 8th house, and between the cusp of the house and the Sun; for you may see the Moon has not so many degrees as may put her beyond the Sun; nor has she so few to be without the eighth house. How to reduce the motion of the Moon and other planets to any hour of the day, you shall be instructed hereafter. In the tenth column I find over against my said day 11 10, over against it e and P: so you see the P is in 11 deg. 10 min. of e; which I place in the middle of the third house, because ten degrees are very near as nigh the cusp of the third house as fourth. The Q being always in the opposite sign and degree to the P, I place in the ninth house, viz, in 11 degrees 10 minutes of k. This being done, I must observe how the Moon separates and applies the same day. I find the sixth of January, on the right-hand page of the book, that the Moon did last separate from a R of F and now is applying to a R of 0 at 11 48; that is, at eleven of clock and 48 minutes after at night, then to a U of … p.39 … Lat fourteen hours after noon, or at two of clock the next morning. Thus have you one figure of heaven erected, and the planets therein placed, though not rectified to the hour of the day, for now to reduce their motion to any hour I shall show hereafter. But because I have by experience found that many learners have been much stumbled for want of sufficient directions in former introductions to set a scheme of heaven, I shall be a little more copious, and show an example or two more.

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I would erect a figure on Saturday the 17 of January 1646 for eleven of clock and twenty after noon: the Sun that day at noon is in 7 degrees and 52 of k. In the eleventh page of the Table of Houses I find 0 in k;36 under the column of the tenth house I look for the eighth degree of k, because 52 minutes want but little of a degree. Over against the eighth degree on the left-hand, under the title Time from Noon, I find 20 42, viz, 20 hours 42 minutes; so then I work thus:

Time of the day is 11 20 20.42 hours and minutes answering to the eighth degree of k.

There being 62 mins. viz, two minutes more than one hour,37 I take

that hour and add both numbers together, they make 32 02. From 32 Hrs Mins 11 20 hours and 2 minutes I subtract 24 hours, as I must ever do if there be 20 42 more than 24 hours, and then there remains as you see, 8 hours and 2 32 02 minutes, which I find not precisely in the Table of Houses, but I find 8 0 Subtracted 24 00 38 which is near my number, and which serves very well; over against 8h 08 02 and 0m I find 28 0, and in the upper part I find d and over it the tenth house, so then I have 28 degrees 0 min. of d for the cusp of my tenth house. In the same line, on the right hand to this 28 degrees of d, you shall find 4 36, over it f, in the upper part the eleventh house: so then 4 degrees 36 min. of f are the cusp of the eleventh house. Then have you over against the said number of 8 hours 0 min. in the fourth column … p.40 … 0 g 4, over its head the twelfth house, this tells you the cusp of the twelfth house is 0 degrees 4 min. of g. In the fifth column over against the said former number, you have 21 3, over them at the top of the page, g, and then the first house; which signifies that you must place 21 deg. and 3 min. of g on the cusp of the first house. Adjoining to the 21 deg. and 3 min. of g in the sixth column, I find 13 57, over it the sign h, in the upper part the second house, by which I know that 13 deg. and 57 min. of h must be placed on the cusp of the second house. In the seventh and utmost column over against my foresaid number of 8 hours and 0 min. I find 15 46, over them the sign i, in the upper column over their head the third house, pointing out 15 deg. 46 min. of i for the cusp of the third house; so then your cusps of houses stand thus: Tenth house 28 d Eleventh house 4 36 f Twelfth house 0 4 g First house 21 3 g Second house 13 57 h Third house 15 46 i The cusps of the other houses are found out by the opposite signs and houses, as I formerly directed, viz, the fourth house being opposite ever to the tenth, and the sign j to d, I place the 28 deg. of j on the cusp of the fourth house: the fifth is opposite to the 11th, and l is the opposite sign to f, I therefore place 4 deg. and 36 min. of l for the cusp of the fifth: the twelfth house is opposite to the sixth, so is a opposite to g, therefore I place the 21 deg. and 3 min. of a, the opposite sign to g, on the cusp of the seventh house: the eighth house is opposite to the second, and b to h, I therefore place the 13 deg. and 57 min. of b on the cusp of the 8th house: the ninth house is opposite to the third, and c to i, I therefore make the 15 deg. and 46 min. of c the cusp of the ninth house: The planets are to be placed in … p.41 … the figure as formerly directed. Nor let it trouble you, if you find sometimes two signs in one house, or almost three, or sometimes one sign to be on the cusps of three houses, ever place your planets orderly as near the degree of the house, as the number of degrees your planet is in will permit.

36 On my p.31, noted: CA p.24[i:n]. 37 This is in reference to the sum of the addition: 11 20 + 20 42, where the total minutes add up to 62. 38 At the bottom of the Table of Houses for ‘0 in d’, on my p.29, marked CA p.24[i:g]

