A Flora of the Old Gasquet Toll Road, Del Norte County, California

Home , Antennaria suffrutescens, Arnica cernua, Arnica spathulata, Aspidotis, Berberis pumila, Castilleja pruinosa

A FLORA OF THE OLD GASQUET TOLL ROAD, DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Linda M. Barker

A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts

December, 1978 A FLORA OF THE OLD GASQUET TOLL ROAD, DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by Linda M. Barker

Approved by the Master's Thesis Committee Chairman

Approved by the Graduate Dean iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank all those people who have helped with my thesis work and throughout my graduate career. Dr. James P. Smith, Jr., and Dr. John 0. Sawyer, my major professors, have always given me helpful suggestions and guidance. I am very grateful for their assistance and friendship. Dr. John De Martini and Dr, Dale Thornburgh have given useful suggestions while serving as members of my graduate committee. I am grateful for the help of the following botanists who have aided with the identification of plant specimens: J. D. Ackerman, Humboldt State Univer- sity, T. Chuang, University of California, Berkeley, L. Constance, University of California, Berkeley, W. Critch- field, U. S. Forest Service, Berkeley, L. T. Dempster, University of California, Berkeley, L. Heckard, University of California, Berkeley, F. J. Hermann, U. S. Forest Ser- vice, Ft. Collins, Colorado, D. W. McNeal, University of the Pacific, Stockton, M. Mesler, Humboldt State University, D. H. Norris, Humboldt State University, J. P. Smith, Hum- boldt State University, and D. H. Wagner, University of Oregon, Eugene. I would also like to express deep appre- ciation to my family and friends for their assistance and encouragement, to Alexis Fricke for her help with proof- reading, and to Thomas Lyon for his unfailing help and understanding. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Acknowledgments iii Physiographic Setting 1 Climate 2 Geology 4 History 8 Vegetation 13 The Floristic Study 17 Keys and Descriptions 26 Division Equisetophyta 26 Division Lycopodiophyta 27 Division Polypodiophyta 27 Division Pinophyta 30 Division Magnoliophyta 34 References Cited 143 "A Flora of the Old Gasquet Toll Road, Del Norte County, California"

The Klamath Mountains of northern California represent a very old and geologically complicated area. The vegetation patterns found here are among the most complex in North America (Whittaker 1961). These factors work together to create a flora high in both diversity and endemic species. The Old Gasquet Toll Road lies on the western boundary of these mountains and forms a geologic and vegetational tran- sect representative of much of northern Del Norte County. The area was first opened up to exploration by the early prospectors, miners, and traders of the last century. Later, several early botanists made intermittent collecting trips to the Toll Road. These collections, however, were by no means complete, and the area still remains relatively unexplored. Today, the area is known for its many rare and endemic plant species associated with the Siskiyou Mountains and serpentine soils.

PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING The Old Gasquet Toll Road is located on the western border of the Klamath Region in northwestern California. It lies on the western flanks of the Siskiyou Mountains. The study area follows the Toll Road which. begins in the town of Gasquet, Del Norte County, (lat. 41° 52' N, long. 123° 58' W), approximately 15 miles northeast of Crescent City and the Pacific Coast. The Toll Road runs northeast of Gasquet for 14 miles along the slopes above the Middle 2

Fork of the Smith River and Patrick Creek. After crossing Patrick Creek, the road continues north along the East Fork of Patrick Creek and then along Shelly Creek for 8-1/2 miles to the Oregon border. Along its 23-mile length, the study area rises from 400 feet at the southern end to 3,050 feet at the Oregon border, crosses several small tributary streams, and passes through areas of ultrabasic, metavolcanic, and metasedimentary parent materials. These factors allow for varying floristic composition and plant communities throughout the study area. The entire study area lies within the 15 minute series Gasquet Quadrangle, United States Geological Survey. Place names used may be found on this map or on the included map, Figure I.

CLIMATE Coastal Del Norte County is strongly influenced by the proximity of the Pacific Ocean which creates moderate temperatures and high humidity. Moving eastward, toward the study area, however, a more continental effect is felt with wider extremes in temperature being experienced. Tempera- tures recorded for 24 years, 1941-1964, at Elk Valley, (elev. 1,711 feet), 4 miles east of the northern terminus of the study area, show maximum temperatures varying from 19°C (67°F) in January to 41°C (105°F) in July, and minima from -18°C (0°F) to 0°C (32°F) in the same months. The yearly mean maximum temperature is 18°C (64°F) and the 3

Figure I - The Old Gasket Toll Road study area mean minimum 3°C (37°F). The average length of the growing season, days without a freeze, is 250 days at Gasquet, and 150 days at higher elevations near the northern terminus (Elford and McDonough 1974). The Gasquet area experiences morning coastal fog well into the summer, providing higher relative humidity than in areas farther east. Precipitation in the study area is con- centrated in the winter months, with 90% of the rainfall occurring between October and April. Thirty-year averages for the Gasquet Ranger Station, 1941-1970, show a mean yearly precipitation total of 2378 mm (93.6 inches). At higher elevations, rainfall increases. Monumental had a 2634 mm (103.7 inches) mean seasonal total over a 6-year recording period (Elford and McDonough 1974). In 1909, Monumental recorded the greatest total yearly precipitation in the state, receiving 3900 mm (154.54 inches) of rain (Eder 1963). Snow may lie at the higher elevations into April.

GEOLOGY The Klamath Mountain Province in northwestern Cali- fornia represents a 12,000 skare mile area which is set off by its geology and landforms from surrounding areas. The Coast Ranges on the north, west, and south, and the Cascade Mountains on the east represent much younger formations of different origins (Oakeshott 1971). The major lithic features of the Klamath Region are a series of arcuate belts of differing ages which trend generally north '5 to south with the convex margin on the west (Irwin 1966). The rocks and geologic formations of these arcs form an interrupted continuation of the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the south and the Ochoco-Blue Mountains to the north (Hunt 1967, Oakeshott 1971). Until 200 million years ago the Klamath Region formed the floor of a great sea which extended east to the present site of the Rocky Mountains. The area constituted a trough or geosyncline where marine deposits were laid down for over 400 million years during the Paleozoic and the early part of the Mesozoic. Volcanic activity and coarser sediment deposits laid down toward the end of the Paleozoic suggest the beginning of the uplift of land in the Klamath Region. Paleozoic rocks of marine and volcanic origin can be seen in the three eastern arcs of the Klamath Mountain Province (Oakeshott 1971). The study area lies on the western flanks of the Siskiyou Mountains which form part of the farthest west arc of the province, the Western Jurassic Belt (Irwin 1966). The recognizable rocks and history of the area begin during the Jurassic, approximately 200 million years ago. The area at this time still lay under the sea, but was a site for the deposition of at least 7,000 feet of volcanic material. Over this base interbedded layers of sediments, volcanic ash, and lava form a layer 3,000 feet thick (Cater and Wells 1953, Irwin 1966). Tremendous pressure caused the metamorphosis of these layers forming the meta-andesite, 6 tuffs, breccias, slate, phyllite, and tuffaceous sandstone present today (Cater and Wells 1953). Together these layers constitute the Galice formation. By far the most outstanding event of the Mesozoic was the episode of mountain building which lifted the Klamath Region above the surrounding sea at the end of the Jurassic, approximately 155 million years ago. This period of mountain building, known as the Nevadan Orogeny, created the framework of the Klamath Mountains. Folding and faulting of the Galice formation during the period of mountain building in the late Jurassic allowed the intrusion of great bodies of ultramafic rock in areas of weakness (Irwin 1966). These bodies form part of the Josephine Mountain peridotite sheet which extends north into Oregon and is the largest body of ultramafic rock in the United States, possibly in North America (Cater and Wells 1953). Half of the study area lies on this ultramafic sheet which is composed of peridotite, a rock formed by the minerals olivine and pyroxene which are high in magnesium and iron oxides. Throughout the area along shear zones and faults, serpentine, the metamorphic product of peridotite, is found (Cater and Wells 1953, Oakeshott 1971). Later, intrusions of other materials occurred at weak zones in the peridotite sheet and the Galice formation, such as gabbro at the northern end of the study area (Cater and Wells 1953). 7

During the Cretaceous, mountain building was continued in the Klamath Region creating an extensive mountainous island in the sea which extended to the Sierra Nevada and Blue Mountains which were beginning to be lifted. Before the end of the Mesozoic, the Klamath Region was eroded to a series of islands, and then raised above the sea once more (Whittaker 1961). Geologic activity in the study area during the Ceno- zoic has consisted almost entirely of a series of uplifts and erosion cycles, and a gentle tilting toward the sea (Cater and Wells 1953). By Eocene times the full land surface of the Klamath Region was vegetated as it has been to this day, except in areas of alpine glaciation (Whittaker 1961). At the end of the Eocene a major uplift occurred which led to a long erosion cycle leading to a series of even, accordant ridgetops and rolling upland surfaces. By the end of the Miocene, these processes had formed the Klamath peneplane in which the study area lies. Pleistocene glaciation occurred in limited areas at higher elevations in the Klamath Region, but not in the study area. Continued cycles of uplift and erosion have allowed the rejuvenation of streams and the formation of terraces above the present beds, as along Shelly Creek. No further faulting is known to have occurred in the Cenozoic, and no Tertiary or Quarternary rocks, except for alluvial deposits around Gasquet, are found in the study area (Cater and Wells 1953, Whittaker 1961). 8

The ultrabasic, or "serpentine" soils of the southern half and northern terminus of the study area create a rig- orous environment which is highly selective for the plants which grow there. The physical characteristics of serpentine soil and its effects on plant growth have been ex- tensively discussed by other authors (Kruckeberg 1954, 1969, Proctor and Woodell 1975, Walker 1954, Whittaker 1954).

HISTORY The earliest inhabitants of the area now known as Del Norte County were American Indians living along the coast and major rivers. Many belonged to the Yurok and Tolowa tribes (Chase 1958). In the spring of 1828, Jedediah Strong Smith led the first party of white men to pass through the area. The men were on an expedition along the California and Oregon coast gathering beaver pelts and determining the trapping potential of western waters (Chase 1958). With the discovery of gold in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, great numbers of prospectors began to enter the California area. Placer gold was discovered in Del Norte County in 1851, and copper and chromite in 1853 (Cater and Wells 1953). These events mark the beginning of the set- tling of Del Norte County by whitemen. By 1863 there were 29 mines in the mountains of Del Norte County (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). 9

To supply the miners in these areas, a boom town grew up at Crescent City. This town became an important port and the center for merchants who shipped freight into the hin- terlands. In the early 1850's as many as 500 mules a week left Crescent City laden with supplies (Del Norte Tripli- cate 1976). With such large volumes of trade going on, the need for roads and mule trails was great. In 1852 the first trail was completed and provided a route to the Rogue Valley in southern Oregon (Sutton 1959). Several stage and wagon roads were built as time went by to connect Crescent City with the mining districts in Del Norte County and Oregon. All these roads, however, had problems with terrain and snows at higher elevations. It remained for someone to build a road which crossed the Smith River at an accessible point and followed the low ridges into Oregon. Horace Gasquet, a Frenchman who arrived in Del Norte County in 1855, was the man to do this. Gasquet built the first bridge across the Middle Fork of the Smith River in 1882. This formed the southern terminus of his toll road which ran approximately 23 miles to the Oregon border. Here it joined the Wimer Road and continued into Waldo, Oregon (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). This road was built by the hand labor of 60 Chinamen who were paid 50 cents a day (Smith 1953). The total cost of the road was $20,000 (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). The toll for use of the road ranged from 6 cents for sheep and hogs, 25 cents for men on 10 foot, to $4 for vehicles with 6 horses. This road was the main route between Crescent City and Grants Pass from the time of its completion in 1886 until the present U.S. Highway 199 was completed in 1932 (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). Monumental, a stage stop near the northern end of the road, was the center of local mining activity and had a post office and weather station in the early 1900's. Horace Gasquet was known as an ambitious and shrewd man (Sutton 1959), and in addition to the Toll Road, had many other accomplishments. In 1857, he bought 320 acres of land at the present site of the town of Gasquet (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). Here he established an inn which was listed as the finest summer resort in northern Cali- fornia (Smith 1953). Gasquet died in 1896, leaving a well established resort and trade route (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). Del Norte County continued to grow into the 1880's. Gold mining expanded, until, in 1881, it was felt to be the most important industry in the county. However, expecta- tions for the lasting qualities of the placer mines were not being fully realized. Silver, copper, chrome, and iron deposits in the Low Divide area were explored but were not exploited to the fullest extent possible (Bledsoe 1881). By 1885, logging had taken its place as the leading industry on the north coast (Del Norte Triplicate 1976). 11

In 1881, A. J. Bledsoe looked toward the future and wrote:

...when the lethargy which now envel- ops our interests and retards our progress shall be a thing of the past; when all the forests shall resound to the hum and buzz of the saw-mill; when columns of smoke, rising from the Low Divide, shall proclaim the existence of smelting furnaces and reduction works; when hydraulics shall strip the hills of their surface, laying bare rich seams of precious gold; when town and country shall throw off the rust of idle years, and come forth into the bright, new existence of a better day; then can we look forward to hopeful prospects, and can truly say, "the night has passed, joy cometh with the morn."

The first records of botanical investigations in the Gasquet area are those of T. J. Howell and Alice Eastwood. Howell was an early botanist of the Oregon Territory who initiated work on the flora of Oregon (Wilson 1955). Alice Eastwood was a spirited little woman who contributed much to botany in California. Soon after her first visit to California in 1890, she began 58 years of service to the California Academy of Sciences as Curator of the Herbarium (Ewan 1953). Miss Eastwood was a botanical pioneer in her travels around the state, often visiting places which had not been seriously studied before. Miss Eastwood loved to wander alone up the Redwood Highway to explore its botanical wonders (Wilson 1953a).. In 1905 she began a series of trips to Del Norte County which were to continue until 1936 (Wilson 1953b). On one 12 of her trips, she wanted to botanize along the Gasquet Toll Road, but found that the stages ran inland only at night when she would not be able to see anything. So, she set out on foot along the Toll Road. During her walk she saw many plants which were new to her, especially the numerous manzanitas. She crossed Patrick Creek and spent the night on the floor of a cabin near Monumental. From there she continued on across the border and down into Waldo (Wilson 1955). Miss Eastwood's field books contain lists of the plants she saw and collected along the way. Joseph P. Tracy and Harold E. Parks also made numerous trips along the Old Gasquet Toll Road, mostly in the 1930's. Tracy was a botanist by avocation and Parks' main interest was the fungi, but together they made many fine collections of the vascular plants of the area. Their plant specimens, along with the meticulous notes of Tracy, are kept at the University of California, Berkeley, Herbarium (Cantelow and Cantelow 1957, Constance, pers. comm. 1978). A partial collection of their plants is also housed at the Humboldt State University Herbarium. Since 1900, mining activity in Del Norte County has been intermittent, mainly rising and falling with demands and shortages during war times (Cater and Wells 1953, O'Brien 1952). Two land patents have been established for mining along the Toll Road. One near Patrick Creek is worked occasionally for gold. The Monumental Consolidated Quartz Mine has yielded some gold and copper, but the ore 13 was of to low a quality to be shipped out (O'Brien 1952). Today, in 1978, the Old Gasquet Toll Road appears to be quiet, compared to the activity of the past. However, the words of Bledsoe may yet come true with logging and mining becoming increasingly economically attractive.

VEGETATION The Old Gasquet Toll Road lies in the mixed evergreen forest region of northern California. Here Pseudotsuga- hardwood forests have been described for granitic, metamorphic, and ultrabasic parent materials (Sawyer et al. 1977). This type can be applied in a broad sense to the study area. Differences, however, in the species composition of the understory can be recognized on both metavolcanic and metasedimentary parent materials of the Galice formation, and on ultrabasic parent materials. Whittaker's (1960) discussion of the vegetation on serpentine in the Siskiyou Mountains includes a description of open forests alternating with patches of grasses and herbs. This "two phase" composition of the woodlands is not readily apparent in the study area as the grassland phase is of very limited distribution. Within the study area, nine plant communities may be recognized. They are listed below in order of increasing moisture availability on each of the two major parent material types. The descriptions which follow list canopy species in order of relative dominance. 14

Vegetation on ultrabasic parent materials: Jeffrey pine woodland Montane chaparral Disturbed chaparral Mixed pine woodland Streamside Douglas-fir forest Bogs and seeps Vegetation on metavolcanic and metasedimentary parent materials: Mixed evergreen forest Disturbed shrubland Streamside maple forest

Jeffrey Pine Woodland The Jeffrey pine woodland community is represented only to a very limited extent within the study area. It often occurs on sites of highly serpentinized parent materials. Widely spaced conifers, Pinus jeffreyi and Calocedrus decurrens, are interspersed with Rhamnus californica var. occidentalis. The ground cover ranges from near 100% on moist sites to less than 50% on drier sites. Aspidotis densa, Calochortus tolmiei, Ceanothus pumilus, Festuca californica, Melica geyeri, Trisetum cernuum, Viola cuneata, V. lobata, and Whipplea modesta provide gound cover. Montane Chaparral Montane chaparral is a low community with nearly 100% cover of shrubs such as Arctostaphylos spp., Juniperus communis var. jackii, Lithocarpus densiflora var. echinoides, Quercus vaccinifolia, Rhamnus californica var. occidentalis, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Umbellularia californica, Vaccinium ovatum, and V. parvifolium. 15

Occasionally minor cover may be contributed by Pinus monticola, P. lambertiana, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Disturbed Chaparral The disturbed chaparral community occurs on sites which have been altered by fire or man's activities, such as under the powerlines in the southern half of the study area. The dominants are the same as in the montane chaparral, with Amelanchier alnifolia and Mahonia pumila also present. This community, however, is considerably more open than montane chaparral. Mixed Pine Woodland The mixed pine woodland community is the most prevalent type on ultrabasic parent materials. The canopy is composed of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, P. monticola, and P. jeffreyi, and ranges from nearly closed to very open, depending on the site quality. Some phases are dominated by Pinus contorta or P. attenuata. The understory forms several layers and is composed of seedlings and various shrubs including Arctostaphylos spp., Holodiscus boursieri, Lithocarpus densiflora var. echinoides, Quercus vaccinifolia, Rhamnus californica var. occidentalis, Umbellularia californica, Vaccinium ovatum, and V. parvifolium. Except for very rocky sites, the ground cover is nearly complete. Streamside Douglas-fir Forest Streamside Douglas-fir forests show a different dominant species composition than the other forest 16 communities. Pseudotsuga menziesii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Arbutus menziesii, and Pinus monticola form a nearly closed canopy over Rhododendron occidentale, Salix spp., and Umbellularia californica. Bogs and Seeps Damp sites on serpentine soil with standing or running water support a bogs and seeps community which contains several characteristic plants. Among these are Calama- grostis nutkaensis, Darlingtonia californica, Ledum glandulosum, Lilium vollmeri, Rhododendron occidentale, and Rudbeckia californica. Mixed Evergreen Forest The mixed evergreen forest community on metavolcanic and metasedimentary soils forms a dense, nearly closed stand. The multi-level canopy is composed of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertiana, P. monticola, Lithocarpus densiflora var. densiflora, Quercus chrysolepis, Cornus nuttallii, and Arbutus menziesii. The understory is composed most often of Arctostaphylos spp., Gaultheria shallon, and Whipplea modesta. Disturbed Shrubland Disturbed shrubland occurs on sites altered by logging. Dominant species form a low, shrubby cover and include Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos spp., Ceanothus velutinus, Gaultheria shallon, Lithocarpus densiflora var. densiflora, Lotus crassifolius, Pteridium aquilinum, Toxicodendron diversilobum, and Vaccinium ovatum. 17

Streamside Maple Forest The streamside maple forest is typically a dense, closed community containing both evergreen and deciduous trees including Pseudotsuga menziesii, Acer macrophyllum, A. circinatum, Alnus oregana, and Taxus brevifolia. The understory typically includes Equisetum spp., Gaultheria shallon, and Senecio triangularis.

