NEW ZEALAND’S FEMINIST MAGAZINE FRONTING UP VOLUNTEER WORKERS The Broadsheet Office is on the first floor of the Gane During the first three weeks of January we springcleaned Building 43 Anzac Avenue, Auckland. Office and book­ the office and bookshop. Work has progressed on catalogu­ shop hours: 9 am - 4 pm Monday to Friday, Saturdays 10am ing and shelving library books (see next notice) and our en­ -1 pm for the bookshop. Our box number is PO Box 5799 vironment seems much more inviting to work in. We'd like Wellesley Street, Auckland, New Zealand. Phone 794-751. to thank those women who helped us during this time. Without them it would have taken twice as long. DEADLINES FOR FUTURE ISSUES INTERNATIONAL WOMEN S DAY Deadline for May - March 10 and for June - April 10 Small items, news, What's New? and adverts can reach us March 8 is International Women's Day. It is a day when up to two weeks after this date. women around the world unite in protest against the de­ It has taken longer than we expected to get together arti­ structive forces in society which exploit women and minor­ cles and material on sexuality, so the sexuality issue has ity groups. been postponed until April, and probably May. It was a protest by women clothing workers in New York in 1908 which inspired International Women's Day. The STUFFING women clothing workers organised a strike and protest Stuffing of the April issue will be on Saturday March 31 at march through the streets for equal pay, shorter hours and the Broadsheet Office from 10am. All women and children against sweatshop conditions. welcome. In 1910 at an International Congress of Socialist Women in Copenhagen, Denmark, Clara Zetkin and delegates ADVERTISING RATES from USA urged the Congress to designate March 8 as In­ Classified $1.90 per column centimetre ternational Women’s Day. Q uarter page $36.50, Half page $70, full page $130 Women in the South Pacific have many injustices to pro­ Inside cover full page $180, half page $90, quarter page $45 test about. The list could go on and on. Sexism, fascism, Outside back cover $360 capitalism, racism and heterosexism are still ranged against Other sizes and prices by arrangement especially for us. We spend a large part of our lives struggling against feminist (non-profit making) groups. Ring Renee. these forces sometimes to the extent that we think our own In our Jan/Feb issue you may have noticed one of our ad­ particular group’s aim is the only onē. March 8 gives us a vertisers used our box number for correspondence. This chance to consider, once again, the worldwide nature of was solely for her convenience and has no link up with these forces and the worldwide unity which is needed to de­ Broadsheet at all. feat them.

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COVER (front) Tuaiwa Rickard, President of Kotahitanga during this year's Hikoi ki Waitangi, (back) A small part of Te Hikoi. ' Photographs by Gil Hanly published with courtesy of Te Kotahitangi Committee. FRONTISPIECE Feminist Graffiti in Washington DC, by Jackie Niles in OFF OUR BACKS, November 1983 THE BROADSHEET COLLECTIVE Sarah Calvert, Sandra Coney, Lyn Crossley, Bernadette Doolan, Heather McLeish, Clair-Louise McCurdy, Diane Quin, Jenny Rankine and Renee. THESE WOMEN worked on this issue: Anne Waters, Margaret Shirley, Lesley Smith, Leonie Child, Elizabeth Dooley, Deborah, Frith Dawnschild, Ariane Nicholson, Jesvier Singh, Tracey. BROADSHEET is published by Broadsheet Magazine Ltd, PO Box 5799 Wellesley Street, Auck­ land; Registered Office: 1st floor, Cane Building, 43 Anzac Avenue, Auckland 1; and printed by Wanganui Newspapers Ltd, 20 Drews Avenue, Wanganui. Published: 1 March 1984. BROADSHEET annual subscription $NZ17, overseas surface $22, overseas airmail Europe $35, America and Asia $30.50, Australia and South Pacific $24.25. Permission must be sought before articles may be reprinted. Broadsheet is on file at the Women's Collection, Special Collection Department, Northwest­ ern University Library, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA. ISSN 01 10-8603 Registered at the CPO as a magazine.

Broadsheet, March 1984. 1 Firstly I went with a friend to didn’t the promoters go in Y- see the promoters and discuss our fronts themselves. (They said they objections. We waited an hour were too busy.) If you do take ac­ and they didn’t turn up so we left tion I think it is important in dis­ written objections for them. cussing this contest with men to Then I rang all the women’s ask them if they would enter groups I knew and my friends. themselves. It’s gut level con­ LtTTlffS Most decided to ring and comp­ sciousness raising. The defensive­ lain to the Hillsborough Tavern. ness is shifted from you to them. As it was a few days till Christmas One breastfeeding friend of many were busy but all felt mine said that she thought it DAMNED OF WE DO been on all the NZPA wires, it strongly about it. Many said they would only be fair if they put a DAMNED IF WE PON't wasn’t - as far as I could see - re­ would blacklist the pub. We small electric charge through the ported in the Press. That fact is should have been positive about mens wet underpants so that we Dear Broadsheet, frightening in itself. If we, in New blacklisting the pub as they were could get an eyeful of his goods in I enclose herewith a photocopy of Zealand, have the expectation definitely worried about sales. a state of arousal. I fell about a news bulletin item which was in­ that women are NOT protected by I rang our Mayoress who was laughing till I thought - bucket of cluded in the 1.00 p.m. 2YA news law, then this story would be so really upset to hear of this contest cold water, small electric shock, broadcast on Wednesday, 30th ho-hum as to be un-newsworthy. and asked me to ring the police there’s not much difference. November 1983. As, indeed, it largely appears to crimes prevention department More about taking action. The I found it so astonishing at first have been. which I did having temporarily media - as you know they can ad­ hearing that I telephoned the I am posting a copy of the article forgotten that they are a product vertise the contest. Take care. BCNZ news desk to check the ac­ to the Canadian High Commis­ of eons of patriarchy and that they Our organisers here started cal­ curacy of my hearing. The follow­ sion, with a letter inviting their see no connection between an at­ ling it the controversial wet T-shirt ing day, I obtained a copy of the comments on the article. If any­ titude and an act. I realised my contest - they were pleased as news telex. thing comes of that, I’ll post you a mistake and that we should have punch with my free advertising. copy of the High Commission’s taken the law into our own hands Also both articles failed to state it “In Canada a rape victim has been comments. years ago. was $5 a head to get into the Hill­ sent to jail while the two men ac­ Yours sincerely I made another arrangement to sborough car park. cused of assaulting her have been see the promoter. He refused to In conversations I had many set free because the woman was Penelope Martin stop the contest (a big sob story people asked me about the too scared to give evidence against Wellington about his need (desire) for money women in the contest. Most sup­ them.” and a pregnant wife etc). He said porters of the contest say it’s a free “She told the court she feared TITHES AND TESTES______it wasn’t sexist as they would have world. It’s just a giggle. Why do for her safety and for that of her males in wet T-shirts too! these girls go in it, they love show­ family if she testified against two Dear Broadsheet, I switched to scheme B, ie I will ing off. Yes, for women, exploit­ of her attackers who allegedly I am writing to you as I know you are feminists and will share my relax my complaints if - equal ing our sexuality is one of the best raped the women last year on her concern over this issue - namely number of male contestants would ways to get attention. But that’s nineteenth birthday while she was the introducton of wet T-shirt parade in white underpants and one of the reasons we’re comp­ babysitting for a friend.” have a bucket of cold water laining - we want to be taken “The woman, who’s name competitions to New Zealand. I am also hoping that this letter thrown at them so they would be notice of for other things too, like wasn’t released, was led sobbing equally as exposed as the females; our thoughts, feelings and actions. from the court yesterday after the may be helpful in giving you time equal advertising would be given And yes, exploiting our sexuality judge sent herto jail foraweek. In to plan and act against the prop­ osed national finals to be held in to males and females to publicise is one of the best ways to make spite of pleas from both the de­ Auckland. the event (prior to this “Titties money - $50 a free T-shirt and fence and prosecution, the judge and Beer” had been poster head­ maybe I heard free jeans for five said he was sending the woman to If you do not deal with this sort of thing yourself could you pass on lines). (I suggested Testicles, Tit­ minutes on stage. Also some of jail because if he didn’t it would this letter to whoever would be in­ ties and Beer but unfortunately our contestants had ads in the per­ encourage anarchy.” terested, especially those organi­ my suggestion came too late!) sonal column, eg Meet ... at the As I read the item, the woman sations who dislike the rating and He agreed with my ideas (not to wet T-shirt contest. concerned was damned if she did perving that goes on at ordinary testicles titties and beer but to ad­ The problem is transference. and damned if she didn’t. She was beauty contests and maybe to vertise men in Y-fronts at least). Because some girls agree to be effectively being punished by the groups that are concerned with He said he had some misgivings as judged on the entertainment (white? male) judge for reporting the misuse of women in pornog­ to the use of women’s bodies this value of their breasts people tend the rape. The alleged rapists, in raphy for three reasons. way but that he needed the to judge all girls on the entertain­ being set free, saw their action • The promoters told me they got money. He gave me his word that ment value of their breasts and I against the woman condoned by the idea from pictures in Playboy. he would fulfill my demands. wish to claim my breasts for my­ the law. \ • The images brought forth in this I did an interview with the Au­ self and not be subjected to any­ When I discussed this article contest of buckets of cold water ckland Star to be sure that the Y- one else’s opinion. Anyway, with a non-feminist colleague, he being thrown at women is disre­ fronts was public knowledge. It’s a wouldn’t it be nice if women could gave his interpretation as being spectful, sadistic and dangerous. bit frivolous but the best I could make big money some other way that the woman was jailed in order • The use of the erect nipple in a get and at least the focus was for a change. Hope that wasn’t too to protect her from the alleged spectator orientated contest is a switched from the women to the boring for you old-hand feminists rapists. Real male logic there: jail sick sly tactic to make women’s men. but I did meet a lot of people who the innocent to protect them from sexuality public property. However, at the contest what wanted me to explain that. the thugs. On that basis should we I may be over-reacting but I happened? Lastly, a piece of brilliant action empty the jails of all the convicted doubt it. We never had time for a First the good news - there was we thought of too late. Enter the murderers, molesters, child- public meeting so I am speaking only a small attendance. contest, collect your $50, wear a bashers (and few enough are con­ for myself in this letter. Then the bad - only women Broadsheet T-shirt and take the victed at all, as your article on There are many other reasons were in the contest. I rang the or­ mickey out of the contest some page 4, December issue, bears why this contest is putrid. I would ganisers for an explanation. They way like put boards in your bra or out) - and instead fill the jails up list them but I believe you already said they had arranged for 16 balloons that one pops or marbles with innocent women? Jail the in­ know them. Instead I will get on women and nine men and only or that vampires blood from magic nocent to protect them from the with my story as briefly as possible nine women had turned up. If the shops that goes red on contact perpetrators, let the perpetrators and then offer some more infor­ men had been in it I wouldn’t have with water. free to commit further crimes? mation and suggestions for you to written this letter but false prom­ No, not lastly, some of the most Although this item must have consider if you like. ises are an insult to me. Why important action here in Christ-

2 Broadsheet, March 1984 church was the tearing down of there were to be no “extras” and others as well, so that we might woman’s refuge where strictly posters and the spray painting and had no problems from clients once compare notes on our respective speaking we are incorporated lock jamming of a jeans factory this was pointed out. problems and struggles. under the name South Auckland that was going to sponsor the con­ Burlace, however, despite his Keep up the good work! Family Refuge. Most of the test. The jeans company pulled claims of decency did not seem to Leah A. Bloom women using the refuge have chil­ out of the contest. I thought that notice and ignored my wishes and dren with them and are destitute. was beaut! All the best. views! 3922 Corliss Ave N, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA. Sometimes we take in young Yours sincerely, Burlace claims to teach wood­ people who are victims of sexual work at Carrington Hospital. As violence and also women who are Leith Graydon PAID UP Christchurch far as I am concerned, he could be getting away from a violent a patient! Dear Broadsheet, mother/father/brother etc. The TOUCH FOR HEALTH Yours sincerely, I feel really good at the moment refuge is run by a collective and some of the collective are feminist Dear Broadsheet, Janice Clarke cause all of the fines dished out by Auckland. the court in Wellington (those women. We encourage women to I have no objection to the contents take back control of their lives and of this letter being published as a cases heard so far that is) after the PS. Another reason tor my not re­ the few rules we have are mainly warning to all other women who “Centrespread Picket” arrests porting the matter was that I had for security (no men allowed, sec­ have the misfortune to encounter have been paid off. As one of the no wish to hurt his wife. Now I ret address, no visitors to the Mr Kevin Burlace. womin arrested and who bene­ wonder if I may perhaps be doing fited from the donations I feel that house), or for consideration of the Burlace runs a place called her a favour. I do not know. I only other women who share the house “Touch of Health” at 1202A all womin who are aware of “ac­ know that I was hurt, and have tions” who call themselves (do your own dishes, keep service Great North Road, in Point only recently had the courage to areas clean, wash nappies each Chevalier. feminists, especially those with report his “system” to the Depart­ day etc). We now have an answer- He advertises for massage clas­ secure incomes, should assist in ment of Labour. The two men phone. Please don’t let it put you ses and massage services. He the payment of fines. As feminists who interviewed me were very know, when an action is taken off . . . we have to use it because claims it is for good purposes or helpful and suggested I should we have only three regular “sports medicine” - and not for against anything that abuses, in­ have reported him sooner, and worker’s and one of these people the exploitation of women - like sults, dehumanises, invalidates also suggested I should have gone cares for a family and works 40 (all of) the other massage places. womin, it is carried out for all to the police. My father has en- hours a week! Our new number is During my employment there womin. I don’t think that any courged me to expose Burlace for 276-8868. in March, this married male (Bur­ money should come from those his abuse of me. lace) made passes at me and at­ arrested, those womin have given South Auckland Family Refuge Ed note: Janice Clarke has since tempted indecent assault on me. once and often the repercussions Otahuhu reported this to the police. He frequently asked me out. I are felt long after the arrests. gave him no encouragement and I’m also aware that many (not CAN YOU AFFORD told him I had someone else. A RELATION all) of the donations came from A DOLLAR A WEEK______I did not seek police assistance working class womin like myself. I Dear Broadsheet, would especially like to thank Dear Readers, as I did not feel I could have Broadsheet’s appeal for dona­ adequately coped with the con­ I recently came across your those womin as I know they’ve lit­ magazine for the first time, and tle money nor future access to it. tions in 1983 was very successful sequences should the matter be and pulled the magazine out of a referred to court. found it fascinating reading. Thank you, Yours in struggle financial crisis. But with the end I felt guilty for being a young I found the articles on Maori of the price freeze looming, the Maori woman, as some male pros­ women particularly interesting; Kym Moon magazine faces several crippling pective clients would phone re­ in many ways their experiences New Plymouth cost increases - especially in questing a “young Maori or Island closely parallel those of Ameri­ printing and typesetting - that girl”. can Indians. I found that I could NEW NUMBER will leave it still making less than I of course emphasised my lack relate to many of the problems it costs to produce. So we want to of interest in “extras” as men cal­ they describe; I am half Ameri­ Dear Broadsheet, start an automatic transfer pledge led them, giving further emphasis can Indian, of the Haida tribe. I We have a new phone number and system, which we hope will cover to the fact that the massage was of would be very interested to hear I wondered if you could put it in the gap. We hope that those a thereapeutic and legal ap­ from women in New Zealand, your directory please. Also, I women who can afford it will do­ proach. I made it quite clear that particularly Maori women, but all notice that you have our name as a nate $1 or $2 or $5 a week, which will be transferred automatically each month from their bank ac­ count to Broadsheet’s. If you want to do this, pick up an au­ tomatic payment form from your bank, fill in your account details and the amount per week you want to pledge and post it to us. We’ll do the rest. This automatic payment will be a donation sepa­ rate from both sustaining and or­ dinary subscriptions. Any income over costs will be ploughed back into the magazine and the book­ shop, as it has been in the past. Broadsheet needs women’s help to survive at a time when women are under attack. The Broadsheet Collective I ce Hatherly (auctioneer) and Anne Else (organiser) at the Wel­ lington Art Auction, one event which raised hinds for Broadsheet late last year. (Jenin Phillips)