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You must ever remember that if your hour of the day be in the morning, or as we say ante meridiem, or before noon, you must reckon the time as from the noon of the day preceding:39 as for example: I would erect a figure the 26 day of January 1646, being Monday, for 9 of the clock and 45 min. before noon. My time stands thus: 9 h 45 m.. To this I add 12 hours because it is properly, in our account, 21 hours and 45 minutes after noon of the Sunday preceding: so then you may say thus; the figure is set for 9 hours and 45 minutes ante meridiem, or before noon of the Monday; or else 25 of January, being Sunday, 21 hours and 45 min. post meridiem, or after noon; which is all one with the former time. I find the Sun at noon the same 26th day to be in 16 deg. and 59 min. of k; I look in the Table of Houses what hours and min. correspond to the 17 degrees of k in the tenth house; in the eleventh page I find the sign k, and along in the column of the tenth 17 deg. 0 min; on the left hand I find over against them: 21 hours 18 min. To these I add the hours and min. of the day, viz, 21 45; added together they make 43h 03m from which, in regard they are more than 24 hours, I subtract 24. 43 03 24 00 Rests 19 03 With my 19 hours and 3 min. I enter the Table of Houses, and under the title of hours and minutes, or Time from Noon, I seek my number. In the tenth page I find 19 hours and 1 min. which is the next number unto my desire; over against it I see 14 0 and in the upper part j and tenth house, signifying that 14 deg. of the sign j is to be placed on the cusp of the tenth … p.42 … house. The rest of the houses are found out in order as they stand in the Table of Houses over against my number of 19 hours and 1 min. I hope these examples will be sufficient for all young learners; but that they may presently consider whether they have set their figure right yes or no, let them take this general rule: that if the figure be erected from noon to sunset, the Sun will be in the 9th, 8th or 7th house; if it be erected from sunset till midnight, he shall find the Sun in the sixth, fifth or fourth house; if it be set from midnight till sunrise, he shall find the Sun in the third, second or first house; if the figure be set from sunrise till noon, then he shall find the Sun in the twelfth, eleventh or tenth house, &c.

Chapter 5 Of the daily motion of the planets, and how to reduce their motion to any hour of the day, and to the Meridian of London We have seldom occasion to erect a scheme of heaven just at noon, to which time the motions of the planets are exactly calculated and need not any rectification; but usually all questions are made either some hours before or after noon. Therefore it is needful you know how to take their diurnal or daily motion, or how many degrees or minutes they move in 24 hours, that thereby you may have a proportion to add to the place of your planets according to the hour of the day or night when you set your figure. And although in horary questions it occasions no error (except in the motion of the Moon), yet I thought fit to instruct the learner herewith, that so he may know how to do his work handsomely. You must set down the place of your planet in sign, degree and minute as you find him at noon; and if your planet be direct, you must subtract him in degree and minute from the place he is in the day subsequent: but when a planet is retrograde, you must do the contrary, viz, subtract the motion of your planet the day subsequent from the day going before. p.43 Example: January 7 at noon, L is 28 00 a January 6 at noon, L is 27 58 Daily motion is 2 min. 02 Here you see the daily motion of Saturn is only two minutes.

39 Because the civil day began at noon, not midnight as today. Lilly takes the conjunction of the Sun and the MC as noon, using apparent time rather than mean time. See also CA p.31 and my footnote 16.

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Jan. 6 K R 27 40 c Jan. 7 K 27 34 Daily motion is 6 min. 6 Jan 7 F is in 14 41 j Jan 6 F is in 13 55 So the diurnal motion of Mars is 46 min. 00 46 Jan 7 0 is in 27 40 j Jan 6 0 is in 26 39 The daily motion of the Sun is one deg. and one min. 01 01 Jan 7 C is in 12 02 l Jan 6 C is in 10 53 The daily motion of Venus is 1 deg. and 9 min. 0 1 09 Jan 7 B is in 14 45 k Jan 6 B is in 13 18 The diurnal motion of Mercury is 1 deg. 27 min. 0 1 27 Jan 7 5 is in 0 3 01 k Jan 6 5 is in 20 54 j 12 07 Subtract 20 deg. 54 min. of j from 30 deg., the completement of a 30 00 sign, and there rests 9 deg. 6 min. which added to 3 deg. 1 min. of k Subtract 20 54 make the diurnal motion of the Moon to be 12 deg. and 7 min. The work 09 06 had been easier, but that the Moon was removed into another sign before Add 03 01 the day subsequent at noon. 12 07 p. 44 Jan 6 P is in 11 10 e Jan 7 P is in 10 24 The motion of the P is 46 min. 00 46 whom you must carefully observe, for he sometimes moves forward in the sign, sometimes backward, which you may easily perceive by the Ephemeris, without further instruction.

How to find the quantity of the hourly motion of any planet by the table following In every figure you set, the place of the planets ought to be rectified to the hour of the setting [of] the figure, especially the place of the Moon because of her swift motion. In the planets you need not be scrupulous, but take whole degrees without sensible error, or indeed any at all. This I mean in questions; but in nativities you are to have the places of them exactly to degrees and minutes; and above all, the motion of the Sun to minutes and seconds, because by his motion we set the yearly revolutions of nativities.40 I shall only deliver the practice of two or three examples, and leave the rest to the diligence of every learner. The table followeth:

40 Note the more relaxed approach to calculation of a horary, compared with other branches of astrology. Traditional horary astrologers with busy practices had to calculate quickly and efficiently, and most horary charts are capable of a clear judgement even when the planets are rounded to the nearest degree. Obviously, planets that are closely aligned need more careful calculation to see if the aspect is still applying or separating. Also consider Lilly’s ‘rule of thumb’ approach described at CA p.47: We that set many figures never care for this exactness, but use this general rule: in the motion of the Sun, Venus and Mercury, if the figure be for six or seven hours after noon, we add about 15 min. to their places at noon, and so allowing for every six hours 15 min. motion. Because the Moon goes 12, 13 or 14 degrees in one day, we constantly add to her place at noon 3 degrees for every six hours, and some min. over; do so with the other planets according to their diurnal motion. He that would do them more exact, may work them by multiplication and division, or procure some old Ephemeris, wherein there is usually large proportional tables concerning this business.