THE FLORISTIC STUDY The scope of this floristic study includes all native vascular plants of the study area and those weedy introduced and escaped cultivated plants which persist in the wild. Plant collections were made throughout the study area during the field season of 1975, from February to September. Additional collections were made during the field seasons of 1976 and 1977. A small number of plants were found only during herbarium searches at Humboldt State University, primarily in the collections of H. E. Parks and Joseph Tracy. A complete set of voucher specimens is deposited at the Humboldt State University Herbarium (HSC). The flora was found to consist of 405 taxa at the specific, subspecific, and varietal levels. These are included within 236 genera and 67 families. Of these, 63 taxa, or 15.5% of the flora represents non-native introduced plants. This is a relatively small number considering the history of human use of the area. 18

Plant identifications were made based on several sources. Floras used include the Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest by C. L. Hitchcock, et al. (1955-1969), Flora of the Pacific Northwest: An Illustrated Manual by C. L. Hitchcock and A. Cronquist (1973), A California Flora by P. A. Munz (1959), Supplement to a California Flora by P. A. Munz (1968), and the Manual of the Grasses of the United States by A. S. Hitchcock (1950). Recent monographs on individual genera were used when available. Several genera and families were examined by experts working on them, they are mentioned in the text. Examination of specimens at various herbaria also aided identifications. These herbaria include the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), Humboldt State University (HSC), Oregon State University (OSC), Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens (RSA), and the University of California at Berkeley (UC). Due to its location in northwestern California, the study area lies at the outer limit of the range of A California Flora, both geographically and botanically. Because of this, specimens collected in the study area often strain the descriptions in the flora and present numerous taxonomic problems. For this reason, Hitchcock's Flora of the Pacific Northwest was used as the primary reference. There is a greater than 60% overlap in the species present in the study area and the Pacific Northwest. Hitchcock also presents detailed discussions of problem taxa and provides a more up-to-date treatment. Therefore, 19 when taxa found in the study area are treated by Hitch- cock, his treatment has been used, except when monographic treatments were drawn upon or when annotations by experts were obtained. These deviations are noted in my flora. For those species not treated by Hitchcock, A California Flora was used as the authority. In spite of the various methods for the determination of specimens mentioned above, there still exist taxa which present difficult taxonomic problems. Most commonly, the range of variation allowed within one species had to be quite broad in order to place an existing name on all specimens. In northern California, particularly on serpentine soils, plants often vary in size and pubescence characters. Allowances had to be made for plants which were smaller in stature, and flower and foliage size than plants described from farther south in California. Hybrid- ization among closely related species also created problems with overlapping characters in such genera as Polypodium, Polystichum, Dentaria, Arctostaphylos, Quercus, and Iris. The three families which created the greatest problems in identification were the Gramineae, the Liliaceae (Allium, Calochortus, and Lilium in particular), and the Rosaceae (especially Amelanchier, Holodiscus, and Rosa). These problems will be discussed individually as they arise. Two plants were collected which have not had complete names placed on them. Pinus contorts here represents an undescribed closed-cone variety found in several locations 20 in the Siskiyou Mountains (Griffin and Critchfield 1972). It is not felt that a thesis is the proper place for the description of a new taxon, therefore it is not pursued here. Also, a small annual member of the Polemoniaceae was collected (Barker #1035). A satisfactory generic name has not yet been given to the specimen. It awaits examination by an expert on the family. Studies of the distributions of plants from the study area, based on Munz (1959), provide interesting information. An analysis of the native members of the flora shows that 12% of the taxa have a cosmopolitan distribution extending beyond the western United States, 1% are circumboreal, and 13% are endemic to the Klamath Region. Table I lists the endemic plants. Some 46% extend farther north to Washington or Alaska and 27% reach their northern extent in the Klamath Region. The affinities of the flora with other areas may be analyzed by determining what percent of the native members can be found in other regions. The results show that the Gasquet flora has its greatest affinities to the north where a 64% overlap of species occurs with the Pacific Northwest flora as defined by Hitchcock (1955-1969). High levels of affinity are also found with the mountains and Great Basin to the east. A 50% overlap occurs with the Cascade Range from the Canadian border to Mt. Lassen (Cooke 1962). Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains show a 45% overlap 21

Table I - Plants endemic to the Klamath Region found in the study area

Antennaria suffrutescens Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. hispidula Arenaria howellii Arnica cernua Arnica spathulata ssp. spathulata Aster brickellioides Castilleja brevilobata Castilleja elata Collinsia linearis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Dentaria gemmata Epilobium rigidum Erigeron bloomeri var. nudatus Eriogonum ternatum var. ternatum Erythronium citrinum Galium ambiguum ssp. siskiyouense Haplopappus racemosus ssp. congestus Holodiscus discolor var. delnortensis Horkelia sericata Iris bracteata Iris innominata Juniperus communis var. jackii Lathyrus delnorticus Lewisia oppositifolia Lilium bolanderi Lilium kelloggii Lilium vollmeri Lomatium howellii Monardella purpurea Pinus contorta (Siskiyou Mountain variety) Poa piperi Ranunculus occidentalis var. howellii Rhamnus californica ssp. occidentalis Rudbeckia californica var. glauca Salix delnortensis Sanicula peckiana Sedum laxum ssp. latifolium Senecio ligulifolius Sidalcea malvaeflora ssp. elegans Silene hookeri ssp. pulverulenta Stachys rigida ssp. lanata Tauschia glauca Trillium rivale Vancouveria chrysantha Veratrum insolitum Viola lanceolata ssp. occidentalis 22

with the study area (Rockwell and Stocking 1969), and the Intermountain Region contains 40% of the species found in the study area (Holmgren and Reveal 1966). The southern California flora shows only a 34% overlap (Munz 1974). Surprisingly, three areas in the mountains of northern California show lower levels of affinity than most of the above areas. The Mt. Lassic region in southern Humboldt County has a 37% overlap (Nelson 1978), the Trinity Alps 34% (Ferlatte 1974), and the Marble Mountains 31% (Oettinger 1975). The lower levels of affinity with these areas in northern California are undoubtedly due to differences in elevation and parent materials, and also to their physically smaller areas in comparison with the Cascade Range or the Intermountain area. Range extensions have been evaluated based on A California Flora. Numerous elevational range extensions were encountered in the study area where plants were found growing from 500 feet to 4,000 feet lower than previously reported. Two upward extensions were made from 500 feet to 2,000 feet. Several extensions were also made to extend distributions from Humboldt, Siskiyou, and Trinity counties into Del Norte County. The more important range extensions are mentioned in the flora. Several of the more interesting extensions include Pinus jeffreyi from 6,000 feet down to 400 feet; Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, P. monticola, and P. ponderosa from 2,500 feet or 2,000 feet 23 down to 400 feet; Aster ledophyllus from 5,000 feet down to 1,000 feet; Holodiscus boursieri from 4,000 feet in Trinity County down to 400 feet; and Quercus chrysolepis var. nana from Trinity to Del Norte County. One new record. for California was found, Silene hookeri ssp. pulverulenta was previously reported only from Jackson and Josephine counties, southern Oregon. A number of plants in the study area were found to be rare or rare and endangered according to the California Native Plant Society (Powell 1974). These plants are listed in Table II. The concepts of families and genera follow Smith and Sawyer (1978). Within each of the 5 divisions, the families, genera, and species are listed alphabetically. Common names are listed when they are in general usage. Plant descriptions include a note on the relative abundance of the species, parent material type and plant community or communities in which the plant is most often found, a note if it is an introduced species, and inclusive blooming dates. Table III lists abbreviations used in the text. 24

Table II - Rare and endangered plants found in the study area

Very rare and rare and endangered plants

Antennaria suffrutescens Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. hispidula Arenaria howellii Castilleja brevilobata Lilium vollmeri Lomatium howellii Sanicula peckiana Tauschia glauca Rare and not endangered plants

Arnica cernua Arnica spathulata Collinsia linearis Dentaria gemmata Epilobium rigidum Eriogonum ternatum var. ternatum Erythronium citrinum Gentiana affinis Horkelia sericata Iris bracteata Iris innominata Lathyrus delnorticus Lewisia oppositifolia Lilium bolanderi Monardella purpurea Poa piperi Salix delnortensis Senecio ligulifolius Trillium rivale Veratrum insolitum 25

Table III - Abbreviations

°C degrees Celsius cf. compare with cm centimeter cmpd. compound dm decimeter oF degrees Fahrenheit fl., fls. flower(s) fr. fruit ft feet infl. inflorescence invol. involucre, involucral lf. leaf lflt. leaflet lvs. leaves m meter mm millimeter pers. comm. personal communication x-sec. cross section more or less KEYS AND DESCRIPTIONS KEY TO DIVISIONS

Plant without seeds or fls., reproducing by one-celled spores borne in sporangia. Plant with lvs. pinnately divided or cmpd., arising from a subterranean rhizome Polypodiophyta Plant with lvs. entire or lacking. Lvs. small, scale-like, less than 4 mm long, clothing the stems; stems solid, trailing. . . Lycopodiophyta Lvs. lacking; dense whorls of branches often present along stems; stems jointed, hollow, erect Equisetophyta Plant with seeds produced by fls., cones, or singly within a fleshy aril. Plant with seeds produced in a woody, scaled cone, a fleshy berry-like cone or within a fleshy aril; lvs. linear, needle-like, or scales appressed to the branches. Pinophyta Plant with seeds produced within the ovary of a fl., (if borne in a small, woody cone, then lvs. broad); lvs. various Magnoliophyta

DIVISION EQUISETOPHYTA EQUISETACEAE Equisetum L. (Specimens examined by M. Mesler 1977) Aerial stems dimorphic, sterile stems with regular whorls of branches, fertile stems whitish, unbranched, soon withering E. telmateia Aerial stems not dimorphic, perennial and evergreen, simple, without regularly whorled branches E hyemale E. hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eat. Scouring- rush. Occasional on moist, shady creeksides, metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. 27

E. telmateia Ehrh, var, braunii Milde, Horsetail, Common on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside Douglas-fir forest.

DIVISION LYCOPODIOPHYTA SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella Beauv. (Specimens examined by D. H. Norris 1977) Lvs. strongly adnate-decurrent; stems elongate and loosely branched S oregana Lvs, sessile, not decurrent; stems shorter, mostly less than 20 cm long S wallacei S. oregana D, C, Eat, Little club-moss. Rare, rocky places at Eighteenmile Creek, ultrabasic outcrops. Mixed pine woodland. Based on collection #12057 (HSC) of J. P. Tracy. S. wallacei Hieron. Little club-moss. Rare, on rocky outcrops, ultrabasic and metavolcanic parent materials. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest.

DIVISION POLYPODIOPHYTA POLYPODIACEAE (Specimens examined by M. Mesler 1977) Sori maringal, Foliage pubescent; stipes straw-colored. . . . Pteridium Foliage glabrous; stipes dark brown to black. Ultimate segments of blade 5 mm wide or larger. . . Adiantum Ultimate segments of blade 1-2 mm wide. , Aspidotis 28

Sori not marginal, borne along veins on surface of blade. Fronds 2- to 4-times pinnate Athyrium Fronds once pinnate. Sori elongate Woodwardia, Sori round, Blade segments broadly sessile; indusium absent. . Polypodium Blade segments with short petiolule; indusium. . . present Polystichum Adiantum L. A. pedatum L. [In Munz = A. pedatum L. var. aleuticum Rupr.] Maidenhair fern. Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. Aspidotis (Nutt.) Copel. A. densa (Brackenr.) Lellinger. [In Munz = Onychium densum Brack. in Wilkes.] Cliff-brake. Common on ultrabasic rock outcrops and soil, Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. Athyrium Roth A. filix-femina (L.) Roth. [In Munz = A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. californicum Butters.] Lady fern. Rare on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. Range extension from Siskiyou County and from 4,000 ft down to 2,000 ft. Polypodium L. Lf.-blade segments oblong, acute or obtuse; veins areolate. P, californicum Lf.-blade segments deltoid-linear, attenuate-acute; veins free; rhizome with licorice taste P glycyrrhiza 29

P. californicum Kaulf, California polypody, Uncommon on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest, Based on collection #183 (HSC) of J. D. Ackerman. Range extension from Humboldt County, P. glycyrrhiza D. C. Eat. Licorice fern. Occasional on tree trunks on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. The above two species of Polypodium are very difficult to distinguish, their characters tending to overlap in specimens from the study area. Polystichum Roth (Specimens examined by D. H. Wagner 1977) Stipe and rachis persistently chaffy, scales ovate-lanceolate, greater than 1 mm wide; pinnae-tips acuminate, base of pinnae cuneate P. munitum Stipe and rachis often naked, scales, if present, linear to linear-lanceolate, less than 1 mm wide; pinnae-tips cuspi- date or apiculate, base of pinnae oblique. . . P. imbricans P. imbricans (D. C. Eat.) D. H. Wagner. [In Munz = P. munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. var imbricans (D. C. Eat.) Maxon.] Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. P. munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. ssp. munitum. Sword fern. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland, streamside maple forest. 30

D. H. Wagner (1976) has recognized the above two species which occur in the study area. It appears that hybridization and introgression are occurring, causing the two species to be difficult to distinguish. Many inter- mediates have been found. Pteridium Gled. P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pubescens Underw. Bracken fern. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland, streamside maple forest. Woodwardia Sm. W. fimbriata Sm. in Rees. Chain fern. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest.

DIVISION PINOPHYTA KEY TO FAMILIES Lvs. scale-like, appressed to the branches. . Cupressaceae Lvs. needle or awl-shaped. Lvs. attached in bundles of 2-5. . . . Pinaceae (Pinus) Lvs. attached singly. Plant prostrate, a shrub. . Cupressaceae (Juniperus) Plant erect, a tree. Lvs. blunt; seeds borne singly, subtended by a fleshy red aril Taxaceae Lvs. pointed; seeds borne in a dry, woody cone. . Pinaceae (Pseudotsuga) 31

CUPRESSACEAE Plant a low, prostrate shrub; ovulate cones berry-like. . Juniperus Plant arborescent; ovulate cones woody, Lvs. strongly decurrent, tips of 4 lvs. freed at same level; ovulate cones of 6 imbricate scales. . Calocedrus Lvs. not decurrent, 2 pairs of opposite lvs. freed at different levels; ovulate cone of peltate scales. . . . Chamaecyparis Calocedrus Kurz. C. decurrens (Torr.) Florin. Incense-cedar. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest. Range extension from 2,400 ft down to 600 ft. Chamaecyparis Spach. C. lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. Port Orford-cedar. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. Juniperus L. J. communis L. var. jackii Rehder. Dwarf juniper. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. PINACEAE Lvs. borne in bundles of 2-5; ovulate cones without exserted bracts Pinus Lvs. borne singly; ovulate cones with exserted bracts . . . Pseudotsuga Pinus L. Lvs. 5 per bundle. 32

Ovulate cones 25 cm long or less; lvs. without conspicuous white lines on back; mature bark gray P. monticola Ovulate cones longer than 25 cm; lvs. with conspicuous white lines on back; mature bark with red tinge P. lambertiana Lvs. 2 or 3 per bundle. Lvs. 2 per bundle P contorta Lvs. 3 per bundle. Ovulate cones asymmetrical, often borne on main trunk and persistent P attenuata Ovulate cones symmetrical, borne near ends of branches and deciduous. New shoots glaucous and white-pubescent, buds not pitchy; ovulate cones 15-35 cm long, scales with prickle turned inward P jeffreyi New shoots glabrous, resin-coated, and shiny, buds pitchy; ovulate cones 7-15 cm long, scales with prickle turned outward P. ponderosa P. attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone pine. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. Presumably planted trees on metavolcanic soil in a cutover area just north of Patrick Creek junction may be P. attenuata or a P. attenuata X radiata hybrid. P. contorta Dougl. Lodgepole pine. Local populations on ultrabasic soil in southern half of study area. Mixed pine woodland. Griffin and Critchfield (1972) have described the population in the study area as an unnamed closed-cone race, differing from both the coastal and Sierran subspecies which bear open cones. (Specimens examined by W. Critchfield 1977.) 33

P. jeffreyi Grey. & Balf. in A. Murr. Jeffrey pine. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland. Range extension from 6,000 ft down to 400 ft. P. lambertiana Dougl. Sugar pine, Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. Range extension from 2,500 ft down to 400 ft. P. monticola Dougl. Western white pine. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest. Range extension from 2,000 ft down to 1,000 ft. P. ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Lawson. Ponderosa pine. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland. Range extension from 2,000 ft down to 600 ft. Pseudotsuga Carr. P. menziesii (Mirb.). Franco var. menziesii. Douglas-fir. Abundant on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest.

