DOCSLIB.ORG

Feasibility Study of an Off-Grid Biomethane Mobile Solution for Agri-Waste

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feasibility Study of an Off-Grid Biomethane Mobile Solution for Agri-Waste Applied Energy 239 (2019) 471–481 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy Feasibility study of an off-grid biomethane mobile solution for agri-waste T ⁎ Laura Gil-Carreraa, , James D. Brownea, Ian Kilgallona, Jerry D. Murphyb,c a Gas Networks Ireland, Gasworks Road, Cork, Ireland b MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland c School of Engineering, University College Cork, Ireland HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Mobile upgrading of biogas from a number of small digesters was as- sessed. − • Upgrading costs €0.62 Nm 3 bio- methane for a mobile upgrading − system (250 Nm 3). • The cost slightly increases with in- creasing number and decreasing size of digesters. • Mobile upgrading was assessed as − €0.18 Nm 3 biomethane cheaper than onsite upgrading. − • A minimum revenue of €1.10 Nm 3 biomethane is required for financial sustainability. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Research shows that gas grid injection of upgraded biogas is very advantageous in maximizing energy recovery. Biomethane However, the majority of farms are more than 10 km away from the gas network in Ireland, therefore trans- Off-grid porting biomethane by road to suitable injections points on the gas network would maximize the mobilization of Mobile solution potential biomethane resources. This represents both a challenge and an opportunity in getting to market. A Storage model was developed to describe an off-grid biomethane virtual pipeline solution (cleaning, upgrading and Natural gas storage mobile units) for small-scale farm biogas plants located at more than 10 km from the gas grid system. The cost for 1 Nm3 of biomethane, transported and injected into the gas grid was calculated between €0.62 and €0.80. The model evaluates different scenarios, which differ in the number and size of biogas plants. Comparisons are made to a traditional upgrading model. The model showed that the off-grid biomethane mobile (virtual pipeline) solution costs are €0.18/Nm3 lower than in a configuration of onsite upgrading plants at a biogas production rate of 150 m3/hour. This solution was found to be critical to the development of the wider biomethane industry in countries where direct access to the gas grid is limited by remote location and/or grid injection capacities in some parts of the network capacity. ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Gil-Carrera). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.141 Received 19 May 2018; Received in revised form 18 November 2018; Accepted 19 January 2019 0306-2619/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. L. Gil-Carrera et al. Applied Energy 239 (2019) 471–481 1. Introduction 1.2. Focus of paper 1.1. Rationale for agri-waste utilization The aim of this paper is to examine biogas production of small scale farm sites located at a remote from the gas grid system in Ireland and In Ireland, 53% of natural gas demand is met by UK imports with the feasibility of an off-grid biomethane mobile solution (cleaning, the remaining gas supplied by means of indigenous gas with field re- upgrading, storage and virtual pipeline) that runs between biogas serves and storage [1]. The UK have commissioned over 80 Biomethane plants and delivers the biomethane to a centralized grid injection fa- Network Entry Facilities in the last three years which allows 3.5 TWh of cility. biomethane on the system [2], this was possible due to the Renewable There is very little literature on biomethane mobile solutions where Heat Incentive (RHI). Ireland could significantly reduce the dependency a small-scale upgrading plant and storage are integrated in one mobile on imports if a similar biomethane system/incentive would be estab- unit, providing a transportable upgrading and virtual pipeline model. lished. In addition to the dependency on imports, the Renewable En- Research has been done to analyse the viability of decentralised biogas ergy Directive (2009/28/EC) published in 2009, established European production with a centralized upgrading and injection into natural gas mandatory targets, which requires 20% of all energy to come from grid model; this showed the financial benefit for small-scale biogas on renewable energy sources including a 10% share of biofuels in the farm producers [15]. This study evaluated a centralized upgrading transport sector by 2020. Ireland's target is 16% of gross final con- model through local pipelines from biogas plants with production of − sumption to come from renewables by 2020 [3]. This target should be over 250 Nm3 h 1, however the majority of the