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deg. min. sec. thi. deg. min. sec. thi. deg. min. sec. thi. min. sec. thi. fou. min. sec. thi. fou. min. sec. thi. fou. 1 0 2 30 22 0 55 0 43 1 47 30 2 0 5 0 23 0 57 30 44 1 50 0 3 0 7 30 24 1 0 0 45 1 52 30 4 0 10 0 25 1 2 30 46 1 55 0 5 0 12 30 26 1 5 0 47 1 57 30 6 0 15 0 27 1 7 30 48 2 0 0 7 0 17 30 28 1 10 0 49 2 2 30 8 0 20 0 29 1 12 30 50 2 5 0 9 0 22 30 30 1 15 0 51 2 7 30 10 0 25 0 31 1 17 30 52 2 10 0 11 0 27 30 32 1 20 0 53 2 12 30 12 0 30 0 33 1 22 30 54 2 15 0 13 0 32 30 34 1 25 0 55 2 17 30 [Above: as the table appears in the original 1647 text] 14 0 35 0 35 1 27 30 56 2 20 0 15 0 37 30 36 1 30 0 57 2 22 30 16 0 40 0 37 1 32 30 58 2 25 0 17 0 42 30 38 1 35 0 59 2 27 30 18 0 45 0 39 1 37 30 60 2 30 0 19 0 47 30 40 1 40 0 61 2 32 30 20 0 50 0 41 1 42 30 21 0 52 30 42 1 45 0

In the preceding scheme of the sixth of Jan. you find the diurnal motion of the Sun to be 61 min. or one degree one min. In the very last line of this table I find 61, over the head of it deg. min. but over against 61 to the right hand, I find 2 32 30; which tells you that the hourly motion of the Sun is 2 min. 32 seconds, and 30 thirds,41 as you may see in the upper part of the column over the heads of the figures. The daily motion of Mars is 46 min. in the figure above named … p.46 … I enter down the first column, and find 46; against it I find 1 min. 55 seconds to be one hour’s motion of Mars, when, in 24 hours, he moves 46 min. You must note, if you enter with minutes, you must have minutes; if with seconds, seconds; and so in the rest. This in the motion of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury; with the Moon otherwise. If the motion of your planet be above 61 min. viz, 70 or 75 or 80 min. then enter the table twice, as for example: The motion of Mercury is, as you perceive, 1 degree and 27 min. I would know what his hourly motion is. I enter first with 60 min. against which I find 2 30 viz, 2 min. 30 seconds, then I enter with 27, against which I find 1 7 30, viz, 1 min. 7 seconds, 30 thirds, which I cast away, and add the two former sums together thus: 2 30 1 07 3 37 added together they make 3 min. 37 seconds, and so much is the hourly motion of Mercury, when his diurnal motion is 87 minutes.

41 Although astrologers don’t go beyond minutes and seconds today, the traditional recording of time goes: days, hours, minutes, seconds, thirds, fourths, &c. We find the Arabian astronomer Al Biruni recording the times of New Moons to the fourth degree of exactness around 1000 AD. See The chronology of ancient nations: an English version of the Arabic text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiya of Albîrûnî, by Edward Sachau (1879); pp. 147–149.

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The daily motion of the Moon you see is 12 deg. and 7 min. I enter down the first column with 12, against it I find 0 30 0, viz, 0 degrees 30 min. 0 seconds. I enter with 7, over against it I find 00 17 30 I add the number to it 30 00 00 30 17 30 … they produce 30 min. 17 seconds, and 30 thirds for the hourly motion of the Moon in our figure: you may in her operation reject the seconds and thirds. By this rule I would know where the true place of the Sun is at that hour when we erected the figure. The hour of the day is 1 30, the time admitted by Eichstadius42 for reducing his Ephemeris to the meridian of London, is 50 min. of an hour in motion;43 for they being more east than we the Sun comes sooner to them at their noon than to us that are more westward by so much time. I add 50 min. to my former time, viz, 1 30, the whole is then 2 hours 20 min. Now if the motion of the Sun in one hour be 2 min. 32 seconds, then in two hours it will be 2 min. 32 seconds more added together they are 5 min. 04 seconds: p.47 …which being added to the place of the Sun at noon, make the true place of the Sun at [the] time of erection of the figure, 26 deg. 44 min. and 4 sec. of Capricorn; there is 20 min. of one hour more; but because they produce nothing of consequence, I omit further trouble herein. The place of the Moon the same day at noon is 20 54 Capricorn. If you add her motion in two hours, you shall see it will be twice 30 min. viz, one whole degree, and then her true place will be 21 54 Capricorn. We that set many figures never care for this exactness, but use this general rule: in the motion of the Sun, Venus and Mercury, if the figure be for six or seven hours after noon, we add about 15 min. to their places at noon, and so allowing for every six hours 15 min. motion. Because the Moon goes 12, 13 or 14 degrees in one day, we constantly add to her place at noon 3 degrees for every six hours, and some min. over; do so with the other planets according to their diurnal motion. He that would do them more exact, may work them by multiplication and division, or procure some old Ephemeris, wherein there is usually large proportional tables concerning this business. Now as I have acquainted you that in motion of the planets you must in a nativity or question, if you please, allow the planets so much to be added unto their place at noon as can be got in 50 min. of an hour, so you must observe the contrary in the aspects. As for example: the sixth of January you find 5 U L 14 p.m. viz, the Moon comes to the quartile aspect of Saturn at 14 hours after noon of the sixth day of January, or at two of the clock the next morning on the seventh day. Now you must subtract 50 min. of an hour from 14 hours, and then the true time of the Moon her perfect quartile to Saturn with us at London, is at 13 hours and 10 min. after noon. Do so in all the aspects, &c.44