Broadsheet, March 1984. 3 STRONG AND SENSIBLE and other sites. white man’s world. "Breaking the Racism Barrier” in Our Defence Committee fund, So if you or your friends have the same issue as her letter. She Dear Broadsheet, to which our supporters have the time, please could you write should particularly take note of How much I appreciated “I am a generously given several to the Enquiry (Committee of the part where it talks about working class feminist”. We have thousand dollars, will continue to Enquiry into Alice Springs recre­ ‘playing off sex against race’. Sec­ got to use that dirty word class. be used in our struggle to save Ar- ation lake, PO Box 3688, Alice ond, a little lesson in geography We are all, hopefully, in the rernte land and culture. Springs, NT 5750, Australia) in for Kaye L. McLaren. Aotearoa movement against classism but Yours sincerely, support of us and our feelings for is made up of islands situated in pretending it is not there is no our sacred site. The final date for the Pacific which means we Veronica Golden, Basil Stevens, way to fight it. The class system submissions is the end of January. Maoris are already where we be­ Welatye-Therre Defence Com­ will still divide women against If you want to send a submission, long. So, unless white women mittee, Alice Springs. each other if it can. I notice it is you should send this form in as own up to and do something very rich, established women of soon as possible to the Commit­ about their fear and hatred of the right who recoil at the word SACRED SITE______tee and then send your submis­ Maoris and other Blacks, all this class. By knowing what working talk about “going beyond the dif­ 1 January 1984 sion in as soon as you can after­ class women are feeling we can wards. If you need more informa­ ferences” and “unity of action” is resist being played off against Dear Broadsheet, tion you can write to us c/- Box just double-talking bullshit. each other and unite to achieve a Thank you for your support 2363 Alice Springs or ring on Wikitoria Barbara rewarding and classless society. which has helped us in our fight 525855 and leave a message for Ratana Pa Congratulations on opening up for our sacred site, Werlatye the Werlatye Therre Defence that can of worms. I learnt a lot Therre. We would like to let you Committee to contact you. HUMANITY FIRST______from the article just because the know what the situation is now, Thank you for helping in our writer is a New Zealander and an and what our supporters can do to struggle. Dear Broadsheet amazingly strong and sensible help. I consider myself to be a human woman. The Northern Territory Gov­ Rosie (Rice) Ferber being, and as a human being I Alice Springs Jackie Fahey ernment still wants to go ahead acknowledge an inter-relatedness between me and every other Auckland with an artificial recreation lake, REPRESENTATIVE______but the Minister for Aboriginal human being on this planet, re­ gardless of sex, colour or creed. TRAGEDY______Affairs has called for an enquiry Dear Broadsheet, into it. The enquiry is calling for At last, at last. You have carried a This type of human being is a 7 December 1983 submissions on the effect of the story about a Maori woman dying breed. Society is made, up Dear Broadsheet, proposed dam on Aboriginal sac­ whom I, as a Maori woman, can of predominantly machine- On October 15th, two members red sites, as well as other things. recognize. I refer to Matarena’s people nowadays - oversized of one of the main families We have written our own submis­ story in the December 1983 issue. heads, miniscule hearts, ie they camped at Welatye-Therre died sion, but it would help if as many It is beautifully and movingly don’t acknowledge that all in a tragic fire, when a candle fell friends as possible also send in told. And it is infinitely more typ­ human beings are intrinsically over and ignited a tent. In accor­ submissions explaining that we ical, both in its events and in the inter-related or even vaguely con­ dance with our law, the camp has don’t want a lake on our sacred attitudes it displays, than almost nected. Part of assuming the re­ been vacated and the family must site, and that the feelings of all the writing by and about Maori sponsibly of real human-ness in­ withdraw as much as possible Aboriginal people should be re­ women that you have published volves examination of blatant and from ordinary social life. In par­ spected. to date. abhorrent violations of human ticular, the names of the deceased As you know, Werlatye Therre I don’t want to offend anyone rights throughout the world, in­ and the cirumstances will not be is a site which means “two without justification. But I must cluding executions, torture, polit­ mentioned. breasts”, and which has special say that women like Donna Awa- ical killings, and trials which fall You will understand the significance for women. It's a tere, Hilda Halkyard and Re­ short of international norms. enormous difficulty of following place of significance to all the becca Evans do not represent If one allows oneself to acutely our law in this matter now that women in the world, and we’ve what the vast majority of Maori “feel” the anguish of the Welatye-Therre and our camp had lots of support from all over women (I would say 98 per cent) thousands that have been mur­ have received national and inter­ the world saying the dam think and feel. Most Maori dered or “disappeared” in national publicity and support. shouldn’t be built there. It is sac­ women have had a tough time Guatemala, later to be found in We have already been pressured red in our law, and also it is a re­ surviving in the face of Maori grotesque charnal pits, (men, by local and national media to gistered sacred site under the NT male prejudice and the prejudice women and children guilty of the provide, stories, which we cannot law. We are worried because re­ of pakeha New Zealand. But they crime of doing little more than do. We ask you to inform any gistered sacred sites have been do not regard themselves as “behaving suspiciously”) then groups you have contacted on our bulldozed before, and it seems “black”, they do not hate one begins to try to assume some behalf, with as little fuss as possi­ like our Northern Territory Gov­ pakehas, they do not want to turn individual responsibility for this ble. ernment doesn’t mind about New Zealand life inside out. nightmare. So one probes and in­ Please destroy any photos you breaking its own law. They want to co-operate with evitably what is discovered is have of people at the camp and Early in 1983 we moved away pakeha men and women in build­ some nation or organization’s see that no more are published, from our houses to tents at Wer­ ing a more just life for all in struggle for power. “Power like a we are no longer selling or hiring latye Therre and stayed there Aotearoa. desolating pestilence pollutes out the video. If you have a copy with our children all through the For me Mira Szaszy strikes the whatever it touches,” says Shel­ of the video please return it. cold winter, because we wanted right note, and Matarena Reneti. ley. In the case of Guatemala, the Tangentyre Council will con­ to save o u r. site from being More on women such as these, form it takes is the stars and tinue the contact work necessary flooded. In October we had to please. And congratulations to stripes; and CIA. The same with outside groups to ensure that move away because two of our Stanley Roche, a pakeha, for applies to the agony that is Chile our site is protected. For the next people died there in a tragic fire, conveying so much Maoriness so since the CIA helped to brutally six months, the site will be un­ and we are too sorry to stay there well. over-throw the democratically touched while a government in­ for now. Tena koutou katoa, elected Government of Salvador If the dam is built there, our Allende in 1973. Since then, quiry meets to discuss possible al­ Aroha Paki very life will be nothing to us 2,500 Chileans have disappeared ternatives for the proposed recre­ Huntly ation lake. We are hoping that against with no meanings. The under the Pinochet military dic­ tator-ship. this will lead to permanent pro­ land is our life, and if it’s taken WHERE WE BELONG tection. The Federal Minister for away for white man's pleasures, On August 11, 1983, the Chi­ Aboriginal Affairs has also prom­ then what are we, the Aboriginals Dear Broadsheet, lean militia shot 29 people, in­ ised strong new national legisla­ here in Alice Springs? We will be First, may I refer Elizabeth cluding 4 children, 9 women, and tion capable of protecting this just shadows of the past living in a Sutherland to the article on 13 people were shot in their

4 Broadsheet. March 1984 The US Marvin Shields and the viduals and organisations in Asia US Lynde McCormick arrived at and the Pacific. Women who the same time as the British HMS travel as representatives of or­ Invincible, HMS Regent, HMS ganisations already have these Apple Leaf, HMS Rothsay and contacts but there are many HMS Arora. Where are we travelling as individuals like me going? who haven’t. An authority on radiation ef­ It was great to read in the July/ fects, Rosalie Bertell, GNSH, August issue about the peace PhD, in Biometrics, in her tes­ marches. The response of NZ timony to the Nurenberg Tri­ women to the Greenham’s bunal at the Federal Republic of Women’s call for international Germany on February 20, 1983 solidarity shows the support we cites some examples of the gross can give to sisters elswhere de­ violations against their own spite our isolation. There have al­ people perpetrated by nations ways been strong links between now preparing for nuclear war. feminists in NZ and the United She mentions cases involving States and Britain, but closer to French Polynesia, Kwajalein and NZ there any many economic and Eniwetok in the Marshall Islands, social struggles faced by Pacific and the area near Chelyabinsk, and Asian women where NZ USSR, in the Ural Mountains. women could provide practical She says their stories expose support and solidarity and could some of the early victims of learn much more from them if World War III. Hopefully her there was a better network of words will convey some meaning communication and exchange ship. The Esmeralda, was used tion is to strike first! The US to those of us who have not com­ than exists at present. Although off Chile as torture centre. The military have moved a population pletely shut down our hearts or there are many progressive or­ New Zealand government al­ of Kwajalein Islanders to another who have not yet been slain by ganisations in NZ with links in lowed this ship to visit NZ in De­ island. The Kwajalein atoll is the apathy - humanity’s silent assas­ Asia and the Pacific I think cember this year. As most of us testing ground for US missiles. sin, and that such words will help feminist contacts are probably know Central America has been The MX missiles are being fired bring these survivors into minimal. subject to this kind of non-human from the Wandenberg Air Force dynamic action, along with the In sisterhood, interference for some time. Thus base in California to the atoll thousands in Europe, for local Liz Riddiford it bewilders me when I hear such 4,200 miles to the west; to test the and national peace groups and for India a strange account from President accuracy of the system. About the human race. Rosalie Bertell’s Reagan, of his latest jaunt in Gre­ 8.000 people from Kwajalein are words refering to these early vic­ Ed: Write to Broadsheet for nada. (His invasion flagrantly ig­ being force to live on the 66 acre tims are: “To ignore their plight is Indian women contact list. nored the UN International Dis­ island of Ebeye. Almost all vege­ to co-operate with the brutaliza­ armament Week). President tation on that island has been de­ tion process which prepares the NOT MY MUSIC Reagan stated “the nightmare of stroyed and the people have been world for nuclear holocaust. By Dear Broadsheet, our hostages in Iran must never forced to import 95% of their so doing one accepts and co-oper­ Concerning the festivaP’Celebra- be repeated”. There is no evi­ food. About 6,000 Micronesian ates with the assumption that na­ tion Of Women” being adver­ dence that the life of any US citi­ are living in four-room cinder tions have life and death rights tised at Puhoi for early March, I zen has been threatened. Using block apartments, with 30-40 to over subjects”. such a pretext, President Johnson an appartment, using one kitchen wish to publicly state that this is invaded neighbouring Domini­ and one bathroom. Another Annie Maignot not the festival I initiated after my Auckland can Republic in 1965 . 20,000 2.000 Micronesian are homeless, attendance at the “West Coast marines overthrew the govern­ living on the beach in shacks. The Women’s Music and Comedy LOCAL LINKS______ment and put a pro-US dictator in lagoon water has a bacteria count Festival" held at Santa Barbara, power. about 15,000 times above the Dear Broadsheet, USA 83, although my colleagues and I had several meetings with How can any “human being” WHO emergency level. There Through making contact with the owners of the land at Puhoi to call any kind of murder “a bril­ are serious epidemics of TB. Manushi feminist magazine in liant campaign that is now in the malaria, dysentery, and other in­ Delhi, I was able to meet with discuss holding a similar festival there. Because they refused to mopping up phase”? To quote fectious diseases. The health and feminist women in Delhi and acknowledge the concept of a Shelley “Man has no right to kill life of Kwajalein Islanders is Bombay. Had I been able to his brother. It is no excuse that he being sacrificed for the US milit­ make contact before arriving in women-only festival, ie, no men on the land, our festival was re­ does so in uniform, he only adds ary aims. India I would have had a greater jected with cries of apartheid and the infamy of servitude to the So somehow when Reagan ex­ opportunity to locate groups and separatism, even threats of crime of murder.” presses his outrage over loss of individual women in the urban women protesting outside the President Reagan ordered the life, whether it be American or and rural parts of India I visited gates. As yet we have been un­ invasion because of “an urgent otherwise, to me he reeks of during one all-too-short month able to find suitable land as most request from Grenada’s hypocrisy and double-standards. here. Enclosed is a list of the indi­ landowners reject this concept neighbours that we join them in His indignation is a sham. How­ viduals and organisations I man­ also. military operation to restore ever, the NZ government persist aged to meet which may be of The commune at Puhoi have order and democracy in Grenada in allowing his nuclear-powered some help to other women travel­ gone ahead using our ideas of a ...” “these small, peaceful na­ and nuclear-armed ships, and ling in India. Apart from knowing celebration by women for women tions need our help.” Let’s hope those of other powerful nations, about Manushi through some of but have misrepresented the oc­ the US Government doesn’t have to visit New Zealand, more speci­ it’s articles which have been re­ casion by failing to state there will another Pinochet up it’s sleeve, as fically Auckland - which the Au­ printed in Broadsheet and de­ be men present. Therefore I wish a Christmas present to the Grena­ ckland Regional Authority has spite some effort including a visit to state again I and my colleagues dians. declared a nuclear free zone. to Broadsheet’s office, I couldn't have nothing to do with the or­ For those who saw America - The US Phoenix nuclear-pow­ get addresses of any feminist ganization of this festival. From Hitler to MX, you will be ered, hunter/killer submarine, groups or individuals anywhere in Yours in sisterhood. convinced as I am, that Reagan it suspected of carrying the To­ Asia before leaving NZ. Maybe out to fight a “winnable” nuclear mahawk cruise missile appeared Broadsheet could hold a resource Hattie St John war. (Trouble is, I don’t believe on our fair shores November 9. file of names and address of indi­ Auckland

Broadsheet. March 1984. 5 BEHIND TH E NEW S ross the road. Next the pyjama comman­ does marched out in parody of the un­ CLOSING THE GAP iformed activities we had already witnessd on the other side of the real fence. ALISON TERRY-EVANS reports on Australia’s first women’s peace camp, As had been discussed the night before, held in the central desert outside Pine Gap, one of the most sophisticated some women went over the mock fence, CIA bases in the world. past the pyjama commandoes, over the real gate and past the federal police. The trip to Alice Springs was a journey of more, from a point one kilometre from They sat in a circle on the soft green at least 3,000 kilometres for many of the the Pine Gap gates. We sang happily as lawn and had a tea party. The police were 800 women who took part in Australia’s we walked along wearing the suffragette obviously under instructions not to hinder first Women’s Peace Camp. colours of green, white and violet. the women in any way. At the gates we sat on the road and lis­ About 90 women broke away from the I arrived at the base camp at Roe Creek tened to four women’s interpretations of inside circle and started to walk arm in on Wednesday, November 9, with 14 why we were there. One of the speakers arm up the road to the installation hidden women in my affinity group and the 150 was an aboriginal activist from Sydney. behind the hills. From behind the bushes women we had travelled with in a convoy She made comments such as “where marched rows of various coloured police- of 4 buses. would we be without the men!” which of­ blue, brown and white. Then came the Wednesday and Thursday were spent at fended most of the women there. Then boys in their helicopters; flying low over orientation, legal, racism and non-vio­ she did something which sent silent the walking women as they tried to herd lence workshops. Collectives were waves of distress through us; she took it them like sheep. Arrests began, but the formed for every aspect of camp organisa­ upon herself to introduce a man to speak main bulk were over the hill and out of our tion. I joined the maintenance collective, about land rights. vision. while others joined the transport, media At 1 lam we had 11 minutes of silence. During the afternoon, a section of the police liasion, creative, healing, watch or A peppercorn wreath in the shape of the barbed wire fence was cut and other parts food collectives. women’s symbol was placed on the decorated with peace slogans woven with The Thursday general meeting was the gates. The cost of many of the leases for cloth, paper and flowers. We were able to first time I saw how hundreds of women American installations in Australia has wander through the hole in fence and with many different views could actively been one peppercorn. lounge on the grass until the police de­ listen to each other and resolve conflict. White, green and violet helium-filled cided to put a stop to our disrespectful be­ The conflict arose when it was an­ balloons were released. The wind kindly haviour by blocking the hole and arresting nounced that the aboriginal women who took them over the gates and toward the the women who refused to go outside. would be joining us in the march to Pine hidden installation. Each balloon car­ One hundred and eleven women were Gap the next day would be bringing their ried an individually written peace mes­ arrested that day. All but about three “menfolk”. sage. gave their names as Karen Silkwood. Many women felt cheated that they had Over the next few days a lot of hurt All the women were strip searched and come long distances to an all-women’s de­ and anger was expressed about the inci­ some were brutally beaten by police. monstration, only to find out at the last dent in which a man had undermined an They were given a taste of the sort of moment that men would be present. all-women’s demonstration in what was treatment usually given to the aboriginals. Other women pointed out that because seen as a dishonest and aggressive way. It must have come as an unpleasant sur­ we would be on aboriginal land we had no During the general meeting that night, prise for the police to realise that one of right to even suggest that aboriginal men a helicopter with strong searchlights flew the women they had brutalised is a be excluded. After much discussion low over heads many times. Sometimes catholic nun. around the circle, we became more flexi­ it had a siren blaring. We didn’t move Representatives from the Fluman ble and every woman agreed that, at the from our circle in the red dust; but Rights commission came to Alice Springs very least, nothing would be done to make cheered and clapped each time it flew and took statements from arrested the men feel unwelcome. over. An apology was sent to us the next women, so hopefully the situation will On Friday morning, November 11, we day via our police liason. “They” said the change for the aboriginal people. packed our gear and went by bus to the helicopter pilot was testing new equip­ In the court next day, women gave their main road leading to Pine Gap. The area ment and had accidentally gone off “real” names and were charged with tres­ on which we camped was a 15 metre width course. The pilots often had the same pass and fined $100. of red dust along one side of the road. The problem during subsequent nights. Monday, November 14 the day that the aboriginal people, as the traditional own­ Sunday November 13 is the anniver­ cruise missiles were to be delivered to ers of the land, had asked us not to set foot sary of the death of Karen Silkwood. At Greenham Common in England. The on the other side of the road and this wish 9 am a small procession, accompanied by night before some of us had made a cruise was carefully respected. a slow drum beat, started from the end of missile out of wire and paper and filled it The “double our numbers” banner pro­ the camp and swelled with black clothed with balloontonium. After some street ject had been active throughout Australia women as it proceeded toward the gates. theatre at the gates, the missile was let for months and we had a 6XM\ high ban­ Once there, we sat quietly listening to loose to fly on the “American” land. ner which must have been a kilometre the terrible story of Karen Silkwood’s Quick to follow were 18 fleet footed long; with painted and sewn images of fight against a big company involved in women. hundreds of women and children for nuclear power and how this led to her The rest of us surged toward the gates, whom it was the only way to be at the death. and so did the first row of police on the camp. At this point a barbed wire fence made other side.The women pushed and pulled We carried that banner, plus many of women, calico and paint sretched ac­ on one side while the police pulled and

6 Broadsheet. March 1984 row of them stood in aggressive anticipa­ tion. The helicopters played overhead. We moved toward the fence singing. The head of the police stood on the flat roof of the gate security building and started to read the riot act. We laughed so loudly that he had to stop. His megaphone drop­ ped and he turned away in confusion. We sang for a short time and then we all turned our backs on Pine Gap and the police and walked away arm and arm sing­ ing. There were more days and more ac­ tions, but the ones I’ve related were the most important to me. Because of the publicity generated by women making the difficult journey, liv­ ing for two weeks in harsh desert condi­ tions and demonstrating in a non-violent way, many more people in Australia are now aware of the existence of Pine Gap. More people are questioning its function and whether it should be here. We made an important statement about Australia’s role in the nuclear madness and about how politically powerful | women have the potential to be. 5 c This was a beginning. Australian 6 women’s solidarity for peace will grow 5 and we will join hands with women all ^ over the world.□ pushed on the other side. The movement As were a lot of others, I was opposed loosened the hinges and with more help to the blockade. I felt that it would be de­ from our side the gates were off and being trimental in many ways to direct what I HEPANUI carried away. saw as aggression toward people who are Te Hui Oranga O Te Moana Nui A Fear showed on the faces of the twenty potential allies. The workers who come to Kiwa 1984 or so police who stood, clutching each work in the buses are not the people in­ other, where the gate had been. There volved in the top secret activities. Those In November 1982 Te Hui Oranga O Te were hundreds of us and it would have people, who are American, live inside Moana Nui a Kiwa was held in Tamaki taken very little to push our way through. Pine Gap. The workers from Alice Makau Rau. It dealt with indigenous Not one woman tried to get through the Springs are technicians, artisans, cleaners people’s issues and anti-nuclear activities police. The symbolic barriers were down. and caterers. “Low level” jobs filled by in the Pacific. Together we sang “We are gentle but Australians to satisfy the requirement A collective of groups is organising angry women” and many more songs. that half of the people working at Pine another such conference for February Some of the policewomen were close to Gap be Australian. People who don’t 1984. Overseas guests from America, Au­ tears and they were never seen by us after want to see past a regular pay cheque and stralia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, East that day. Most of the time there were what are probably good conditions of Timor, Japan and the Philippines will be women singing and dancing at the gates, work. participating. particularly at night after the intolerable The meeting decided against the bloc­ The hui will be divided into two sec­ heat of the day was gone. kade and instead decided that we do a tions. The first part will be an Indigenous A clumsily constructed pair of gates ar­ telegram reading. The meeting was still in People’s Retreat, from February 15-17 at rived to replace the line of police. Heavy, progress when the workers’ bus passed us, Awhitu land occupation in the Waikato. flat wrought iron bars wound with barbed led by a bus full of police. I’m sure this was The retreat will provide an opportunity wire. It wasn’t long before yellow paint an indication that they had wind of the for tangata whenua to meet and korero to­ was used on them - CIA HEADQUAR­ blockade through their spies in our camp. gether on the kaupapa of “Land - its TERS: CONGRATULATIONS BOYS So, instead of the blockade, a hundred spirituality and importance to native ON A HASTY ERECTION. And on the women sat in the shape of the peace sign peoples.” road in two foot letters - PINE GAP and the rest of us sang as we formed sitting The second part of the hui will be Te OPENED BY WOMEN 14th circles around them. The telegrams, a Hui Oranga O Te Moana Nui a Kiwa, NOVEMBER, 1983. small number of the thousands sent from from February 20-24, at Matatua Marae On Tuesday, November 16, some all over the world, were read one after the in Auckland. Here, the forum is for all women were in favour of a rolling bloc­ other by the women comprising the peace people who are working towards a nuclear kade directed at the worker’s buses. symbol. No longer did we feel alone in the free and independent Pacific. Topics of Three times a day the workers were dri­ desert. We really did have support from discussion will be : colonisation of the ven into Pine Gap and three times a day all over! Pacific; the nuclear cycle and its effect on they were driven out. The first bus came The police were out in full force. Our land, women and culture; militarisation of at about 7.30 am and the last left at about power and solidarity had been re-ener­ the Pacific; Independence and Strategies 11.30pm gised and was incredibly strong. Row upon of action for 1984.