TAXACEAE Taxus L. T. brevifolia Nutt. Yew. Occasional on moist, metavolcanic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest. 34

DIVISION MAGNOLIOPHYTA KEY TO FAMILIES A. Plant woody. Plant parasitic on trees Viscaceae Plant not parasitic. Lvs. in terminal tufts on branchlets; calyx sulfur yellow Polygonaceae (Eriogonum) Lvs. basal or distributed along branches. B. Lvs. opposite or whorled. Lvs. cmpd Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus) Lvs. simple. Lvs. palmately lobed Aceraceae Lvs. not palmately lobed. Lvs. whorled. Lf. tips acute to acuminate; lvs. linear to lanceolate. . . . Rubiaceae Lf. tips emarginate, lf. obcordate. . Compositae (Antennaria) Lvs. 2 at a node. Fls. borne in catkin-like racemes; species dioecious Garryaceae Fls. not borne in catkins, fls. perfect. Style divided to near base; low, trailing plant. . . . Hydrangeaceae Style united or divided only above. Petals united, floral tube present. Corolla regular Polemoniaceae Corolla irregular, bilabiate. 35

Fr. fleshy, a berry; plant climbing Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera) Fr. dry; plant not climbing. Fr. a capsule . . . Scrophulariaceae Fr. 4 nutlets . Labiatae (Monardella) Petals separate, floral tube absent. Stamens opposite petals. . . Rhamnaceae Stamens alternate with petals. Lvs. leathery, lateral veins pinnate; fr. a capsule. . . Celastraceae Lvs. not leathery, lateral veins arcuate; fr. a drupe Cornaceae BB. Lys. alternate. C. Lvs. cmpd. Lvs. 3-foliolate or palmately cmpd. Fls. regular; lflt. margins lobed to serrate. Lflt. margins crenately lobed; stamens 5 Anacardiaceae Lflt. margins serrate; stamens numerous Rosaceae (Rubus) Fls. irregular; lflt. margins entire. . . Leguminosae Lvs. with 5 or more lflts., pinnately or ternately cmpd. Lvs. ternately cmpd. with sheathing petioles; infl. a panicle of simple 36

umbels Araliaceae Lvs, pinnately cmpd.; fls. solitary or racemose. Lvs. leathery with spinose margins; stems without prickles; fls. yellow, racemose Berberidaceae Lvs. not leathery, without spinose margins; stems with prickles; fls. white or pink Rosaceae CC. Lvs. simple. Lvs. palmately lobed. Ovary inferior Grossulariaceae Ovary superior. . Rosaceae (Physocarpus) Lvs. otherwise, D. Staminate fls, borne in catkins, or when species dioecious, both staminate and pistillate fls. borne in catkins. Species dioecious; pistillate and staminate fls. both borne in catkins; fr. a capsule Salicaceae Species monoecious; fr. a nut or nut- let. Fr. borne in invol. of scales or spines forming a cup or bur. . Fagaceae Fr. borne in a small woody cone . . Betulaceae DD. Fls. not borne in catkins. Fls. borne in heads subtended by invol. Compositae Fls, not borne in heads. Fls. borne in scorpioid cymes. . . Hydrophyllaceae Fls. borne otherwise. 37

• Fls. irregular. Sepals united below, all foliaceous. . . . Leguminosae Sepals separate, 3 foliaceous, 2 petaloid Polygalaceae Fls. regular. Petals united, at least below, corolla urceolate or funnelform Ericaceae Petals separate or absent. Petals absent; sepals 6 in 2 series; lvs. highly aromatic Lauraceae Petals present; fls. 4- or 5-merous; lvs. not highly aromatic. Stamens 10 or fewer; fls. all perfect; no hypanthium present. Stamens 10 . Ericaceae (Ledum) Stamens 4-5, opposite petals. . . . Rhamnaceae Stamens numerous, (fls. may be imperfect, lacking stamens); hypanthium present Rosaceae AA. Plant herbaceous. E. Fls. generally 4- or 5-merous; lvs. mostly pinnately to palmately veined, not often ensheathing stem, (rarely absent). Plant without chlorophyll. Corolla regular, petals separate; plant white to yellow-brown Monotropaceae 38

Corolla irregular, petals united, bilabiate; plant purple or yellow Orobanchaceae Plant with chlorophyll present. Lvs. tubular, modified for catching insects. . . . Sarraceniaceae Lvs. not tubular, not modified for catching insects. F. Perianth completely absent or present as only one whorl which may be petaloid. Perianth completely absent; infl. a scapose spike Podophyllaceae (Achlys) Perianth present as a single whorl. Lvs. cmpd. or deeply divided. Fls. perigynous; pistils 1-2(3), separate Rosaceae Fls. hypogynous; pistils 3 or more, separate. . . Ranunculaceae (Anemone) Lvs. simple. Ovary inferior or partly inferior. Fls. regular, conspicuous, 2 cm long or longer. . Aristolochiaceae Fls. irregular, spurred, less than 1 cm long Valerianaceae Ovary superior. Lvs. opposite; fr. a capsule...... Caryophyllaceae (Scleranthus) Lvs. alternate or basal; fr. an achene Polygonaceae FF. Perianth present as 2 whorls, sepals and petals present. G. Petals separate. H. Stamens more than twice as many as petals. 39

Sepals 2, or appearing as one.

Lys. entire; sepals persistent. . Portulacaceae Lvs. highly divided; sepals deciduous, joined into a cap Papaveraceae Sepals more than 2, Stamens united into a tube around pistil , , . Malvaceae Stamens not so united. Lvs. opposite, . Hypericaceae Lvs. alternate or basal. Fr. an aggregate of drupelets, or achenes; if achenes, then bractlets present alternating with sepals; fls. perigynous. Rosaceae Fr. 5 follicles or numerous achenes; bractlets absent; fls. hypogynous...... Ranunculaceae HH. Stamens not more than twice as many as petals. Pistils more than one, separate or in- completely fused. Plant succulent. . . . Crassulaceae Plant not succulent. Bractlets present between sepals Rosaceae Bractlets absent. .Saxifragaceae Pistils completely united below or throughout, I. Styles 2-5, separate to near base. Ovary superior. 40

Sepals 2. . . . Portulacaceae Sepals 5. . . Caryophyllaceae Ovary inferior. Lvs. entire. . Hydrangeaceae Lvs. cmpd. Fr. a berry; infl. a panicle of simple umbels. Araliaceae Fr. dry, a schizocarp; infl. a cmpd. umbel. . . Umbelliferae II. Style one, may be divided at apex. Ovary inferior; fls. 4-merous. . Onagraceae Ovary superior; fls. 4-, 5-, or 6-merous. Lvs. biternately cmpd.; petals 6 in 2 whorls Podophyllaceae (Vancouveria) Lvs. not biternately cmpd.; petals 4 or 5. Fls. regular. Sepals and petals 4. . Cruciferae Sepals and petals 5. Lvs. divided...... Geraniaceae Lvs. entire to denticulate. Plants low, not exceeding 30 cm. . . . Pyrolaceae Plants taller than 30 cm. . . 41

Ericaceae (Ledum) Fls. irregular. Fls. papilionaceous; lvs. cmpd.; ovary uni- carpellate Leguminosae Fls. not papilionaceous; lvs. simple (may be divided); ovary tricar- pellate. . . Violaceae GG. Petals united, at least partially below. J. Ovary superior. K. Stamens more than 5. Plants succulent. . . Crassulaceae Plants not succulent. Corolla irregular. Lvs. simple. . . Polygalaceae Lvs. cmpd. . . . Leguminosae Corolla regular. Corolla urceolate Ericaceae Corolla not urceolate; petals united only below. Stamens many, united into tube surrounding style. . Malvaceae Stamens 5-8, not so united. . . . Primulaceae KK. Stamens 5 or fewer. L. Corolla regular. Pistils 2, ovaries distinct, styles united. . . . Apocynaceae Pistil 1, ovaries united. 42

Plant twining or loosely trailing. . . Convolvulaceae Plant not twining or loosely trailing. Lvs. basal with parallel veins; corolla 4-parted, dry scarious Plantaginaceae Lvs. not both basal and with parallel veins; corolla 5-parted. Lvs. in a single whorl at summit of stem. . . Primulaceae Lvs. basal or cauline and well distributed. Ovary 4-lobed; fr. 4 nutlets . . . . Boraginaceae Ovary not 4-lobed; fr. a capsule. Style 3-parted; ovary 3-loculed. . . Polemoniaceae Style united or 2-parted; ovary 1- or 2-loculed. Sepals united; ovary 1-loculed; lvs. opposite. . . . Gentianaceae Sepals united at bases only; ovary 2-loculed; lvs. basal or alternate Hydrophyllaceae LL. Corolla irregular. 43

Fr. a capsule with many seeds. . Scrophulariaceae Fr. bearing only 4 nutlets. Ovary 4-lobed; style arising between the lobes. . Labiatae Ovary not lobed; style apical Verbenaceae JJ. Ovary inferior. Corolla urceolate; stamens more than 5 Ericaceae Corolla not urceolate; stamens 5 or fewer. Fls. borne in a dense head subtended by involucral bracts.. . . Compositae Fls. borne otherwise. Lvs. alternate. . Campanulaceae Lvs. opposite or whorled. Fls. irregular. Plant erect; stamens 3; fr. an achene Valerianaceae Plant climbing; stamens 5; fr. a berry Caprifoliaceae (Lonicera) Fls. regular. • Corolla campanulate, showy; fls. 2 on a peduncle Caprifoliaceae (Linnaea) Corolla rotate, inconspicuous; fls. in cymes or axillary. . . . Rubiaceae EE. Fls. generally 3- or 6-merous; lvs. mostly parallel veined, often ensheathing the stem. 44

Perianth absent; each fl. borne in the axil of 1 or 2 chaffy scales or bracts which often conceal fls.; fr. an achene or caryopsis, 1-seeded. Fls. each subtended by 2 bracts; anthers versatile; lf. sheaths usually open Gramineae Fls. each subtended by a single bract; anthers basifixed; lf. sheaths usually closed Cyperaceae Perianth present; chaffy scales, if present, not concealing fls.; fr. a capsule or berry, 1 to many seeded. Perianth inconspicuous, green to brown or purple; plant grass-like Juncaceae Perianth conspicuous and showy; plant not grasslike. Ovary superior, may be adnate to floral tube. . Liliaceae Ovary inferior. Fls. regular; lvs. equitant. . . . Iridaceae Fls. irregular; lvs. not equitant Orchidaceae

ACERACEAE Acer L. Plant a shrub or small tree; lvs. 5- to 11-lobed, 4-10 cm broad; samaras glabrous; infl. a loose corymb A. circinatum Plant a large tree; lvs. 3- to 5-lobed, 10-30 cm broad; samaras pubescent; infl. a dense raceme. . A. macrophyllum A. circinatum Pursh. Vine maple. Common on metavolcanic soil along streamsides. Streamside maple forest. April-May. A. macrophyllum Pursh. Big-leaf maple. Common in drainages on metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest, mixed evergreen forest. April-May. 45

ANACARDIACEAE Toxicodendron Mill. T. diversilobum (T. & G.) Greene. [In Munz = Rhus di- versiloba T. & G.] Poison-oak. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chap- paral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-June.

APOCYNACEAE Apocynum L. A. androsaemifolium L. var. pumilum Gray. [In Munz = A. pumilum (Gray) Greene var. pumilum and A. pumilum var. rhomboideum (Greene) Beg. & Bel.] Dogbane. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. June-July. Range extension from 2,500 ft down to 400 ft.

ARALIACEAE Aralia L. A. californica Wats. Common along streamsides and seeps, metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest, mixed evergreen forest. June-August.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Asarum L. Lvs. solid green above, pubescent A caudatum Lvs. white-mottled above, glabrous above and below A hartwegii 46

A. caudatum Lindl. Wild-ginger. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-July. A. hartwegii Wats. Wild-ginger. Occasional on rocky outcrops of metavolcanic material. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

BERBERIDACEAE Mahonia Nutt. (Treatment according to Ahrendt 1960) Lvs. 15-45 cm long; lflts. 9-12 M. nervosa Lvs. 6-15 cm long; lflts. 3-9 M pumila M. nervosa Nutt. [In Munz = Berberis nervosa Pursh.] Oregon-grape. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-June. M. pumila (Greene) Fedde. [In Munz = Berberis pumila Greene.] Barberry. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. April-June.

BETULACEAE Alnus Hill Lf. margin strongly revolute, coarsely doubly-serrate, apex acute A. rubra Lf. margin not strongly revolute, simply denticulate, apex rounded to obtuse A. rhombifolia A. rhombifolia Nutt. White alder. Uncommon, along streams on metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. February-April. 47

A, rubra Bong. [In Munz = A, oregona Nutt,] Red alder, Common on moist ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil, Stream- side Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. March-April, Range extension from 500 ft up to 2,000 ft,

BORAGINACEAE Plant annual; corolla white, inconspicuous, to 1 mm broad. Cryptantha Plant perennial; corolla golden-yellow, to 8 mm broad. . Lithospermum Cryptantha Lehm. C. torreyana (Gray) Greene var. torreyana. Rare on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June- July. Lithospermum L. L. californicum Gray. Puccoon. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. May-July.

CAMPANULACEAE Campanula L. Lvs. sessile; corolla lobes narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 3 times as long as tube C. prenanthoides Lvs. with margined petiole; corolla lobes oblong-ovate, length not exceeding tube length C, scouleri C. prenanthoides Durand, California harebell. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, bogs and seeps. June-August. 48

C, scouleri Hook, Bellflower. Common on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland, June- August.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Plant a large shrub; lvs. cmpd Sambucus Plant a trailing herb or vine; lvs, simple, Lvs. 1-2.5 cm long; plant trailing on ground; fls. funnelform, regular Linnaea Lvs, 2.5-8 cm long; plant climbing or trailing; fls. strongly bilabiate Lonicera Linnaea L. L, borealis L. ssp, longiflora (Torr.) Hult. Twin flower. Abundant on several moist creekside sites, northern half of Toll Road on metavolcanic soil, Mixed evergreen forest, sLreamside maple forest. June-August. Lonicera L. L. hispidula Dougl, var. vacillans Gray. Honeysuckle. Occasional on both ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. Sambucus L. S. caerulea Raf. Elderberry. Rare, one plant seen on upper Shelly Creek near Stateline, ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest. June-July.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Petals absent; fr. one-seeded Scleranthus Petals present; fr. a several to many seeded capsule. 49

Sepals united, Plant densely white-woolly pubescent Lychnis Plant glandular pubescent, not woolly Silene Sepals separate to base. Petals pink Spergularia Petals white. Plant an inconspicuous annual to 12 cm tall. . . . Sagina Plant taller, or if same size, perennial, Styles 3; capsule ovoid Arenaria Styles 5; capsule cylindrical, often bent at tip Cerastium Arenaria L. Plant a loosely branched annual A howellii Plant a prostrate, matted perennial A. nuttallii A. howellii Wats, Sandwort. Rare on rocky, serpentine soil at head of Shelly Creek. Jeffrey pine woodland, May- June, A, nuttallii Pax ssp. gregaria (Heller) Maguire. Sand- wort, Rare on rocky, serpentine soil at head of Shelly Creek, Jeffrey pine woodland. Based on collection #11381 (HSC) of H. E. Parks and J. P. Tracy. June-July. Range extension from 3,500 ft down to 3,000 ft. Cerastium L. Lvs, lanceolate to linear; plant perennial, . . C. arvense Lvs. elliptic to obovate; plant annual C. viscosum C. arvense L. Chickweed, Occasional in moist, disturbed sites, ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. • 50

May-June. C. viscosum L. Mouse-ear chickweed, Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil, Mixed pine woodland, Introduced. April-June. Lychnis L. L, coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein-pink, Local garden escape in disturbed area 5 miles north of Patrick Creek on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. June-August. Sagina L. S. occidentalis Wats. Pearlwort. Uncommon on ultrabasic soil at Patrick Creek junction ponds. Mixed pine woodland. April-June. Scleranthus L. S. annuus L. Uncommon on disturbed metavolcanic soil at Baker Flat. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May- July, Silene L. Plant annual; petals ± entire S gallica Plant perennial; petals lobed to cleft. Fls. white S. campanulata Fls, red, fading to pink S. hookeri S. campanulata Wats. ssp. glandulosa Hitchc. & Maguire. Campion, Common on ultrabasic soil, Mixed pine woodland. May-August. S, gallica L. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. 51

April-June. S. hookeri Nutt, ex T. & G. sap. pulverulenta (Peck) Hitchc, & Maguire. Occasional on ultrabasic soil, Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, May-June, This subspecies has previously been recorded only from Josephine and Jackson counties in southern Oregon (Hitchcock and Maguire 1947). Collections in the study area, therefore, represent a range extension into California. Here the flower color is deep red; over the border into Oregon, as one approaches O'Brien, the color changes to a pale pink, The plant is most often found growing on disturbed sites. Spergularia J. & C. Presl. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Sand-spurrey. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May-August.