42 Laurentius Eichstadius (a.k.a. Lorenz Eichstadt: 1596-1660). Studied at Wittenberg and then served as a physician at Stettin before becoming the Professor of Medicine and Mathematics at Danzig. He continued the publication of new, improved ephemerides introduced by Kepler after his recognition of the elliptical orbit and area rule. Kepler published ephemerides for the years 1617-1637 in his Tabulae Rudolphinae; Eichstadius continued the values in an ephemeris which covered the years 1636-1665: the source used for Lilly’s sample ephemeris pages. 43 Eichstadt’s ephemerides were published at Germany and the addition of 50 minutes allows for the time difference between apparent noon of his locality and that of London. Modern ephemerides are usually calculated to universal time (UT) and this time difference varies according to the chart locality. 44 Again, this is referring to the 50 minutes local time difference between noon in Germany where the ephemeris was published and noon in London. This is simply a time conversion to allow English astrologers to know the corresponding time in England when the aspect became exact.

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Chapter 6 Of the twelve houses of heaven, and some names or terms of astrology The whole sphere of heaven is divided into four equal parts by the meridian and horizon, and again into four quadrants … p.48 … and every quadrant again into three parts, according to other circles drawn by points of sections of the aforesaid meridian and horizon; so the whole heaven is divided into twelve equal parts, which the astrologers call houses or mansions, taking their beginning from the east. The first quadrant is described from the east to the midheaven, or from the line of the first house to the line of the tenth house, and contains the twelfth, eleventh and tenth houses. It is called the oriental,45 vernal,46 masculine,47 sanguine,48 infant49 quarter.

45 Oriental/occidental: with regards to the houses or the angles of a chart, oriental means ‘eastern’ and occidental means ‘western’. If a planet is described as ‘oriental in the figure’, it means that it is located near the ascendant, which is the eastern angle, whilst ‘occidental in the figure’, means that it is located near the descendant, which is the western angle. In most cases, however, references to planets being oriental or occidental are descriptive of their relationship with the Sun. For more on this see CA p.114. 46 Vernal: spring-like; from the Latin ver, ‘youth, firstling, spring’ (hence 0° a is the vernal equinox). 47 A great deal of astrological philosophy rests upon the Pythagorean teaching that life is generated by a conflict of opposites. The philosophical divisions into masculine and feminine are similar to the Taoist divisions into yin and yang, with masculine representing the bright, active, solar principle and feminine representing the obscure, passive, lunar principle. These assignations are applied to planets, signs, houses and, as we see here, quarters (or areas) of heaven. For the most part, the terms masculine and feminine are synonymous with the terms diurnal (‘of the nature of the day’) and nocturnal (‘of the nature of night’) but there are some subtle differences – see ahead CA p.58 and accompanying note. 48 The astrological temperaments relate to the philosophy of the four bodily fluids or humours (L: umor/humor, ‘moisture’; as in humid). These were described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE, initially as an analysis of blood. The red component was identified as the essentially blood-like humour, known as sanguine after the Latin sanguineus, meaning ‘bloody’. Since all humours combine in the composition of blood to generate life, a sanguine temperament signifies youth, balance, mixture, and a healthy avoidance of extremes. The frothy yellow component of blood is yellow bile. Its Medieval Latin term was cholericus, from the Greek cholerikós meaning ‘bilious’. Bile is produced in the gall bladder and we see the psychological effect of its temperament in our reference to people having “a lot of gall” or being “bilious”; meaning that they are impetuous, spontaneous and easily angered (leading to digestive problems and gall stones). The heavy, dark component of blood is black bile, known as melancholy (Gk: melan ‘black’ + cholerikós ‘bile’). This represents a toxic sediment believed to be responsible for cancerous growths. As a predominating temperament melancholy is dry, retentive, and associated with physical aging. Finally, the mainly white component in blood is phlegm, (L: phlegma, Middle English: flueme, ‘discharge’) a thick, heavy, and slow moving mucus, which as a temperament signifies sluggishness (based upon poor heat circulation), physical apathy, and emotional sensitivity. It is associated with the discharges and decompositions of decay. The individual temperament is, of course, assessed according to how the humours are emphasised and mixed together. Humoral theory was further refined by Galen, whose opinion that all diseases were the result of irregular or improper distribution of these fluids was central to medieval medical practice. The humours were later associated with other bodily fluids or discharges as shown in the table below: See also CA p.87 and footnote.