Broadsheet. March 1984. 7 Some aims of the hui are: feeling and develop a sense of solidarity. ling space in large private nuclear shel­ • To provide a forum for the grass­ • to strengthen nuclear free and indepen­ ters, rather like taking out life insurance. roots movement to get together, dent Pacific - both in the Maori Move­ The peace movement in Britain varies • to build awareness of the tangata ment and the Pakeha Peace Movement, from those who are very scared about the whenua of Aotearoa and the Pacific, • to let the hui flow - let be it what people “irrationality” of the arms race and the in­ • to draw out similarities between ourse­ want it to become. evitability of nuclear war getting closer lves and other Pacific struggles. For more information: Hilda 274-6633, (but in isolation from the society in which • to raise awareness of oppression in all its Grace 274-7019, George 581-693, they live), to those who see the peace forms, Titewhai 882-565 (overseas guest coor­ movement as an essential part of a wider • to meet others with a commonality of dinator). political vision, linking with oppression in the Third World and feminism. Likewise there are those that are concerned about the environment for fear of the destruc­ tion of their own land and health and NUCLEAR EUROPE those who work for a change in people’s relationship to the environment as part of a holistic political ideal. SIGRID SHAYER reports on actions for war and peace. West Germany has been the prime Europe is riddled with US bases, with at 2,500 km, so called because it seeks its mover in this area. Their country is one least 102 in Britain, including a nuclear target by cruising at very low levels aided large NATO base (ie a US base) with US submarine base at Holy Loch in Scotland. by electronic map reading and terrain fol­ missiles targeted at Russian and across the There are no long range intercontinental lowing equipment. Cruise can be border Russian missiles targeted at them. ballistic missiles; these are all on US and launched from ships, aircraft and sub­ The green movement there, which origi­ Russian soil aimed at each other. But marines. Each one is 15 times the strength nated in the anti-nuclear movement, has under the military pact of NATO, US air­ of the Hiroshima Bomb, and they will be continually been involved in blockades of craft, ships and submarines based on and sited in Britain, Italy, West Germany, and US bases, die-ins and peaceful demonst­ around Europe carry a huge arsenal of possibly Belguim and the Netherlands. rations outside the West German parlia­ nuclear weapons. The so-called “Arms Limitation” talks ment, the Bundestag, in Bonn. The West Russia has had land based “medium in Geneva, Switzerland, have centred German police retaliate with tactics not range” missiles (SS4s and SS5s) aimed at around the US demand for the complete yet known in Britain; high pressure water Europe for some time. This they claim is removal of the SS20s against the threat of cannon and batons. It is claimed that their to counteract the British and French nuc­ deploying Cruise and Pershing missiles, tactics are becoming more ruthless since lear missiles, which can reach Russia. Bri­ which ignored Russia’s position when the first of the 108 US Pershing II missiles tain and France proudly call these their in­ faced with British and French missiles. were deployed on German soil. Last April dependent deterrent (independent from The US has refused the Russian sugges­ the Green Party won 28 seats (through NATO). tion that they reduce the deployment of proportional representation) in the West This is made up of Britain’s four Polaris SS20s to the same number of French and German parliament. Britain has its equi­ nuclear submarines, each submarine car­ British nuclear weapons, which for the valent in the Ecology Party, although not rying 16 missiles with each missile having Russians means actually reducing their so mature and successful, which is one of 3 two hundred kiloton warheads with a existing stock. However, it’s the numbers the many facets of the emerging green range of 4,600 km. (The Hiroshima bomb game rather than the ethics. movement in Europe. was 12 kilotons). Thatcher’s government So now Cruise and Pershing missiles The Greenham Common women’s is going to “improve” Polaris by replacing have started to be flown in to Europe, and peace camp has inspired others outside them with four American Trident nuclear the Geneva talks have broken up. US bases in England, Scotland and submarines, again with 16 missiles in Thatcher has proudly stated that her per­ Wales, and on November 9 a 24 hour vigil each, but each missile will have eight 355 mission would be sought by the US before was held outside every 102 US bases in the kiloton warheads and these are the type any decision was made to activate them, al­ country, most of course not known to the called MIRV (multiple independently though a recent opinion poll shows that people. That was also covered relatively targetable re-entry vehicle!). Each one of 73 percent of the population don’t trust well by the national media, which had a the eight warheads can be adjusted to hit the Americans. But here the issue at stake lot of demonstrations to cover around the different targets over a very wide area, gets lost. No one should have either the time of Cruise’s arrival on November 14. with a range of 10,000km, accurate within ownership or the control of such weapons. A delegation of 12 Greenham women are 250 metres. These missiles take the confrontation also putting a case in the US courts that France has an arsenal of even more away from the US land mass and into what the siting of US Cruise missiles is illegal powerful missiles which are launched they call “the theatre nuclear war” in under international law. (One thing that from submarines and land. Europe. Europe is regarded as a battleg­ has been highlighted by this is the Ameri­ Russia has been replacing its relatively round between the two superpowers, can ignorance of what is going on in old SS4s and SS5s with SS20s for many which are planning for a “limited” nuclear Europe.) years. The SS20 has a warhead strength of war - “limited” to the land of Europe and The “Stop the City” protest on Sep­ 150 kilotons, with a range of up to 5,000 Russia, with the US relatively unscathed. tember 29, when 1000 to 2000 people km, launched on land but not very ver­ The Soviet Union is of course more con­ crammed into the streets of the City of satile. This has given the US the excuse to cerned than the US about the increase in London to bring attention to the links bet­ bring in Cruise and Pershing missiles in re­ missiles on European soil; the US govern­ ween the financial world and global taliation. Pershing missiles, which are ment and people are physically and men­ militarism was quite controversial within only going to be installed in West Ger­ tally divorced by the Atlantic ocean. The the movement. It was a very decentralised many, have a warhead of 400 kilotons (30 British government has contingency plans action, which some thought would result times the Hiroshima bomb) and are very for civil servants to administer what's left in violence. That came from the police - accurate, with a range of 1,800 km. after a “limited” nuclear war. At least one there were 200 arrests. Some thought it Cruise is like a tiny jet with a range of entrepreneur has branched out into sel­ was just chaos, others thought their point 8 Broadsheet, March 1984 monstration. It gave us a Hollywood style scenario of life after a series of nuclear blasts in the US following a conventional attack in Europe, and sent US Secretary of State George Schultz and British Sec- rtary of Defence Michael Heseltine scur­ rying for media time to denounce the peace movement. At least it did bring out into the open what scientists and doctors have known for a long time; if the US and the Soviet Union engaged in any military confronta­ tion there would be global nuclear war from which eventually nothing would sur­ vive. A new report drawn up by US scien­ tists Carl Sagan and Paul Erlich, con­ firmed by their Soviet counterparts and by scientists from 15 nations, concluded that the smoke and radioactive dust alone would plunge the world into a nuclear winter. Months long twilight would dis­ rupt photosynthesis and cause tempera­ tures to drop to -50C. December 11 saw the biggest women’s demonstration of the year at Greenham Common. It fell on the fourth anniversary of the NATO decision to deploy Cruise | and Pershing missiles. More than 30,000 women from all over the country de- P monstrated, breaching the fence in sev- ^ eral places. About 60 women were ar­ rested, adding to the nearly 500 women had been made. Paradoxically, there was for at least 20,000 people. awaiting court cases. However, men in a genuine banner-waving “Stockbrokers In Bath itself on the busy Saturday af­ the peace movement are getting restless. Against The Bomb” group amongst the ternoon, activists dressed in the seasonal Since the arrival of Cruise, protests have “chaos”. There are discussions on having red and white swooped on the toy sections enlarged to include the many men who a similar event in March. in Woolworths and Boots and filled their have felt excluded from public protest. One example of the increase in regional sacks with military ware, encouraging There have been regular mixed protests in direct peace action was when 500 people children to help. Their point made, they Parliament square in front the House of staged a two day vigil and blockage out­ dropped their contents before leaving the Commons, which is illegal, .resulting in side a Royal Ordnance factory at shops and the very confused managers. many arrests. Llanishen, Cardiff, Wales, where British Even more encouragingly, the whole The peace men’s attitude follows the nuclear warheads are made, at the begin­ nuclear cycle is slowly coming under line, “Well, your time’s up, girls. You ning of December. Also there were some closer public scrutiny. Greenpeace has haven’t succeeded in stopping the intro­ of the original Greenham Common been bringing Britain’s nuclear reproces­ duction of Cruise missiles, so it’s time we women who marched from Cardiff over sing plant to the public’s attention, forcing had a go.” What the peace camp women two years ago. All eight county councils in a public enquiry. There has been sus­ have said is that men would be welcome to Wales have declared themselves nuclear tained media coverage of locally high inci­ help disrupt any attempt by the military to free zones along with more than 140 other dences of cancer and “abnormalities” in bring Cruise out from the base to one of local authorities throughout the country. safety procedures at the plant. Windscale, their secret launch sites in the country. On December 16, one of the many af­ in Cumbria NW England, is where This is the next stage in the official deploy­ finity groups that have mushroomed over “waste” from the 14 nuclear power sta­ ment of Cruise. Both the Campaign for the last couple of years, staged a daring tions and the military is reprocessed to re­ Nuclear Disarmament and the Greenham publicity stunt at the top secret under­ cover weapons grade plutonium and en­ women are determined that Cruise will ground nuclear bunker for top civil ser­ riched uranium. In the process 2.2 million never leave the gates of the base. vants and the military. With their decoy gallons of radioactive waste are pumped Greenham has become the “legitimate” group keeping the main gate-keepers daily into the Irish Sea. Greenpeace has place where women can take the initiative amused, seven of them scaled another concentrated its efforts on publicising the and develop their own form of politi­ gate and a 150 foot microwave communi­ pipeline and then trying to block it by cal action. The use of non-violent di­ cations tower, where they remained for a sending divers down. Greenpeace is now rect action for political effectiveness has couple of hours waving banners for the trying to find £50,000 before February 1 to increased dramatically, inspired by the ac­ media. No damage was done and no pay the fine imposed on it by the courts for tion of the Greenham women and the charges were brought. contempt. They have refused to give an other peace camps throughout the coun­ The next day 1,000 women and men de­ undertaking to leave the pipeline alone. try, and almost given respectability by its monstrated to publicise the existence and Another event which fuelled the nuc­ adoption by the more august body of futility of the bunker. Situated near Bath, lear debate in December was the TV sc­ CND. However, the women only peace 100 miles west of London, the once Cent­ reening of the ABC film, “The Day camps and demonstrations are now at a ral Government Wartime (WW2) HQ at After” strategically shown in Britain the point where some women feel, under out­ Hawthorn is maintained to provide places night before the large Greenham de­ side pressure that men should be wel-

Broadsheet, March 1984, 9 corned into actions for peace, and others ned at Greenham for December 31, the has applied for funding to Internal Af­ feel, if nothing else, that Greenham can the day that Cruise is technically in opera­ fairs, Tu Tangata and the Maori and act as a politicising force for the women’s tion. This was to be the first specific rmxed South Pacific Arts Council, but when I movement and therefore should remain action there, and understandably there met them, they had yet to hear. They women only. was much acrimonious discussion going hope to draw other women into the plan­ A mixed demonstration was being plan- on.D ning collective, from Maori Women’s Welfare League and Marae Women’s committees. Four to five hundred women are expected and they want women to NATIONAL HUI come from everywhere. They have put the word out through marae committees, Maori Affairs, the WAHINE MAORI League, local papers and Kohanga Reo. “We hope to have people from Maori to gather at Tahuwhakatiki Marae in Five hundred women are expected Women’s Welfare League, Kingitanga, April. SANDRA CONEY reports. Ratana, women who are setting up work trusts and living on the land, and street Tauranga women are organising the sec­ ing pre-school for their children. It started kids.” Because they expect that some in their homes then moved to the local ond National Maori Women’s Hui. young city women may not have been on a Tauranga was handed the task at the first play-centre building in hours when it! marae, “we will have basic stuff on Taha such hui held at Otaua, near Kaikohe in wasn’t used. Called Reo Maori, it pre­ Maori.” A recent notice from the group 1983. At first the hui was planned for dated Kohanga Reo and the women re­ included the plea - “Don’t be put off if March, but when organisers learned that sisted becoming part of the Maori Affairs you are unable to Karanga, Powhiri, still several national hui were planned for scheme for some time. “We were suspi­ come anyway. There will be workshops early 1984 as well as Te Hikoi Ki cious of not having the control in our on Karanga ...” Major focuses for the Waitangi, the eight day march from hands. We didn’t have to meet anyone’s hui include the marae, employment, Ngaruawahia to Waitangi, they delayed criteria but our own. After a time the street survival, health, recreation, Te the national Hui Wahine Maori until group accepted Kohanga Reo. It changed Kohanga Reo and arts and crafts. They a few things - the centre must open five April 5 - 8. It is still being held at expect to include workshops on Maori Tahuwhakatiki Marae in Welcome Bay. days instead of three - but the important herbal medicines, traditional Maori food, things have not changed. “We needed the In January I met with Orewa Ohia, flaxwork, taniko, karanga, waiata, Oriwa Lovett, Sandy Tahukaraina, Ma- money but if we found it was stifling us we whakapapa, low cost housing, work trusts would send the money back and with­ tire Duncan and Kaa Ranui who are part and co-ops, home gardens, fitness and of the group Tautoko Wahine Whanau draw. It has given employment to some of health. Although the hui will be struc­ which agreed to have the hui in Tauranga. our fluent speakers and it gave more tured according to the skills they have av­ The women hope to draw other Tauranga mana, so we got fluent speakers to come ailable, the emphasis will be on small who wouldn’t come on a voluntary basis. ” Maori women into the organising collec­ groups rather than large forums. There tive but Tautoko Wahine will give a strong Recently the male partners of the will also be time to visit the beach and to base to work from. Tautoko Wahine women have formed a write songs and play music. . The ten or so women of Tautoko men’s group. The women had been push­ Tautoko Wahine want to share their ing for this for some time; it met much re­ Wahine have been meeting amd working emphasis on fitness and health with hui together for two and a half years. Before sistance and became so heated “some of participants. There will be no smoking in­ our own brothers wouldn’t speak to us.” that they had talked about forming a side and compulsory exercise every morn­ group. They were all related and spent a The women felt that without a men’s ing. The women are taking seriously the lot of time together, but it was Orewa group their men could not be “discip­ task of providing a very large group with Ohia’s experience at a black women’s hui lined” if a husband beat his wife or treated healthy food for several days. They plan her badly. “If they are not answerable to a at Papakura that gave the final encourage­ to graze sheep on a piece of land and one ment. Orewa was impressed by the pro­ group, what can you do?” The women say of the women’s grandmothers has lent a that Maori men are under stress too. “It is women stance of the hui. The group quarter acre for vegetables. It has been hoped, by supporting each other, to better to have a go at sorting out problems planted with kumikumi, corn, broccoli, than chuck it in, better they they find ways realise some personal dreams and aspira­ cabbage and lettuce. “Now we’ve delayed to be better partners and parents.” The tions. Most of the women in the group the hui, we’ll have to replant or it would women still don’t know how the men’s have small children and it was easy to be­ all be ready a month too soon!” There is lieve you couldn’t do the things you group will function and if it will succeed in also a fundraising concert planned for dealing with problems the women iden­ longed for. “We didn’t believe we could, February. 1984 is going to be a busy year but then we realised if we supported each tify. for the women of Tautoko Wahine.□ other, we had a better chance.” The Tautoko Wahine sees itself as part of women found they often had common the women’s movement and of the Maori For further information contact Oriwa goals, like health and fitness. “Many of us women’s network, and they give support Lovett, Planning collective, 1 Waitaka were conscious our health was not so where they can, although the work they Rd, Welcome Bay, Tauranga, ph 440- good. If you feel physically good, it helps do on themselves “takes a lot of energy.” 203. feeling good about ourselves.” They have learned to soften their expecta­ The health focus of the group has re­ tion of how people will change. “We were mained an important one; recently the too tough on everyone. We have had to PROTECTION group received a $6,000 grant from Inter­ change our priorities and have our dream nal Affairs to build a marae-based health for tomorrow, not try and live it today. FOR WHOM? centre at Te Whetu marae at Welcome That causes too much guilt. Maybe our Bay. children will be able to.” A major activity for Tautoko Wahine Organising for the national Hui Wahine South Wairarapa Women’s Network has been the provision of a Maori-speak- Maori is a major undertaking. The group reports:

10 Broadsheet. March 1984 Members of the South Wairarapa Women’s Network have been concerned about two court cases reported in the local SIX ANGRY WOMEN... paper involving sex offences with minors. On October 26 1983, a 45 year old On February 1, a group of angry Auckland child molesting. “Women like those have Featherston man was sentenced to nine women overpowered and drove away with an obesssion about sex crimes. They im­ months imprisonment after being con­ a white professional man they said was a agine things,” he said. The women’s views victed of having sexual intercourse with rapist. They chained him to a tree and were not reported. an 11 year old girl. “Perhaps this cry for spraypainted rapist on his car. They told It seems that while compassion and ex­ help has been the result of the wife turning the media that the victims of the man were cuses can be found for the most violent be­ more to the church than to her husband in women he had authority over, who would haviour of men against women, women’s times of need,” the defending lawyer is re­ stand to lose a lot if they complained to the violence against men in self-defence or ported as saying. The complainant (the 11 police about him. They said he “represents otherwise is almost always seen as perverse year old girl) was described as “a willing that portion of rapists who are seldom pro­ and inexcusable. As long as only five per­ partner in the matter”! secuted through legal channels because of cent of rapists are convicted (1981 Auck­ The Women’s Network wrote to the their status as white, middle class men.” land Rape Crisis survey) there is no justice Minister of Justice, the defending lawyer Television news did not mention the for raped women and they will continue to and the local paper to express its concern spraypainting, so the action looked like an be angry.□ at the suppression of the man’s name, and unprovoked attack. Newspapers gave the Jenny Rankine the implication of blame on the wife and indecent front page coverage, and a lot of the child. The Wairarapa Times Age did men were defensive and angry. Media not publish the letter. editorials condemned the action. The Au­ Then on November 11 paper headlines ckland Star said “Their complaints against “Counsel tells of devastation to young the man concerned should have been laid man’s life” report the court case of a 25 with the police,” and added that the legal year old Carterton man convicted on four system had taken note of the major social charges of sexual intercourse with two problem of rape and would be making fourteen year old girls. rapist’s sentences heavier. This man’s name was also suppressed, Some Auckland women’s groups have the girls were described as willing partners dissociated themselves from the action. A and Judge Gilbert said “there was no evi­ spokeswoman for a local neighbourhood dence that either of the girls had suffered support group said “We believe where sus­ mentally or physiologically by the inci­ picion or knowledge of rape exists, the dents.” The defending lawyer said “one proper channels must be tried.” couldn’t imagine a case where a person A few days later, Auckland papers had lost as much as this defendant - his printed a front page story about a “haras­ wife, his employment, the support of his sed” business man having to leave his family and friends.” The man was sen­ home because of women’s accusations of tenced to seven months non-residential periodic detention. There would seem to be little protec­ tion for minors in the present system of “PASS LAWS” IN NZ justice. □ JUDITH JOLLANDS outlines a new Immigration Bill. Should Aussie Malcolm’s Immigration Bill following a prison sentence for rape. This be enacted, all immigrants will be required reinforced the belief that men who rape are to keep with them a resident’s permit. Evi­ black and ignored the reality that rapes are dence of this permit must be produced be­ committed by men from all cultures and fore starting jobs and study. It will be an of­ backgrounds. fence for an employer or anyone conduct­ ing courses of study or training, to allow This bill backs up this racist attitude, re­ quiring the deportation of any person with someone to start a job or course knowing a residence permit who is sentenced to im­ that person does not have a permit. prisonment. As the highest proportion of Police powers will be further increased. those sentenced in our courts and given When they suspect that a person is unlaw­ prison sentences are Maori and Pacific-Is­ fully in Aotearoa, the police will have the land people, we can see that those most powers of entry and search of any pre­ likely to be deported under this clause will mises, power to search any documents and be from Pacific Island countries. to demand production of identity docu­ ments, similar to the “pass laws” of South This bill, written in the usual sexist lan­ Africa. guage, is another example of the fast track When we consider the focus in the last legislation being rushed through parlia­ few years on overstayers from the Pacific ment - little evidence that any change was Islands, it is highly probable that this group imminent, then only a brief period to make will be the ones most harrassed by the pow­ submissions. Interest groups have attemp­ ers of this bill, although the highest propor­ ted to point out these issues, despite Au­ tion of overstayers are white. ssie Malcolm’s claim that people are over­ Late last year, white men pushed for the reacting. It will be interesting to see deportation of a Tongan from Aotearoa whether he responds to the challenges.□

Broadsheet. March 1984. 11

Although the battle surrounding the E huri to kanohi e, Treaty of Waitangi literally began in Ki te hau tuarangi, 1840, the events which led up to this Te Tiriti o Waitangi year’s Hikoi ki Waitangi began in early e tu moke mai ra, January 1983, when a number of Tai I waho i te moana e. Tokerau kaumatua called a hui to dis­ She's talking about the Treaty of cuss the Treaty and the events sur­ Waitangi and in a way she is lamenting rounding its celebration. Kaumatua the Treaty, saying it is like a lonely from a number of different tribal areas spirit adrift on its own in the middle of attended and took up the Tai Tokerau the ocean. In a lot of ways it’s true be­ request for help with the take. cause it is that sort of feeling about the At that same hui, Waitangi Action Treaty that is at the bottom of the way Committee members requested that that a lot of Maori people feel about the Waikato people withdraw the the Treaty. To many Maori, especially Taniwharau concert party perfor­ older Maori, the Treaty is a wairua or mance. at the 1983 celebrations. Al­ spiritual thing. It is spiritual in the though the party eventually per­ sense that it enshrined that spirit of formed they discussed their participa­ hope and belief our people had in con­ tion with a view towards not perform­ trolling our own country. And so in a ing at future Treaty celebrations. sense every time we touch that spirit it A number of discussions, hui and is like touching the hand which said meetings followed that hui, and nearly that “this is your country’’. all focused on working out a national So the thing about the hikoi that strategy for Waitangi 1984. made the strongest impression on me The continually increasing debate was that spiritual side of things that re­ about Maori sovereignty had also gen­ ally called up that feeling of longing for erated talk about formulating a natio­ the honouring of the Treaty, that same nal strategy and a national organisa­ feeling that Te Puea talked about and tion to develop that strategy. The Rangiriri (the angry sky), where the sang about fifty years ago. You know battle of Rangiriri took place and kaupapa of the Treaty was discussed at on the first day of the hikoi, I was a major Waikato hui in May 1983 and where my tupuna were slayed by the walking beside a young child, four British soldiers during the Land Wars. in the same month the first of a years old she was, and she asked me number of hui to discuss Maori During the hikoi we walked in the how old I was and I said, “Oh, about trenches that the soldiers dug. A.nd sovereignty and Te Kotahitanga was fifty years older than you I suppose”. held in the Tai Rawhiti area. then there were places like Then she said, “Will I have to hikoi to Ruapekapeka in Ngapuhi where some In August 1983, a number of Tainui Waitangi when I’m fifty-four?” I kaumatua put forward the idea of the of Ngapuhi were betrayed by their laughed and said, “I certainly hope not own and the British became the real hikoi to a hui to discuss my girl”. And I really do hope that this Whakatotahitanga. In October Te winners. So all these political footsteps will have been the last time ever that were a cry for our land, our country Kotahitanga United Council was we have to hikoi to Waitangi. The formed at a hui at Waahi Pa in Huntly and it’s a cry that comes from the taha anger has moved things over Waitangi wairua. and formally mandated to lead and or­ and now the spirits have moved. And ganise the Hikoi ki Waitangi. A now we must move the take politically. Who took part in the hikoi and where number of different tribal and urban did they come from? groups present began hectic organisa­ How did the wairua dimension show They came from everywhere. And tion for the hikoi which eventually left itself in the hikoi? who took part? Everyone. That was from Turangawaewae marae in You know at the beginning of the hikoi the thing about the hikoi that really Ngaruawahia on Saturday 28 January we received one of the most brilliant made the aroha well up inside of me . I and arrived at Waitangi on 6 February. poroporoaki that I have ever seen. It is had this feeling all the time. I quite Tuaiwa (Eva) Rickard is the Presi­ a pity that everybody there was not often wondered, just what really dent of Te Kotahitanga, the organisa­ able to understand all of it, because prompted all these people to come? tion which led this year’s Hikoi ki there were some special, special gifts Given that we had only four months to Waitangi. She is the leader of the that were passed on to us. I know that really organise the hikoi I was over­ Tainui-Awhiro land struggle. In De­ there were plenty there, especially whelmed to see so many new faces, so cember 1983, after a battle of several ones that have lived away from the pleased that it was not just the same years, the Tainui-Awhiro land at Rag­ land and moved away from the taha tired old faces that have been with us lan which she fought for, was re­ wairua, that were able to cherish and since the Nga Tamatoa era. There was turned. Eva had been a member of Te be cherished by all the spiritual and the Rastafarians that are really deeply Matakite o Aotearoa and is also the political leaders that were there to into their taha Maori, some of the ex- Waikato-Maniapoto representative manaaki the hikoi in all their many dif­ Black Power boys that have gone back on the New Zealand Maori Council. ferent ways. That poroporoaki was a to rekindle the land fires, plenty of the statement that our hikoi would follow Ratana people who really know the RIPEKA EVANS talked to history, the political history of Ratana TUAIWA RICKARD after the hikoi. in the footsteps of our tupuna. And you know by the end of the and how he was one of the first to peti­ What was the thing about the hikoi hikoi, each and everyone of our mar­ tion the King over the Treaty. Ratana that made the strongest impression on chers believed that we made history by took a petition with over forty you? taking up the history of our tupuna. thousand signatures on it to England. You know there is a song written by Te Each place that we passed through had So to see all these new faces with the Puea and in one of the verses she says, its own political history. Places like hope that the mothers with their Broadsheet. March 1984. 13 babies carried - I loved it, because it returned the aroha I have for our people. As for where they came from, well everywhere. Some came back espe­ cially from Australia for it, those from Tai Rawhiti that have carried the kaupapa of Te Kotahitanga for 18 years, Ngai te Rangi, Ngati Ranginui, Ngati Kahungunu, Tame, Willie and Maria and their group from Waiariki, some from Te Waipounamu, the Rin- gatu, Poneke, my people from Tainui, Taranaki, from all over Tai Tokerau and just about everywhere else you could think of. How were each of the diverse group­ ings able to work together? Oh my gosh, well we certainly had our times as you do in any emerging or­ ganisation but we got by. For me I found strength and security in being with the kaumatua and having them with us all the way and in every way. I am especially grateful for the manaaki that my old people from Tainui gave to me and to the hikoi, especially before 6 the hikoi. They spent months, literally 14 months on the road before hand, spreading the kaupapa throughout the land at nearly every possible hui. Even though we had our marshalls and our fantastic head marshall, Huhana Tuhaka, and our medics, and our co­ ordinating committee and the ringaw- era, and the maintenance team and all those logistical back-ups, it was still the motu as a whole that had to carry the kaupapa and keep everything to­ gether. What were the political goals of the hikoi? And that really is what we have to do In many ways they were as diverse as over Waitangi. the make-up of the hikoi. But despite that we all agreed that we would hikoi Did the hikoi bring about new direc­ to Waitangi as a statement that we tions or new visions for Te have honoured the Treaty and that Kotahitanga? since the other party has not honoured Yes, it confirmed that Te Kotahitanga their part of the bargain then we must will be the national Maori organisation stop the celebrations and begin to take that will take up the call for indepen­ steps towards attaining the sovereign dence or sovereignty. Waitangi and rights which we believed and still be­ the Treaty is not about the celebra­ lieve that we have. The political goals tions or who said or signed what, it is were and always have been simple. At about the fact that an agreement was the Te Kotahitanga Hui at Waahi in made that gave British subjects the August, it was decided that we would right to live in our country and to share seek a meeting with the Governor our resources, land, forests and General, the Waitangi Trust Board fisheries with us under our cloak of and also send notification to the friendship and government. Queen that we would be taking up our So now we have to become more or­ constitutional right to petition her or ganised. We need to gather up the her representative. Although some threads that are there, all our talent, did not favour this approach we all our thinkers, our doers and wanted to at least explore as many pos­ everyone that wants to be a part of Te sibilities as possible. You know that is Kotahitanga and play a part in chang­ one of the lessons I learnt from the ing this country. There is work to be Raglan struggle. You have to beat the done immediately. The meeting with system while at the same time you are the Governor General that the police organising your own people for power. stopped from taking place, I am sure hikoi and who want to play a more ac­ tive part in organising for Te Kotahitanga. There are all these reg­ ional hui that will be held to formulate a new constitution and a new structure for Te Kotahitanga. I am excited by all the activity and I am proud to be a part of it. There were hard decisions to make during the hikoi and plenty of straining moments but I know we made the right decision on February 6, for all the hikoi to meet the G overnor General or none at all. That was the most impor- 9 tant decision to make and it was made by the motu. That is what I consider to be true kotahitanga. And that is what scares the powers that be. That is what scared the police. They said they trusted us and that they would respect our right to march in peace to Waitangi, but when it came to the crunch, they were the ones that bet­ rayed their own agreement. You know when we approached that bridge on the day, I felt no fear whatsoever of anything, I believed and I knew that 1 Elders welcome the Tainui Express when it we would get across it. Thirty eight mi­ stopped for breakfast near Kawakawa, 6 Feb­ ruary 1984 nutes it took us to cross it, one of the 2 Te Kotahitanga flag is ceremoniously car­ shortest bridges in the country and yet ried out from Turangawaewae Marae at the be­ it was the power of the state forces and ginning of Te Hikoi ke Waitangi, 28 January their manipulators that prevented us 1984. from meeting with the Governor Gen­ 3 Women at.Taupiri after welcoming the mar­ eral. The meeting and the agreement chers. to have it is an indication that some­ 4 Part of the mass march between Turan­ thing is moving in this country. gawaewae and Waahi. 5 Ripeka Evans and Mereana Pitman stop for How do you think these new directions lunch and visions will be implemented? 6 Marchers celebrate their unity, Te Puea Marae, Mangere, 31 January You know I always used to think that 7 Hikoi in Aotea Square, Auckland Te Kotahitanga was just a dream, a t 8 Waiting to join the hikoi in Queen Street, hope. But now I believe that we must Auckland do it, set up our 80 member Parlia­ 9 Marshalls working out relays at administra­ ment. The 80 member parliament that tion caravan during hikoi. Tawhiao built two Houses of Parlia­ 10 Serving a hangi at Waiomio ment for in the 1800’s when he estab­ 11 Waiata during the rain at Waiomio lished the first Te Kotahitanga. Our 12 Part of the welcome for the Tainui Express structure, our executive, our prog­ near Opua 6 February. ramme is in the making and I am sure 13 Titewhai Harawira and Tuaiwa Rickard speaking at Whakapara, 3 February that between now and our national hui 14 Merata Mita and crew filming Te Hikoi ki we will see a few more historic things Waitangi happen for Te Kotahitanga and our 15 Elders from the Tainui Express arrive by dream of independence. ferry on the beach at Waitangi 16 Tai Tokerau Roadshow performing at When and what do you think will hap- ' Waitangi pen for Te Kotahitanga over the next 12 17 Te Hikoi arrives at Waitangi Bridge few years? 18 Crossing the bridge Independence, soverignty that is what 19 Te Hikoi ki Waitangi waits after crossing will happen. You know, you and the bridge Donna have talked about and worked 20 Carrying the flags onto the golf course at for it, Tom Te Maro and them from Waitangi 6 February the Tai Rawhiti have talked about it, All photographs by Gil Hanly, published cour­ that is what we must make happen. I tesy o f Te Kotahitanga Committee. give us two to three years to make the first big step. You know at Christmas that the powers that be are not resting time I sat with my mokos and I sang on their laurels at the moment. We this song “Islands in this Dream”. I have been even busier since the hikoi, love singing it now because I feel it. I planning for the future. There are really feel that this could be the year many people who were amazed by the and the time for the real thing.□

Broadsheet, March 1984, 15 spite financial and other pressures. Hikoi Hikoi Walking, running, driving cars We're all going to Waitangi Gonna set my people free Hikoi Hikoi Arrive at Waitangi, 4500 of us. Kaumatua in the front. The Governor General only wants to see 100 of us. Police blockade the bridge. His demand was designed to creat division. We were meant to disembowel each other - “no rad­ icals allowed”. Who are the radicals? The old people decide. We hikoi together we get heard together; it's unMaori for some to go ahead and the bulk to say behind. Just as in 1840, when the treaty was signed on the Union Jack instead of a korowai as suggested by the elders, today in 1984 the intentions of the Government are still not honourable. Anything fruitful is not meant to eventuate. The GG is sad at being kept waiting for two and a half hours. Maoris have been waiting for 144 years on government terms. The press plays up the incident as if OKU WHAKARO O TE HIKOI woman journalist who tried to do us to say Maoris missed their chance. We mis­ Maoris a favour with her pen. Her own no­ sed an audience with someone who was The ten day hikoi from Waikato to tions of self importance through the power going to tell us that the Treaty is still okay. Waitangi exuded a very special feeling. of her column showed where she was at - in Next year I hope Waitangi will be a focus The hikoi magnetised people into its em­ darkesville. ake ake. for a forum on the treaty. The difference is brace. For all the storms that arose within, The marchers stepped into another we will be highlighting the grievances and the spirit of the hikoi pulled one and all to­ world - Te Reo Maori, whakapapa, orat­ not dancing to our misfortunes - and no gether. One young marcher called the ory. debate, whanaungatanga, waiata, government flunkey will be playing any hikoi “a natural buzz”. stories of tupuna, and debate over the tre­ strings. Kia ora, a marcher. One cannot judge the true value and im­ aty of Waitangi became the norm. There plications of the hikoi from afar or by pre­ was a quiet pride, and confidence lifted the JOYCE MAIPI is of Tainui and Taranaki judgement. One had to be there. The out­ shoulders, hearts and heads of many. descent. She is an eighteen year old school side world was insignificant. One was 1 was part of a ropu from Tamaki Makau leaver from Huntly and she took part in the cruelly joined to reality by a few press Rau. Like Ngati Poneke, our ropu was Hikoi ki Waitangi. She spoke to RIPEKA statements by some “do-gooding" pakeha multi-tribal - Maori, Pacific Islanders and EVANS. pakehas. We came together because we wanted to work together. We came to ap­ How did you become involved in the preciate the kuia and kaumatua of our hikoi? area, for they looked after all the city I live at Waahi Pa in Huntly and work in mokopuna. Kia ora koutou. The other and around the marae. There was a Hui ropu were tribal-based Tai Tokerau. Whakakotahitanga held there in August Waikato, Hauraki, Ngati Kahungunu, which I went to. The idea of the hikoi and Waiariki. Te Tai Rawhiti, Taranaki and the treaty was talked about then and at the Kai Tahu. Their greatest impact was their Coronation celebration hui at Turan- tribal sharing, pride and knowledge of gawaewae in May last year. My parents their roots. At night, we'd go around the were involved with a lot of the early protest different camps for korero and kai. at Waitangi during the time when Nga hamuhamu for something and try to learn Tamatoa was around. They were both in­ the words of their waiata. volved with organising for the hikoi. I The speeches were long - the mana of helped John Te Maru. our Tainui co-or­ the occasion couldn't take short cuts. The dinator with some of the work he was kai was better than five star hotels. The doing, finding accommodation in the karakia was there to protect all. The kor­ Waikato area, going out to find food, talk­ ero of the rangatahi and the kaumatua ing with lots of young women around flourished - the debates challenged all. Huntly about the hikoi. Whenever we had Young people created their own enter­ fundraising events for the hikoi I used to tainment away from the big talk - bop, talk with people about the hikoi and about touch rugby and music. There was an equal the Treaty. I always tried to point out how balance of korero, hikoi and waiata things like unemployment and our failure whakangahau. The hikoi broke all records at school were related to the Treaty. It was of stamina and endurance-against all odds hard but then I would always get support people found a way to get to the hikoi, de- from other young women who had been in-