CELASTRACEAE Paxistima Raf. P. myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. [In Hitchcock = Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.] Mountain lover. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

COMPOSITAE Plant thistle-like, phyllaries and lvs. spine-tipped; corolla purple Cirsium 52

Plant not thistle-like, phyllaries and lvs, not spine- tipped; corolla blue, purple, yellow or white, Phyllaries completely enclosing outer achenes... Madia Phyllaries not at all enclosing achenes. A. Heads bearing all ligulate fls.; corolla-tips all 5-toothed; sap usually milky. Pappus of plumose bristles. Achenes beakless. Microseris Achenes beaked. Lvs. cauline, linear, clasping, with parallel veins Tragopogon Lvs. basal, pinnatifid Hypochoeris Pappus of capillary bristles, may be minutely barbed. Heads scapose, one head per scape; lvs, basal. Lvs. hirsute-pubescent; all phyllaries erect Agoseris Lvs. glabrous to sparsely pubescent; outer phyllaries reflexed Taraxacum Heads not scapose, or more than one head per stem; some lvs. cauline. Lvs. well distributed, mostly cauline. Stems green, ridged; achenes not beaked; heads campanulate, to 15 mm broad. . . . Sonchus Stems tawny-white, smooth; achenes beaked; heads cylindrical, to 5 mm broad. Lactuca Most lvs. basal, cauline lvs. reduced in size Hieracium AA, Heads bearing tubular, or tubular and ligulate fls,; tips of ligulate fls, with up to 3 teeth; sap usually watery. 53

B. Heads bearing both tubular and ligulate fls, C. Fls. white, blue, purple, or violet, Lvs, highly divided, pinnately cmpd, Heads borne singly on peduncles forming a loose raceme, 0.5 to 1.5 cm broad. . . Anthemis Heads borne in a congested corymb, less than 0.5 cm broad Achillea Lvs. simple, not divided. Lvs. linear to narrowly oblong Erigeron Lvs. expanded, spathulate to oblanceolate, lanceolate or palmately lobed. Lvs. palmately lobed Petasites Lvs. not palmately lobed. Heads. borne singly. Chrysanthemum Heads numerous on stems. . . Aster CC. Fls. yellow. Lvs. mostly basal, few cauline lvs., if present, highly reduced. . . . Balsamorhiza Cauline lvs. present, well developed. Cauline lvs. opposite Arnica Cauline lvs. alternate. Heads large, 1 cm or more broad at tip of phyllaries, few heads per stem. Lvs. pubescent Eriophyllum Lvs. glabrous. Receptacle chaffy. . Rudbeckia Receptacle naked. . , . Helenium Heads smaller, less than 1 cm broad, numerous. 54

Phyllaries uniseriate, equal, with a few small bracteoles at base Senecio Phyllaries several-seriate, unequal, bracteoles absent Solidago BB. Heads bearing tubular fls. only. Plant annual. Lvs. finely dissected Matricaria Lvs. entire to deeply divided. Lvs. coarsely pinnatifid Senecio Lvs. evenly and finely dentate, linear- lanceolate Erechtites Plant perennial. Plant shrubby Chrysothamnus Plant herbaceous. Lvs. palmately lobed. Heads few; fls. yellow, blooming when lvs. present Luina Heads numerous, congested; fls. white to pink, blooming before lvs. present. Petasites Lvs. otherwise. Phyllaries completely scarious or hyaline. Plant low, cespitose, basal lvs. tufted Antennaria Plant with well-distributed cauline lvs.; 2 to 10 dm tall. Plant tap-rooted. . . Gnaphalium Plant fibrous-rooted. . Anaphalis Phyllaries at least partly herbaceous, not completely hyaline.

Plant cespitose to 15 cm high; lvs. linear-lanceolate; heads scapose, solitary Erigeron Plant not cespitose, taller. Lower cauline lvs. opposite. . Arnica Cauline lvs. all alternate. Pappus present. Phyllaries uniseriate. Phyllaries tomentose; lvs. elliptic. . Luina Phyllaries essentially glabrous; lvs. linear- lanceolate • Erechtites Phyllaries several-seriate. Lvs. essentially glabrous, similar color above and below. . . . Haplopappus Lvs. white tomentulose beneath, green above. . Aster Pappus absent. Phyllaries and peduncles with black tack-shaped glands; lvs. deltoid- ovate, long petioled. . . Adenocaulon Phyllaries lacking such glands; lvs. oblanceolate to lanceolate Artemisia Achillea L. A. millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper. [In Munz = A. lanulosa Nutt.] Yarrow. Occasional on ultrabasic and 56 metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. May-August. Range extension from 2,500 ft down to 500 ft. Adenocaulon Hook. A. bicolor Hook. White-man's-path. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. June-August. Agoseris Raf. A. grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. Mountain dandelion. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June-July. Anaphalis DC. A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke var. margaritacea. Pearly everlasting. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. June-August. Antennaria Gaertn. A. suffrutescens Greene. Pussytoes. Locally common on ultrabasic soil near Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. June- July. Anthemis L. A. cotula L. Chamomile. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Dis- turbed chaparral. Introduced. May-July. Arnica L. Heads radiate, usually one per stem A. cernua Heads without rays, several to many per stem A. spathulata A. cernua Howell. Occasional on ultrabasic soil near Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. May-July. Range extension from 4,500 ft down to 2,500 ft. 57

A. spathulata Greene ssp. spathulata. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Range extension from Siskiyou County. Artemisia L. A. douglasiana Bess. in Hook. Sagebrush. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. July- September. Aster L. Lvs. sharply and conspicuously toothed. . . . A. radulinus Lvs. entire. Upper and lower lf. surfaces similar-colored; rays 4 to 7, white A. oregonensis Upper lf. surface green, lower white-pubescent. Stems mostly simple below infl.; rays 6 to 15, lavendar-purple A. ledophyllus Stems branched well below infl.; rays none, rarely 1 to 5 A. brickellioides A. brickellioides Greene var. brickellioides. Rare on ultrabasic soil at Shelly Creek crossing. Mixed pine woodland. August-October. A. ledophyllus (Gray) Gray. Rare on ultrabasic soil at lower elevations. Mixed pine woodland. July-September. Range extension from 5,000 ft down to 1,000 ft. A. oregonensis (Nutt.) Cronq. ssp. oregonensis. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. July-September. 58

A. radulinus Gray. Rare on metavolcanic soil at Patrick Creek junction burn. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. July-September. Balsamorhiza Nutt. B. deltoidea Nutt. Balsam root. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. Chrysanthemum L. C. leucanthemum L. Ox-eye daisy. Occasional on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Intro- duced. May-August. Chrysothamnus Nutt. C. nauseosus (Pall.) Britton ssp. albicaulis (Nutt.) Hall & Clem. Rabbit-brush. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. August-September. Range extension from 3,000 ft down to 1,000 ft. Cirsium Mill. C. vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull thistle. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Disturbed chaparral, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. June- September. Erechtites Raf. E. minima (Poir.) DC. [In Munz = E. prenanthoides (A. Rich.) DC.] Fireweed. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil at old burn. Disturbed chaparral. Introduced. July-August. 59

Erigeron L. Plant low, cespitose; rays lacking E. bloomeri Plant taller, branching; rays numerous, purple E foliosus E. bloomeri Gray var. nudatus (Gray) Cronq. Wild daisy. Rare on ultrabasic soil at Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. May-July. E. foliosus Nutt. var. hartwegii (Greene) Jeps. Flea- bane. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-August. Eriophyllum Lag. E. lanatum (Pursh) Forbes var. leucophyllum (DC.) W. R. Carter. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Gnaphalium L. G. microcephalum Nutt. var. thermale (E. Nels.) Cronq. Cudweed. Common locally on ultrabasic soil at Shelly Creek crossing. Mixed pine woodland. July-September. Haplopappus Cass. H. racemosus (Nutt.) Torr. ssp. congestus (Greene) Hall. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. July-September. Helenium L. H. bigelovii Gray. Sneezeweed. Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas- fir forest, bogs and seeps. May-August. 60

Hieracium L. Basal lvs. strongly hirsute above; phyllaries essentially glabrous. Rays white H albiflorum Rays yellow H. bolanderi Basal lvs. glabrous above, may be ciliate; phyllaries strongly black-glandular pubescent; rays yellow H. cynoglossoides H. albiflorum Hook. Hawkweed. Occasional on both ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. May-August. H. bolanderi Gray. Hawkweed. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-August. H. cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv. ex Gray var. nudicaule Gray. Hawkweed. Occasional on ultrabasic soil., Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-August. Hypochoeris L. H. radicata L. Cat's ear. Common on disturbed ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. May-September. Lactuca L. L. saligna L. Lettuce. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil at dump. Disturbed chaparral. Introduced. July- September. Range extension from Lake County. 61

Luina Benth. Lvs. elliptic to oblong-ovate L. hypoleuca Lvs. palmately cleft L. nardosmia L. hypoleuca Benth. Rare on rocky metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. July-September. L. nardosmia (Gray) Cronq. var. nardosmia. [In, Munz = Cacaliopsis nardosmia Gray.] Silver-crown. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-June. Madia Mol. Heads small, less than 5 mm wide; fls. few, 6 to 10, disk fls. 1 or 2; small annual M exigua Heads larger, 5 to 10 mm wide; fls. more numerous, 16 or more; annuals or short-lived perennial. Disk fls. fertile, without pappus; lf. margin entire; annual M gracilis Disk fls. sterile, with pappus of short paleae; lvs. inconspicuously dentate; short-lived perennial M. madioides M. exigua (Sm.) Gray. Tarweed. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. May- July. M. gracilis (Sm.) Keck var. gracilis. Gumweed. Occa- sional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. M. madioides (Nutt.) Greene. Tarweed. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July. 62

Matricaria L. M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter. Pineapple weed. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. May-August. Microseris D. Don M. nutans (Geyer) Sch.-Bip. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May- August. Range extension from 4,000 ft down to 700 ft. Petasites Mill. P. frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Crong. [In Munz = P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray.] Western coltsfoot. Uncommon on metavolcanic soil along Shelly Creek. Stream- side maple forest. March-May. Range extension from 1,000 ft up to 2,250 ft. Rudbeckia L. R. californica Gray var. glauca Blake. California cone- flower. Common in bogs on ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. June-September. Senecio L. Plant annual. Bracteoles at base of invol. well developed and black- tipped S. vulgaris Bracteoles lacking or poorly developed and not black- tipped S. sylvaticus Plant perennial. Lvs. triangular ovate to lanceolate, coarsely toothed, essentially glabrous S triangularis Lvs. linear-oblong, entire, densely pubescent...... S ligulifolius 63

S. ligulifolius Greene. Groundsel. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Range extension from 3,500 ft down to 800 ft. S. sylvaticus L. Groundsel. Locally common on ultrabasic soil on burn at southern end of study area. Dis- turbed chaparral. Introduced. June-August. S. triangularis Hook. var. triangularis. Groundsel. Occasional along streams on metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. May-August. Range extension from 4,000 ft down to 1,750 ft. S. vulgaris L. Groundsel. Rare on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Disturbed shrubland. Introduced. May- September. Solidago L. S. canadensis L. ssp. elongata (Nutt.) Keck. Golden- rod. Rare on ultrabasic soil at Shelly Creek crossing. Mixed pine woodland. July-September. Sonchus L. S. asper (L.) Hill. Sow-thistle. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Disturbed chaparral, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. May-September. Taraxacum Hall Achenes reddish at maturity; lvs. deeply cut their whole length T laevigatum Achenes olivaceous to brown at maturity; lvs. with enlarged terminal segment T officinale 64

T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Red-seeded dandelion. Occa- sional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. In- troduced. May-July. T. officinale Weber. Common dandelion. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced.

April-September. Tragopogon L.

T. dubius Scop. Goat's beard. Rare on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May-

July.

CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia R. Br.

C. polymorpha (Greene) Munz. (In Hitchcock = Convol- vulus polymorphus Greene.) Morning-glory. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland. May-July. This species, as represented in the study area, includes plants which range from the typical pubescent condition to a glabrous form.

CORNACEAE Cornus L. Plants arborescent; infl. with large conspicuous bracts. . C nuttallii

Plants shrubby; infl. lacking bracts. . . , C. stolonifera

C. nuttallii Aud. Mountain dogwood. Common on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple 65 forest. April-July. C. stolonifera Michx. var. occidentalis (T. & G.) C. L. Hitchc. [In Munz = Cornus occidentalis (T. & G.) Cov.] Creek dogwood. Occasional on moist stream banks, metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. May-July.

CRASSULACEAE Sedum L. Fls. rose to pinkish-white; petals basally united and erect; infl. a paniculate cyme S laxum Fls. yellow to yellowish-white; petals basally separate and widely spreading; infl. a 3-parted cyme S. spathulifolium S. laxum (Britton) Berger ssp. latifolium Clausen. Stonecrop. Rare on rocky serpentine soil at Eighteenmile Creek. Mixed pine woodland. June-July. S. spathulifolium Hook. ssp. spathulifolium. Stone- crop. Common on rocky metavolcanic outcrops. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

CRUCIFERAE Lvs. simple. Cauline lvs. sagittate-clasping. Fr. a silique Arabis Fr. a silicle Lepidium Cauline lvs. otherwise or absent. Plant perennial; fls. golden-yellow . . . . Erysimum Plant annual; fls. white to cream or purplish-tinged. Petals entire; fr. a silique Arabidopsis 66

Petals bifid; fr. an elliptic silicle. . . Draba Lvs. cmpd. Petals yellow Barbarea Petals white or purple. Petals white; plant annual or biennial from a tap- root Cardamine Petals purple; plant perennial from a rhizome. . . Dentaria Arabidopsis (DC.) Schur. A. thaliana (L.) Schur. [In Munz = A. thaliana (L.) Heynh.] Rare on disturbed sites, metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. April-June. Range extension from Trinity County. Arabis L. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May-July. Barbarea R. Br. B. orthoceras Ledeb. [In Munz = B. orthoceras Ledb. var. dolichocarpa Fern.] Winter cress. Rare on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. May-August. Cardamine L. C. oligosperma Nutt. Bitter-cress. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. April-June. Dentaria L. Rhizome whitish; on metavolcanic soil. . . D. californica Rhizome yellow-orange; on ultrabasic soil. . . . D. gemmata D. californica Nutt. var. californica. Toothwort. Common on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. 67

February-May.

D. gemmata (Greene) Howell. Toothwort. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. March-

May. Dentaria species show a broad range of variation in the study area. The rhizomal leaf may vary from a simple to a 3- to 5-foliolate form. The above treatment appears to represent the variation as well as is possible. Draba L.

D. verna L. var. verna. Whitlow-grass. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. March-May.

Erysimum L.

E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. [In Munz = E. capitatum (Dougl.)

Greene.] Wallflower. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. April-July.

Lepidium L. L. campestre (L.) R. Br. Peppergrass. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced.

May-July.

CYPERACEAE

Fls. perfect; achenes naked. Spikelets terminal, solitary, without subtending bracts Eleocharis Spikelets terminal, numerous, in head subtended by involucral bracts Scirpus 68

Fls. unisexual; achenes enclosed by sac-like perigynium. . Carex Carex L. (Specimens annotated by F. J. Hermann 1977) Styles 2, achenes lenticular. Margin of perigynia winged, beak-tip barely toothed. Perigynia visible in spikelets, subtending scale shorter; lvs. stiff C feta Perigynia covered and nearly concealed by scales; scale equal in length to perigynium; lvs. flexible. . C. tracyi Margin of perigynia rounded or sharp, not winged, beak- tip bidentate. Perigynia 3.5-4 mm long, shallowly bidentate C leptopoda Perigynia 4-4.5 mm long, deeply bidentate C bolanderi Styles 3 (or 4), achenes triangular (or quadrangular). Perigynia pubescent; plant strongly rhizomatous. . . C concinnoides Perigynia glabrous; plant not strongly rhizomatous. . C. mendocinensis C. bolanderi Olney. Sedge. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June-August. Carex bolanderi and C. leptopoda are difficult to distinguish and have been lumped under C. deweyana Schw. by some (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). C. concinnoides Mkze. Sedge. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest. March-July. 69

C. feta Bailey. Sedge. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April- July. C. leptopoda Mkze. Sedge. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. April-July. C. mendocinensis Olney. Sedge. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest. April-July. C. tracyi Mkze. Sedge. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. May-July. Eleocharis R. Br. E. montevidensis Kunth. var. parishii (Britton) V. Grant. Spike-rush. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. May-September. Based on collection #11368 (HSC) by H. E. Parks and J. P. Tracy. This collection represents a range extension from Trinity County. Scirpus L. S. criniger Gray. Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. May-August.