Associated Associated Associated Associated Associated Associated Temper Humour Discharge Quality Element Planet Jupiter: Sanguine Blood Blood Warm/moist Air warming Yellow Mars: Choleric Urine Hot/dry Fire bile drying Saturn: Melancholic Black bile Faeces Cool/dry Earth cooling Venus: Phlegmatic Phlegm Phlegm Cold/wet Water moistening

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The second quadrant is from the cusp of the midheaven to the cusp of the seventh house, containing the ninth, eighth and seventh houses, and is called the meridian, estival,50 feminine, youthful, choleric quarter. | The third quadrant is from the cusp of the seventh house to the cusp of the fourth house, and contains the sixth, fifth and fourth houses, [it] is called occidental, autumnal, masculine, melancholic, manhood, cold and dry. |The fourth quadrant is from the cusp of the fourth to the cusp of the first house, and contains the third, second and first house; [it] is northern, feminine, old age, of the nature of winter, phlegmatic. |The first, tenth, seventh and fourth houses hereof are called angles,51 the eleventh, second, eighth and fifth are called succedents, the third, twelfth, ninth and sixth, are termed cadents: The angles are most powerful, the succedents are next in virtue, the cadents poor, and of little efficacy: the succedent houses follow the angles, the cadents come next [after] the succedents. In force and virtue they stand so in order:52 1 10 7 4 11 5 9 3 2 8 6 12 The meaning whereof is this, that two planets equally dignified, the one in the ascendant, the other in the tenth house, you shall judge the planet in the ascendant somewhat of more power to effect what he is significator of, than he that is in the tenth: do so in the rest as they stand in order, remembering that planets in angles do more forcibly show their effects. When we name the lord of the ascendant, or significator of … p.49 … the querent, or thing quesited; we mean no other thing than that planet who is lord of that sign which ascends, or lord of that sign from which house the thing demanded is required; as if from the seventh house, the lord of that sign descending on the cusp is significator, and so in the rest: but of this in the ensuing judgements. Cosignificator is when you find another planet in aspect or conjunction with that planet who is the principal significator. This said planet shall have signification more or less, and either assist or not in effecting the thing desired, and so has something to do in the judgement and ought to be considered: if a friendly planet, he notes good; if an infortune the contrary, viz, either the destruction of the thing, or disturbance in it. 53 Almuten of any house is that planet who has most dignities in the sign ascending or descending upon the cusp of any house, whereon, or from whence, you require your judgement. Almuten of a figure is that planet who in essential and accidental dignities is most powerful in the whole scheme of heaven. The Dragon’s Head we sometimes call Anabibazon;54 The Dragon’s Tail Catabibazon.55

49 Using a ‘life-wheel’ which associates birth with the ascendant, adulthood with the MC, maturity with the descendant, and old age with the IC. Described in ancient texts such as Antiochus Thesaurus, I.46. 50 Estival: like summer; from the Latin aestas, ‘summer’; from the Greek aithein ‘to burn’ (hence Ethiopia). 51 Angular houses extend from the angles, i.e., Asc/Desc of the horizon and MC/IC of the meridian, which is where the planets most forcefully express their influence. Succedent houses are rising (therefore succeeding) to the positions of the angular houses by the apparent diurnal revolution of the heavenly sphere around the Earth. These houses often present symbolism related to the principle of supporting the angular houses. Cadent houses are so-called because the apparent diurnal revolution has carried them away from the angles. The Latin word cadent means to be in the process of ‘falling’ or ‘diminishing’, and planets here are presumed to be weakened having exhausted their influence in the angles. 52 This order is influenced by angularity but not based entirely upon it. Hence the cadent 9th and 3rd houses are more effective than the succedent 2nd and 8th. The latter are unaspected to the ascendant so they are considered especially weak and dark. A full account of the symbolism behind traditional house meanings is explored in The Houses: Temples of the Sky by Deborah Houlding (Bournemouth: Wessex, 2006). 53 The term is Arabic and derives from al-mateen, meaning ‘the firm one’ or ‘strong in power’. 54 From the Greek αναβιβάζων: meaning to ‘go upwards/ascend’. 55 From the Greek καταβιβάζων: meaning to ‘go downwards/descend’.

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The longitude of a planet is his distance from the beginning of Aries, numbered according to the succession of signs, unto the place of the planet. Latitude is the distance of a planet from the ecliptic, either towards the north or south, by which means we come to say, a planet has either septentrional or meridional latitude,56 when either he recedes from the ecliptic towards the north or south. Only the Sun continually moves in the ecliptic, and never has any latitude.57 Declination of a planet is his distance from the equator, and as he declines from thence either northward or southward, so is his declination nominated either north or south.58 p.50 Chapter 7 Of the twelve houses, their nature and signification As before we have said there are twelve signs, and also twelve houses of heaven, so now we are come to relate the nature of these twelve houses; the exact knowledge whereof is so requisite that he who shall learn the nature of the planets and signs without exact judgement of the houses is like an improvident man that furnishes himself with a variety of household stuff, having no place wherein to bestow them. There is nothing appertaining to the life of man in this world, which in one way or other has not relation to one of the twelve houses of heaven, and as the twelve signs are appropriate to the particular members of man’s body; so also do the twelve houses represent not only the several parts of man, but his actions, quality of life and living. And the curiosity and judgement of our forefathers in astrology was such as they have allotted to every house a particular signification, and so distinguished human accidents throughout the twelve houses; as he that understands the questions appertaining to each of them, shall not want sufficient grounds whereon to judge or give a rational answer upon any contingent accident, and success thereof.

