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A Flora of the Old Gasquet Toll Road, Del Norte County, California

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A Flora of the Old Gasquet Toll Road, Del Norte County, California A FLORA OF THE OLD GASQUET TOLL ROAD, DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by Linda M. Barker A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts December, 1978 A FLORA OF THE OLD GASQUET TOLL ROAD, DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by Linda M. Barker Approved by the Master's Thesis Committee Chairman Approved by the Graduate Dean iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all those people who have helped with my thesis work and throughout my graduate career. Dr. James P. Smith, Jr., and Dr. John 0. Sawyer, my major professors, have always given me helpful suggestions and guidance. I am very grateful for their assistance and friendship. Dr. John De Martini and Dr, Dale Thornburgh have given useful suggestions while serving as members of my graduate committee. I am grateful for the help of the following botanists who have aided with the identification of plant specimens: J. D. Ackerman, Humboldt State Univer- sity, T. Chuang, University of California, Berkeley, L. Constance, University of California, Berkeley, W. Critch- field, U. S. Forest Service, Berkeley, L. T. Dempster, University of California, Berkeley, L. Heckard, University of California, Berkeley, F. J. Hermann, U. S. Forest Ser- vice, Ft. Collins, Colorado, D. W. McNeal, University of the Pacific, Stockton, M. Mesler, Humboldt State University, D. H. Norris, Humboldt State University, J. P. Smith, Hum- boldt State University, and D. H. Wagner, University of Oregon, Eugene. I would also like to express deep appre- ciation to my family and friends for their assistance and encouragement, to Alexis Fricke for her help with proof- reading, and to Thomas Lyon for his unfailing help and understanding. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments iii Physiographic Setting 1 Climate 2 Geology 4 History 8 Vegetation 13 The Floristic Study 17 Keys and Descriptions 26 Division Equisetophyta 26 Division Lycopodiophyta 27 Division Polypodiophyta 27 Division Pinophyta 30 Division Magnoliophyta 34 References Cited 143 "A Flora of the Old Gasquet Toll Road, Del Norte County, California" The Klamath Mountains of northern California represent a very old and geologically complicated area. The vegeta- tion patterns found here are among the most complex in North America (Whittaker 1961). These factors work together to create a flora high in both diversity and endemic species. The Old Gasquet Toll Road lies on the western boundary of these mountains and forms a geologic and vegetational tran- sect representative of much of northern Del Norte County. The area was first opened up to exploration by the early prospectors, miners, and traders of the last century. Later, several early botanists made intermittent collecting trips to the Toll Road. These collections, however, were by no means complete, and the area still remains relatively unexplored. Today, the area is known for its many rare and endemic plant species associated with the Siskiyou Mountains and serpentine soils. PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING The Old Gasquet Toll Road is located on the western border of the Klamath Region in northwestern California. It lies on the western flanks of the Siskiyou Mountains. The study area follows the Toll Road which. begins in the town of Gasquet, Del Norte County, (lat. 41° 52' N, long. 123° 58' W), approximately 15 miles northeast of Crescent City and the Pacific Coast. The Toll Road runs northeast of Gasquet for 14 miles along the slopes above the Middle 2 Fork of the Smith River and Patrick Creek. After crossing Patrick Creek, the road continues north along the East Fork of Patrick Creek and then along Shelly Creek for 8-1/2 miles to the Oregon border. Along its 23-mile length, the study area rises from 400 feet at the southern end to 3,050 feet at the Oregon border, crosses several small tributary streams, and passes through areas of ultrabasic, metavolcanic, and metasedimentary parent materials. These factors allow for varying floristic composition and plant communities throughout the study area. The entire study area lies within the 15 minute series Gasquet Quadrangle, United States Geological Survey. Place names used may be found on this map or on the included map, Figure I. CLIMATE Coastal Del Norte County is strongly influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean which creates moderate tem- peratures and high humidity. Moving eastward, toward the study area, however, a more continental effect is felt with wider extremes in temperature being experienced. Tempera- tures recorded for 24 years, 1941-1964, at Elk Valley, (elev. 1,711 feet), 4 miles east of the northern terminus of the study area, show maximum temperatures varying from 19°C (67°F) in January to 41°C (105°F) in July, and minima from -18°C (0°F) to 0°C (32°F) in the same months. The yearly mean maximum temperature is 18°C (64°F) and the 3 Figure I - The Old Gasket Toll Road study area mean minimum 3°C (37°F). The average length of the growing season, days without a freeze, is 250 days at Gasquet, and 150 days at higher elevations near the northern terminus (Elford and McDonough 1974). The Gasquet area experiences morning coastal fog well into the summer, providing higher relative humidity than in areas farther east. Precipitation in the study area is con- centrated in the winter months, with 90% of the rainfall occurring between October and April. Thirty-year averages for the Gasquet Ranger Station, 1941-1970, show a mean yearly precipitation total of 2378 mm (93.6 inches). At higher elevations, rainfall increases. Monumental had a 2634 mm (103.7 inches) mean seasonal total over a 6-year recording period (Elford and McDonough 1974). In 1909, Monumental recorded the greatest total yearly precipitation in the state, receiving 3900 mm (154.54 inches) of rain (Eder 1963). Snow may lie at the higher elevations into April. GEOLOGY The Klamath Mountain Province in northwestern Cali- fornia represents a 12,000 skare mile area which is set off by its geology and landforms from surrounding areas. The Coast Ranges on the north, west, and south, and the Cascade Mountains on the east represent much younger for- mations of different origins (Oakeshott 1971). The major lithic features of the Klamath Region are a series of arcuate belts of differing ages which trend generally north '5 to south with the convex margin on the west (Irwin 1966). The rocks and geologic formations of these arcs form an interrupted continuation of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the south and the Ochoco-Blue Mountains to the north (Hunt 1967, Oakeshott 1971). Until 200 million years ago the Klamath Region formed the floor of a great sea which extended east to the present site of the Rocky Mountains. The area constituted a trough or geosyncline where marine deposits were laid down for over 400 million years during the Paleozoic and the early part of the Mesozoic. Volcanic activity and coarser sediment deposits laid down toward the end of the Paleozoic suggest the beginning of the uplift of land in the Klamath Region. Paleozoic rocks of marine and volcanic origin can be seen in the three eastern arcs of the Klamath Mountain Province (Oakeshott 1971). The study area lies on the western flanks of the Siskiyou Mountains which form part of the farthest west arc of the province, the Western Jurassic Belt (Irwin 1966). The recognizable rocks and history of the area begin during the Jurassic, approximately 200 million years ago. The area at this time still lay under the sea, but was a site for the deposition of at least 7,000 feet of volcanic material. Over this base interbedded layers of sediments, volcanic ash, and lava form a layer 3,000 feet thick (Cater and Wells 1953, Irwin 1966). Tremendous pressure caused the metamorphosis of these layers forming the meta-andesite, 6 tuffs, breccias, slate, phyllite, and tuffaceous sandstone present today (Cater and Wells 1953). Together these layers constitute the Galice formation. By far the most outstanding event of the Mesozoic was the episode of mountain building which lifted the Klamath Region above the surrounding sea at the end of the Jurassic, approximately 155 million years ago. This period of moun- tain building, known as the Nevadan Orogeny, created the framework of the Klamath Mountains. Folding and faulting of the Galice formation during the period of mountain building in the late Jurassic allowed the intrusion of great bodies of ultramafic rock in areas of weakness (Irwin 1966). These bodies form part of the Josephine Mountain peridotite sheet which extends north into Oregon and is the largest body of ultramafic rock in the United States, possibly in North America (Cater and Wells 1953). Half of the study area lies on this ultramafic sheet which is composed of peridotite, a rock formed by the minerals olivine and pyroxene which are high in magnesium and iron oxides. Throughout the area along shear zones and faults, serpentine, the metamorphic product of peridotite, is found (Cater and Wells 1953, Oakeshott 1971). Later, intrusions of other materials occurred at weak zones in the peridotite sheet and the Galice formation, such as gabbro at the northern end of the study area (Cater and Wells 1953). 7 During the Cretaceous, mountain building was continued in the Klamath Region creating an extensive mountainous island in the sea which extended to the Sierra Nevada and Blue Mountains which were beginning to be lifted. Before the end of the Mesozoic, the Klamath Region was eroded to a series of islands, and then raised above the sea once more (Whittaker 1961). Geologic activity in the study area during the Ceno- zoic has consisted almost entirely of a series of uplifts and erosion cycles, and a gentle tilting toward the sea (Cater and Wells 1953).
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