ERICACEAE Corolla rotate, campanulate or funnelform. Petals separate Ledum Petals united below Rhododendron Corolla urceolate. Ovary appearing inferior. Calyx and corolla glabrous Vaccinium 70

Calyx and corolla glandular-pubescent . . Gaultheria Ovary superior. Fr. enclosed by fleshy calyx Gaultheria Fr. not enclosed, calyx subtending fruit. Fr. smooth; plant a shrub Arctostaphylos Fr. warty; plant a tree ..... . . . Arbutus Arbutus L. A. menziesii Pursh. Madrone. Common on both ultrabasic and metavolcanic soils. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest. April-- June. Arctostaphylos Adans. Lvs. gray-tomentose. Branchlets canescent and with long bristly hairs. . . . A columbiana Branchlets canescent but without longer, bristly hairs. A. canescens Lvs. green, glabrous. Plant prostrate or procumbent, rooting along the branches A. nevadensis Plant erect to 21/2 ft or taller. Lvs. broadly ovate to nearly round; infl. compact, rachises stout A patula Lvs. lance-ovate, acute at both ends; infl. loose, rachises slender A stanfordiana A. canescens Eastw. Hoary manzanita. Common on ultrabasic soil, occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. March-June. 71

A. columbiana Piper. Hairy manzanita. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. February-May. A. nevadensis Gray. Pinemat manzanita. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland. March-May. A. patula Greene. Greenleaf manzanita. Occasional on ultrabasic soil at higher elevations. Mixed pine woodland. April-June. A. stanfordiana Parry ssp. hispidula (Howell) Adams. Manzanita. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. March-April. The genus Arctostaphylos is notorious for hybridization and the introgression of characters which leads to a blurring of distinguishing features. Indeed, Del Norte County represents a taxonomist's nightmare in this respect, with key characters such as pubescence, glandulosity, and bract length showing great variability. T. J. Howell, in 1901, named several species of Arctostaphylos based upon these variations which now appear to be due to hybridization. Gottlieb (1968) has sorted out these species and placed several of them including A. cinerea Howell, A. oblongifolia Howell, and A. parvifolia Howell, into synonymy under A. canescens and A. viscida. I have followed Gottlieb in taking a broad view of the variation allowed within one species, as I have found that to be the only way to place names on a majority of the specimens. Due 72 to this variation, I have not attempted to place subspecific or varietal names on the specimens. Gaultheria L. G. shallon Pursh. Salal. Common on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-July. Ledum L. L. glandulosum Nutt. var. columbianum (Piper) C. L. Hitchc. Labrador-tea. Common on wet ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. May-July. Range extension from 2,000 ft up to 3,000 ft. Rhododendron L. Stamens 10; lvs. persistent, leathery. . . R. macrophyllum Stamens 5; lvs. deciduous, not leathery. . R. occidentale R. macrophyllum G. Don. [In Munz = R. macrophyllum D. Don.] Rhododendron. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-July. R. occidentale (T. & G.) Gray. Western azalea. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas- fir forest, bogs and seeps, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-July. Vaccinium L. Lvs. leathery and persistent; berry blue-purple V. ovatum 73

Lvs. thin, deciduous; berry red V parvifolium V. ovatum Pursh. Evergreen huckleberry. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas- fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest.

March-July. Flowers vary from white to pink or red in color.

V. parvifolium Sm. in Rees. Red huckleberry. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest. April- June.

FAGACEAE

Fr. a spiny bur with 1-3 nuts Chrysolepis

Fr. an acorn with a cup-like invol.

Staminate catkins dense, erect, with persistent bracts; pistillate fls. at base of catkins, cup with spreading scales Lithocarpus

Staminant catkins loose, pendant, with deciduous bracts; pistillate fls. borne separately, cup with appressed scales Quercus

Chrysolepis Hjelmquist C. chrysophylla (Dougl. ex Hook.) Hjelmquist var. minor

(Benth.) Munz. [In Hitchcock = Castanopsis chrysophylla

(Dougl.) DC.] Golden chinquapin. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. June-September.

Lithocarpus Blume

Plant a tree; lf. margin dentate L. densiflora var. densiflora 74

Plant a shrub to 3 m tall; lvs. entire L. densiflora var. echinoides L. densiflora (H. & A.) Rehd. var. densiflora. Tan-oak. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-August. L. densiflora (H. & A.) Rehd. var. echinoides (R. Br.) Abrams. Dwarf tan-oak. Common on ultrabasic soil, rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. May-August. Quercus L. Plant a tree, 6-20 m tall Q. chrysolepis var. chrysolepis Plant a shrub to 2 m tall. Intact branches stiff; lvs. often golden-pubescent beneath when young Q. chrysolepis var. nana Intact branches flexible; lvs. white-pubescent to sub- glabrous beneath Q. vaccinifolia Q. chrysolepis Liebm. var. chrysolepis. Canyon oak. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. April-May. . Q. chrysolepis Liebm. var. nana (Jeps.) Jeps. Dwarf canyon oak. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-June. Range extension from Trinity County. Q. vaccinifolia Kell. Huckleberry oak. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland? montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine 75 woodland, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. May-July. Range extension from 3,000 ft down to 1,000 ft. The shrubby oaks, Quercus chrysolepis var. nana and Q. vaccinifolia, tend to grade into each other and are quite difficult to distinguish, even in the field. They have both previously been considered varieties of Q. chrysolepis. It has also been suggested that hybridization occurs between Q. chrysolepis var. chrysolepis and Q. vaccinifolia. The stiff versus flexible nature of the branches seems to be the most useful character, leaf shape or margin being of no help whatsoever.

GARRYACEAE Garrya Dougl. G. buxifolia Gray. Silk-tassel bush. Abundant on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. February-April. Plants were found with leaves up to 10 cm long, possibly indicating introgression of G. elliptica.

GENTIANACEAE Gentiana L. G. affinis Griseb. in Hook. var. affinis. Gentian. Common on dry ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. July-September. 76

GERANIACEAE Erodium L'Her. E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Filaree. Common on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. April-June.

GRAMINEAE (Many specimens examined by J.P. Smith 1977, 1978) Spikelet with only 1 fertile floret, 1 or 2 sterile or staminate lemmas sometimes present. Infl. a spike Hordeum Infl. a much-branched to spike-like panicle. Spikelet disarticulating below the glumes Dichanthelium Spikelet disarticulating above the glumes, floret falling separately. Floret subtended by 1 or 2 staminate or sterile lemmas. Glumes unequal; lemmas awned. . . Anthoxanthum Glumes subequal; lemmas not awned Hierochloë Sterile lemmas not present. Floret with tuft of hairs at base; rachilla - prolonged behind palea into hairy bristle. . Calamagrostis Floret without tuft of hairs, (short hairs may be present); rachilla minute Agrostis Spikelet with 2 or more florets. Spikelets borne in 2 rows, sessile or nearly so, forming • a terminal spike. Spikelets solitary at each node of rachis. Spikelets placed edgewise to rachis, all but 77

terminal spikelet with a single glume. . . Lolium Spikelets placed flat against the rachis, all with 2 glumes Agropyron Spikelets 2 or more at each node of rachis. . Elymus Spikelets borne in an open or spike-like panicle, usually pedicellate. Glumes shorter than first floret; lemmas awnless or awned from tip or from a bifid apex. Lemmas as broad as long with outspread margins; florets closely imbricate, spreading horizontally. Briza Lemmas longer than broad with margins clasping palea; florets not horizontally spreading. Panicle one-sided, spikelets condensed to one side of panicle branches or rachis. Fertile and sterile spikelets intermixed in panicle Cynosurus Spikelets all fertile Dactylis Panicle not one-sided, spikelets evenly arranged. Glumes papery; upper florets sterile, reduced to club-shaped rudiments enclosed by upper lemmas; often with purple-tinged spikelets and bulbous culms Melica Glumes not papery, upper florets like others. Nerves of lemma parallel, not converging at summit Glyceria Nerves of lemma converging at summit. Lemmas without awns. Spikelets small, egg-shaped; lemmas often with cobwebby pubescence at base; lf.-tips boat-shaped. Poa Spikelets larger, without pubescence; if.-tips not boat-shaped. . Festuca 78

Lemmas with awns. Lemma awned from the tip. Plant annual Vulpia Plant perennial . . . . Festuca Lemma awned from a minutely bifid apex Bromus Glumes longer than first floret, usually as long as spikelet; lemmas usually awned from the back, awn often bent. Lower 1 or 2 florets staminate or neuter. Glumes unequal; lemmas awned. . . Anthoxanthum Glumes subequal; lemmas not awned Hierochloë Lower floret perfect. Florets 2, only the upper awned Holcus Florets 2 or more, all alike. Spikelets 1 cm or longer. Plant annual; 2-3 florets per spikelet. Avena Plant perennial; 4 or more florets per spikelet Danthonia Spikelets less than 1 cm long. Lemmas not awned Koeleria Lemmas awned. Lemma awned from above middle. . . . Trisetum Lemma awned from below middle. Lemma-tip tapering to 2 slender teeth Aira Lemma-tip truncate, erose-dentate. Deschampsia 79

Agropyron Gaertn, Blades lax, flat A. repens Blades stiff, often involute A. dasystachyum A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. [In Munz = A. riparium Scribn. & Sm.] Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil at Pat- rick Creek junction ponds. Mixed pine woodland. May- July. A. repens (L.) Beauv. Quack grass. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil at Patrick Creek junction ponds. Mixed pine woodland. Introduced. June-August. Agrostis L. Plant annual A microphylla Plant perennial. Hairs at base of lemma 1-2 mm long A. hallii Hairs at base of lemma less than 0.5 mm long. Palea evident, half as long as lemma or longer, 2- nerved. Panicle dense, bearing spikelets to base of branches; ligule 3-6 mm long. . . . A. stolonifera Panicle open, branches naked below; ligule 1-2 mm long A tenuis Palea obsolete or present as a minute nerveless scale. Anthers over 1 mm long; ligule 1-4 mm long. . . . A diegoensis Anthers less than 1 mm long; ligule 3-13 mm long. A. exarata A. stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farwell. Creeping bent grass. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, 80 mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. June-August. A. diegoensis Vasey. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Disturbed chaparral. July-August. A. exarata Trin. ssp, exarata. Rare on ultrabasic soil at Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. June-August. A. hallii Vasey. Rare on ultrabasic soil at southern end of Toll Road. Mixed pine woodland. June-July. A. microphylla Steud. var. microphylla. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. May-June. A. tenuis Sibth. Colonial bent grass. Uncommon on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Disturbed shrubland. Intro- duced. July-September. The species of Agrostis are not clear-cut entities and present problems due to overlap in panicle structure, palea size, and lemma pubescence. Aira L. A. caryophyllea L. Hairgrass. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. April-June. Anthoxanthum L. A. odoratum L. Sweet vernal grass. Occasional on ultrabasic soil and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May-June. Avena L. A. sativa L. Cultivated oat. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. Introduced, April- July. 81

Briza L. B. minor L. Little quaking grass. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. Introduced. April- July. Bromus L. Spikelets terete; lemmas broad, apex rounded. Panicle compact, spikelets longer than pedicels . . . B mollis Panicle open, spikelets shorter than pedicels B. secalinus Spikelets flattened; lemmas keeled, apex acuminate. Lemma awns 3-5 cm long B rigidus Lemma awns less than 2 cm long. Panicle with spreading or drooping branches B carinatus Panicle with stiff ascending branches B stamineus B. carinatus H. & A. var. carinatus. California brome. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July. B. mollis L. (Includes B. racemosus L.) Soft brome. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. April-July. B. rigidus Roth. [In Munz = B. diandrus Roth.] Ripgut brome. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. April-June. B. cf. secalinus L. Chess. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. 82

June-July.

B. cf. stamineus Desv. in Gay. Rare on ultrabasic soil at Patrick Creek junction. Mixed pine woodland. Intro- duced. May-July. The genus Bromus in the study area was very challeng- ing. The determination of species was difficult due to the lack of steady distinguishing characters. Calamagrostis Adans.

Collar crisp-pubescent with hairs longer than those on sheath or blade C rubescens

Collar glabrous or short puberulent.

Ligule 3-8 mm long C. nutkaensis Ligule less than 3 mm long.

Blades 6 mm wide or less; culms 4-8 dm tall C. koelerioides Blades 6-12 mm wide; culms 8-15 dm tall. . C. lactea

C. koelerioides Vasey. Reedgrass. Rare on damp ultrabasic soil at Eighteenmile Creek. Mixed pine woodland, bogs and seeps. June-September.

C. lactea Beal. [In Hitchcock = C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. var. lactea (Beal) Hitchc.] Occasional on damp ultrabasic soil. Bogs and seeps. May-August.

C. cf. nutkaensis (Presl) Steud. Rare on damp ultrabasic soil. Bogs and seeps. May-August.

C. rubescens Buckl. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. July-September. Smaller dimensions of spikelets and ligules in the specimens collected often strained the descriptions of the 83 above species of Calamagrostis. Cynosurus L. C. echinatus L. Dogtail grass. Rare on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May-July. Dactylis L. D. glomerata L. Orchard grass. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Intro- duced. May-August. Danthonia Lam. & DC. D. californica Bol. var. californica. California oatgrass. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Deschampsia Beauv. D. danthonioides (Trin.) Munro ex Benth. Hairgrass. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. April-July. Dichanthelium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould (Treatment according to Spellenberg 1975) D. lanuginosum (Ell.) Gould var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Spellenberg. [In Munz = Panicum pacificum Hitchc. & Chase.] Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. .Mixed pine woodland, bogs and seeps. May-August. Elymus L. glaucusE. Buckl. var., glaucus. Ryegrass. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. 84

Festuca L. Lf.-blades flat, lax, more than 2 mm wide. Florets stipitate, rachilla jointed below floret. . . F. subuliflora Florets not stipitate. Auricles well developed F pratensis Auricles not well developed. • Lemma distinctly 5-nerved, awned from between 2 teeth F elmeri Lemma nerves indistinct, awn terminal F subulata Lf.-blades involute, stiff, less than 3 mm wide. Collar and ligule villous-hirsute. . . . F. californica Collar and ligule not villous-hirsute. Lf.-blades smooth F. rubra Lf.-blades scabrous F idahoensis F. californica Vasey var. californica. California fescue. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-July. F. elmeri Scribn. & Merr. ssp. elmeri. Rare on ultrabasic soil at southern terminus. Mixed pine woodland. April-June. F. idahoensis Elmer var. idahoensis. Idaho fescue. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. May- July. Leaf-blades vary greatly in length, ranging from 10 cm to over 20 cm long. F. pratensis Huds. [In Munz = F. elatior L.] Meadow fescue. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. May-July. 85

F. rubra L. var. rubra. Red fescue. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May- July. F. subulata Trin. in Bong. Rare on ultrabasic soil at Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. June-August. F. subuliflora Scribn. in Macoun. Rare on metavolcanic soil near Monumental. Mixed evergreen forest. Based on collection #11363 (HSC) of H. E. Parks and J. P. Tracy. May-July. The species of Festuca with flat, lax leaves present problems for identification, due to variation in characters. Glyceria R. Br. G. elata (Nash) Jones. Manna grass. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May- August. Hierochloë R. Br. H. occidentalis Buckley. Vanilla grass. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. April-July. Holcus L. H. lanatus L. Velvet grass. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May- August. Hordeum L. Auricles well developed; glumes of central spikelet . . . . ciliate H leporinum 86

Auricles obsolete; glumes not ciliate. . . . H. geniculatum H. geniculatum All. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Intro- duced. April-June. H. leporinum Link. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Disturbed chaparral. Introduced. May-July. H. vulgare L., common barley, was collected once near the dump, but it does not persist. Koeleria Pers. K. macrantha (Ledeb.) Spreng. [In Hitchcock = K. cristata Pers.] Junegrass. Rare on ultrabasic soil at southern terminus. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Lolium L. L. multiflorum Lam. Italian ryegrass. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. May-July. Melica L. Culms bulbous at the base. Lemmas tapering-acuminate, ciliate-pubescent on nerves; on metavolcanic soil M subulata Lemmas sub-acute, glabrous; on ultrabasic soil M geyeri Culms not bulbous at the base M. harfordii M. geyeri Munro ex Bol. var. geyeri. Oniongrass. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. April-July. 87

M. harfordii Bol. Melic. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July. M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Oniongrass. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July. Poa L. Plant annual, less than 2 dm tall P. annua Plant perennial, more than 2 dm tall. Culms strongly flattened, 2-edged; lemmas sparsely, if at all webbed P. compressa Culms not flattened; lemmas cobwebby-pubescent. Lf.-blades involute, glaucous; plants dioecious . . P. piperi Lf.-blades flat, green; plants monoecious, fls. perfect P pratensis P. annua L. Annual bluegrass. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. April-July. P. compressa L. Canadian bluegrass. Rare an metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. June- August. P. piperi Hitchc. Common on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. April-June. Specimens from the study area combine characters of both Poa piperi and P. rhizomata Hitchc., however P. piperi was described from farther west near the study area at Waldo, Oregon. P. pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland. Introduced. May- August. 88

Trisetum Pers. T. canescens Buckl. [In Munz = T. cernuum Trin. var. canescens (Buckl.) Beal.] Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. May-August. Vulpia K. C. Gmel. (Treatment according to Lonard and Gould 1974) First glume less than 1/2 as long as the second, much reduced V myuros First glume more than 1/2 the length of the second. Palea shorter than lemma, with 2 short teeth V. bromoides Palea longer than lemma, with 2 awns. . V microstachys V. bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray. [In Munz = Festuca dertonensis (All.) Asch. & Graebn.] Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. April-July. V. microstachys (Nutt.) Benth. var. pauciflora (Beal) Lonard & Gould. [In Munz = Festuca microstachys Nutt.] Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-June. V. myuros (L.) K. C. Gmel. var. hirsuta Hack. [In Munz = Festuca myuros L.] Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil at southern terminus. Mixed pine woodland. Intro- duced. April-June.

GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes L. Plants with strong nodal spines; petals white; berry spiny. R roezlii 89

Plants without nodal spines; petals deep pink; berry glandular-pubescent R sanguineum R. roezlii Regel var. cruentum (Greene) Rehd. Coast Range gooseberry. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. March-June. R. sanguineum Pursh var. sanguineum. Red-flowering currant. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-June.

HYDRANGEACEAE Whipplea Torr. W. modesta Torr. Yerba de selva. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-June.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE Plant annual Nemophila Plant perennial. Plant a low, cespitose herb; lvs. hirsute above; stamens exserted Phacelia Plant a branching shrub; lvs. glutinous above; stamens included Eriodictyon Eriodictyon Benth. E. californicum (H. & A.) Torr. Yerba santa. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-July. 90

Nemophila Nutt. ex Barton N. parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. var. parviflora. Occa- sional on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. April-June. Phacelia Juss. (Specimens examined by L. Constance 1976) P. corymbosa Jeps. Common on ultrabasic soil and rock outcrops. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-July.