16 Broadsheet, March 1984 volved with Waitangi and other issues be­ fore. Why did your people from Tainui become involved in the hikoi and the take of Waitangi? Our land was meant to be protected under the Treaty and yet we have had the major­ ity of our land taken away. In 1982 a report on the Tainui people was published. It is a report and a ten year development plan for the Tainui people. It looks at what had happened to the descendants of the Tainui canoe as a result of land confiscation. P know our people believed in tribal unity and that was another big reason why a lot of our people took part, especially the older ones, the kaumatua. They have al­ ways believed in Te Kotahitanga, in unity. What role did the kaumata play in the hikoi? They protected us and they always pulled us back to the focus of the hikoi. They re­ ally have the ability to bring around to what is the issue. A lot of the times they just never seemed to get bogged down in the inner workings of the hikoi. I really ad­ mired they way that they shared their 17 knowledge with us and gave that wairua to sent on the hikoi? above all the hikoi showed that unity is not all of us. I went because the Treaty has never been impossible. On the hikoi I learnt how tribal groups honoured by the Pakeha. I marched be­ I don’t think we can continue to go to can grow strong and together, and how im­ cause I want us to be an independant protest at Waitangi every year. There is all portant it is for us to unite as a people. I people. I don't know how that dream can this work that can be done to make sure also learnt how powerful the government is be met, but I do now that the hikoi gave me that we don’t have to go to Waitangi again. when we stand up against them. Like when that feeling that we can do it and that we re­ All the protests of the past have been posi­ we were at Waitangi on the 6th. I just felt ally must achieve our independence. We tive because they are a way of showing our so annoyed and sort of frustrated when I will probably have to do away with a lot of pain, but now I think we really need to con­ saw that there we were marching towards things, maybe the Maori Affairs Depart­ centrate on working for our future. That is, the Treaty grounds and the police could ment, but we will ref ,ace them with things a future is not just from one Waitangi Day manipulate where we .were to go and when for our people that are much, much bigger. to another. But our future as people as a we were to stand or sit or walk. It was that What did you like most about the hikoi? people. We have always dreamt about it whole police control that I didn't like. I loved being with Maori people all the and after the hikoi I feel that we have been What were the political reasons why you time, eating together, sleeping together, given the strength to do it.□ the korero all the time. But most of all 20 knowing that we had to survive together, and knowing that we could really do that. Lots of different things in people like Tom Te Maro, one of the kaumatua from the Tai Rawhiti, he has such a beauty, a real way of being able to see straight through to what the heart of things is. Also Eva and the way she led us and more and more throughout the hikoi how she was able to keep us together. I think the work that was done for it was fantastic, there was a lot of hard work. What role did women play in the hikoi? Women played a lot of different roles. But I wasn't really satisfied with how the marae kawa stopped a lot of women from speak­ ing. But what is something that we really have to work on. Apart from that women worked in every part of the hikoi. What do you think the hikoi achieved? It showed us that we can unit and work to­ gether. But it also showed that each of our different tribal area need work within them. There is a lot of work to be done in Tainui and other area. But I think that Act 1961. It shows an attempt to combine the traditional objective standard of the “reasonable man and the more recent trend towards subjectivity. These two approaches STEPHENIE KNIGHT discusses domestic murder represent the differences between asking “Ought a reason­ able man to have been provoked?” and “ Was the man in and the sexist bias of the legal system. fact provoked? “(1) Culpable homicide that would otherwise be murder may be reduced to manslaughter if the person who caused the death did so under provocation. (2) Anything done or said may be provocation if - (a) In the circumstances of the case it was sufficient to deprive a per­ son having the self-control of an ordinary person, but other­ wise having the characteristics of the offender, of the power of self-control; and (b) It did in fact deprive the offender of the power of self-control and thereby induced him to com­ mit the act of homicide.” Leaving aside the legal jargon, this means that if the of­ fender is the type of person to lose control when he feels threatened, then he can genuinely say that he was provoked to the point of losing control. A survey of domestic murders over the last year, as well as charges of lesser forms of domestic violence, reveal that it is the very fact that the male partner is of the type to lose his temper so readily that has forced the woman to leave him in the first place. She is often caught both ways: blamed by society for “enjoying” the violence if she stays, and blamed by the courts for “br­ inging the violence upon herself if she leaves. In both in­ stances she is risking her life. The belief underlying the court’s attitude is that once a woman submits sexually to a man, he then is quite entitled to assume proprietorial rights. This is reinforced to the ex­ tent of almost complete sexual ownership if the couple are married (a husband is legally allowed to rape his wife). The implicit acceptance of sexual ownership of men over women is evident in that it is a man s sexual identity that as­ sumes the utmost importance when a woman will no longer live with him or takes another partner. In a recent court case (see box) the taking of a lesbian lover was regarded as the ultimate in sexual provocation. The law as written in S. 169 of the Crimes Act is general with no guidelines as to what is acceptable as reasonable provocation for the “ordinary person”. It is the judge’s duty Vy to interpret all the previous case law on provocation and in­ “If radical feminists had their way, sexual provocation of struct the jury on these legal definitions. It is juries that decide whether provocation was present or men by women would be struck from the law as a defence not. but they are dependent on the judges interpretations. for murder. Juries, however, tend to be more realistic and more understanding.” (From Bungay on Murder by At least some members of the jury must believe that men “own” women with whom they have had regular sex for the Mike Bungay and Brian Edwards.) defence to be successful. This is hardly surprising given the In New Zealand most homicides are commited by men present conditioning of sexual stereotypes in schools, the killing women who no longer wish to continue in a sexual media and the law. But it is not the whole story. The de­ relationship with them. The defence used by these men in fence in criminal trials depends on selective presentation of the majority of cases is “sexual provocation”. In other the evidence. In domestic murder cases this means the vic­ words, the victim brought it upon herself by insulting her tim is put on trial and a picture is slowly built up that is killer’s “manhood”. In more cases than not this defence is favourable to the accused. It is not the prosecution’s role to successful in reducing the charge of murder to that of man­ defend the dead woman. Judges when summing up and slaughter. A person cannot be found guilty of murder if he/ giving instruction to the jury are advising lay people on she has been provoked to such an extent as to have been de­ what the courts see as acceptable social standards within prived of the power of self-control. The courts consider that legal parameters. The jury must usually make a decision insulting a man by rejecting him sexually is provocation without hearing the woman s story, taking into considera­ enough. tion legal concepts of the burden of proof, confusing to any “The law governing provocation is included in the Crimes lay person. And finally it is the judge who decides the sen-

18 Broadsheet, March 1984 n January 17, Kiritai Taylor died. She had tence. which can be anything up to 10 years. The killing of a woman in a domestic situation is usually been in a coma since June 23. That was the day preceded by years of abuse. This is often not brought for­ William Marsters, believing she was in a re­ ward by the prosecution to show the reasons behind the lationship with his girlfriend, stabbed Kiritai woman’s actions, but ironically, is taken up by the defence O ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ in the heart. to demonstrate that violence was characteristic of the offen­ Acquitted of attempted murder, Marsters was found der’s personality, though couched in more favourable guilty of injuring with intent to cause grievous bodily harm. terms - “the tragic plight of the man unable to cope with The maximum penalty for this charge is 14 years imprison­ life’s pressures.” In an interpretation of the law on provoca­ ment. tion McCarthy, P in his judgement dismissing an appeal Our Solicitor-General, Mr McLay, chose not to allow the against a conviction of murder (R v Tai) stated: Crown to appeal against this sentence. “The offender must be presumed to possess in general Now that Kiritai has died, it is open to the police to lay the power of self-control of the ordinary man, save in so further charges against Marsters. However, the fact that he far as his power of self-control is weakened because of was found not guilty of attempted murder would seem to some particular characteristic possessed by him.” preclude a charge of murder (it being a fundamental ele­ This interpretation was put into effect in the trial of ment of both charges to prove the accused intended to kill). Ronald Martin, charged with murdering his wife, who was Nor is it likely, given the attitudes demonstrated to date, attempting to separate from him. that any greater sentence would be imposed on Marsters if Ronald Martin killed Julia Martin on May 8 1982, and he were convicted on a charge of manslaughter. was tried on October 14 1982. He was found not guilty of So, in all probability, Marsters will, in 12 to 18 months, murder due to temporary insanity and was committed to walk free. Kiritai Taylor took her last step on June 23. The Oakley Psychiatric Hospital as an “ordinary” patient to be Waikato Times reported it on October 13 with the headline discharged at the discretion of the Oakley staff. He was “Woman Caused Own Stabbing: Accused”. (The article given regular leave after six weeks and discharged from was printed alongside a bold advertisement for Jack the hospital early in 1983, only months after Julia’s death. He Slasher - a local produce market which recently ran a series has no convictions and is therefore free to claim the large of radio advertisements reminiscent of Jack the Ripper). sums of insurance and superannuation money that resulted The witticism did not go unnoticed. Yet we little im­ from her death. He is also no longer required to divide the agined the Courts would take as light-hearted an approach matrimonial assets, as he would have had to if Julia had to Kiritai’s stabbing. been successful in her separation. Mr McLay’s decision that the token sentence meted out Ron and Julia Martin had been married 20 years. She had to Marsters doesn't merit reconsideration affects us all. If spoken to friends of severe mental cruelty as well as physi­ the life of a lesbian is viewed with less regard than the whim cal abuse. Julia had arranged counselling for them both of a man, what hope has any woman of justice. through Marriage Guidance and believed that Ron was ac­ Men can, it seems, expect the sympathy of the Courts cepting the inevitable separation, which she had postponed when the object of their violence is lesbian. Ought those of until the children were old enough to cope. Only weeks be- us who fail to meet men’s expectations, in any way, be de­ nied the protection of the law? Because of the degendering of the rape laws, the way will “If women are more intelligent, stronger and more soon be clear to criminalise lesbianism. Given that the independent than the men they associate with, and courts seemingly uphold the principle of male ownership of if they refuse to be governed by those inadequate women, this seems inevitable. men, they are deemed in law to be responsible for What price women’s lives then?D their own deaths.” Anne-marie Mclnally

fore the killing Martin said to neighbours, “If she leaves me Martin’s state of mind were the same as that of sexual pro­ she takes my manhood, my pride, everything.” He said that vocation. It was shown that his father had committed he’d never let her go. It seems that in the week leading up to suicide and that some members of his family suffered from May 8, Martin had implied to at least three people, (his mental illness (though none were certified). Martin felt he brother, a member of his football club and a work col­ would lose his “manhood” and his “pride” if Julia left him league) that he was going to kill his wife with a knife. On and this was enough to induce not only a loss of self-control, May 8 he left the Suburbs Rugby Football Club at about but a “deep-psychotic state”. Far from being a damning evi­ 10.15pm. Once home he was seen by his daughter to walk dence, this was actually in Martin’s favour; or in McCar­ up the passage with a knife behind his back, to the room thy’s words, “his power of self-control [was] weakened be­ where Julia was sleeping. He stabbed her once: straight cause of some particular characteristic possessed by him”. through her hand and her heart. She was dead before the Obviously as there is no longer any threat of being left by ambulance arrived. his wife, Martin no longer had any reason to be psychotic, Martin was seen by the pscychiatrists nine days later, and and was spon discharged from Oakley. it was their evidence that was instrumental in convincing Julia, by her desire to lead her own life, was seen to have the court that he was in a “deep psychotic state” at the time induced her husband’s psychotic state. Martin was there­ he killed his wife. Insanity is a matter to be decided by the fore not responsible for his actions and could not be guilty jury under direction from the judge’s knowledgeof case law, of murder. Ronald Martin saved his “manhood” by killing after listening to “expert" witnesses. the woman who had given him 20 years of her life. Now she Although the defence was insanity the assumptions about is dead and he is free. Broadsheet. March 1984. 19 was having an affair and about to leave her husband, That’s not true. She hardly drank at all and there was no . affair. She was going to leave him, but not for anyone else. She was a hardworking successful company secretary. An intelligent, pleasant woman. A real lady, and that image was not presented to the jurors. If they’d heard us they would never have considered insanity.” (Sunday News 15.5.83) The sensational aspect was carried through into the press. In an article expressing shock at Martin being al­ lowed out on leave, the front page included lines: “Martin stabbed his two-timing wife, Julia Dawn Martin, in a late night fit of passion at their Avondale hom e.“ (Sunday News 5.12.82). A juror in the Martin case talked about how easy it is for lay people to be persuaded by “experts”. “When I agreed to a verdict of not guilty on the grounds of insanity, I expected he would be put in a safe place for a considerable length of time. I reluctantly agreed to the verdict, but that was only after the jury sent back to the judge for some direction on the implications of an insan­ ity verdict. I understood the judge to say it was not an easy way o u t. . . It’s all very well for a psychiatrist to get up and say Martin was temporarily insane, but a lot of people suffer a form of insanity when provoked or trap­ ped in a situation. That’s no reason to kill. . . [juries can be] overawed with the weight of specialist psychiatric evi­ dence.” (Sunday News 7.8.83) In a similar incident brought to trial in May 1982 in W in­ chester, England, Mary Bristow was killed by Peter Wood, a past lover, because she refused to marry him. His defence was provocation (Mary’s disinclination to enter into an exc­ lusive sexual relationship with him), and diminished re­ sponsibility (he was depressed). The psychiatrists all agreed that his depression was caused by Mary’s determination to live her own life as she wanted rather than as W ood wanted. She is often caught both ways: blamed by society for Mary was independent, intelligent and popular, with strong “en joying” the violence if she stays, and blamed by feminist and political commitments. All these were used the courts for “bringing the violence upon herself” against her. Newspaper headings at the time read: “Savage if she leaves. killing of a women’s lib lover”; “Kinky secret life of beauty at library: Mary’s sex games turn jealous lover into killer” - this was accompanied by a photograph of a naked woman (not Mary) with a caption: “Victim Mary ... enjoyed kinky sex games.” (Legally the dead cannot be defamed.) In murder trials the victim by definition is not available as a witness. Therefore, there is usually no factual contradic­ In court the jury heard from defence counsel about tion to the accused’s account of the murder and the victim Mary’s “unconventional lifestyle”: cannot reply to attacks on her character. In a defence case “She was also middle class and as sometimes happens based on provocation the provocative acts are presented in with very clever people she was in a state of rebellion such a way that the victim herself is actually on trial. The de­ against the morality favoured by that class. She regarded fence is allowed to build up a picture of the stereotyped marriage as, at any rate, something not for her. I suppose scarlet woman without the prosecution deeming it neces­ she thought of it as something that would restrict her free­ sary to call any of the victim’s friends to answer these slurs. dom. She was a devotee of many causes. The Women’s Julia Martin’s closest friend said in a newspaper interview: Liberation Movement, pro-abortion and CND demonst­ “The jury made their decision without knowing all the ration.” background that I could have told them. I’d known Julia And later: for 20 years and we were very close. To see him get away “Her rejection of him, perhaps in rather a nasty way must with temporary insanity really bothers me. What killer have been like a stab in the body [for Wood].“ isn’t insane? The jury accepted that this was provocation enough for I wasn’t called; the first woman on the scene after the kil­ him to kill her. The jury also accepted the second defence of ling wasn’t called. I’m sure we could have changed the diminished responsibility: it was Mary's independent lifes­ jury’s mind if we’d been allowed to present our evidence. tyle that had depressed him - this was borne out by the fact Instead, Julia was portrayed as an immoral woman who that Wood was no longer depressed after the murder (when

20 Broadsheet, March 1984 the psychiatrists saw him for the first time). None of Mary's friends were called to give evidence. The judge’s summing up showed that he clearly thought that Mary had caused her own death, and that other women with similar ideas should be warned of the consequences of their unwise actions: “Mary Bristow with an IQ of 182 was a rebel from her middle class background. She was unorthodox in her re­ lationships, so proving that the cleverest aren’t always very wise. Those who engage in sexual relationships should realise that sex is one of the deepest and most powerful human emotions, and if you’re playing with sex you’re playing with fire. And it might be, members of the jury, that the convictions which surround sex, which some people think are ‘old hat’ are there to prevent people from burning themselves. [In drawing a distinction for the jury between murder and manslaughter,] murder involved wickedness, man­ slaughter does not necessarily involve wickedness, as when out-of-their-depth and totally-unable-to-cope people do things which are totally foreign to their nature. There is a difference between a villain shooting a police­ man, and a husband killing his wife or lover at a stage when they can no longer cope.” He instructed the jury that such provocation would reasonably lead a man to kill a woman he had regularly slept with. Peter Wood was expected to be out of prison within 18 months. Other cases in New Zealand have included those of Dixon, Duncan and Grierson. Fred Dixon was charged with murder after shooting his estranged wife Wilma with a shotgun in a bar of the Wellsford Hotel on March 3, 1982. As she lay still moving on the ground he returned to his car, reloaded his gun and shot her a second time. He was found not guilty of murder, but guilty of an alternative charge of manslaughter after the Court heard from Peter Williams, the defence lawyer, that Dixon was suffering from a mental derangement over the breakdown of the marriage. He said Dixon’s psychiatric depression meant he lost cool and reasonable judgement. Williams also suggested that Dixon had thought his wife had been derelict in her duties to her children; a suggestion which he followed by recounting how “witness after witness described him as a good community man, a steady worker (he was unemployed at the time) and a person whose life revolved around his family.“ to be “readily admitted” so wrapped his dressing gown Dixon, who had spotted his wife on the street that after­ around himself and “walked quickly” through the glass noon on his way to pick up his girlfriend, was heard to say to door, screaming “I’m going to kill you”. He burst into his Wilma Dixon as he shot her: “I’ll teach you to be a liberated daughter’s room and pinned her down on the bed. Shouting woman.” Dixon was sentenced to four years imprisonment. that he was going to “break the place up” he rushed to his In Septem ber 1982, David Duncan strangled his wife in mother-in-law’s room. As she went to get up Grierson bed with a pair of pyjama pants after she told him she was threw the 84-year-old woman against a wall and punched happier with her lover. He then placed her body in the boot her repeatedly in the face with a clenched fist, threatening of his car and attempted to dispose of it, first by burying it, to kill her. She received black eyes and severe bruising to and when that failed, by dumping it in a bush stream. He the face and arms. too was found not guilty of murder. Duncan’s lawyer, Mike When his daughter went to telephone the police Grierson Bungay, said in his defence that the phrase with which it grabbed the phone and threw it across the room. “Then I was said Carolyn Duncan compared her husband with her was on the floor. He was holding me down. He had his boyfriend was extreme provocation to which a reaction was hands around my neck saying he was going to to kill me”, to be expected. Duncan was convicted of the lesser charge she said. Fortunately she managed to free herself and run to of manslaughter and sentenced to five years imprisonment. a neighbour’s flat. Grierson searched the flat for his wife At about 1.30 a.m. on November 16, 1982 Bruce Grier­ then wandered off pausing only to bend over and look at the son, a lawyer, arrived at the home of his mother-in-law elderly woman lying on the path. dressed in a dressing gown and slippers. He did not expect When questioned by the police about the incident Grier-

