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Re-Use of Roman Stone in London City-Walls ROMAN ORNAMENTAL STONES IN NORTH- ROMAN ORNAMENTAL STONES IN WESTERN EUROPE NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE Catherine Coquelet, Guido Creemers, Roland Dreesen & Éric Goemaere 8 3 o n e During Roman times, various rock types have been selected for the manufacturing i g o of religious and funerary sculptures, others have been carefully chosen for l o particular architectural and ornamental pieces. e latter stones were restricted to é h c public buildings or major private houses. is taste for ornamental stones, part of r A which were derived from the Mediterranean realm, has generated an important – s supply activity of products derived from provincial quarries. Where are these t n materials coming from? What is their geographical distribution? What kind of social e m and economic mechanisms are playing here? What kind of decorative elements have u c they been used for? What happened aer abandonment of the buildings? Were the o D quarries still active during post-Roman times? What is the importance of t e their recycling? s e d u t É In recent years, research into the origin and provenance of Roman ornamental stones in North-Western Europe, experienced a new impetus, generating the need for an International Conference. is conference was hosted in Belgium by the Prix de vente : 40 € Gallo-Roman Museum of Tongeren, on April 20-22, 2016. is volume presents the full papers of the oral talks and posters given and shown at the meeting. e ISBN : 978-2-39038-005-4 conference offered a true interdisciplinary and international exchange platform for archaeologists, geologists, (art) historians, heritage and restoration specialists and for all those interested in the provenance and distribution of ornamental stones, their extraction, processing and recycling in the Roman provinces of North- Western Europe. Études et Documents Archéologie Agence wallonne du Patrimoine 38 Études et Documents Archéologie 38 La série ARCHÉOLOGIE de la collection ÉTUDES ET DOCUMENTS est une publication de l'AGENCE WALLONNE DU PATRIMOINE Service public de Wallonie Direction générale opérationnelle de l'aménagement du territoire, du logement, du patrimoine et de l'énergie Agence wallonne du Patrimoine Rue des Brigades d'Irlande, 1 B-5100 Jambes DIFFUSION ET VENTE ÉDITEUR RESPONSABLE Service publications Jean Plumier, Résidence du Grand Cortil, Inspecteur général-expert Place des Célestines, 21 (derrière l'hôtel Ibis) B-5000 Namur COORDINATION ÉDITORIALE Tél. : +32 (0)81.230.703 ou +32 (0)81.654.154 Liliane Henderickx et Julien Maquet Fax : +32 (0)81.231.890 [email protected] CONCEPTION GRAPHIQUE www.awap.be DE LA COLLECTION www.patrimoine-publications.be Ken Dethier no vert de la Wallonie : 1718 MISE EN PAGE & COORDINATION GRAPHIQUE www.wallonie.be Jean-François Lemaire En cas de litige, Médiateur de Wallonie : IMPRIMERIE Marc Bertrand Snel, Vottem Tél. : 0800.19.199 — le-mediateur.be COUVERTURE Le texte engage la seule responsabilité des auteurs. Detail of the mosaic floor discovered during excavations in the L'éditeur s'est efforcé de régler les droits relatifs Hondsstraat, Tongeren (photo: A. Vanderhoeven & G. Vynckier, aux illustrations conformément aux prescriptions © Flemish Heritage Institute, Brussels) légales. Les détenteurs de droits qui, malgré ses recherches, n'auraient pu être retrouvés sont priés de RÉFÉRENCE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE se faire connaître à l'éditeur. Coquelet