Of the first house and its signification The first house, which contains all that part of heaven from the line where the figure one stands, until the figure two, where the second house begins.59 | It has signification of the life of man, of the stature, colour, complexion, form and shape of him that propounds the question, or is born. In eclipses and great conjunctions, and upon the Sun his annual ingress into Aries; it signifies the common people, or general state of that kingdom where the figure is erected. | And as it is the first house, it represents the head and face of man, so that if either Saturn, Mars or Q be in this house, either at the time of the question, or at the time of birth, you shall observe p.51 … some blemish in the face, or in that member appropriate to the sign that then is upon the cusp of the house; as if Aries be in the ascendant, the mark, mole, or scar is without fail in the head or face; and if few degrees of the sign ascend, the mark is in the upper part of the head; if the middle of the sign be on the cusp, the mole, mark or scar is in the middle of the face, or near it; if the later degrees ascend, the face is blemished near the chin, towards the neck. This I have found true in hundreds of examples.

56 Septentrional: northern; meridional: southern. See CA p.28 and notes 11 and 14. 57 Because the ecliptic is the Sun’s path (so called because eclipses occur when the Moon joins or opposes the Sun upon it). All the traditional planets, including the Earth, have similar planes of rotation around the Sun. This means that from the view of the Earth they all appear to stay close to the Sun’s course, and wind their own cycles within a few degrees of the ecliptic. Hence the ecliptic is the focal point for the zodiac, which extends about 9° either side of it, embracing the celestial belt where all the most important planetary activity takes place. The astrological chart looks at the ecliptic as if it is flipped upright to form a perfect circle, although it is more or less oblique depending upon the chart location. 58 Declination is an important frame of reference for identifying planetary position, but from a traditional astrological point of view, it is less meaningful than latitude. Latitude expresses the degree of planetary separation from the Sun which has always been symbolically important because the meanings and expressive states of the planets are known by their relationship to the Sun. 59 This is referring back to the diagram of the houses given at CA p.33.

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Of colours, it has the white;60 that is, if a planet be in this house that has signification of white, the complexion of the party is more pale, white and wan; or if you enquire after the colour of the clothes of any man, if his significator be in the first house, and in a sign corresponding, the party’s apparel is white or grey, or somewhat near that colour. So also if the question be for cattle; when their significators are found in this house, it denotes them to be of that colour or near it. The house is masculine. The consignificators61 of this house are Aries and Saturn; for as this house is the first house, so is Aries the first sign, and Saturn the first of the planets; and therefore when Saturn is but moderately well fortified in this house, and in any benevolent aspect of Jupiter, Venus, Sun or Moon, it promises a good sober constitution of body, and usually long life. Mercury doth also joy in this house,62 because it represents the head, and he the tongue, fancy63 and memory; when he is well dignified and posited in this house, he produces good orators: It is called the ascendant, because when the Sun comes to the cusp of this house, he ascends, or then arises, and is visible in our horizon. Questions concerning the second house From this house is required judgement concerning the estate or fortune of him that asks the question, of his wealth or poverty, of all removable goods, money lent, of profit or gain, loss or damage; in suits of law it signifies a man’s friends or assistants; in private duels, the querent’s second; in an eclipse or great conjunction, the poverty or wealth of the … p.52 … people; in the Sun his entrance into Aries, it represents the ammunition, allies and support the commonwealth shall have; it imports their magazines.64 It represents in man the neck, and hinder parts of it towards the shoulders; of colours the green. So that if one make demand concerning any thing specified above in this house, you must look for signification from hence. It’s a feminine house and succedent, called in some Latin authors Anaphora.65

60 Lilly’s colour assignations closely resemble those described by Bonatti (Liber Astronomiae II.iii.x), but Bonatti’s description reveals a more consistent pattern which fans in from the 1st and 7th houses to reach the strongest colour focus down the meridian axis. 61 There does not seem to be any special meaning attached to the use of the word ‘consignificator’ rather than Lilly’s more usual spelling ‘cosignificator’. 62 Each of the seven planets is linked to a specific house where its influence is especially strong. They are said to ‘rejoice’ or experience ‘joy’ in these areas because the environment of that place is appropriate to the natural influence of the planet. Planetary joys have an ancient history and are referred to in the Astronomica of Marcus Manilius (II.925). Written around 10 AD, this is the earliest extant text to describe astrological house meanings in detail. Manilius, however, described the 10th house, rather than the 5th, as the temple of C, and the 4th house, rather than the 12th, as the temple of L; all later authors are consistent and agree with the joys recorded by Lilly. Lilly’s house-colour associations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Red Green Green Honey Dark black Orange red Orange Red / white Black / dark White / pale Green / black Green Green / white Orange yellow Orange Bonatti: 1,7=pale/white; 2,12=green; 3,11=croceal; 4,10=red; 5,9=honey colour; 6,8,=dark 63 Fancy: imagination. 64 Imports their magazines: in the archaic sense used here, import means ‘to imply’ or ‘to be of relevance to’; magazines refers to military stores and supplies. 65 A Greek word meaning ‘coming up’ or ‘arising’. The 4th century astrologer Firmicus Maternus calls the 2nd house by this name (Mathesis II.xvii), translating it as ‘rising up from the underworld’, a reference to the movement of stars and planets within this place upwards (by diurnal revolution) so that they lose connection with the underground theme of the IC as they come closer to the ascendant.