small scale biogas farm made up of contributions of 40% renewable energy in electricity (RES- plants in Ireland will have a potential biogas production below − E), 10% renewable energy in transport (RES-T) and 12% renewable 100 Nm3 h 1 [14]. From literature, it is evident that for biogas flow − energy for heat and cooling (RES-H) [4]. Up to date only 27.2% (RES- rates below 250 Nm3 h 1 the unit cost of upgrading increases drama- E), 6.8% (RES-H) and 5.0% (RES-T) have been achieved [5]. Since the tically making small scale biogas upgrading commercially challenging. publication of the 2008 EU Climate and Energy Package 20-20-20, EU The main reason for the high cost for small scale biogas upgrading is a legislation mandates Ireland to reduce by 20% its Green House Gases lack of upgrading technologies designed for smaller biogas flow rates. (GHG) emissions relative to 2005 by 2020 [6]. Ireland's total GHG Historically gas purification technology focused on large scale natural emissions per capita are among the highest in the EU, and almost a gas purification, moreover with increasing renewable energy demand third (32%) come from agriculture [7], fwith ca. 9% from manure for renewable energy supported by government subsidy schemes in storage [8]. Furthermore, the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) aims to many EU countries, manufacturers have focused on developing biogas reduce the amount of nitrogen from farm waste entering Irish waters upgrading technologies for biogas flow rates ranging from 500 to − [5–6]. Due to the dominance of livestock farming in Ireland and high 2000 Nm3 h 1 [16]. AD plant capital and operational cost vary sig- annual rainfall, the country has been designated as a nitrogen vulner- nificantly depending on plant capacity, type (e.g. dry, batch, con- able zone (NVZ) which requires that organic sources of nitrogen, such tinuous) and specification, but smaller plants can still be built and as manure and slurries, must be stored from 16 to 22 weeks during operated relatively cheaply, as is demonstrated by the large number of winter months depending on the region within the country [9]. small-scale plants in China and India [17]. However, the Swedish Gas Processing agricultural waste such as manure and slurry in an Centre [18] highlighted that total biogas cleaning costs for upgrading anaerobic digester is a sustainable method of treating animal manure are considerably higher for smaller plants, especially for plants treating − and is one of the few commercially available technologies that can less than 100 Nm3 h 1 of raw biogas. Therefore, there is a necessity to reduce the GHG emissions from agriculture. investigate models to allow those small scale AD plants to access the Biomethane from wet and dry manure could be GHG negative on a biomethane market. This is critical to the development of the wider whole life cycle analysis (LCA) basis achieving up to 140% GHG saving green gas industry in countries where small-scale biogas producers are due to the additional carbon saved from avoided methane emissions predominant and the physical or economic conditions deem the in- from manure storage [10]. stallation of a real pipeline unfeasible. Hakawati et al. [11] performed an intensive study on the most en- The model proposed in this paper facilitates the integration of ergy efficient route for biogas and it was found that biomethane uses biomethane as a route to meeting renewable energy targets and off- competes well with biogas and is more easily transported and used in a setting reliance on imported oil and gas, as well as offering a solution wide variety of applications. There is a perspective that bioenergy is that can be used to provide a sustainable and cost effective route to better employed in systems, which are difficult to decarbonise. In an market for small scale biogas producers to the gas grid. Irish context industrial heat (such as in breweries, distilleries and The objectives of this paper are to establish: creamery plants) is difficult to decarbonise. On an international basis transport fuel is difficult to decarbonise. Green gas is a decarbonised • What is the cost of upgrading, storing, transporting and injecting substitute for all natural gas applications, in particular in this work for into the gas grid with the mobile solution expressed per Nm3 of transport and heat. biomethane? It was estimated that biomethane production from agricultural • What is the effect of the size and scale of biogas plants on the overall slurry could achieve 15.53 PJ by 2020, which represents 6.4% of the cost and technical feasibility of the mobile solution? estimated natural gas demand in 2017 [12]. Furthermore, the farming • Can a mobile solution (upgrading, storage and transport) on a re- sector is still crucial to Ireland’s economy and the most important in- mote site coupled with a centralized biomethane injection facility be digenous sector. O’Shea et al. estimates that total annual cattle slurry feasible? production in Ireland is approximately 28.9 Mtwwt, which represents • What is the potential of the mobile solution and virtual biomethane 91% of the total theoretical biomethane resources [13].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4“4H% @FJ 05585 -1.— —.—. 21 ‘T World Gas Conference - June 6-9, 2000- Nice - France