C., Creemers G., Dreesen R. & Goemare É. (ed.), 2018. Roman Ornamental Stones in North-Western Europe. Natural Resources, Manufacturing, Supply, Life & After-Life, Namur (Études et Documents, Archéologie, 38), 377 p. Avertissement Depuis le 1er janvier 2018, le Département du Patrimoine de la direction générale opérationnelle de l'aménagement du territoire, du logement, du patrimoine et de l'énergie du Service public de Wallonie, Tous droits réservés pour tous pays et l'Institut du Patrimoine wallon sont Dépôt légal : D/2018/14.407/08 réunis au sein de la nouvelle Agence ISBN : 978-2-39038-005-4 wallonne du Patrimoine (AWaP). ROMAN ORNAMENTAL STONES IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE NATURAL RESOURCES, MANUFACTURING, SUPPLY, LIFE & AFTER-LIFE Edited by Catherine Coquelet, Guido Creemers, Roland Dreesen and Éric Goemaere ÉTUDES ET DOCUMENTS Proceedings of the International conference ‘Roman ornamental stones Archéologie, 38 in north-western Europe. Natural resources, manufacturing, supply, life & Namur, 2018 after-life’, Gallo-Roman Museum of Tongeren (Belgium), 20-22 April 2016 Service public de Wallonie Direction générale opérationnelle de l'Aménagement du territoire, du Logement, du Patrimoine et de l'Énergie Agence wallonne du Patrimoine TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 13 CATHERINE COQUELET, GUIDO CREEMERS, ROLAND DREESEN & ÉRIC GOEMAERE PART 1 ORIGIN AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIALS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MOST IMPORtaNT DECORativE STONES OF ANCIENT GREECE: USE, DISTRIBUTION, QUARRIES, CHARACTERIZatiON AND ARCHAEOMETRIC PROBLEMS 19 LORENZO LAZZARINI ON THE ROMAn use of ‘BELGIAN MArbles’ IN THE CIVITAS TUNGRORUM AND BEYOND 25 ROLAND DREESEN, MARLEEN DE CEUKELAIRE & VILMA RUPPIENÉ 1. Introduction . 25 2. The ‘Belgian marbles’ . 26 3. Occurrences and uses of ‘Belgian marbles’. 40 4. Conclusions . 45 GRANITO VERDE A ERBETTA FROM THE RUWER-vaLLEY NEAR TRIER: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM PETROGRAPHY AND MAJOR ELEMENT COMPOSITIONS 51 VILMA RUPPIENÉ & TATJANA MIRJAM GLUHAK 1. Introduction . 51 2. Geology of the region and sampling . 53 3. Results. 55 4. Conclusions . 59 AN OVERVIEW OF ROMAN DIMENSION STONES IN THE NETHERLANDS 63 TIMO G. NIJLAND, C. WIM DUBELAAR & JAN DRÖGE 1. Introduction . 63 2. Imported dimension stones. 63 3. Local dimension stones . 70 4. Conclusion. 71 Études et Documents Archéologie 38 5 ROMAN ORNAMENTAL STONES IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE ORNAMENtaL STONES USED IN THE VILLA at DAMBLAIN (VOSGES, FRANCE) 79 JEAN-MICHEL MECHLING, KARINE BOULANGER & VINCENT BARBIN 1. Location and presentation of the archaeological site of Damblain. 79 2. Macroscopic description of the decorative and building stones . 81 3. Characterization of the stones and origins of their deposits . 83 4. An optimization of the stones provenance/cost?. 89 5. Conclusions . 90 THE GEOLOGICAL SOURCE OF THE EARLIEST TOMBSTONES AND ARCHITECTURAL FRagmENTS FROM SOUTHERN BRitaNNIA: A PETROLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INVEStigatiON OF STONE FROM PRE-FLaviaN COLCHESTER 93 KEVIN M.J. HAYWARD 1. Introduction . 93 2. Methodology and archaeological dataset . 95 3. Results: the lithotypes . 96 4. Case study Claudio-Neronian Colchester . 98 5. Conclusions . .102 PODpeč LIMESTONE FOR COLONIA IULIA EMONA (REGIO X, VENETIA AND HISTRIA) 107 BOJAN Djurić, LUKA GALE & Snježana Miletić 1. Introduction . .107 2. Localisation . .108 3. Use of black limestone in Emona: previous research . .109 4. New research: methods and results. .110 5. Discussion and conclusions. 