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It has [for] consignificators Jupiter and Taurus; for if Jupiter be placed in this house, or be lord hereof, it’s an argument of an estate or fortune.66 The Sun and Mars are never well placed in this house, either of them show dispersion of substance, according to the capacity and quality of him that is either born or asks the questions. The third house Has signification of brethren, sisters, cousins or kindred, neighbours, small journeys, or inland- journeys, oft removing from one place to another, epistles, letters, rumours, messengers. It doth rule the shoulders, arms, hands and fingers. Of colours, it governs the red and yellow, or croceal or sorrel colour.67 It has consignificators, of the signs Gemini, of the planets Mars; which is one reason why Mars in this house, unless joined with Saturn, is not very unfortunate. It is a cadent house, and is the joy of the Moon;68 for if she be posited therein, especially in a moveable sign,69 it’s an argument of much travel, trotting and trudging, or of being seldom quiet. The house is masculine. The fourth house Gives judgement of fathers in general and ever of his father that enquires, or that is born; of lands, houses, tenements,70 inheritances,71 tillage of the earth, treasures hidden, the determination or end of anything; towns, cities or castles, besieged or not besieged; all ancient dwellings, gardens, fields, pastures, orchards; the quality and nature of the … p.53 ... grounds one purchases, whether vineyards, cornfield, &c.; whether the ground be woody, stony or barren. The sign of the fourth denotes the town, the lord thereof, the governor.72 It rules the breast, [and] lungs. Of colours, the red. Its consignificator is Cancer and of planets, the Sun. We call it the Angle of the Earth, or Imum Coeli;73 it is feminine and the north angle. In nativities or questions this fourth house represents fathers, so does the Sun by day and Saturn by night; yet if the Sun be herein placed, he is not ill, but rather shows the father to be of a noble disposition, &c.

66 Here we see an extended meaning from the house to an associated sign and planet, but the planetary association does not go to Venus as ruler of Taurus, but to Jupiter, following the descending order of the planetary circles towards the Earth. This lies behind the attribution of the faces and weekdays (see CA p.103) 67 Croceal and sorrel describe a light, orange-brown, or chestnut colour (the colour of the autumn crocus, also known as the meadow saffron). 68 Bonatti writes “The Moon rejoices in the third since the third has signification over short and quick journeys, and things which alter and repeat. Whence, because the Moon ever signifies speedy and quick changes from one purpose to another, from one thing to another, she rejoices there” (L.A., II.iii.xi). 69 The moveable signs are the cardinal signs: Aries, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn; (defined at CA p.88). 70 In its archaic use ‘tenement’ refers to any building meant for human habitation. The origin of the word is from the Medieval Latin tenementum, ‘a holding (of land or immoveable property)’; from the verb tenere, ‘to hold’. Over time the word came to refer specifically to property leased to others, but when encountered in traditional texts, it sometimes has a more general meaning of ‘dwelling place’. 71 It is common to find traditional texts referring to the fourth house as the house of inheritances or ‘hereditament’ (CA p.202), which appears to confuse the use of the eighth house to signify ‘wills, legacies and testaments of men deceased’ (CA p.54). But in its archaic sense ‘inheritance’ refers to a right of possession or ownership of property and title. This would normally pass to the delegated heir upon the owner’s death, although the ‘right of possession’ could be bought or sold at any time, providing that the purchase included the rights to the legacy. In this context, the word inheritance simply refers to the right to fully own the property and to take control of any legacy attached to it. 72 This is one of the places where we witness the use of the ruling planet to signify the ruler of whatever collective is signified by the house. So here the 4th house signifies the town, but the ruler of the sign on the cusp signifies the governor of the town. Another example at CA p.157 gives the ascending sign signification over a ship feared lost, whilst its ruling planet signifies “those that sail in her”. Outside of Lilly’s work we see the principle more clearly expressed in consideration 79 of the Centiloquium of Hermes “the ascendant signifies the body, and the lord thereof the mind” (Henry Coley’s 17th century English translation of this list of aphorism is available online at www.skyscript.co.uk/centiloquium2.html, 02/06/11). 73 From the Latin Imus ‘lowest, deepest, bottom of’ and Coeli ‘celestial sphere, heavens, sky’.

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The fifth house By this house we judge of children, of embassadors, of the state of a woman with child, of banquets, of ale-houses, taverns, plays, messengers or agents for republics; of the wealth of the father, the ammunition of a town besieged; if the woman with child shall bring forth male or female; of the health or sickness of his son or daughter that asks the question. | It rules the stomach, liver, heart, sides and back, and is masculine. | Of colours, black and white, or honey- colour; and it is a succedent house. Its consignificators are Leo and Venus, who doth joy in this house in regard it’s the house of pleasure, delight and merriment; it’s wholly unfortunate by Mars or Saturn, and they therein show disobedient children and untoward. The sixth house It concerns men and maid-servants, galley-slaves, hogs, sheep, goats, hares, coneys,74 all manner of lesser cattle, and profit and loss got thereby. Sickness, its quality and cause, principal humour offending, curable or not curable, whether the disease be short or long. Day-labourers, tenants, farmers, shepherds, hog-herds, neatherds,75 warreners;76 and it signifies uncles, or the father’s brothers and sisters. | It rules the inferior part of the belly, and intestines even … p.54 … to the arse: this house is a feminine and cadent house, unfortunate, as having no aspect to the Ascendant. Of colours, black colour. Mars rejoices in this house, but his consignificator is of the signs Virgo, of planets Mercury. We usually find that Mars and Venus in conjunction in this house are arguments of a good Physician. The seventh house It gives judgement of marriage, and describes the person inquired after, whether it be man or woman;77 [and] all manner of love questions. Our public enemies, the defendant in a law-suit, in war the opposing party; all quarrels, duels, law-suits. In astrology, the artist himself; in physic the physician. Thieves and thefts; the person stealing, whether man or woman. Wives, sweethearts; their shape, description, condition, nobly or ignobly born. In an annual ingress whether war or peace may be expected: of victory, who overcomes, and who [is] worsted. Fugitives or runaways; banished and outlawed men. It has consignificators Libra and Moon. Saturn or Mars unfortunate herein show ill [fortune] in marriage. Of colour, a dark black colour. It rules the haunches,78 and the navel to the buttocks; and is called the Angle of the West; and is masculine. The eighth house The estate of men deceased, death, its quality and nature; the wills, legacies and testaments of men deceased. Dowry of the wife, portion of the maid, whether much or little, easy to be obtained or with difficulty. In duels it represents the adversary’s second; in lawsuits the defendant’s friends. What kind of death a man shall die. It signifies fear and anguish of mind. Who shall enjoy or be heir to the deceased. It rules the privy-parts.79 Of colours, the green and black. Of signs it has Scorpio for consignificator, and Saturn. The haemorrhoids, the stone80 strangury,81 poisons, and bladder are ruled..... p.55 .....by this house; and [this] is a succedent house, and feminine.