Broadsheet, March 1984, 21 son denied assaulting his mother-in-law and daughter. He admitted going to the house in his pyjamas and dressing gown but said he had left well before midnight and it was obviously someone else who committed the offences. Almost a year later, Grierson came to trial. On October 27, 1983 he was found guilty of 5 charges: assault and threatening to kill his mother-in-law and daughter and burglary. He was sentenced to nine months PD and fined a total of $9000 by Judge R. L. Kerr in the Auckland District Court. SIX* During the trial the jury heard that Grierson was going to kill both women, because, he said, “you are keeping my wife away from me”. Under cross-examination by Grierson, who was defend­ ing himself, his daughter told how she had gone to live with her grandmother because she could not live in the same house where her mother was treated badly, and because of l * f e £ e i i ' abuse to herself. This was revealed during an attempt by Grierson to discredit his own daughter. She also explained that why the police had never been called in the past was be­ cause of the family’s “social standing”: “No one would be­ _ _ iH r lieve that my father - a brilliant lawyer in court - would do these things to his family”. / * S e Throughout the trial Grierson insisted that there had been a case of mistaken identity and that the women were “not telling it like it is”, although he conceded that he had

6 lorne st. Auckland “Tell any man he is no good in bed or that someone open 10am-5.30pm else is better and you risk retaliation beyond sense or reason.” (Male lawyer)

been there earlier looking for his wife (who had separated from him a year earlier). He wanted, he said, to discuss ar­ rangements for marriage counselling. Grierson’s behaviour in court was described by the judge as “bizarre” - the atmosphere throughout was one of hilar­ ity and disbelief. Yet he was not so outrageous as to lose the support of friends and colleagues, who were able to assure the jury that he was a fine upstanding citizen, possessed an unblemished character, was a brilliant musician in the lawyers band, and was an excellent tax lawyer who was i t OUT highly regarded in legal circles. In spite of the evidence designed to prove he was an asset to the community Judge Kerr said the offences “richly de­ served” a lengthy prison sentence - but he accepted Grier­ NOW son should not be imprisoned because he was suffering from a psychiatric disorder which was dignified with the on JAY REM Records title “intermittent explosive disorder, coupled with partial amnesia”. The consultant psychiatrist, was Dr Roper Cul- pan, who also gave evidence in Ronald Martin’s case. He said that in this condition a person’s personality appeared normal but they were prone to outbursts in response to “quite trivial provocation”. Grierson was said to be “labouring under extreme stress” made worse by his wife leaving him and refusing to reconcile. This was in contrast to the evdience of the prosecution psychiatrist, who said Grierson did not suffer from “intermittent explosive disor­ der”, but was just a “bad tempered individual”. The judge accepted Culpan’s report, so Grierson was seen 3§£.-2&k ^nStcUunA) 2JtK-MsW) as a victim of a psychiatric disorder over which he had no control, but which wasn’t severe enough to prevet him car­ < m i £ 3 £ £ ^ 3 f a j t rying on his law practice. This case is further evidence that our legal system can be manipulated by professional and

22 Broadsheet, March 1984 wealthy men. After he was sentenced, Grierson said: “I am a bit an­ noyed over the amount of publicity my case has been given. If I was a plumber or drainlayer nobody would have wanted to know. This is entirely a domestic and matrimonial matter ANOTHER - it’s got nothing to do with anyone else . . . I haven’t let anyone down. I haven’t disappeared with someone else’s cash”. (Sunday News 30.10.83). Grierson obviously assumes that domestic assault is ac­ cepted in the lower classes and that it is discriminatory to single out lawyers merely because of their professional MAN-MADE status; that assault upon a family member is not an offence and any attempt to make it so is merely unjustified interfer­ ence; and that embezzlement is a far more serious crime than any he committed. BULB There is a sizeable group of men in New Zealand with money, status and almost unlimited access to the legal sys­ tem who use these privileges to offer protection for each Proposals for the first major change in this country’s rape member against public attention. They seem to be im­ laws since 1908 were submitted to parliament in mid-De­ mune to the force of the law, and to the influence of public cember last year. Justice Minister McLay’s long-heralded opinion. rape law reform bill allows a woman to be convicted for rap­ There are however, charges of murder against men, ing another woman or a husband, but specially protects which have not been reduced, even though provocation has husbands from being charged with raping their wives. This been used as a defence. Murray Gibson, lawyer for Sio anomaly sums up the superficial approach and continuing Sauni, suggested to the Court that Sauni finding his es­ anti-woman emphasis of this bill. tranged wife with another man was provocation “as crude The bill starts with a definition of “sexual connection”. as it was cruel”. For Aubrey Nepia, who stabbed his es­ This has been broadened from vaginal penetration by a tranged wife 14 times in a carpark of a Hastings Hotel penis to include anal and oral penetration by an object or where she had gone to collect her children after holidaying other part of a person’s body, and cunnilungis. This is the with their father, (in front of their children and 13 other most positive change in the bill, because it recognises that people, none of whom intervened), Mike Bungay urged the jury to bring in a verdict of manslaughter on the grounds of “Perhaps the new definition “As it is worded ... an provocation. Both men were sentenced to life imprison­ of sexual connection is a rape accused would he guilty of ment. Provocation as a defence for murder is obviously not of the mother tongue, because rape (if) both parties were as sound for men who happen to be neither middle class nor no one expected that many of grossly intoxicated, because white. the items referred to in clause there would be a risk that the The release in december of Bungay on Murder glamour­ 3 could be considered to be other person did not consent. ously portrays homicide as a last desperate attempt by the rape.” Dail Jones, National, . . These are some of the killer to regain control of his life - “the killer probably sees Helensville. dangers." Paul Fast, his victim as the author of his misfortunes, the impediment National, Rotorua. to his happiness.” It is an endorsement of the idea that the female victim is responsible for the violent reaction that all these acts are violations for an unwilling woman. brought about her death: “Tell any man he is no good in bed However, if a man ejaculates in a woman’s ear or nose or or that someone else is better and you risk retaliation belly, or masturbates over her or forces her to manually beyond sense or reason.” It is the most understandable of masturbate him, it is still not rape. These violations should all crimes, says Bungay, “in human and moral sense.” also be included in the definition of sexual connection as A legal system which regards the killing of women as hu­ they are equally debasing for a nonconsenting woman. manly and morally understandable when carried out in re­ There is no mention in the bill of sexual harrassment. This taliation for threats to the power of the penis, is not only de­ includes kissing a person without their consent, touching nying women equality under the law, but is putting in doubt their clothes over their breasts or thighs, touching their our right to exist as persons. thighs, buttocks or breasts, exposing themselves to a per­ “The implications of the manslaughter verdict are obvi­ son, using obscene or sexually suggestive language, and ous. If women are more intelligent, stronger and more in­ other similar harrassment. This should be included as a dependent than the men they associate with, and if they separate crime. At the moment such attacks are included refuse to be governed by those inadequate men, they are with common assault and there is no recognition of the way deemed by law to be responsible for their own deaths. they are used by men and the special humiliation they carry Female strength and independence are construed as will­ for women and children. ful acts of provocation which diminish men’s responsibil­ Another major anomaly of this bill is that it only replaces ity for their violence.” (Jill Radford). the present crimes of rape and attempted rape in the Crimes We are not only fighting for the way we choose to lead our Act. The mishmash of other sexual crimes - sexual inter­ lives, we are fighting for the right to have those lives.□ course with a girl under your care or protection, sexual in­ All quotes from the Mary Bristow murder trial are from: “Retrospect on a tercourse with a girl under 12, indecency with a girl under trial”, by Jill Radford in New Society 9 September 1982. 12, sexual intercourse or indecency with a girl between 12

Broadsheet, March 1984, 23 and 16, indecent assault on a woman or girl, conspiracy to induce sexual intercourse, including sexual intercourse under pretence of marriage, sexual intercourse with a se­ verely subnormal woman or girl, indecent act between a woman and girl, indecency between man and boy, inde­ cency between males, and sodomy - are left in, and all carry lesser penalties than rape. So if a foster father rapes a girl, he can still be charged under sexual intercourse with a girl under care and protec­ tion, which has a 7 year maximum penalty versus 14 for rape. The slight improvements made in the rape law reform bill will not benefit this girl at all. Almost all of these crimes are rape and should fall within the provisions of the new bill. The fact that consenting sex between two adult men, and between an adult woman and a young woman are still illegal shows the homophobia of our society. These crimes should be repealed. It is appalling that love between men is a cdrime by definition, while a husband can sexually abuse his wife in the most debasing ways with impunity. It’s likely that the lies about lesbian rape of girls, male rape of boys, and women who beat their husbands will continue to be used as a smokescreen for male sexual violence against women. The second section of the bill defines when sexual connec­ tion is rape - when one person does not consent AND the other person knows that, or is indifferent to it, or doesn t even think about it, or believes unreasonably that she is consenting. It isn’t rape if she did not consent and he be­ lieved reasonably that she did, because his intention was not to rape. (But if a philanthropist is robbed, the robber “ Rape is a terrible abuse of will not get acquitted by pleading that he thought since the power in a sexual way, but philanthropist gave money away, he wanted to be robbed.) incest goes beyond that. What Nowhere is “reasonable grounds” for believing that a - I would get away from in the woman consented defined. To feminists, the only reasona­ present law is that whole ble grounds are the enthusiastic assent and participation of connection with blood the woman. Any other grounds are based on rape myths - relations. We have to get away either he had a right because he was or is in a relationship from a concentration on the with her, and if she’s consented before she’ll consent this possibility of pregnancy, so time; or she asked for it by wearing that or being at the how does this affect the young wrong place at the wrong time or drinking; or she deserved woman? It’s the same if it's her stepfather or if it's her it by being a loose woman or a lesbian. Yet all these myths ” D ..« k H are seen as reasonable grounds by most men and a lot of women. “Many ordinary men genuinely believe that women are always sexually available to them,. That women every yes only applies to that moment. If the accused claims are willing underneath, however many times they say no the woman consented, he should have to produce evidence and however hard they struggle. It is the law s job to dis­ that he checked that she was willing. abuse men of these ideas, not to encourage them. Such a This part of the bill also states that there is no consent if the belief cannot be a reason for leaving a man free to rape rapist uses force, the threat of it or the fear of it. This does not go far enough in recognising the kinds of force inherent again.”* This section will mean that women have to prove they in the power relationships of boss and worker, husband and were willing. Raped women will still be on trial under this wife, father-figure and daughter, lecturer and student, and new bill. As Ruth Busch says: “The whole rape trial focus­ others. If rapes by men we know are ever to be punished, ses on the signals she is putting out and whether he, in his rape law must recognise that there is no consent where the dense boorish way, should have picked up some knowledge accused is in a position of authority or has economic or pro­ that she maybe was objecting.” fessional or other power over a woman or girl and exploits Any pro-woman rape law has to put the responsiblity for this position to induce her to consent. establishing consent with the man. Every man should check The greater the disparity of age beween the parties in­ with a woman that she is willing before any sexual contact. volved or where they share the same household, or are If she is uncertain, confused, ambivalent, silent or unwil­ otherwise related by blood or affinity, the more the pre­ ling, he should accept her feelings and make no more ap-. sumption of coercion, abuse of authority and lack ot con­ proaches. No man has a right to assume consent this time sent. from previous times. Every sexual interaction is separate, The next section, 12cSA. specially provides that husbands

24 Broadsheet, March 1984 allow questions about the woman's past sexual history with cannot he convicted for raping their wives. "The way con­ the rapist or other men. This is still unacceptable. Under the sent is defined in the bill, it is very unlikely that any married man would ever be convicted of raping his wife. So why do bill, the judge can still imply that women's evidence by itself is not to be believed, as long as he doesn’t use the words of we have that additional statement of carte blanche, hus­ the old corroboration warning. Instead of it being up to the bands being allowed to do anything they want?” asks Ruth Judge, it should be automatic that the name, address and Busch. "Until we are willing to protect women in marriages identifying details of the raped woman or girl, and the de­ we will never protect their daughters who are being raped tails of what the men did, should not be published and there by their fathers.” As long as the law protects husbands and other rapists close to their victims, only the most outrage­ should be penalties for any publication. The rape law reform bill came at the end of a long series of ous rapes bv strangers will ever get to court. McLav has made some model speeches in the past listing rape myths studies’ conferences and submissions. Both the 1983 rape study and the public submissions in response to it strongly- and pointing out the truth, but the examples he used when supported government funding for women’s refuges and he introduced the bill in Parliament showed he still believes rape crisis groups, and removal of the protection the law the myths. He talked about the rape by a stranger of an el­ gives husbands from being charged with raping their wives. derly woman at home and when he mentioned the rapist's friends in court they were "fellow gang members”. To They also said the law changes by themselves would do very McLay rape is still by black men unknown to their victims. little to stop rape or help raped women and children. McLay has so far chosen to ignore these suggestions, although he The inclusion of protection for rapist husbands in the bill is said when he put the bill before parliament that rape must an anti-woman act completely opposed to McLay’s stated be tackled on a broader front, with administrative and social aim of a better deal for raped women. It is also designed to measures having a considerable - if not ultimately dominant raise a huge outcry, drowning out other important objec­ tions to the bill. It can then be removed at the last minute, - role to play." The kind of social changes feminists think will help stop thus seeming to satisfy the critics. rape include funding pro-women education programs McLay has been making a lot of noise about increasing about rape, self defence taught by women for girls and the penalties for rape, but the bill merely allows the judge to young women in schools, extending the Domestic Purposes take into account “particular circumstances of the offender" Benefit, ensuring that women don't have to say who the in sentencing. This will benefit middle class men — if the father of their child is to get the DPB, equal pay, opportun­ court case is damaging to their status, if they would lose ity and promotion for women at work, unemployment be­ their jobs or be disbarred from practising law, maybe they nefit for women whatever their partner s income, and won’t even be imprisoned. “There's a kind of socio­ economic educational bias that means middle class white “Complete abolition of the “One would almost have to rapists are more likely not to get charged, convicted or sen­ husband's immunity (to rewrite art as we know it - one tenced to jail," says Ruth Busch. “People who have money charges of raping his wife) of those great rapes of all time, would never speak to the cops without a lawyer. And would give rise to courtroom “The Rape of the Sabine lawyers tell rapists what to say by doing the interview the arguments of a somewhat Women by Pietro da way thev do it.” The testeria about black rapists that has unseemly kind between C ortona; “ I he Rape ot the been whipped up in Aotearoa over the last two years hides married persons about Daughters of Leucippus'' by the rapes by middle class white men, whose wives, consent, and the difficulty is Rubens would also be in providing for the extreme frowned upon . . . if we accept daughters, employees and other victims are not going to be cases that ought to be dealt what is contained in the bill." believed. “Letting white rapists go, not looking hard with.'' Frank O'Fly nn. Dail Jones, National. enough to find them, or getting charges against them drop­ Labour spokesperson on Helensville. ped. not only lets rapists loose to rape again, but tips rape Justice. statistics in a racist way." " The last section of the bill makes a few small changes in adequate alternative housing for women and children es­ thewayrapetrialshappen.lt • allows the court to be cleared while the woman is giving caping violent relationships. It is doubtful whether the government will see things the her evidence, same way. Overseas governments have shown their support • allows the judge to forbid publication of any of the details for raped women by funding rape crisis groups on condition of the rape, that they provide counselling for rapists as well as raped • stops the judge's automatic warning about the danger of convicting only on a woman’s evidence, women. The widened definition of rape in this bill is its only major . allows the judge to tell the jury that there may be good positive contribution. The crux of any rape law is its section reasons why raped women refrain from making official on consent and force, and in this bill it is full of anti-women complaints, attitudes, heavily weighted in favour of rapists. Submis­ • allows the woman’s evidence to be given in writing instead sions on the bill were due by February 15. The bill will then of in person at preliminary hearings, and go back to parliament for the second reading and later will • states, that every preliminary hearing for rape is presided be examined clause by clause. McLay aims to pass the bill over by judges instead of the less experienced JPs. into law by the end of 1984. Women in Aotearoa will be None of these changes will mean very much as long as the hardly any better off if he does.D law still puts women on trial about consent. Most of them are at the judge’s whim, and are not compulsory, which is Jenny Rankine what women have been asking for. For i#>tance, the bill :i:The rapist who pays the Rent by Women Against Rape - Ruth Hall. Selma James ami Judith Kertesz. Falling Wall Press. London DSl. makes no change to the Evidence Act. so the judge can still Broadsheet. March 1984. 25 COMING TO GRIPS