    4“4h% @FJ 05585 -1.— —.—._ 21 ‘T World Gas Conference - June 6-9, 2000- Nice - France REPORT OF WORKING COMMITTEE 2 PRODUCTION OF MANUFACTURED GASES RAPPORT DU COMITE DE TRAVAIL 2 PRODUTION DE GAZ MANUFACTURES Chairman/President Francis S. Lau United States of America I DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best availabie original document. ABSTRACT The Committee’s work during this triennium focused on 4 topic areas. They are: the potential of hydrogen in meeting long term energy demands, future development prospects for manufactured gas units/gasification of coal, biomass, and opportunity materials for the production of electricity and chemicals, recovery of methane from coal seams, and update on management of contaminated gas sites. This report presents the status and the potentials of present and future opportunities for the gas industry in the areas of manufactured gases including hydrogen and coal bed/mine methane. The idea of hydrogen as an energy carrier is getting increased attention these days for its promise of super clean emissions at the point of use. The development of fuel cells for stationary and mobile applications has highlighted the need of hydrogen production, storage and infrastructure. Hydrogen appears destined to be a major energy source of the future. The industry for gasification is growing, particularly for the production of electricity and chemicals from opportunity fuels, such as petroleum coke from refineries. Coal and biomass are also getting increased interests due to their promise of high efficiency and lower emissions. Methane from coal mines is also getting increased attention due not only to its environmental benefits but also to its favorable own economics.
    [Show full text]
  • The Optimal Role for Gas in a Net-Zero Emissions Energy System
    Gas for Climate. The optimal role for gas in a net zero emissions energy system ah ©2019 Navigant Page i Gas for Climate. The optimal role for gas in a net zero emissions energy system Gas for Climate. The optimal role for gas in a net-zero emissions energy system Prepared for: By: Wouter Terlouw, Daan Peters, Juriaan van Tilburg, Matthias Schimmel, Tom Berg, Jan Cihlar, Goher Ur Rehman Mir, Matthias Spöttle, Maarten Staats, Maud Buseman, Ainhoa Villar Lejaretta, Mark Schenkel, Irina van Hoorn, Chris Wassmer, Eva Kamensek, Tobias Fichter Reviewed by: Kees van der Leun and Prof. Dr. Kornelis Blok Navigant Netherlands B.V. Stadsplateau 15 3521 AZ Utrecht +31 30 662 3300 navigant.com Reference No.: 203997 Date: 18 March 2019 ©2019 Navigant Page ii Gas for Climate. The optimal role for gas in a net zero emissions energy system Executive summary The purpose of this study is to assess the most cost-optimal way to fully decarbonise the EU energy system by 2050 and to explore the role and value of renewable and low-carbon gas used in existing gas infrastructure. This is being done by comparing a “minimal gas” scenario with an “optimised gas” scenario. This study is an updated version of the February 2018 Gas for Climate study, with an extended scope of analysis. The current study adds an analysis of EU energy demand in the industry and transport sectors. It also includes an updated supply and cost analysis for biomethane and green hydrogen, including dedicated renewable electricity production to produce hydrogen, and an analysis on power to methane.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasworks Profiles
    Gasworks Profiles Gasworks Profile A: The History and Operation of Gasworks (Manufactured Gas Plants) in Britain Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and their Tanks Gasworks Profile C: Water Gas Plants Gasworks Profile D: Producer Gas Plants ISBN 978-1-905046-26-3 © CL:AIRE 2014 Published by Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE), 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. The Gasworks Profiles have been prepared by: Dr Russell Thomas, Technical Director Parsons Brinckerhoff Redland, Bristol, UK Tel: 0117-933-9262 Email: [email protected] or [email protected]. The author is grateful to fellow members of the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers Panel for the history of the industry and the staff of the National Grid Gas Archive for their kind assistance. CL:AIRE would like to thank members