HYPERICACEAE • Hypericum L. Plant low, procumbent, growing in moist places; petals about equaling sepals H. anagalloides Plant taller, 2-12 dm tall, growing on drier sites; petals much exceeding sepals. Sepals ovate to obovate, acute to obtuse. . H. formosum Sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate . . . H. perforatum H. anagalloides Cham. & Schlecht. Tinker's penny. Occasional on moist serpentine areas, often in standing water. Bogs and seeps. June-August. H. formosum HBK. var. scouleri (Hook.) Coult. St. John's wort. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. June- August. H. perforatum L. Klamath weed. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. June-September. 91

IRIDACEAE Perianth parts all similar, not exceeding 2 cm in length. Sisyrinchium Perianth parts in 2 distinct series, 3.5 to 8 cm long. . . Iris Iris L. Perianth tube short, not over 1.2 cm long, usually thick; fls. most often yellow; lvs. dark green above, pale yellow- green below, to 1 cm wide; found in northern half of study area I bracteata Perianth tube over 1.5 cm long, slender; fls. cream to lav- ender to purple; found south of Patrick Creek. Stems usually branched; spathe bracts 60-120 mm long; ovary triangular in x-sec. with nipple-like projection at tip; lvs. to 2 cm wide I douglasiana Stems not branched; spathe bracts 30-60 mm long; ovary round in x-sec.; lvs. narrow, grasslike, to 5 mm wide. . I innominata I. bracteata Wats. Iris. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil in northern half of study area. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. May-June. I. douglasiana Herb. Iris. Rare on ultrabasic soil, southern end of study area. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest. April-May. I. innominata Henders. Iris. Common on ultrabasic soil, southern end of Toll Road. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. April-June. Lee W. Lenz (1959) has described hybridization between the three Iris species occurring in the study area, this situation leading to difficulty in determining the 92 specific identity of all specimens. I. douglasiana X I. innominata creates a fertile hybrid, I. X thompsonii Foster in the southern part of the study area. Moving north into the range of I. bracteata, introgression appears to have occurred between this species and I. innominata and/or I. X thompsonii. Due to this hybridization, flower color has very little taxonomic value. Sisyrinchium L. Fls. blue to violet or white S bellum Fls. yellow S. californicum S. bellum Wats. Blue-eyed-grass. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, streamside maple forest. April-July. Range extension from Humboldt County. S. californicum (Ker) Dryand. Golden-eyed-grass. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Doug- las-fir forest. May-July.

JUNCACEAE Lvs. glabrous; seeds numerous Juncus Lvs. pubescent; seeds three Luzula Juncus L. (Specimens annotated by F. J. Hermann 1977) Infl. lateral; lowest bract terete, erect, like a continuation of the stem. Stamens 3, anthers shorter than filaments. . J. effusus Stamens 6, anthers longer than filaments. . J. balticus 93

Infl. terminal; lowest bract flat, not like a continuation of stem. Lf.-blades terete, septate J. bolanderi Lf.-blades flat or gladiate (laterally flattened, equitant) with edges toward stem. Lf.-blades gladiate, partially septate J. ensifolius Lf.-blades flat, not septate. Fls. inserted singly, each subtended by 2 bractlets in addition to bract at base of pedicel; auricles well developed J. tenuis Fls. inserted in heads, bract at base of each pedicel only; auricles absent or poorly developed. J. orthophyllus J. balticus Willd. var. vallicola Rydb. Rush. Occa- sional on damp ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. May-August. J. bolanderi Engelm. Rush. Rare on moist, rocky, ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. May-August. J. effusus L. var. pacificus Fern. & Wieg. Rush. Common on damp metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-August. J. ensifolius Wikstr. Rush. Common on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest. May-August. J. orthophyllus Cov. Rush. Common on wet ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. July-September. Range extension from 4,000 ft down to 1,800 ft. 94

J. tenuis Willd. var. congestus Engelm. Rush. Un- common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-August. Luzula DC. Perianth mostly 3-4.5 mm long; anthers at least twice as long as filaments; on ultrabasic soil L. campestris var. congesta

Perianth mostly 2-3(3.5) mm long; anthers only slightly if at all longer than filaments; on metavolcanic soil L. campestris var. multiflora L. campestris (L.) DC. var. congesta (Thuill.) E. Meyer. Woodrush. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. March-July. L. campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest, disturbed shrubland. April-July.

LABIATAE Fls. borne singly in the axils of upper lvs.; calyx bilabiate, lips entire Scutellaria Infl. and calyx otherwise. Fls. borne in a compact, hemispheric head subtended by broad, ovate bracts Monardella Fls. borne in terminal spike or whorls. Spike dense, continuous; calyx bilabiate Prunella Spike interrupted, fls. borne in whorls; calyx regular Stachys Monardella Benth. M. purpurea Howell. Penny-royal. Common on ultrabasic soil at southern end of study area, particularly on burns. 95

Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-August. Range extension from 1,400 ft down to 800 ft. Prunella L. P. vulgaris L. ssp. lanceolata (Barton) Hult. Self- heal. Common on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-September. Scutellaria L. S. antirrhinoides Benth. Skullcap. Rare on ultrabasic soil, 3 miles from southern entrance. Mixed pine woodland. May-July. Stachys L. Lf. surfaces softly lanate-silvery-pubescent; lvs. on petioles less than 1 cm long to subsessile S. rigida ssp. lanata Lf. surfaces sparsely villous-pubescent; lower petioles 1.5-4 cm long S rigida ssp. rigida S. rigida Nutt. ex Benth. ssp. lanata Epl. Hedge-nettle. Occasional on loose metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. June-August. S. rigida Nutt. ex Benth. ssp. rigida. Hedge-nettle. Occasional on moist creeksides, metavolcanic soil. Stream- side maple forest. July-August.

LAURACEAE Umbellularia Nutt. U. californica (H. & A.) Nutt. California-bay. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. February-June. This plant takes on a 96 low, shrubby form on dry, serpentine sites, in contrast to the typical erect, arborescent form on non-serpentine sites.

LEGUMINOSAE Lvs. 1- to 3-foliolate. Fls. borne singly along stem in lf. axils. Plant a perennial shrub; stems angled; fls. 15 mm long or longer Cytisus Plant a low, slender annual; stems rounded; fls. less than 8 mm long Lotus Fls. borne in a loose raceme or a head. Infl. a head Trifolium Infl. racemose. Fls. small, white, petals to 6 mm long Melilotus Fls. larger, yellow, aging purple, petals 10-20 mm long Thermopsis Lvs. 4- or more foliolate. Lvs. palmately cmpd Lupinus Lvs. pinnately cmpd. Lvs. odd-pinnately cmpd., lflt. terminating rachis. . Lotus Lvs. even-pinnately cmpd., seta or tendril terminating rachis. Style flattened, pubescent on concave side. . . . Lathyrus Style rounded in x-sec., with apical ring of hair or pubescent on convex side Vicia 97

Cytisus L.

C. scoparius (L.) Link. Scotch broom. Rare, adventive on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest. Introduced. April-June.

Lathyrus L. Lf. rachis terminating in a seta or bristle, not prehensile.

Lflts. villous above and below; fls. less than 15 mm long L torreyi Lflts. glabrous or sparsely pubescent; fls. more than 15 mm long L. nevadensis Lf. rachis terminating in a prehensile tendril.

Stems winged L. delnorticus

Stems not winged.

Lateral calyx-lobes considerably broadened above juncture with tube; stipules often expanded, lanceolate to oblikely ovate, up to 15 mm wide; on moist metavolcanic soil L. vestitus Lateral calyx-lobes not broadened; stipules narrow, linear to lanceolate, less than 4 mm wide; on ultrabasic soil L nevadensis L. delnorticus C. L. Hitchc. Del Norte pea. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. L. nevadensis Wats. ssp. nevadensis. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. April-

June. Range extension from 1,500 ft down to 700 ft.

L. torreyi Gray. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest.

June-July. 98

L. vestitus Nutt. ex T. & G. ssp. bolanderi (Wats.) C. L.

Hitchc. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July.

Lotus L.

Plant a diffuse annual; fls. borne singly in if. axils.

Calyx-teeth shorter than tube L micranthus

Calyx-teeth longer than tube L. purshianus Plant perennial; fls. borne in simple umbels

Stipules reduced to dot-like glands; plant canescent throughout L nevadensis Stipules expanded, membranous to hyaline; plant glabrous to strigose. Bract below infl. closely subtending umbel, 1- to 3- foliolate L oblongifolius

Bract distant from umbel, mostly 3- to 5-foliolate.

Calyx-teeth ciliolate; corolla white and red or pinkish L. aboriginum

Calyx-teeth not ciliolate; corolla greenish-yellow with some purplish-red L crassifolius

L. aboriginum Jeps. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July.

L. crassifolius (Benth.) Greene var. crassifolius. Com- mon on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. May-July.

L. micranthus Benth. Uncommon on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-June.

L. nevadensis (Wats.) Greene var. douglasii (Greene)

Ottley. [In Munz = L. douglasii Greene.] Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July. 99

L. oblongifolius (Benth.) Greene var. nevadensis

(Gray) Munz. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed

evergreen forest. May-August. L. purshianus (Benth.) Clem. & Clem. var. purshianus.

Common on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Disturbed chaparral. May-August.

Lupinus L.

Plant annual L. bicolor Plant perennial.

Lvs. glabrous above.

Plant low, 2-3 dm tall; lvs. few, mostly basal; lflts. less than 1 cm broad L. onustus

Plant taller, 3-12 dm tall; lvs. numerous, cauline; lflts. 1-3 cm broad L latifolius Lvs. pubescent above.

Keel long attenuate, curved upward, much exserted; fls. aging yellow to brown L. albicaulis Keel merely acute, broader, not so strongly curved or exserted; fls. retaining some blue on aging L. andersonii L. albicaulis Dougl. ex Hook. var. albicaulis. White- stem lupine. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. June-July.

L. andersonii Wats. var. andersonii. Rare on ultrabasic soil, northern end of study area. Mixed pine woodland.

June-August.

L. bicolor Lindl. ssp. pipersmithii (Heller) D. Dunn.

Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine 100 woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest.

May-July.

L. latifolius Agardh var. latifolius. [In Munz = L. latifolius J. G. Agardh var. viridifolius (Heller) C. P.

Sm.] Broad-leaf lupine. Occasional on metavolcanic soil.

Mixed evergreen forest. June-August.

L. onustus Wats. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. April-July.

Melilotus Mill.

M. alba Desr. [In Munz = M. albus Desr.] Sweet-clover. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced. May-August.

Thermopsis R. Br.

Stems and lvs. glabrous T. gracilis

Stems and lvs. villous-tomentose •. T. macrophylla

T. gracilis Howell. False-lupine. Common locally on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral.

April-June.

T. macrophylla H. & A.• var. macrophylla. False-lupine. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-June. Trifolium L.

Plant annual.

Head subtended by an invol. of united bracts.

Lflts. obcordate to oblanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm long; 101

calyx pubescent T, microcephalum Lflts. linear to lance-oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm long; calyx glabrous T tridentatum

Invol. absent T. dubium

Plant perennial.

Heads sessile, subtended by upper-most lvs T pratense

Heads borne on peduncles. Lflts. obovate.

Stems and peduncles villous-pubescent T. breweri

Stems and peduncles glabrous T repens

Lflts. lance-oblong to oblanceolate. . . T. longipes

T. breweri Wats. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. May-August.

T. dubium Sibth. Occasional on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. Introduced.

May-July.

T. longipes Nutt. var. longipes. Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. Jeffrey pine woodland, bogs and seeps.

May-August. T. microcephalum Pursh. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-July.

T. pratense L. Red clover. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest.

Introduced. May-August. T, repens L. White clover, Occasional on moist meta- 102 volcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. Introduced. May-

September, T. tridentatum Lindl, var. tridentatum. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-July.

Vicia L.

V. americana Muhl. var, villosa (Kell.) Hermann. [In

Munz = V. americana Muhl. ssp. oregana (Nutt.) Abrams.]

Vetch. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-July.

LILIACEAE Fls. borne in a scapose umbel.

Anthers 3, basifixed Brodiaea Anthers 6, versatile.

Perianth segments separate Allium

Perianth segments united below Triteleia Fls. borne in racemes, panicles, or singly.

Perianth parts 12-70 mm long, if shorter, plant bulbous.

Fls. borne on a naked scape; lvs. 2, mottled, and basal Erythronium Fls. borne on a leafy stem in a raceme subtended by bracts, or singly.

Sepals green, foliaceous; petals white to purple. Trillium

Sepals not foliaceous, colored similarly to petals.

Plant tall, to 30 cm or more; anthers versatile. Lilium

Plant shorter, less than 30 cm tall; anthers basifixed. 103

Perianth cream-colored; petals with conspicuous, purple, pubescent glands Calochortus Perianth brown-purple to greenish-yellow; glands inconspicuous, glabrous. .Fritillaria Perianth parts 1-11 mm long.

Lvs. broad, more than 1 cm wide, ovate-elliptic to oblong.

Stems, lvs., and fls. densely pubescent Veratrum Stems and lvs. glabrous to sparsely pubescent; fls. glabrous.

Fls. numerous in terminal panicles or racemes. Smilacina Fls. solitary or few in simple umbel, pendant from branches Disporum Lvs. linear, less than 1 cm wide.

Infl. a subcapitate panicle; stems glandular-pubescent Tofieldia

Infl. racemose; stems aglandular.

Basal and cauline lvs. sessile, numerous, reduced up stem Xerophyllum

Cauline lvs. sheathing, 6 or fewer, reduced up stem.

Style 1 Schoenolirion

Styles 3 Zigadenus

Allium L. (Specimens annotated by D. W. McNeal 1977)

A. falcifolium H. & A. Wild onion. Locally abundant on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland. May-July. Several specimens tend to have narrower leaves and shorter perianth parts than the 104 description of A. falcifolium indicates, raising the possi- bility that A. siskiyouense is found in the study area. Annotation by Dale W. McNeal and examination of herbaria specimens, however, confirms the above determination. Brodiaea Sm. B. elegans Hoover var. elegans. Harvest brodiaea. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Calochortus Pursh C. tolmiei H. & A. Pussy ears. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. April-July. Petals vary from an entire margin to a conspicuously fringed margin. Disporum Salisb. D. hookeri (Torr.) Nichols. var. trachyandrum (Torr.) Q. Jones. Fairy bells. Occasional on both ultrabasic and metavolcanic soils. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. April-June. Erythronium L. E. citrinum Wats. Fawn-lily. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. April-June. Fritillaria L. F. lanceolata Pursh. Checker-lily. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. March-May. Plants in the study area are greatly reduced in stature. 105

Lilium L. Plants of wet spots; perianth reddish-orange with yellow throat, recurved L. vollmeri Plants of dry sites; perianth deep crimson to pink. Perianth deep crimson with yellow throat, funnelform; lvs. and stem glaucous L. bolanderi Perianth pink with yellow band, recurved; lvs. and stems not glaucous L kelloggii L. bolanderi Wats. Lily. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. June-July. Flowers may be erect to nodding. L. kelloggii Purdy. Lily. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. June-July. L. vollmeri Eastw. Lily. Common on wet ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. July- August. Specimens from the study area strain descriptions; the anthers vary in size before dehiscence to up to 18 mm. The type locality for this species is one mile west of Elevenmile Creek (Eastwood 1948). Schoenolirion Durand S. album Durand. Common on damp ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Smilacina Desf. Infl. panicoid; fls. numerous S racemosa Infl. racemose; fls. few S. stellata S. racemosa (L.) Desf. var. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Wats. [In Hitchcock = S. racemosa (L.) Desf.] False Solomon's seal. Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-June. 106

S. stellata (L.) Desf. var. sessilifolia (Baker)

Henders. [In Hitchcock = S. stellata (L.) Desf.] False

Solomon's seal. Rare on damp metavolcanic soil. Stream- side maple forest. May-June.

Tofieldia Huds.

T. glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. ssp. occidentalis (Wats.)

C. L. Hitchc. Rare in serpentine bogs. Bogs and seeps. June-August.

Trillium L.

Stems to 20 cm or taller; lvs. sessile; petals 2.5 cm long or longer T. ovatum Stems less than 20 cm tall; lvs. petioled; petals less than 2.5 cm long T. rivale

T. ovatum Pursh. Trillium. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-June.

T. rivale Wats. Brook-trillium. Common on rocky serpentine soil, occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest. February-May. Triteleia Dougl. ex Lindl. (Treatment according to Hoover 1941) Fls. blue-purple T. bridgesii

Fls. cream-yellow to white T. hyacinthina

T. bridgesii (Wats.) Greene. [In Munz = Brodiaea bridgesii Wats.] Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. April-

July. 107

T. hyacinthina (Lindl.) Greene var. hyacinthina. [In Munz = Brodiaea hyacinthina (Lindl.) Baker.] Occasional on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, bogs and seeps. May-July.

Veratrum L.

V. insolitum Jeps. False hellebore. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. June-July.

Xerophyllum Michx. X. tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Beargrass. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. June-

July.

Zigadenus Michx. Z. micranthus Eastw. Death camas. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. April-June.

MALVACEAE Sidalcea Gray S. malvaeflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth. ssp. elegans

(Greene) C. L. Hitchc. Checker. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland. May-July. Sidalcea malvaeflora is a variable species for which several subspecies have been described. Specimens from the Toll Road seem to fall near S. malvaeflora ssp. elegans and ssp. nana

(Jeps.) C. L. Hitchc. The above determination was made based on other collections made in the study area which were determined by C. L. Hitchcock. These specimens were 108 examined at the University of California at Berkeley (UC), and the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), herbaria.

MONOTROPACEAE Pleuricospora Gray

P. fimbriolata Gray. Fringed-pinesap. Rare, found at

Patrick Creek junction on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

ONAGRACEAE

Epilobium L. Fls. large, petals 10-20 mm long; plant perennial.

Lvs. alternate, lanceolate, 7-20 cm long E. angustifolium Lvs. opposite, ovate, 2-4 cm long E. rigidum

Fls. smaller, petals less than 10 mm long; plant annual or perennial.

Plant a rhizomatous perennial; lvs. 3-7 cm long, lanceolate; infl. glandular pubescent E. watsonii Plant a tap-rooted annual; lvs. 1-3 cm long, linear to ovate; infl. puberulent.