Switch off alarm ... scratch ... and garbage collectors. The can be linked to poorly-de­ stifle a yawn ... rub eyes ... majority of tenosynovitis signed work processes or neaten bedcovers ... into bat­ cases are job-related and working environments: hroom: ... shower, brush linked to occupations which • rapid, repetitive move­ teeth, comb hair ... select involve fast, jerky or wide- ments, especially those re­ day’s clothes (do they need stretch movements. quiring some strength or ironing?) and dress ... switch Continual use of the wrists sustained pressure; on radio ... turn on tap and fill and hands uses up the fluid • insufficient rest periods; kettle ... coffee into mug, which lubricates the tendons • performing the same task cereal into bowl ... out the and tendon sheath and, like a for hours on end or for the door to retrieve paper... read car engine without oil, the af­ entire working day (usually whilst eating... wash dishes... fected part seizes up. The en­ as a consequence of grab bag and coat ... out to suing friction causes painful specialisation/job fragmen­ face the remainder of a typical inflammation, numbness and tation); day. tingling in the hands, arms • incorrect posture whilst We all take normal hand shoulders and neck. Most sus­ working, or a chair/work- and arm movement so much ceptible to tenosynovitis are bench height inappropriate for granted that it is hard to process workers and machine for the worker; imagine what it’s like not to and keyboard operators. The • “bonus systems” which have this function. Yet there risks to the latter group are push workers over tolerable are many people in our com­ growing as more sophisticated limits and encourage them munity who find it impossible data processing equipment is to forego meal breaks or to perform essential everyday introduced to offices. take short-cuts; activities like cooking, dres­ Although repetition injury • quotas imposed on work­ sing and cutting food because is generally associated with ers, eg “12,000 keystrokes they have lost the agility of the upper limbs, tendons of per hour”; their fingers, hands and arms. the legs can also be irreparably • poor training during which These people are the victims damaged by the repetitive workers are not trained to of repetition injury. movements. perform tasks correctly - re­ Repetition injuries include A taxi driver of my acquain­ sulting in inappropriate and tenosynovitis, epicondylitis tance is now a tenosynovitis unnecessary movements; (“tennis elbow”), carpal tun­ sufferer, having spent the best • inadequate supervision - nel syndrome, ganglion, ten­ part of 17 years negotiating the workers are allowed to dinitis, chronic muscle strain traffic using fancy footwork. persist with incorrect or and “process worker’s arm”. He is now unable to drive and damaging movements. Tenosynovitis is the most spends five or more hours in Despite the rising number common condition, diagnosed pain after walking a short dis­ of repetition injury victims, in cleaners, assemblers, pac­ tance to his letterbox. nothing is being done to stop kers, mail sorters, keypunch So how does one develop the steady production of in­ operators, typists, bank clerks repetition injury? Most cases valids. There are no laws to prevent employers setting up here is very little known about repetition injury in New Zea­ work processes which induce T land. The Accident Compensation Corporation has no pam­ injury, and workplace health phlets or educative material about it. Particular types of repetition and safety arrangements are injury have only just started to be used as separate categories in usually hopelessly in­ ACC statistics. They previously came under the general heading adequate. It seems that man­ of “Strains and Sprains”. agements still view “effi­ Several unions have become aware of repetition injury fairly re­ ciency” in profit-related terms cently and have taken a few cases for compensation. These include and do not regard it in their the Food Processors Union, the Clerical Workers Union and the companies’ interest to provide Bank Officers Union. The Northern CWU has successfully taken safe workplaces. Besides, in two cases to the ACC, in both of which the worker was unable ever times of high unemployment, to do that work again fulltime. The Bank Officers’ Union has dis­ employers find it easy to re­ tributed a leaflet to all its members in risk areas — coin counting, place injured workers - espe­ telling, key punching, MICR processing and databank work. They cially in jobs which require lit­ will be negotiating for a maximum keystroke per hour rate with tle or no skill. They are there­ Databank Systems Ltd, the major employer of high risk workers fore left to ignore the hazards in the banking area. which confront their staff. A majority of the compensation claims have been for women, (Perhaps some improvements who are clustered in high risk occupations. Doctors in New Zea­ will be made when insurance land often don’t recognise the cause of repetition injury, diagnos­ companies demand higher ing it as arthritis, tennis elbow, sprains, or as resulting from occa­ premiums from managements sional sporting activities. Repetition injury claims can be made to to cope with the strain of re­ ACC for earnings-related compensation for diseases arising out of petition injury claims, when it employment, or for permanent disability.□ hits their bank balances!) 26 Broadsheet. March 1984 WITH REPETITION INJURY

ventional style of partnership : the mind” is so entrenched Apart from the obvious and : Industries identified as vulner­ immediate problems of pain j where the women have re- j able to repetition injury in- : that insurance company doc­ sponsibility for cooking, tors have referred women and disability associated with : elude: repetition injury, sufferers’ j cleaning and childcare duties. • light industrial, in particular making compensation claims lives are shattered in many : Injuries interfere with all electrical component and to psychiatrists. these so pressure is felt by A major cause for concern other ways. Sport, craft and : the white goods industries; musical activities become not ; partners and other family • food processing industries; is the fact that most victims of members to do these tasks. tenosynovitis are told at some worth the pain. Social life be­ • light metal working indus­ comes difficult. Sexual activity When this goes on for months tries; stage of their suffering that or years, strains in the re­ their condition is carpal tunnel and enjoyment is interfered • clothing industry; with. Women with children lationships may appear and : • data processing and handl­ syndrome. This repetition in­ the women begin to feel fai­ jury (which is statistically pre­ have difficulty breastfeeding, ing operations; changing nappies, bathing lures. Marital problems and : • computing work; valent in women over 40) is relationship breakdowns have also characterised by inflam­ youngsters and safely and sec­ : (Source: Australian Council urely holding babies. Sleep is occurred amongst our net­ : of Trade Unions, Aug. 1982) mation, tingling and severe work since repetition injury pain though this is specifically disturbed by pain and discom­ entered our lives. : The problems repetition in- in the fingers. It causes clumis- fort - many victims I know have become avid readers who Then there is the stress of : jury sufferers experience are ness in fine movements, ob­ knowing that one may never ! made worse by the absymally jects may be dropped and drink tea away into the night; they can’t knit, write letters or be able to return to the work at low awareness of the injury there may a marked wasting of which she is experienced. amongst the medical profes­ the thumb muscles. Carpal even do crossword puzzles. Like the person who is crip­ People' working in unskilled sion. Few doctors have train­ tunnel syndrome results from jobs are often doing so as an ing in or knowledge of occupa­ pressure on the median nerve pled with a back condition, the repetition injury victim feels economic imperative. Loss of tional health and safety and where it passed across the income is a serious blow to all most come from a class front of the wrist. Rest occa­ the stress of her complaint not being visible. Workmates, people; it is particularly wor­ background very different to sionally brings relief but the rying to an injury victim who that of, say process workers. only lasting treatment is supervisors and doctors ex­ press doubt about whether she faces a future of unemploy­ Not only are they generally surgery, after which the pain ment and mounting medical unprepared to diagnose and disappears almost overnight. is really ill; even close friends and relatives of sufferers have and legal bills. In the case of a treat repetition injury, they Carpal tunnel syndrome is the victim recovering sufficiently are often unsympathetic to the only repetition injury for become hostile and sceptical. This pressure often arouses to return to the workforce, she problems of worker and ignor­ which surgery is appropriate. suffers from having a compen­ ant of the physical realities of A layperson with a reasona­ self-doubt so that many vic­ tims end up believing that they sation claim on her work re­ the factory and office. There ble knowledge of the body’s cord. Prospective employers joints and their surrounding 1 are going through psychologi­ are few references to will not knowingly hire an structures could probably dis­ cal crises - that it is “all in the tenosynovitis in medical applicant who has had time off cern the difference between mind”. textbooks, and no true cure work through illness or who is nerves and tendons, and work These injuries bring about exists. Doctors are therefore thought to be a “troub­ out that an operation on one role-changes within relation­ loathe to diagnose it (espe­ lemaker”. cially if the injury is the sub­ would not repair damage to ships and the family unit. Most married sufferers are in a con­ Repetition injury victims ject of a Workers’ Compensa­ the other! Yet medical “specialists” in Australia are tion claim), choosing instead he history of my own injury is unremarkable. I haven t been quick to encourage the carpal such safe diagnoses as arthritis plucking chickens for years, sewing on buttons, or shoving or rheumatism. tunnel operation for T tenosynovitis sufferers. The bottles into boxes. But I have been typing regularly for years. Up The first treatment given to until about eight months ago ‘regularly’ meant about two or three the majority of patients, even Workers Health Centre in Lidcombe (NSW) found that hours a week and this has been personal or committee-related typ­ ; before rest, is tablets and ing. (The major part of my working life has been in the teaching : many workers attempt to con- out of 19 patients on whom surgery had been performed, profession.) Last year both my writing and typing workload in­ : tinue their work using anti-de- creased. I started work in a small co-operative with an interesting, only one patient - the one with : pressants, tranquillisers and if rather stressful, range of activities including occasional tedius : sedatives. Most sufferers I true carpal tunnel syndrome — was cured; 13 patients be­ chores such as enveloping mailouts to 600 people, wrapping hun­ • know have reported that after dreds of newspapers and typing submissions. That was paid work. lieved themselves worse off : this first round of “treatment” Then there was my leisuretime activity of writing (and eventually after the operation and 11 con­ : has failed, doctors have re- typing) articles for publication in our own and other publications. sidered themselves perma­ • sorted to psychological labels But the beginning of the end for me was writing and then typing an nently crippled! A huge : - “neurotic”, “hysterical’ - 80 page university presentation. At first I thought nothing of the : and moral labels such as number of tenosynovitis vic­ tims allow themselves to be tingles I got in my right hand and arm after a few hours of writing : “malingering” and “poorly or a couple of pages of typing - but I ignored the strange sensations operated on because they be­ : motivated”. Many doctors for only a few weeks before they became so crippling I could lieve their doctor's promise of : diagnoses refer to “women s hardly type a sentence. A friend with a factory line-induced injury a 100% overnight recovery, • problems”, eg, sexual frustra- referred me to a sympathetic doctor who instantly ordered com­ and they fear their Workers’ : tion, “nerves,” period pain, plete rest and congratulated me for checking the injury so soon. It Compensation payments will • menopause, big busts and causes devastating pain, makes everyday living very difficult - yet : be cut off if they don’t agree to • being under or over Weight! compared to many sufferers, my injury is extremely mild. □ The belief that pain is “all in : surgery. Broadsheet, March 1984. 27 who are suffering as a con­ T J^ ay ,s a youreg Australian woman who began working in the sequence of their employment “ bankmg industry in 1975. In March 1979 she started work as a need to be very strong and de­ ledger machinist but the machining work was not continuous as termined to cope with the st­ she was also supervising other workers. By September 1979 her rain of bringing about a Work­ workplace was reorganised and her machining work increased. By ers’ Compensation case. The June 1980 Kay had begun to have pain and cramps in her hands. system is tedious and de­ In September 1980 she was switched to a clerical job but with moralising for patients and is the change of work the pain in her right hand intensified until she based on an adversary princi­ could barely write. A doctor diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome ple which discourages claim­ and referred her to a neurosurgeon who recommended surgery ants’ efforts at self-help or re­ I he surgeon recognised the condition as job-related and the bank habilitation. The lengthy wait granted compensation. for case determination inflicts Kay continued working until the operation. She was told that serious hardship on claimants she would be off work for a short time after surgery but would be and their families. They are completely cured. Immediately after the operation the pain all commonly forced to subsist through her right hand was intense. The neurosurgeon was scepti­ below the poverty level. Com­ cal; her GP have her painkillers. mitments to finance com­ Five weeks later her hand was twisted and she could barely panies, loans and mortgages move it or her arm, scar tissue had developed on her hand are unable to be serviced and Physiotherapy gave little relief, while tests showed only that there as a result bankruptcy and had been nerve damage “before, during or after surgery”. She had : evictions are commonplace. returned to the neurosurgeon who was uninterested and implied : These difficulties are com­ that her condition was psychological. j pounded further by the an­ After several month’s rest Kay was told that she could return to ! xieties aroused by being spied work though she could expect some pain because she had not i on, followed and photo­ worked for so long. She did return and perservered for two weeks graphed by insurance com­ before pain forced her to leave. pany investigators, harassed At this point Kay finally saw a doctor who diagnosed : by angry ex/employers, and tenosynovitis. She began attending a pain-management clinic, and intimidated by legal proce­ was given anti-inflammatory drugs as well as instruction in medita- : dures. tion and relaxation techniques. Pain persisted and in February : Managements have a ten­ 1982 she was given acupuncture for several weeks though this j dency to treat repetition in­ seemed only to aggravate the condition. Kay next saw a rehabilita- : jury with suspicion, regarding tion specialist who found tenosynovitis, muscle strain tennis : it as a “fashionable” disease elbow and tendinitis in both her hands. The doctor advised her which has only recently come that she would be unable to return to work in the bank and was un- ! into prominence through pub­ likely to ever work again. : licity given it by the media and Kay had been receiving Workers’ Compensation throughout : unions. I am frequently asked this period and she now went to court hoping to be awarded regu- : why tenosynovitis hasn’t been Jar payments for as long as she was out of work. Once in court : around for as long as the office however her barrister opted for a settlement against his client’s I and factory has been in exis­ will Nevertheless, Kay accepted the settlement after her barrister : tence. Well, it has! Soft tissue told her that she could pursue her claim through common law. i injury has existed and been pr,°Ved false and Kay has been left with a settlement of : recognised for a significant 812,500 only. Her symptoms persist and her injury gives her al- : period of time; it is not merely most no chance of working again.□ \ due to modern technology. “Writers cramp” for example to lessen the number of cases has been around for centuries. den Poultry, sorters at Au­ being reported daily. Tenosynovitis may have been stralia Post. . . the list goes on Tenosynovitis in particular is prevalent when metals like and on. Then there is the 15- reaching epidemic propor­ gold and silver were first ham­ year-old boy whose injury was tions in Australia as jobs are mered out 3,000 years ago. caused by playing pinball becoming more and more Certainly, repetition injury machines for years, the 24- fragmented and sophisticated became so widespread year-old typist who committed technology is introduced to amongst morsecode operators suicide because she couldn’t the work-place. It is impossi­ at the turn of the century that a tolerate her pain any longer... ble to gauge exactly how many In 1982 a group of Mel­ six-hour day was introduced in people are suffering as some order to limit the number of bourne repetition injury suf­ never report their injuries. injuries. And for how may ferers got together to give Those figures that are availa­ years have we been hearing each other support and to look ble are alarming. In Mel­ about “golfers’ and tennis at the problems associated elbow”? bourne, for example, over 130 with our injuries. We call our­ ANZ Bank employees are off selves WRIST, The Women’s Only recently have the cor­ work with teno along with rect medical names been Repetition Injury Support about 90 keyboard operators Team. We work to meet the applied to injuries and public­ from the TAB; the injury is ity given to their causes. How­ emotional and practical needs endemic amongst data process of all sufferers, not exclusively ever this publicity does not ap­ operators at the Tax Office, pear to have done very much women, though women are of hundreds of workers at Gol­ course more susceptible to re- 28 Broadsheet, March 1984 petition injury because they are predominant in unskilled, PAINTING tedious work! (In Australia last year one-third of all new Workers’ Compensation cases amongst women were for re­ petition injury; amongst men the figure was one-thirtieth!) WRIST offers victims advice about appropriate profes­ sional help, maintains a hot : and cold file on doctors and | solicitors, and acts as a watch- HERPAT ROSIER TALKS TO JACQUELINE LIFE FAHEY, FEMINIST ARTIST. : dog on employees’ rights and : occupational health stan- he Auckland City Art Gal­ bought a Catholic practice and the : dards. We’re desperately try- lery has recently shown an local priest, because Dad didn’t go to i ing to get government funding exhibiton of paintings by mass, denounced him from the pulpit : so that we can pay workers Jaqueline Fahey. Such a re­ and told Catholics not to go to him. So i (with personal experience of cognition is long overdue to a womanDad ended up with a Presbyterian/ the injury) and initiate and im­ T Anglican practice. He was looked on who has been a serious artist for well manent a more comprehen­ as highly suspect basically by the Ang­ sive research and support over twenty years. Ī interviewed her lican community. They were were all structure for sufferers. A about her life and her painting at her aware that he was not one of them. I number of unions have sent home in Auckland. I had not met her letters of support to WRIST - before and was warmly welcomed into went to Teschemakers, a Catholic though as many are obstruc­ a house where many of her paintings boarding school in Oamaru and then tive and unsympathetic to hang which is clearly as much a reflec­ at 161 went to Canterbury University. their members and we try hard tion of herself as the paintings are. She I stayed at Helen Connan Hall. to embarrass these into action! is highly articulate and passionately “I had the idea when I went to uni­ For far too long workers have concerned to make herself clear. I saw versity that I was going in to a much been left to discover this par­ more civilised, educated and free- ticular hazard of work for slides of her earlier work, which in­ cludes some beautiful, simple draw­ thinking place at last. I was escaping themselves. from all that small town crap, to dis­ During a recent holiday in ings, more recent paintings than those New Zealand I found that in the exhibition, and a lot of work in cover the university was just as bad if there is virtually no informa­ progress. She works on paintings over not worse. You see, I was made very tion available about repetition a long time, building up richness of aware, especially by Christ’s College injury. Friends in the medical paint with many layers, and has sev­ young men at dances and things like profession could not recall it eral paintings in progress at one time, that. They would say to me, “What’s being mentioned in their trai- at present on three different themes. your name?’ and I would say ‘Jac­ ing and knew of no cases of In conversation also she carries queline Fahey’, and they’d say, “Oh, tenosynovitis being reported. you’re a bloody Mick’. That’s the first Now I am too cynical to be­ more than one thread at a time, inter­ polates a new idea about an earlier thing they would say to me. They had lieve that New Zealand has real prejudices. I can remember one of been lucky enough to have subject, stops herself in mid-sentence the Allisons, who were an upwardly missed out on repetition in­ to consider a new idea and transmits juries. Perhaps it is just a little an intensity and vitality and passion mobile family, saying to me, “Oh it’s behind Australia in the extent that is also reflected in her paintings. such a. pity, you’ll never be able to . to which technology has as- Jacqueline Fahey was born in Tim- marry’. And I said, ‘Why? And they : sailed the workplace? I’d say it aru 54 years ago of parents who them­ said “Because you’re a Catholic and • was more likely that people selves were from that town. Each no men that we know, none of our : with tingly hands and numb came from an Irish Catholic family, al­ crowd (and other people weren’t real j fingers are blaming them- though the families had been in NZ people) could marry someone from • selves for imagining things .. . your background.’ They didn’t realise : or believing that the nagging since the mid nineteenth century, and the quite devastating effect of those j pain they have by smoko time this had a profound effect on the fam- : is “just part of growing old”... ilv and on Jacqueline. sorts of statements. I went to a private : Repetition injury is a dis- “It was a very small Irish Catholic dance once with a group*of friends of • ease a worker takes home at community in Timaru and although mine, one or two from the art school : night. It ruins lives. It has my parents weren't practising and we’d been to a party somewhere • prompted some to end their Catholics that didn't make any differ­ and were to go back to someone s : lives. It is vital that it is chal- ence, it was like being a Jew. It didn’t place. Well, a message was relayed to : lenged now because indust- matter if you were practising or not, me that I couldn’t go because his ; rial, social and personal you were still IT. It didn t affect me so mother would not dream of having : technology - to which most much as a young child but my parents someone of Irish Catholic background : cases can be attributed - is in the house. I was driven back to Con- : going to be a part of our future were verv aware of it. Dad came back nan Hall by my friend and this other : - whether we like it nor not.□ from WWI and did dentistry and then chap and he.coukln’t^ to ta n d why I he set up a practice in Timaru. He • © Sue McVeigh ' 6r0ad:s^li;'m ^i8 4 ;'‘ 29 would never go out with him again. I worthwhile experience. It makes me thing like that. She went to Melbourne felt he shouldn’t have gone. Christ­ realise how Islanders and Maoris feel church was so bad in those days. because there wasn’t anywhere she because they get it far worse and they could do music here. She was pianist “My reactions to it all came out in haven't got any defence. I don't feel for one of the great producers of the bad behaviour. I got rather bolshie sorry for myself. I realise there are thirties over there for about eight and bloody minded and I drank quite a people a damned sight worse off. It years. She earned an awful lot of lot and was a bit wild, that sort of was good for me in that it isolated me money. Then she came back to New thing. But I realise I was just playing from other girls. Zealand. Mum had a lovely life and I up to their image of what I should be I had in some ways good oppor­ think that gave me a role model. She like anyway. I was doing exactly what tunities through having a mother who did expect things of us; it didn't occur would prove their point. Nowadays I had been to university. Mum went to to her that we wouldn’t all do a degree. wouldn't dream of doing that, I have a the Melbourne Conservatoire of much different idea of fighting. “My mother’s mother was also very Music and she’s 87 now so she must well educated. She stayed at boarding “Used the right way that was a very have been one of the first to do any­ school until she was 22, which was not unusual in those days. She was at a Dominican Convent and then started teaching there. There was no such thing as going to university so she just had this extended period of learning and was very good at languages and loved history. She loved music too and played the organ for the Catholic church for mass. She had ten children but she still managed to do a lot of cul­ tural activities. These two women were my role models, really. They gave me the idea that women were supposed to excel even if it was primarily in the arts. “The actual prejudice thing was quite good in that it made me not re­ late to other girls of my generation. I realised it was no good joining the game of trying to be socially elite be­ cause I wasn’t going to win - I was starting off hobbled. The scar from that feeling of prejudice about Catholics did stay with me for quite a long time. I really only got rid of it in the last ten years. “After art school I was teaching at Craighead in Timaru; then I went to Wellington where I worked in the Navy Office and went out nearly every night of the week. I went to every party that was on. I didn’t paint at all and forgot all about being a painter. I think I’ve always had a healthy at­ titude to that. I don’t consider myself a painter if I'm not painting. I think that's pretentious. "And then I decided to live with Yvonne Rust, for us to live above some shops in Wellington and get cleaning jobs at night and we would work in this practically rent-free place full of rats together. We would commit ourselves. I was beginning to feel futile and hopeless and sick of parties and no doubt my liver was depressing me too. Unfortunately I didn’t go through with that. I went back to Timaru to have a holiday first and organise myself.