of its Technology and Research Group who reviewed and commented on these profiles. All images courtesy of the National Grid Gas Archive, unless stated. Disclaimer: The purpose of this document is to act as a pointer to the activities carried out on former manufactured gas plants (gasworks). The Author and Publisher will not be responsible for any loss, however arising, from the use of, or reliance on, this information. This document (‘this publication’) is provided ‘as is’ without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. You should not assume that this publication is error-free or that it will be suitable for the particular purpose you have in mind when using it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paradox of Smokeless Fuels: Gas, Coke and the Environment in Britain, 1813-1949 Author(S): PETER THORSHEM Source: Environment and History, Vol
    The Paradox of Smokeless Fuels: Gas, Coke and the Environment in Britain, 1813-1949 Author(s): PETER THORSHEM Source: Environment and History, Vol. 8, No. 4 (November 2002), pp. 381-401 Published by: White Horse Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20723251 . Accessed: 21/05/2014 13:49 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. White Horse Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environment and History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 152.15.236.17 on Wed, 21 May 2014 13:49:22 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Paradox of Smokeless Fuels: Gas, Coke and the Environment inBritain, 1813-1949 PETER THORSHEIM Department ofHistory University ofNorth Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC 28223, USA Email: pthorshe @ email, uncc. edu ABSTRACT The contemporary world faces a toxic legacy: environmental contamination caused by past industrial activities. In Britain, a large proportion of the soil and groundwater pollution that occurred during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century came from gasworks and coke plants. Paradoxically, many people long viewed them as the answer to the country's pollution problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogas Processes for Sustainable Development
    Contents Biogas processes for sustainable development Table of contents by Uri Marchaim MIGAL Galilee Technological Centre Kiryat Shmona, Israel The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-09 ISBN 92-5-103126-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1992 Contents http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0541E/T0541E00.HTM (1 of 7) [12/15/2007 9:44:51 AM] Contents Acknowledgment Chapter one: Preface and objectives of the review Sustainable development Chapter two: Introduction and overview Chapter three: Short historical background on anaerobic digestion Historical developments of anaerobic digestion technology Present interest in anaerobic digestion Chapter four: Microbiology biochemistry and physiology Microbiology and biochemistry Microbial metabolism in anaerobic
    [Show full text]
  • Philadelnhia Gas \Ilorks
    Dockot R-2O2O-XXXXXXX Volume 2 Philadelnhia Gas \ilorks Before The Penns a b Commission Computntion of Annual Purchased Gas Costs For Twelve Months Ending August 31, 2A2l 66 Pa.C.S. $ 1307(0 Information $ubmitted Pursuaut To: 66 Pa.C.S. $$ 1307(CI,1317,1318 and 52 Pa, Code $ 53.61, et seq. February 1,2020 Philadelphia Gas lilorks 1307f - 20,1? trefiling Table of Contents T& 53.64 (c) (1) #l 53.64 (c) (3) #2 53,64 (c) (a) #3 53.64 (c) {5} #4 53,64 (c) (6) #5 53.64 (e) {?) #6 53.64 (e) (8) #1 s3-64 (c) (e) #8 53.64 (c) (10) #) 53.64 {e) {11) #10 53.64 (e) (12) #11 s3.64 {e) (13) #12 53.64 (c) (14) #13 53.64 (r) (1) #14 53.65 (1) #15 s3.65 (2) #16 53.65 (3) #17 53.65 (4) #1S 53.65 (5) #t9 1317 {a) (1) #24 131? (a) (2) #21 1317 (a) (3) #22 1317 (n) (a) #23 1317 (b) (1) #24 1317 {b) (?) #25 1317 (b) (3) #26 131? (c) (1) #27 1317 {c) (2) #28 1317 (d) #29 1318 (a){1) #30 131s (a) (2) #31 1318 (s) (3) #32 1318 (a) (a) #33 1318 (b) (1) #34 1318 (b) (2) #35 1318 (b) (3) #36 1318 (c) #37 Docket No. R-2020-XXXKOO( Item 53.64 (cX5) [.hiladplB&ia, Gas \Yorks Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission 52Pa. Code $53.61, et seq. Item 53.64(c) Thirty days prior to the filing of a tariff reflecting an increase or decrease innatural gas costs, each Section 1307(f) gas utility seeking recovery of .purchased gas cos.ts under that section shall provide notice to the public, under $ 53.68 {relating to notice requirements), and shall file the following supp rting information with the Commission, with a copy to the Consumer Advocate, Small Business Advocate and to intervenors upon request: (5) A listing and updating, if necessary, of projections of gas supply and demand provided to the Commission for any pwpose**see $ 59.67 (relating to formats).