Stems and lvs. puberulent below infl.; petals less than 4 mm long E minutum

Stems and lvs. glabrous below infl.; petals 5-10 mm long E. paniculatum

E. angustifolium L. Fireweed. Local in burn on serpentine soil at south end of Toll Road. Disturbed chaparral.

June-August.

E. minutum Lindl. ex Hook. Willow-herb. Common on ultrabasic soil, occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed 109 pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-August. E. paniculatum Nutt. ex T. & G. var. paniculatum. Occa- sional on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. July-September. E. rigidum Hausskn. Rare on rocky, ultrabasic outcrops at Eighteenmile Creek. Mixed pine woodland. July-August. E. watsonii Barbey var. occidentale (Trel.) Hitchc. [In Munz = E. adenocaulon Hausskn. var. adenocaulon.] Willow- herb. Occasional in moist sites on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, bogs and seeps. June- September.

ORCHIDACEAE (Specimens examined by J. D. Ackerman 1976) Plant lacking green lvs. at anthesis, lvs. either withered or absent and plant saprophytic. Lvs. withered at anthesis; fls. with well-developed spur Piperia Lvs. absent, plant saprophytic; fls. without well-developed spur. Fls. white to yellow Cephalanthera Fls. red to purplish with some white on lip and at base of petals and sepals Corallorhiza Lvs. present at anthesis. Fls. spurred. Plant growing in very wet site, stream or bog; lvs. scattered up stem Platanthera Plant growing in dry to moist forest site; lvs. at base of stem Piperia 110

Fls. not spurred.

Lvs. 1 or 2.

Lf. 1; fl. purple, showy Calypso

Lvs. 2, sub-opposite; fls. small, green. . Listera

Lvs. more numerous.

Lvs. basal, white-reticulate Goodyera

Lvs. cauline, green throughout. . . . Cypripedium

Calypso Salisb.

C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes var. occidentalis (Holz.) Calder &

Taylor. [In Munz = C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes.] Calypso

orchid. Rare on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed

pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-June.

Cephalanthera Rich.

(Treatment according to Luer 1975) C. austinae (Gray) Heller. [In Munz = Eburophyton

austinae (Gray) Heller.] Rare on metavolcanic soil along

,Shelly Creek near Monumental. Streamside maple forest.

May-July.

Corallorhiza (Haller) Chat. C. maculata (Raf.) Raf. Coral-root orchid. Rare on

metavolcanic soil along Shelly Creek near Monumental. Streamside maple forest. May-August.

Cypripedium L. C. californicum Gray. Lady-slipper orchid. Occasional in bogs and seeps on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland,

streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. May-July. 111

Goodyera R. Br.

G. oblongifolia Raf. Rattlesnake plantain. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July.

Listera R. Br.

L. caurina Piper. Twayblade. Rare on metavolcanic soil along Shelly Creek near Monumental. Streamside maple forest. June-July. Range extension from 4,000 ft down to

2,400 ft.

Piperia Rydb.

(Treatment according to Ackerman 1977)

Spur at least twice as long as lip P. elongata

Spur not much longer than lip P unalascensis

P. elongata Rydb. [In Munz = Habenaria elegans (Lindl.) Boland.] Rein orchid. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest. May- September.

P. unalascensis (Spreng.) Rydb. [In Munz = Habenaria unalascensis (Spreng.) Wats.] Rein orchid. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June-August.

Based on collection #3674 (UC) of Alice Eastwood and John

Thomas Howell.

Platanthera Rich. P. sparsiflora (Wats.) Schlechter var. sparsiflora. [In

Munz = Habenaria sparsiflora Wats.] Common on streams and seeps, ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, 112 bogs and seeps, streamside maple forest. May-August.

Range extension from 4,000 ft down to 1,500 ft.

OROBANCHACEAE

Boschniakia C. A. Mey.

B. strobilacea Gray. Rare on ultrabasic and metavolcanic sites. Parasitic on Arbutus. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. The fleshy body of this

species varies from yellow to purple in color in the study

area.

PAPAVERACEAE

Eschscholzia Cham. E. californica Cham. California poppy. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soils. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-July.

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago L.

P. lanceolata L. English plantain. Common on disturbed ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. April-July.

PODOPHYLLACEAE

Lvs. trifoliolate; perianth lacking; infl. spicate. . . . Achlys

Lvs. biternate; perianth present; infl. paniculate Vancouveria 113

Achlys DC. (Treatment according to Fukuda and Baker 1970)

A. triphylla (Sm.) DC. Vanillaleaf. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-June.

Vancouveria Morr. & Dec.

Fls. yellow; ovary glandular-pubescent. . . . V. chrysantha

Fls. white; ovary ...... V. planipetala

V. chrysantha Greene. Inside-out-flower. Rare in study area, found on ultrabasic soil along road just north of

Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. Based on collection #11394 (HSC) of H. E. Parks and J. P. Tracy. May-June.

V. planipetala Calloni. Inside-out-flower. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July.

POLEMONIACEAE Plant perennial Phlox

Plant annual.

Lvs. simple.

Lower lvs. opposite, lanceolate Microsteris

Lower lvs. alternate, linear Gilia

Lvs. cmpd.

Lvs. palmately cmpd Linanthus

Lvs. pinnately cmpd. Infl. subtended by invol. bracts. 114

Bract-lobes spine-tipped Navarretia Bracts not spine-tipped Collomia Infl. lacking invol. bracts Gilia Collomia Nutt. C. heterophylla Hook. Common on dry, disturbed, ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. May-June. Gilia R. & P. Lvs. simple, linear G capillaris Lvs. pinnately cmpd G capitata G. capillaris Kell. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. June-August. G. capitata Sims. ssp. capitata. Common on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. May-July. Linanthus Benth. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene var. bicolor. Rare on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May- June. Microsteris Greene M. gracilis (Hook.) Greene var. gracilis. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-June. Navarretia R. & P. N. squarrosa (Eschs.) H. & A. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. June-August. 115

Phlox L. Plant cespitose; corolla lobes entire P. diffusa Plant lax; corolla lobes notched. Infl. glabrous P speciosa var. nitida Infl. glandular-pubescent P speciosa ssp. occidentalis P. diffusa Benth. ssp. diffusa. Common on rocky ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. April-July. Range extension from 3,300 ft down to 1,000 ft. P. speciosa Pursh var. nitida Suksd. Common on rocky ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. May-June. P. speciosa Pursh ssp. occidentalis (Durand) Wherry. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

POLYGALACEAE Polygala L. Plant bearing basal racemes of apetalous fls., fls. purple. P californica Plant lacking basal racemes, fls. cream to pale purple. . . P cornuta P. californica Nutt. Milkwort. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-June. P. cornuta Kell. var. cornuta. Milkwort. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest. June- July. 116

These two taxa are somewhat difficult to distinguish, P. cornuta tending to be more lax in habit, to have paler flowers and non-foliaceous sepals.

POLYGONACEAE Plant scapose, bearing pubescent basal lvs. . . . Eriogonum Plant caulescent, lvs. glabrous. Lvs. linear; fls. borne 1 or a few in axils. . Polygonum Lvs. expanded; fls. numerous, in whorled panicles or racemes Rumex Eriogonum Michx. Calyx white to pink E. nudum Calyx yellow E. ternatum E. nudum Dougl. var. nudum. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. June-September. E. ternatum Howell var. ternatum. Rare on rocky ultrabasic soil at Stateline. Mixed pine woodland. June- August. Polygonum L. P. spergulariaeforme Meissn. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. June-August. Rumex L. Lvs. hastate R. acetosella Lvs. ovate to lanceolate. Lys. to 2 cm broad R salicifolius Lvs. more than 2 cm broad R. obtusifolius 117

R. acetosella L. Sheepsorrel. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. Introduced. May-August. R. obtusifolius L. [In Munz = R. obtusifolius L. ssp. agrestis (Fries) Danser.] Bitter dock. Occasional on metavolcanic soil in marshy creekbeds. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. Introduced. June-Sep- tember. R. salicifolius Weinm. ssp. salicifolius. Willow dock. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June-September.

PORTULACACEAE Fls. brilliant rose-red, borne in axils of leafy raceme. . Calandrinia Fls. white to pink or white penciled with pink, borne above minute bracts or in terminal cymes. Lvs. few, 4-8 per plant; plant arising from short, thick caudex Lewisia Lvs. numerous; roots fibrous or forming an elongate rootstalk Montia Calandrinia HBK. C. ciliata (R. & P.) DC. [In Munz = C. ciliata (R. & P.) DC. var. menziesii (Hook.) Macbr.] Red maids. Occasional on moist disturbed sites, ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. April- June. 118

Lewisia Pursh L. oppositifolia (Wats.) Rob. in Gray. Rare on loose, dry, rocky serpentine areas at head of Shelly Creek on the Stateline. Jeffrey pine woodland. April-May. Montia L. Cauline lvs. alternate, reduced; basal lvs. forming a rosette M parvifolia Cauline lvs. opposite; basal rosette absent. Cauline lvs. connate, forming a sub-orbicular disk. . . M perfoliata Cauline lvs. ovate, sessile, not connate. . M. sibirica M. parvifolia (Moc. in DC.) Greene. Rare on rocky, metavolcanic outcrops. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July. M. perfoliata (Donn) Howell forma glauca (Nutt.) J. T. Howell. Miner's lettuce. Occasional on moist ultrabasic or metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-July. M. sibirica (L.) Howell var. sibirica. Occasional on moist ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-June.

PRIMULACEAE Trientalis L. T. latifolia Hook. Starflower. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane 119 chaparral, disturbed chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland.

April-June.

PYROLACEAE

Lvs. cauline; style very short when blooming; infl. corym- bose Chimaphila Lvs. basal; style elongate when blooming; infl racemose. . Pyrola

Chimaphila Pursh

C. umbellata (L.) Barton var. occidentalis (Rydb.)

Blake. Pipsissewa. Occasional on moist sites on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-August.

Pyrola L.

Lvs. scalelike, not fully developed, achlorotic. . P. picta

Lvs. well developed, green P dentata

P. picta Sm. forma aphylla (Sm.) Camp. Occasional on ultrabasic soil at southern end of study area. Mixed pine woodland. June-July.

P. dentata Sm. [In Munz = P. picta Sm. ssp. dentata

(Sm.) Piper.] Wintergreen. Common on dry ultrabasic soil.

Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. June-August.

Range extension from 3,000 ft down to 500 ft.

RANUNCULACEAE Petals absent, sepals petaloid, white to purple; cauline lvs. forming a single whorl Anemone 120

Petals and sepals present; cauline lvs. alternate or lacking. Fls. red and yellow; petals forming spurs. . . Aquilegia Fls. yellow (sometimes white); spurs absent Ranunculus Anemone L. Sepals 4-10 mm long A. quinquefolia var. minor Sepals 10-20 mm long A quinquefolia var. oregana A. quinquefolia L. var. minor (Eastw.) Munz. Rare on metavolcanic soil at Monumental. Mixed evergreen forest. April-May. A. quinquefolia L. var. oregana (Gray) Rob. Occasional on ultrabasic soil at north end of Toll Road. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. April-May. Aquilegia L. A. formosa Fisch. in DC. var. formosa. Columbine. Com- mon on moist ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-August. Range extension from 4,000 ft down to 1,700 ft. Ranunculus L. Plants with runners, rooting at the nodes. . . . R. repens Plants without runners. Petals less than 6 mm long R. uncinatus Petals greater than 6 mm long. Petals mostly 5-6 R occidentalis Petals mostly 8-15 R. californicus 121

R. californicus Benth. var. californicus. Buttercup.

Common in damp sites, ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil.

Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest. April-July.

R. occidentalis Nutt. var..howellii Greene. Buttercup.

Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. March-May. R. repens L. var. repens. Buttercup. Occasional along slow-moving streams, metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. Introduced. May-August.

R. uncinatus D. Don in G. Don var. uncinatus. Buttercup. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland.

April-July.

RHAMNACEAE

Fr. a dry capsule; fls. blue to white . Ceanothus

Fr. a fleshy drupe; fls. greenish Rhamnus Ceanothus L.

Plant prostrate; lvs. opposite; stipules corky C pumilus

Plant an erect shrub; lvs. alternate; stipules deciduous.

Lf. margins entire C integerrimus Lf. margins glandular-denticulate.

Branchlets terete; lvs. broadly ovate, glabrous beneath; fls. mostly white C velutinus

Branchlets angled; lvs. oblong to elliptic, pubescent beneath; fls. mostly blue. . . . C. thyrsiflorus

C. integerrimus H. & A. var. macrothyrsus (Torr.) G. T.

Benson. Deer brush. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine 122 woodland, montane chaparral. May-June. C. pumilus Greene. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland. March-June. Range extension from

2,000 ft down to 500 ft. C. thyrsiflorus Esch. var. thyrsiflorus. Blue blossom.

Rare, one plant at southern terminus of Toll Road on ultrabasic soil. Disturbed chaparral. April-June.

C. velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. var. laevigatus (Hook.)

T. & G. [In Munz = C. velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. var. hookeri M. C. Johnson.] Tobacco brush. Occasional on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-July.

Rhamnus L.

Lvs. thick, persistent, acute at apex, well distributed along branches; plant a low shrub to 2 m tall R californica Lvs. thin, deciduous, obtuse to subtruncate at apex, tufted at ends of branches; plant a large shrub to small tree, 5-12 m tall R. purshiana

R. californica Esch. ssp. occidentalis (Howell) C. B. Wolf. Coffeeberry. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland. May-July.

R. purshiana DC. Cascara sagrada. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July. 123

ROSACEAE

Plant an annual herb Alchemilla Plant a perennial herb, shrub, or tree.

Lvs. simple. Lvs. palmately lobed.

Fls. less than 1 cm across; fr. an aggregate of follicles Physocarpus Fls. 2 cm or more across; fr. an aggregate of drupelets Rubus parviflorus

Lvs. otherwise, not palmately lobed.

Fls. deep to pale pink.

Lvs. glabrous when young; fls. less than 6 mm broad; fr. an aggregate of follicles. . Spiraea

Lvs. pubescent when young; fls. more than 20 mm broad; fr. a pome Malus Fls. white.

Ovary inferior; fr. fleshy, a drupe or pome.

Style 1; fr. a drupe; species dioecious; pith chambered Oemleria

Styles 3-5; fr. a pome; species monoecious; pith not chambered.

Lvs. 2-4 cm long, apex rounded to truncate Amelanchier

Lvs. 5-10 cm long, apex acuminate. . . . Malus

Ovary superior; fr. dry, an aggregate of follicles Holodiscus

Lvs. cmpd.

Plant an herb.

Lvs. palmately cmpd; fls. yellow. . . . Potentilla

Lvs. pinnately cmpd; fls. purple to pink or white. 124

Lflts. 5-11; fls. purple; plant of boggy areas. Sanguisorba Lflts. numerous, more than 11; fls pink to white; plant of drier sites Horkelia Plant a vine or small shrub. Plant trailing; fls. white; fr. an aggregate of drupelets Rubus Plant erect; fls. pink; fr. a hip Rosa Alchemilla L. A. occidentalis Nutt. in T. & G. Rare on disturbed ultrabasic soil at ranch ponds, junction of Toll Road and Patrick Creek Road. Mixed pine woodland. Introduced. April-May. Amelanchier Medic. (Treatment according to Cope 1977) Outer surface of calyx lobes and hypanthium persistently densely tomentose A alnifolia var. florida Outer surface of calyx lobes and hypanthium sparsely-pubescent, becoming more glabrous with age A. alnifolia var. pallida A. alnifolia Nutt. var. florida (Lindl.) Schneider. [In Munz = A. florida Lindl.] Service-berry. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. May-June. A. alnifolia Nutt. var. pallida (Greene) Jeps. [In Munz = A. pallida Greene.] Service-berry. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, streamside Douglas-fir forest. April-June. The two varieties of Amelanchier found in the study area are difficult to distinguish and tend to intergrade. For example, petal and leaf measurements completely overlap. 125

These problems are reflected in the complex nomenclature and varying treatments which have been applied to the genus in the past. I have chosen to accept the treatment of Edward A. Cope (1977) who lumps A. florida and A. pallida into one species, A. alnifolia Nutt„ but continues to rec- ognize the two taxa at the varietal level. The basis for this distinction is the pubescence of the outer surfaces of the calyx-lobes and hypanthium, A. alnifolia var. florida tending to be more persistently tomentose on both surfaces.

Holodiscus Maxim.

Lf. blades broadly ovate, up to 3 cm long, scarcely longer than broad, petioles 2-3 mm long H boursieri Lf. blades elliptic to ovate, longer than broad, up to 8 cm long, petioles 4-10 mm long.

Lf. base cuneate, teeth of lvs. mostly simple H discolor var. delnortensis

Lf. base truncate, teeth of lvs. mostly cmpd H discolor var. franciscanus

H. boursieri (Carr.) Rehd. in Bailey. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. June-July. Range extension from Trinity County at 4,000 ft down to 400 ft.

H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim. var. delnortensis Ley. Ocean spray. Rare on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. June-July.

H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim. var. franciscanus (Rydb.)

Jeps. Ocean spray. Rare on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June-July.

The genus Holodiscus represents a group which is difficult to separate into discrete units. The critical 126 taxonomic characters of leaf size, shape, margin, and pubescence, grade into each other in the plants found in the study area. The characters used in the above key are for blooming branches and represent the extreme condition for each taxon.

Horkelia Cham. & Schlecht.

H. sericata Wats. Common on serpentine soil at southern end of the Toll Road. Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland. June-July. Flowers occasionally are pubescent within. Malus Mill. M. sylvestris Mill. Common apple. One young tree on disturbed roadside, metavolcanic soil, 7 miles north of

Patrick Creek junction near Monumental. Mixed evergreen forest. Escaped cultivar. Immature.

Oemleria Reichb. (Treatment according to Landon 1975)

0. cerasiformis (H. & A.) Landon. [In Munz = Osmaronia cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene.] Osoberry. Occasional on serpentine soil along Eighteenmile Creek. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest. March-May.