111 PROVENANCE ANALYSIS OF ROMAN LIMESTONE FROM THE MOSELLE VALLEY VIA NEUTRON ACTIVATION: RESEARCH OF THE JOHANNES GUTENBERG-UNIVERSITÄT MAINZ (GERMANY) 113 CHRISTIAN STIEGHORST, HANS-PETER KUHNEN, JAN PATRICK NEUMANN & CHRISTIAN PLONKA 1. Introduction . .114 2. State of research . 116 3. Sampling. 117 4. Provenance analysis . .119 5. Results of the elemental distribution. .120 6. Results of the multivariate data analysis . .122 7. Conclusion and outlook . .124 6 PART 2 SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF STONE EXTRACTION AND DISTRIBUTION ‘DIFFICULT AND COSTLY’: sTONE TRANSPORT, ITS CONSTRAINTS, AND ITS IMPACt 131 BEN RUSSELL 1. Introduction . .131 2. The maritime dimension. 132 3. Overland and up-river . .136 4. The impact of transportation . .139 5. Stone and other commodities. 142 6. Conclusions . .144 StONE OBJECTS FROM VINDOBONA (AUSTRIA): PROVENANCE OF LOCAL STONE IN A HISTORICO-ECONOMICAL SEttiNG 151 SOPHIE INSULANDER, MICHAELA KRONBERGER, BEATRIX MOSHAMMER & MARTIN MOSSER 1. Introduction, questions and methodological approach. 151 2. Quarrying regions. 153 3. Case examples . .153 4. Analysis by linking various data sources . .158 5. Perspectives. 160 USE AND TRADE OF ORNAMENtaL ROCKS IN THE MID-EBRO vaLLEY (SPAIN) IN THE ROMAN ERA 163 MIGUEL CISNEROS 1. Introduction . .163 2. Marbleisation . .164 3. Distribution and supply of marble: access routes . .168 4. Final considerations . .171 RUPTURE OR CONTINUITY IN STONE SUPPLY BETWEEN THE ROMAn AND EARLY MEDIEvaL TIMES (LatE 6TH–7TH CENTURY AD)? ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF LIMESTONE SARCOPhagi IN NORTHERN GAUL AND RE-USE OF ROMAN ORNAMENtaL STONES 175 LAURE-ANNE FINOULST 1. Provenance and use of stones in Northern Gaul during the Roman period. 175 2. Provenance and use of ornamental stones in the Early Middle Ages . .177 3. Sarcophagi in the Early Middle Ages: reused Roman ornamental stones and new sculptures. .177 4. From the Roman period through the Early Middle Ages: a same trade?. 178 5. Conclusions . .180 Études et Documents Archéologie 38 7 ROMAN ORNAMENTAL STONES IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE PART 3 CARVING THE STONE ANTIQUE DECORativE STONE CUttiNG: RESULTS AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES 183 LES TAILLES DÉCORAtives antiques : RÉSULTATS ET PERSPECTIVES DE RECHERCHES JEAN-CLAUDE BESSAC 1. L'esthétique antique des pierres et sa perception actuelle . 183 2. Une approche fondée sur la pratique traditionnelle du métier. .185 3. Les bossages brochés au pic sur pierre tendre et ferme . .186 4. Les bossages naturels ou éclatés sur les roches les plus résistantes . .188 5. Les bossages rustiques sont-ils fonctionnels ou décoratifs ? . .188 6. Du bossage fonctionnel aux versions décoratives . 189 7. Les tailles réalisées au pic et à la broche. .191 8. Aperçu sur quelques autres tailles décoratives . .194 9. Les résultats et les perspectives de recherches. 196 StONE OPERatiONAL CHAIN AND WORKSHOPS WITHIN THE CIVITAS AEDUORUM BETWEEN THE 1ST AND THE 4TH cenTURIes AD 199 PIERRE-ANTOINE LAMY 1. Introduction . .199 2. Operational chain. 200 3. Identifying specific sculptors and workshops. 204 4. Datings. 208 THE STONE WORKSHOPS IN THE SANCTUARY OF PONT-SaiNTE-MAXENCE (OISE, PICARDY, FRANCE): NatURAL RESOURCES AND STYLISTIC COMPARISONS 211 VÉRONIQUE BRUNET-GASTON, CHRISTOPHE GASTON, ANNIE BLANC & PHILIPPE.
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