    [Show full text]
  • Pneumatic Chemistry & the Gasholder
    Regeneration & development of former gasworks sites Prof. Russell Thomas Ground Risk and Remediation – WSP Bristol Purpose • Brief Description of the History of Gas Manufacture • Processes used in gas manufacture. • Key issues when investigating this sites. Gas – an Important British Industry • Gas produced from coal was the first effective form of lighting; • Old – it predated the railway network , the 1st utility industry. • Gas lighting improved factory working conditions and safety; • Street lighting was often introduced to reduced crime rates; • A strong proponent of employee ownership; and •The by-products were Chemical Gaswork the feedstock's for the works s chemical industry, dye manufacture and fuel. • Associated industries located near-by. Evolution of the British Gas Industry Competition from oil gas – 1817-1830 Construction of the first factory gasworks Creation of the Gas Light & 1805/6 onwards Coke Co. 1812 William The Gas Act 1948 Murdoch: Inventor of Independence gas 1812 – 1949 lighting Nationaliation – 1949 Public and Samuel Regional Gas Boards privately Clegg: 1st Gas owned gas Engineer The Gas Act 1972 companies Frederick Winsor: Entrepreneur Behind the Gas light & Coke Co. (Centralisation) British Gas Plc - 1986 BG plc – 1997 The Gas Act 1986 Demerger of British Gas to Centrica and BG plc. British Gas Corporation -1973 Lattice Group - 2000 Demerger of BG plc to the BG Group and Lattice Group. National Grid – 2002. Merger of Lattice Group with National Grid Gas Transmission retained Sale of Gas Distribution networks : Wales and West, Scotia Gas Networks, Northern gas networks & Most recently Cadent Gas Ltd Gasworks Process Flow Schematic The manufacture of gas from coal.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasworks and Gasholders Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary
    Gasworks and Gasholders Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England’s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about specific types of archaeological site, building, landscape or marine asset. Typically they deal with subjects which lack such a summary. This can either be where the literature is dauntingly voluminous, or alternatively where little has been written. Most often it is the latter, and many IHAs bring understanding of site or building types which are neglected or little understood. Gas works, or sites where gas was manufactured by thermally decomposing fossil fuels and stored in gasholders, were one of the most ubiquitous and widely distributed industrial complexes of the 19th and 20th centuries. Frequently constructed on the edges of urban areas, close to their customers and adjacent to rivers, canals and railways - reflecting both the inability of the early works to transmit gas over large distances and the reliance Front cover: on a supply of coal – meant that gasworks and gasholders had a The Cheltenham Gas considerable visual impact on the landscape. Beginning with the Light & Coke Company formation of the Gas Light and Coke Company in London in 1812, works from the air in coal gas manufactured at gasworks in towns, cities and on private 1938. Formed in 1818, the company moved to a larger estates was transmitted via England’s first energy networks before site formed by the junction first nationalisation (1949) and the conversion to natural gas (from of Gloucester Road 1967), brought about the end of the industry and the clearance of and Tewkesbury Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasholders and Their Tanks
    Gasholders and their Tanks A profile of the construction of different types of gasholders, their associated tanks and their occurrence on former gasworks and gasholder station sites. Prepared by Dr Russell Thomas, Technical Director, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Redland, Bristol, UK, 0117-933-9262, [email protected] or [email protected]. The author is grateful to fellow members of the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers Panel for the History of the Industry and the staff of the National Grid Gas Archive for their kind assistance. Introduction This profile aims to give an insight into the construction and operation of gasholders and their tanks, for those who investigate former gasworks sites or have a general interest in the gas industry. All images courtesy of the National Gas Archive, unless stated. Although gasholders seem simple, the complexity and ingenuity of these structures should not be underestimated; they are the result of complex engineering design which was gradually refined Photograph 1. The world’s oldest remaining gasholder at Fulham, attributed to Samuel Clegg. and improved. This profile is limited to a brief description of the different designs of gasholders, active service within the gas industry. This is The tanks of former gasholders are often still their operation and, importantly, their tanks. because low-pressure gas storage is no longer present on many former gasworks sites, infilled required, as improved storage capacity has been and hidden beneath the ground. During Gasholders are the only remaining distinctive created elsewhere in the gas network. demolition, the tank void formed a ready-made feature of a gasworks to still be visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Event Transcript