74 Coneys: rabbits. 75 Neatherd: a cow herd (a neat is a bull or cow). 76 Warrener: someone in charge of an enclosed rabbit warren, although the word is sometimes extended to mean any kind of gamekeeper. The word warren in Anglo-Saxon England described an enclosure where small game animals or birds were kept for breeding. 77 This corrects the impression left by the older authorities that the 7th house signifies women (which derives from the gender bias of an age where astrological consultations were usually given to men). 78 Haunches: the fleshy part of the body about the hip; can include the buttocks and upper thigh area. 79 Privy-parts: genitals (the ‘privates’). 80 Gall stone. 81 A condition linked to a painful excretion of urine.

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The ninth house By this house we give judgement of voyages or long journeys beyond seas; of religious men, or clergy of any kind, whether bishops or inferior ministers. Dreams, visions, foreign countries; of books, learning, church livings, or benefices, advowsons;82 of the kindred of one’s wife,83 & sic e contrario.84 | Of colours it has the green and white. | Of man’s body it rules the fundament,85 the hips and thighs. Sagittarius and Jupiter are consignificators of this house; for if Jupiter be herein placed it naturally signifies a devout man in his religion, or one modestly given. I have oft observed when the Dragon’s Tail, or Mars or Saturn have been unfortunately placed in this house; the querent has either been little better than an atheist or a desperate sectarist.86 The Sun rejoices to be in this house, which is masculine, and cadent. The tenth house Commonly it personifies kings, princes, dukes, earls, judges, prime officers, commanders in chief, whether in armies or towns; all sorts of magistracy and officers in authority. Mothers, honour, preferment, dignity, office, lawyers; the profession or trade any one uses. It signifies kingdoms, empires, dukedoms, countries. | It has of colours red and white, and rules the knees and hams.87 | Its called the Medium coeli or Midheaven, and is feminine. Its consignificators are Capricorn and Mars. Either Jupiter or the Sun do much fortunate this house when they are posited therein, Saturn or Q usually deny honour, as to persons of quality, or but little esteem in the world to a vulgar88 person. Not much joy in his profession, trade or mystery, if a mechanic.89 p.56 The eleventh house It doth naturally represent friends and friendship, hope, trust, confidence, the praise or dispraise of anyone; the fidelity or falseness of friends. As to kings, it personates their favourites, councillors, servants, their associates or allies, their money, exchequer or treasure; in war their ammunition and soldiery. It represents courtiers, &c., in a Common-wealth governed by a few of the nobles and commons, it personates their resistance in council: as in London the tenth house represents the lord Major; the eleventh the Common-council; the Ascendant the generality of the commoners of the said city. | Of members it rules the legs to the ankles. Of colours, it rules the saffron or yellow. | It has of the signs Aquarius, and Sun of the planets for consignificators; Jupiter does especially rejoice in this house; it’s a succedent house, and masculine, and in virtue is equivalent either to the seventh or fourth houses. The twelfth house It has signification of private enemies, of witches, great cattle — as horses, oxen, elephants, &c.; sorrow, tribulation, imprisonments, all manner of affliction, self-undoing, &c., and of such men as maliciously undermine their neighbours, or inform secretly against them. | It has consignificators Pisces and Venus; Saturn does joy in that house, for naturally Saturn is author of mischief; and it ruleth in man’s body the feet. | In colour it presents the green. | It’s a cadent house, feminine, and vulgarly sometimes called cataphora, as all cadent houses may be. This is the true character of the several houses according to the Ptolomeian doctrine, and the experience [I] myself have had for some years: I must confess the Arabians have made several other divisions of the houses, but I could never in my practice find any verity in them, wherefore I say nothing of them.

82 The right to apply for a ‘benefice’, which is a church position with a guaranteed income. 83 Because it is the third house from the seventh, which signifies the spouse. 84 ‘& so on the contrary’, meaning it also signifies the husband’s kindred in a woman’s chart. 85 The area around the buttocks. 86 So either unreligious, or extreme in religious fervour and intolerant of other peoples views. 87 The ‘ham’, ‘hamm’ or ‘hamme’ describes the back of the leg above the knee. 88 Vulgar: meaning ordinary and general rather than crude or distasteful (from L: vulgus ‘general public’). 89 Mystery: archaic term for a craft, trade or professional guild (from ME: mistery, variant of L: misterium, from ministerium, ‘ministry’). A ‘mechanic’ in Lilly’s day was a manual labourer or someone who worked with tools.