Physocarpus Maxim.

P. capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze. Ninebark. Rare along

Patrick Creek near ranch ponds, ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, streamside maple forest. June-July. 127

Potentilla L. Lflts. densely white-villous beneath, appearing bicolored. . P. gracilis ssp. gracilis Lflts. sparsely pubescent beneath, not bicolored P gracilis ssp. nuttallii P. gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. ssp. gracilis. Cinquefoil. Uncommon on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. June-July. P. gracilis Dougl. ex Hook. ssp. nuttallii (Lehm.) Keck. Cinquefoil. Occasional on moist serpentine seeps and creeksides. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. May- July. Rosa L. Sepals pinnatifid; lflts. glandular beneath R. eglanteria Sepals entire; lflts. not glandular beneath. Sepals sparsely pubescent on margins, deciduous in fr.; pedicels glandular pubescent R gymnocarpa Sepals glandular pubescent on back, persistent; pedicels glandular pubescent R pinetorum R. eglanteria L. Eglantine. Rare on metavolcanic soil at Shelly Creek junction. Mixed evergreen forest. Natural- ized ornamental. May-July. R. gymnocarpa Nutt. in T. & G. Wood rose. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July. R. pinetorum Heller. Occasional on ultrabasic soil at southern end of Toll Road. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed 128 chaparral. May-July. Range extension from Humboldt and

Trinity counties. Rosa is another genus showing great variability with some evidence of introgression and hybridization. Those characters used for identification of species: pubescence and glandulosity of pedicels, hypanthium, sepals, and leaflet margins, show a continuum of variation ranging from completely glabrous flowers which do not fit the description of any plant expected in this area, through various combi- nations of dense glandular pubescence on pedicels and sepals. Only the above three species have been identified satisfactorily. Three specimens remain which could not be placed in any of the Klamath Region taxa and possibly represent hybrids.

Rubus L.

Lvs. simple R. parviflorus Lys. cmpd.

Lvs. green beneath, sparsely pubescent. . . . R. ursinus

Lvs. white beneath, densely tomentose. Lvs. 3- to 5-foliolate; terminal lflt. broad, rounded, 8-12 cm long; infl. terminal, large, branched. . R. discolor Lvs. 3-foliolate; terminal lflt. ovate to lanceolate, 3-7 cm long; infl. lateral, small, simple. . . R leucodermis

R. discolor Weihe & Nees. [In Munz = R. procerus P. J.

Muell.] Himalaya-berry. Occasional on ultrabasic soil, disturbed sites. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas- fir forest. Introduced. May-August. 129

R. leucodermis Dougl. ex T. & G. var. leucodermis.

Blackcap raspberry. Common on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland, streamside maple forest. May-July.

R. parviflorus Nutt. var. parviflorus. Thimbleberry.

Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest.

May-July.

R. ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. var. ursinus. California blackberry. Common on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil.

Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. April-July.

Sanguisorba L.

S. officinalis L. [In Munz = S. microcephala Presl.] Burnet. Rare in seep on ultrabasic soil at north end of

Toll Road. Bogs and seeps. July-August.

Spiraea L. S. densiflora Nutt. ex T. & G. var. densiflora. Spiraea.

Rare along Shelly Creek at north end of Toll Road on ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest. June-July.

RUBIACEAE Galium L. (Specimens annotated by L. T. Dempster 1976)

Plant forming a low, dense mat; internodes short, stems densely leafy G ambiguum

Plant loose, stems more open and spreading; internodes longer, leaves well-spaced.

Lvs. 4 in a whorl; fr. fleshy and glabrous G. bolanderi 130

Lvs. 5-6 in a whorl; fr. densely bristly. . G. triflorum G. ambiguum Wight ssp. siskiyouense Ferris. Bedstraw.

Common on rocky, ultrabasic soil, occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, Jeffrey pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

G. bolanderi Gray. Bedstraw. Rare on metavolcanic soil near Monumental. Mixed evergreen forest. Based on collection #11441 (HSC) of H. E. Parks and J. P. Tracy. June- August.

G. triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented bedstraw. Common on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

SALICACEAE Salix L.

Petioles glandular at base of lf.-blade; catkin scales yellow; stamens more than 2 S. lasiandra Petioles not glandular; catkin scales black or brown; stamens 2 or less.

Lvs. pubescent throughout at maturity. . S. delnortensis

Lvs. glabrous above, sparsely pubescent beneath at maturity.

Lvs. elliptic to oblanceolate, apex acute; capsule glabrous S. lasiolepis

Lvs. broadly oblanceolate, apex rounded to obtuse; capsule pubescent S. scouleriana S. delnortensis C. K. Schneid. Del Norte willow. Common along creeks and seeps, ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest. April-May.

S. lasiandra Benth. var. lasiandra. Willow. Uncommon on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside 131 maple forest. April-May.

S. lasiolepis Benth. var. lasiolepis. Arroyo willow. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. March-May.

S. scouleriana Barr. var. scouleriana. Willow. Occa- sional on both ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. April-June.

SARRACENIACEAE

Darlingtonia Torr. D. californica Torr. California pitcher-plant. Common in wet sites on ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. April-June.

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Stamens 10; fr. of 2 unequal valves Tiarella

Stamens 5; fr. otherwise.

Lvs. pubescent above; petals pinnately cleft. . Mitella

Lvs. glabrous above; petals entire.

Lf. margin incised;. ovary 2-celled Boykinia Lf. margin crenately lobed; ovary l-celled Heuchera

Boykinia Nutt.

B. elata (Nutt.) Greene. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. June-August. 132

Heuchera L.

H. micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. var. erubescens (A. Br. & Bouche) Rosend. Alum-root. Rare on damp metavolcanic rock outcrops. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July. Range extension from Siskiyou County and down to 2,000 ft.

Mitella L. M. ovalis Greene. Miterwort. Rare on damp sites, metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. April-May.

Tiarella L.

T. trifoliata L. var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz. [In Munz = T. unifoliata Hook.] Sugar-scoop. Occasional on damp metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. June-August.

SCROPHULARIACEAE Corolla ± regular; fertile stamens 5 Verbascum

Corolla ± bilabiate; fertile stamens 2 or 4.

Stamens enclosed in narrowly folded, arched upper lip. Plant perennial Castilleja Plant annual.

Plant loosely branching; corolla not conspicuous. Cordylanthus

Plant not branched, or with close, ascending branches; tri-saccate lip of corolla conspicuous. Orthocarpus

Stamens not enclosed in upper lip.

Stamens enclosed in keel-shaped middle lobe of lower lip Collinsia 133

Stamens not so enclosed. Stamens 2, exserted. Lvs. ovate-cordate, arising from a woody caudex Synthyris Lvs. lance-ovate, distributed along stems. . . Veronica Fertile stamens 4, included in throat. Corolla yellow or red; staminode absent. . . . Mimulus Corolla blue-purple; staminode present Penstemon Castilleja Mutis. (Specimens annotated by L. R. Heckard 1977) Lvs. all entire, essentially glabrous; growing in moist sites C. elata Some or all lvs. tri-lobed, pubescent; growing in dry sites. Plant l-2 dm tall; corolla 15-16 mm long C. brevilobata Plant 3-7 cm tall; corolla 25-30 mm long . C. pruinosa C. brevilobata Piper. Paint-brush. Abundant on ultrabasic soil at southern and northern ends of Toll Road. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. C. elata Piper. [In Munz = C. miniata Dougl. ex Hook. ssp. elata (Piper) Munz.] Paint-brush. Common in seeps on moist ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas-fir forest, bogs and seeps. May-August. C. pruinosa Fern. ssp. pruinosa. Indian paint-brush. Abundant on dry ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. April-July. 134

Castilleja pruinosa appears to represent a population which has undergone introgression with C. affinis H. & A., as indicated by the presence of broader leaves and short, coarse trichomes. According to correspondence with Dr. L.

R. Heckard (1977), Castilleja species hybridize with ease and gene exchange is suspected in this area.

Collinsia Nutt. Corolla 8-12 mm long C. linearis

Corolla 5-8 mm long C rattanii C. linearis Gray. Common in moist ultrabasic seeps.

Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. May-July.

C. rattanii Gray. Uncommon on metavolcanic soil near

Monumental. Mixed evergreen forest. Based on collection

#11344 (HSC) of H. E. Parks and J. P. Tracy. May-June.

Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. (Specimens annotated by L. R. Heckard and T. Chuang 1976)

C. tennis Gray ssp. viscidus (Howell) Chuang & Heckard.

[In Munz = C. viscidus (Howell) Penn.] Bird's-beak. Un- common on ultrabasic soil at Danger Point. Mixed pine woodland. June-July.

Mimulus L.

Fls. red; stems and lvs. pubescent M. cardinalis

Fls. yellow; stems and lvs. glabrous.

Corolla l-2 cm long. . . . M. guttatus var. depauperatus

Corolla 2-4 cm long M. guttatus var. guttatus 135

M. cardinalis Dougl. ex Benth. Scarlet monkey-flower.

Occasional along streams, metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July.

M. guttatus Fisch. ex DC. var. guttatus. Monkey-flower.

Common on moist, ultrabasic sites. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-August. M. guttatus Fisch. ex DC. var. depauperatus (Gray) Grant.

Monkey-flower. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-June.

Orthocarpus Nutt.

(Specimens annotated by L. R. Heckard 1977)

0. lacerus Benth. Cream sacs. Abundant locally near dump turn-off at southern terminus on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Disturbed chaparral. May-June. Range extension from Siskiyou County. This plant bears a cream-colored corolla, rather than the bright yellow corolla of most descriptions.

Penstemon Mitch.

Infl. glabrous P azureus Infl. glandular-pubescent. .

Cauline lvs. oblong to lanceolate, denticulate, l-3 cm broad; staminode sparsely bearded P anguineus Cauline lvs. linear to lanceolate, entire, to 0.5 cm broad; staminode glabrous; fls. wet to the touch. . . . P laetus

P. anguineus Eastw. Beard-tongue. Occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-July. 136

P. azureus Benth. ssp. azureus. Occasional on ultrabasic soil, disturbed and burned-over areas. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. May-July. Range extension from 3,500 ft down to 700 ft.

P. laetus Gray ssp. sagittatus Keck. Occasional on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. June-August.

Synthyris Benth. in DC.

S. reniformis (Dougl.) Benth. var. cordata Gray. Rare, on banks of Elevenmile Creek, ultrabasic soil. Streamside Douglas-fir forest. March-April.

Verbascum L.

Plant sparsely glandular-pubescent; lvs. dentate V blattaria

Plant woolly; lvs. entire V. thapsus

V. blattaria L. Moth mullein. Uncommon, at ranch ponds on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland. Introduced. May- August.

V. thapsus L. Mullein. Occasional on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland.

Introduced. June-September.

Veronica L. V. americana (Raf.) Schw. Speedwell. Uncommon on damp, shady streamsides, metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. July-August. 137

UMBELLIFERAE Fr. bearing prickles, bristles or tubercles. Fr. several times longer than wide Osmorhiza Fr. not more than 2 times as long as wide. Plant annual Daucus Plant perennial Sanicula Fr. without prickles, bristles or tubercles. Ribs of fr. not winged. Fls. yellow; plant low, less than 4 dm tall; flowering scapes with lvs. only at base Tauschia Fls. white; plant taller; caulescent. . . Perideridia Some ribs winged or quite prominent at maturity. Fr. compressed dorsally, obviously flattened; anise odor absent. Stylopodium well developed Angelica Stylopodium poorly developed Lomatium Fr. compressed slightly laterally, subterete; anise odor present Ligusticum Angelica L. A. arguta Nutt. ex T. & G. Rare on moist ultrabasic soil at Tenmile Creek. Mixed pine woodland, streamside Douglas- fir forest. June-August. Daucus L. D. pusillus Michx. Rattlesnake weed. Uncommon on disturbed ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, disturbed chaparral. April-June. Ligusticum L. L. californicum Coult. & Rose. Uncommon on dry 138 ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral. June-August.

Lomatium Raf.

(Specimens examined by L. Constance 1976)

Lvs. pubescent, dissected into many small divisions. . . . L macrocarpum

Lvs. glabrous, with few or large divisions.

Fr. deeply emarginate at each end L. howellii Fr. not emarginate, or barely so, wings joined above and below body.

Lflt. segments oblong to cuneate, serrate-lobed. . L martindalei

Lflt. segments linear, entire L. triternatum

L. howellii (Wats.) Jeps. Common on ultrabasic soil.

Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral.

March-June.

L. macrocarpum (H. & A.) Coult. & Rose var. macrocarpum.

Rare on dry serpentine soil at Stateline. Jeffrey pine woodland. May-June.

L. martindalei Coult. & Rose var. martindalei. Uncommon on ultrabasic and metavolcanic soil along Shelly Creek.

Mixed pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. May-July.

Dr. L. Constance (1976) has identified specimens from the study area as L. martindalei, even though he feels they strain the description, particularly with respect to size. This species is rare in California, its presence previously documented by two collections from northern California which were viewed at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Gardens Herbar- ium (RSA). 139

L. triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose ssp. triternatum var. triternatum. [In Munz = L. triternatum (Pursh) C. & R. var. macrocarpum (C. & R.) Mathias.] Common on ultrabasic soil, occasional on metavolcanic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral, mixed evergreen forest. April-July. Osmorhiza Raf. 0. chilensis H. & A. Sweet-cicely. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, streamside maple forest. May-July.

Perideridia Rchb.

(Specimens examined by T. Chuang 1976) P. oregana (Wats.) Math. Common on dry ultrabasic soil.

Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland. July-August. Range extension from 3,000 ft down to 700 ft.

Sanicula L.

Basal lvs. palmately divided; fr. prickly to base S. crassicaulis

Basal lvs. pinnately divided; fr. prickly on upper part only S. peckiana S. crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC. Sanicle. Occasional on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. April-

June.

S. peckiana Macbr. Sanicle. Common on ultrabasic soil.

Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland. April-May. 140

Tauschia Schlecht. T. glauca (Coult. & Rose) Math. & Const. Common on dry ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. April-June.

VALERIANACEAE Plant a small annual; fls. l-3.5 mm long. . . . Plectritis Plant a perennial herb; fls. 5-9 mm long Valeriana Plectritis DC. P. congesta (Lindl.) DC. ssp. brachystemon (F. & M.) Morey. Rare on moist metavolcanic soil. Streamside maple forest. May-June. Valeriana L. V. scouleri Rydb. [In Munz = V. sitchensis Bong. ssp. scouleri (Rydb.) F. G. Mey.] Valerian. Rare on ultrabasic soil, creekside at Twelvemile Creek. Streamside Douglas- fir forest. April-June.

VERBENACEAE Verbena L. V. lasiostachys Link. var. septentrionalis Mold. Ver- vain. Rare on disturbed metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest. May-August.

VIOLACEAE Viola L. Lvs. deeply cut V lobata Lf. margins entire. 141

Petals yellow above and below V. sempervirens

Petals white, with purple lines from throat. Fls. with yellow spur and throat; lvs. round-ovate to deltoid V cuneata

Fls. without any yellow; lvs. rhombic-ovate V. lanceolata

V. cuneata Wats. Violet. Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral,

Jeffrey pine woodland, March-June.

V. lanceolata L. ssp. occidentalis (Gray) Russell.

Violet. Rare on moist ultrabasic soil north of Eighteenmile

Creek. Mixed pine woodland. August. V. lobata Benth. ssp. psychodes (Greene) Munz. Violet.

Common on ultrabasic soil. Mixed pine woodland, montane chaparral, disturbed chaparral. March-July. V. sempervirens Greene. Evergreen violet. Common on metavolcanic soil. Mixed evergreen forest, disturbed shrubland. March-May.

VISCACEAE Plant parasitic on Pinus; berry on recurved pedicel. . . . Arceuthobium

Plant parasitic on Calocedrus; berry sessile Phoradendron Arceuthobium Bieb.

A. campylopodum Engelm. in Gray forma campylopodum.

Mistletoe. Common parasite on pines throughout the area.

Mixed pine woodland, Jeffrey pine woodland, mixed evergreen forest. June-August. REFERENCES CITED Ackerman, J. D. 1977. Biosystematics of the genus Piperia Rydb. (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75:245-270. Ahrendt, L. W. A. 1960. Berberis and Mahonia, a taxonomic revision. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 57: l-369. Bledsoe, A. J. 1881. History of Del Norte County, Califor- nia, with a business directory and traveler's guide. Wyman & Company Publishers, Humboldt Times Printing, Eureka, California. 205 pp. Cantelow, E. D. and H. C. Cantelow. 1957. Biographical notes on persons in whose honor Alice Eastwood named plants. Leaflets of Western Botany 8(5):83-101. Cater, F. W., Jr., and F. G. Wells. 1953, Geology and mineral resources of the Gasquet Quadrangle, California- Oregon. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 995-C: 79-133. Chase, D. M. 1958. He opened the west and led the first white explorers through northwest California, May-June, 1828. Del Norte Triplicate Press, Crescent City, Cali- fornia. 38 pp. Constance, L. 1976. Personal communication on Lomatium. University of California, Berkeley, California. Constance, L. 1978. Personal communication on the history of the Old Gasquet Toll Road. University of California, Berkeley, California. Cooke, W. B. 1962. On the flora of the Cascade Mountains. Wassmann Journal of Biology 20(l):l-67. Cope, E. A. 1977. Amelanchier in northwest California. Unpublished Botany 118 paper on file at Humboldt State University Herbarium, Arcata, California. 17 pp. Del Norte Triplicate. 1976. Bicentennial edition, 1776- 1976. Crescent City, California. 200 pp. Eastwood, A. 1948. Studies of Pacific Coast Lilies - II. Leaflets of Western Botany 5(7):120-123. Eder, H. M. 1963. The geographical uniqueness of Califor- nia's north coast counties, Humboldt and Del Norte. Un- published Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, Univer- sity of California, Los Angeles, California. 249 pp. 144

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