    National Grid Investor Teach-In - Other Activities & JVs 29th September 2016 1 NATIONAL GRID Aarti Singhal, Director - Investor Relations Andrew Bonfield, Chief Financial Officer Phil Edwards, Head of National Grid Real Estate Alison Dowsett, Berkeley Group Simon Culkin, Head of UK LNG, National Grid Maxine Long, Head of Domestic Metering Kerri Matthews, Head of Smart Metering Ian Graves, Director, European Business Development Nick Sides, Head of Interconnectors Nigel Williams, Construction Director, NSL John Flynn, SVP, US Business Development QUESTIONS FROM Mark Freshney, Credit Suisse Fraser McLaren, Bank of America / Merrill Lynch Mr Murphy, Bank of America / Merrill Lynch Iain Turner, Exane BNP Paribas Jenny Ping, Citigroup James Brown, Deutsche Bank Dominic Nash, Macquarie Rui Dias, UBS Gus Hochschild, BEIS Deepa Venkateswaran, Bernstein Edmund Reid, Lazarus Ashley Thomas, Societe Generale 2 Introduction Aarti Singhal, Director - Investor Relations Good morning, I'm Aarti Singhal, the Director of Investor Relations for National Grid. Welcome to our Teach-In. As always safety comes first, there are no planned fire alarm tests this morning, so if you hear an alarm please make your way through the fire exits, which are by the tea and coffee area. Also make note of the cautionary statement, which is in your packs. This morning we've got ten presenters and we've grouped them mainly in twos and threes. So please keep your questions to the end of each group. Finally, a quick reminder to turn your phones or other devices off, before I introduce to you our CFO, Andrew Bonfield, Andrew, over to you. Opening Remarks Andrew Bonfield, Chief Financial Officer Thank you Aarti and good morning everybody.
    [Show full text]
  • NZ Gas Story Presentation
    From wellhead to burner - The New Zealand Gas Story August 2014 Who are we – and why are we here • We’re the industry body and co-regulator • We’re telling the Gas Story because: − the industry has changed, there are more players, and the story is getting fragmented and lost − the industry asked us to stitch the story together and to tell it. − it fits with our obligation to report to the Minister on the state and performance of the gas industry. • and, because gas has a long pedigree and makes a valuable contribution to New Zealand, it’s a great story worth telling... Gas Industry Co 2 What we’ll cover… • History and development • The contribution of gas to New Zealand’s energy supply • How gas used • Industry structure and the players • Gas policy evolution and the regulatory framework • A look at each key element: − exploration & production − processing − transmission we’ll take a short break here − distribution − wholesale and retail markets − metering − pricing − safety • Gas in a carbon-conscious world • What the future for gas may look like Gas Industry Co 3 What is natural gas? Some terms we’ll be using: • Petajoule (PJ) – Measure of gas volume. 1PJ = 40,000 households or approximate annual gas use of Wanganui. • Gigajoule (GJ) – Also a measure of gas volume. There are one million GJs in a PJ. The average household use is around is around 25GJ per year. • LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Comprising propane and butane components of the gas stream • LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas. Natural gas that is chilled to minus 162C for bulk transport storage in the international market • Condensate – a light oil Gas Industry Co 4 Gas has a long history Oil seeps have been observed in NZ since Maori settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and Their Tanks
    Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and their Tanks Gasworks Profiles Gasworks Profile A: The History and Operation of Gasworks (Manufactured Gas Plants) Contents in Britain Gasworks Profile B: Gasholders and their Tanks Gasworks Profile C: Water Gas Plants 1. Introduction.............................................................. .................... B1 Gasworks Profile D: Producer Gas Plants 2. Gasholders in a Historical Context........................... .................... B2 3. The Housing of Gasholders.......................................................... B6 ISBN 978-1-905046-26-3 © CL:AIRE 2014 4. Column-Guided Gasholders......................................................... B6 5. Guide-Framed Gasholders........................................................... B7 Published by Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE), 6. Cable-Guided Gasholders............................................................ B7 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ. 7. Flying Lifts.................................................................................... B7 8. Spiral-Guided Gasholders............................................................ B8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval 9. Waterless or Dry Gasholders....................................................... B9 system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright 10. Crowns, Cups and Dips...............................................................
    [Show full text]