Broadsheet. March 1984 30 unromantic. Most of her paintings to Then when I came back I met Fraser because their lives were so unrealistic and there were many who I had known date fall within the general classifica­ and we got engaged almost straight tion of “domestic” in content, but away so that didn’t happen". earlier and who had done a degree or something like this and then had three show neither anger nor despair, pas­ For the first six years of her mar­ sivity or depression, but, rather, a riage Jacqueline’s husband was sick or four children and were living in one of those horrible, hideous suburbs. lively, emotionally active life. Flere is and she worked at waitressing jobs and no domestic idyll, no ordered subur­ painted intermittently. Then she did a They were quite barmy, reading hands and reading teacups and waiting to be ban lie, here is something with con­ group of paintings she identifies as the flict, danger, challenge, something “suburban neurosis” paintings. This rescued. Believing in magic - anything rather than face the fact that this was that is essentially alive, vibrant. Jac­ phrase, taken up by her husband in queline's subject matter and her in­ it.” connection with his work and now in tense colours were considered too common use, she used in an interview Fler own feelings about her life with a family (she has three daughters, now much in the sixties. This group of “sub­ in Mate in 1960. urban neurosis” paintings have been “I recognised them as mad, in fact. grown Up) are positive, but certainly

differently, the light is very similar in booze and makes a pass at her and she REVIEW OF JACQUELINE FAHEY’S both places. There is no overt sense of remembers - thinks of the Domain as a EXHIBITION AT AUCKLAND CITY those on the inside being trapped place where lots of girls have sexual ART GALLERY, OCTOBER 1983, there. While talking about the paint­ experience and don t know whether AND SOME LATER PAINTINGS ings that are from an interior perspec­ it's sacred or profane love, or what it’s tive , such as Last Summer (1969), Self- about, and this is the bird in the hand portrait in a Mirror (1971), Interior being worth two in the bush, which is o get to Jacqueline Fahey's With Figures. Portrait o f the Poet the sort of attitude still towards paintings I walked through (1977) and The Glass o f Wine (1978), domestic love, isn’t it? Like security’s the rooms containing the Jacqueline Fahey said, “The reason best, and this is the sort of fiendish exhibition, “New Zealand for me doing that was quite political, idea of sexuality which is quite com­ T Painting 1940-1960: Conformityquite and conscious. 1 was saying that that mon. And the very faithful love in the Dissension”. ThertT^wete over 70 is the only way, you’re anchored to the Domain is with the two magpies who paintings in this show, with barely a spot, bolted to the spot when you’ve have not time to think, they're work­ bright splash of colour among them. In got young children and you really have ing flat out all day looking after their a smallish room at the end of the long no way of being anywhere for any chidren.” gallery I came upon a riot of colour, of length of time to do anything else any­ And of another Hill of Bitter strong emotional images that leap off how . . . I genuinely feel that the Memories “See this, is the Cenotaph the wall at you. This was Jacqueline's women’s movement is so damned im­ again with the grieving figures of women. Women don’t get involved in exhibition. There are eight works on portant.” show. They have bright, bright colours Speedy’s Return (1969) is painted as waging war. Because it doesn't happen and are busy, busy pictures rich both though the artist were standing in the near us we don’t relate to men on that visually and in content. You can go on house looking out. It includes some level - returned servicemen, what looking at them for a long time and get flowers in brighter than real colour, they’re on about, because we never a lot of fun out of the detail - for exam­ both on a bush and on fabric and is saw it, not like English women or ple, a copy of the book Women Artists heavy with enigmatic meanings. The European women in the last war who on the table in My Skirt's in your detail in these paintings grounds them really knew all about it” . Room (1980) and a packet of biscuits in the artist’s everyday reality; the A very disturbing work with power­ in Interior with Figures (1971). Lunc­ bright, bright colours, often orange, ful images is I Dreamt About The Day heon on the Grass (1981-2) is satiric in red or green, add another dimension. my father, the old soldier, died (1981/ intention; it is a send-up on Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass, apart from 82). In all these later paintings the col­ Dejeuner sur I'Herbe, but Manet s it's satirical content, indicates a transi­ ours are not so very intense and vivid, men have changed into clothed and tion as it is set entirely outdoors, albeit the experiences, ideas and emotions composed women and his naked in the painter's garden. Paintings that are not as directly conveyed, but they nymphs into awkward naked men. she has done since 1980 show a change are larger and have a real feeling of And on the grass among the remains of in technique also, not so much in her power. lunch are a Golden Circle pineapple use of paint as in taking a looser ap­ I also saw some work in progress on tin and a square biscuit tin with a white proach to the canvas. The work is still several themes: a feeling of New Zea­ fluffy cat painted on the lid - I used to narrative, but the canvas plane is bro­ land (beauty, savagery); departures; have one of those! ken up in a fluid way. A number of and the artists' childhood family. I None of this is to say that the paint­ these works hang in Jacqueline's look forward with excitement to the ings are not serious. They are created house. This is what she said of the one exhibition she is planning at the end of by a committed feminist who sees her called. The Car as Erotic Machine in this year.D work as invariably and inevitably the Domain. or Sacred and Profane feminist. All but two of the works Love. (1981/2): Jacqueline Fahey was concerned that some of shown are interiors, most including a the paintings in the exhibition were incorrectly “The idea is that she goes in the do­ dated. As 1 mention each painting l have put the window showing some outoors. The correct date as she gave it to me in brackets. interiors and exteriors are not painted main in a car and somebody feeds her Broadsheet. March 1984 . 31 thought of being just Fraser largely destroyed or lost because of the made up of this coming to a head and McDonald’s wife. It was a bloodsuck­ reaction to them. my realising just how much this stops ing situation, too, because I’d got my­ “Those paintings I did in ’58 - the sub­ women from getting on”. self involved with the women’s move­ urban neurosis things - were really When asked if she saw herself as a ment, originally with writing some of political, but I didn’t have the guts to painter coming put of any tradition of the material for Fraser’s speeches be­ continue, I got such a lot of flak and New Zealand women’s painting, Jac­ cause Fraser was so busy. Then I found such a lot of ridicule, sort of sneery queline said: “There are a lot of really I very much resented being treated as laughs really, that I was put off”. good women painters coming up. I’m silly Jacquie after having written his Another group of paintings from not influenced by them,, but I have talk. It was said to me when I decided those years in Wellington when she been influenced by the example, if that if I organised my life I could get had young children she calls the “high anything, of women like Doris Lusk back to painting - painting seriously, chair” paintings. “That’s when I de­ and Rita Angus, who are from Christ­ every day - by a woman, that if that cided that much as I loved to have chil­ church, where I started, and Juliet was what I wanted I should not have dren I really couldn’t make that all Cowan. Just by their lifestyles, really, had children. I thought, well, bugger there was to it. I really went to a lot of their commitement to their work. it, I want everything, the lot, just like trouble to make sure that I could keep They are women who took themselves Fraser’s got the lot. I want to be able to painting. I built a great big platform so seriously, women painters in an envi­ have a career and have children and I that the paint would be up out of the ronment which really had women put can’t see any reason why I shouldn’t. road, high up. I got a big thing put up into roles which were very tight”. That’s what the women’s movement is and then I used to stand on this plat­ The depth of Jacqueline’s commit­ about. form thing so they couldn’t crawl up ment to painting comes through very “I found the hardest part was, fun­ where I was standing but I could see strongly. She foresees her best work nily enough, breaking with my women them down on the floor. They played coming in the next ten years, now that friends. I had got into a mode of seeing around and I used them largely as sub­ she has her ideas together and more certain groups of women in Auckland ject matter. They were ideal. I did a lot time to work. She feels committed who talked about the women’s move­ of drawing. An awful lot of work I did enough not to be put off by criticism ment a lot but weren’t actually prog­ then I destroyed because I didn’t think but has recently been attacked by ressing or doing anything and I got to a it was good enough’”. other male artists for being a middle stage where I didn’t want to talk any Her paintings were bought by class feminist. She attributes this both more, I was sick to bloody death of women rather than by men and she to the content of her work (the in­ words. Once I’d really got motivated was aware that with a lot of young teriors in her paintings are un- to start painting I only really had time women, particularly if they were phys- apologetically middle class) and her up for the children, Fraser and my work. I cially attractive, it was men who front social behaviour - she is articu­ had to completely limit my social life. I bought their work. Two women late and outspoken. really had no social life and no friends friends who had been at Connan Hall “Middle class women of good intent for about four or five years. Even now with Jacqueline each bought two “high who are humane, and through the op­ I don’t have many, not friends that I chair” paintings which they still have. portunities of the middle class have see much of. Once you’re caught up in It was with these same friends that, learnt the way society is and don’t like something like painting you really when Earl Mountbatten was killed it, want to help themselves and others, don’t have the time”. some years ago, she was able for the are selfless about helping others, they A fter a total of ten years at Kingseat first time to directly challenge the anti- try to fight for other people’s rights. there was a move to Auckland where Catholic prejudice of earlier years. They are very angrily put down for Jacqueline has lived with her family Feeling that she was being personally their efforts, mostly by so-called lib­ for the last ten years. blamed for his death by a comment eral men from that same middle class In 1980 she went to the United from one, “But you know Jacqueline, who need to blame women for their States on a QEII Arts Council grant to people of your background are much own deficiencies. It’s a common theme look at ways in which women were more violent”, she was able to respond among men in the art scene. They not managing to persist with careers in art. with reference to the British Military only resent women’s success, they re­ She talks of this, and writes of it in her presence in Ireland (whose violence?) sent losing the sort of people they need report, as an important time for and make the real point that some to blame. They want to say, I have left strengthening her own sense of self Irish are violent and some English are the middle class and those dreadful and commitment. Jacqueline iden­ violent, but that does not provide the boring tight middle class women are tifies herself strongly as a feminist and criteria forjudging individuals. the ones who did it to me! And they is concerned to keep her ideas clear. After seven years in Wellington the used to, say ten years ago, have Maori “When I was young I was very con­ family moved to Kingseat where, with girl friends, and fuck up their lives, fused and when people talked about young children and a husband whose probably. They didn’t have to marry an artist I didn’t really get the point innovative work in mental institutions them and could go around being as lib­ that they meant the man - I was a bit was making them well-known, Jac­ eral as hell, exploiting. I do resent thick. When they talked about Dylan queline did not paint for four years. middle class men turning around and Thomas I identified with Dylan, not She talked about getting started again: blaming women”. |( with his wife and it was only later when “I thought, I can’t put up with this any The help Jacqueline has had over I became the wife of a well-known man longer, it’s just too dreadful. It’s not the years from men she feels has often that I got that point. My report is really enough. I just cannot stand the been partial. She feels she has had sup-

32 Broadsheet, March 1984 port and help from Liz Eastman and the Women's Gallery, from Rodney Kirk-Smith and Eric McCormick, w // from Broadsheet and from Alexia Johnson at the Auckland City Gallery. As the content of her paintings is the Girls Bu stuff of her life, they are in fact a direct exposure to it. She sees this as a strength, that leaves her nothing to JILL ABIGAIL HAS BEEN STUDYING SEXISM IN WELLINGTON hide. Any form of pretence or gentility she sees as a hobble on an artist’s vis­ SCHOOLS SINCE 1981. IN HER SECOND ARTICLE SHE DESCRIBES ion. She wrote in Broadsheet (June '83 ATTITUDES AMONG MALE TEACHERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL p22) of a painting, Final domestic Ex­ pose - I paint myself (1981/92): “This SUBJECTS. ILLUSTRATED BY LYNDSAY QUILTER. painting was the result of remarks from women, who were into a genteel TECHNICALLY number who would say to me, “I really don’t know how you can do it - expose uring my interviews with 116 A young woodwork teacher said to me: your private life like that”. Alright, I staff in 17 Wellington state thought, it’s exposure we’re talking “There’s no point in girls taking wood­ schools, the fact that girls can, work through to School Cert, level. What about, let’s really have exposure. The and do, take woodwork and would they do with it, what use would it mess in my house has turned into a metalwork these days was of­ be?” whirlwind of mess and I strip right off fered to me more often than any Dother piece information as evidence that A Technical Head of Department told a and expose the lot”. She is now painting every day, with equal opportunity is available to girls. In third form girl, in front of me, that what she calls, “sheer bloody-minded the single-sex schools, staff mentioned this “Technical drawing can be useful to a determination. I really have that feel­ as one area where they felt that their girls boy no matter what he goes into, but I al­ were at a disadvantage, as workshop ing now that I’ve got to put it first, that ways find it a bit hard to say it would be to a facilities did not exist in either school. it is something that desperately mat­ girl. For example, if a boy becomes a On paper, the coeducational schools lawyer, he may still want to change his of­ ters to me”. which offer technical drawing, metalwork fice or something, and will need to read Jacqueline Fahey differs from what and woodwork make them equally availa­ plans. For a girl, well, on the domestic I have begun to see as a tradition of NZ ble to both girls and boys. One or two scene, she’ll need to be able to read the in­ women artists in that she had children. schools make a special point of this in their structions on a sewing machine, and so (There are a number of younger prospectus. Two schools had a third form on.” women painters now who are both ar­ core in which every boy and girl had a spell In my interview, with him, the same tists and mothers). This has at times af­ with every option, including all the techni­ HOD said: fected her ability to work, along with a cal subjects, the home crafts, and typing. However, at least two schools in the survey shift connected with her husband’s “When girls are given dolls to play with still arranged their option lists in such a career. But it has also contributed and boys Meccano sets, it follows that girls way that pupils had to choose between a positively to her work as an artist; just don’t have what it takes to feel at home technical subject or a “girls” subject (tech­ with technical things. . . It’s a communica­ through experiencing motherhood nical drawing or typing; woodwork or clo­ tion skill I’m teaching, so that kids can read and painting about it and family life as thing; metalwork or home economics). drawings. Every appliance these days she has, a further dimension has been The numbers of girls who are taking comes with instructions, women need to added to the tradition. Rita Angus did woodwork and metalwork are negligible. know how to work their domestic some sensitive and revealing portraits The situation is not much better with tech­ appliances. I don’t see tech, drawing in vo­ of women as mothers. Jacqueline nical drawing. Even the schools which had cational terms. Last year two girls wanted Fahey has let us inside her experience all these subjects as part of the third form to take sixth form tech, drawing. I core had very few girls keeping them on as artist, mother, wife. Her own com­ suggested that they do chemistry instead.. into the fourth form, let alone the fifth. It . Girls do well up to School Cert, level as ment was, “Why is society organised in became apparent from interviews that, such a way that women are trapped in “neatness experts”, but they’re a bit thin even where the school policy is to break on the thinking side... The girls who in the something that is so good.” down the gender-exclusiveness of certain past have taken it at 6th form level have As her children grow up her paint­ subjects, teachers are able, consciously or been very good.” ings move out of her home and in unconsciously, to thwart those aims. Girls many directions. Rather than accept taking technical subjects often face overt Once could run a “spot the contradictions” competition with this quote. Girls are said her statement that the work in the Au­ and covert discouragement, or outright “not to have what it takes”, to be a “bit thin ckland City gallery exhibition (see re­ discriminatory treatment. on the thinking side”, as if this is some in­ view) represents an interim period In one school I was told: nate characteristic, yet there is awareness (which seems to belittle it) I would de­ “The metalwork teacher here tells the of the socialisation factors, such as toys. scribe it as an expression of a real and girls that they will make jewellery and the Likewise, girls “do well up to School Cert important part of her life; and in the boys will make hammers. Some girls asked level” - which implies that they cannot feminist sense of many women’s lives. if they could make hammers instead, and cope after that - and at the same time have She is moving from one strong state­ were told no, they couldn’t because, the proved “very good” at 6th form level. ment to other strong statements.□ boys would be using the lathes.” This HOD matched his beliefs with his Broadsheet, March 1984, 33 practices. Some time later, I attended the girls do not have the strength to use the show me their coarse side.” (HOD Tech) school’s evening for parents of fourth for­ tools, are awkward in their handling of mers, concerning subject choices for the materials and are afraid of machinery. “If boys swear (in class), I ignore it when fifth form. I saw him talking to a girl and Others said the opposite: there are only boys around. If there’s a girl her mother, and I later approached the lat­ “In woodwork, girls are generally good, there I pick the boys up on it, say ‘There’s a ter to ask whether the girl was planning to keen to make a good job - they are on a par lady present’. If the girls swear, I ask them take a technical subject in the fifth form. with boys. Some are awkward, but so are whether they want to be a lady or a navvy. I Both mother and daughter were very de­ some guys. It is the teacher’s job to show only want ladies in my class, I tell them .. . spondent. The HOD had advised against them how to do it. The girls know there are Girls in class use their feminine charms on the girl taking technical drawing, the sub­ very few job opportunities for them in that me, for example if they haven't finished ject she wanted to do, because he did not industry, only the hard ones will be pre­ something. Where I’d tell a boy off, I tell think she “had what it takes”, and he felt pared to take it. I point out at third form the girl she can have another day to finish she was distracted by the boys in the class. level that even the girls, when they go flat­ it. That’s the way it should be.” (Assistant The mother told me that her daughter had ting, will need to go to hardware shops and HOD Technical) been receiving very high marks in the sub­ know what nails to buy, etc., if they want to In other words, the fact that there are ject earlier on, and had ovbiously “had hang some cups up, for instance.” two different kinds of students in the class is being constantly emphasised. If the girls were taken seriously as future cabinet makers or fitters and turners, they would not be allowed to “ use their feminine SEE V * ATllMeRfL, charms” to earn privileges such as extra 'PEgofcaH — 'Btir VHaT time to finish a job. It would be quite another matter if such extra time were ? o<36?Blje U & E given as compensatory action by the t r vUVe I tI o teacher to make up for girls’ previous inex­ perience in those areas. As for being told that they are supposed to be “ladies”, it is no wonder that girls are not clamouring to become, for example, carpentry appren­ tices. How can a girl reconcile the image of “lady” with that of “carpenter”? (That re­ minds me that on one occasion when I ad­ dressed a group of Careers Advisers, I found that the Vocational Guidance or­ ganiser had put my topic on the prog­ what it takes” then. ramme as “Careers preparation for young Another technical teacher told me: ladies”. It gave me a good opener for the talk, of course!) “I wouldn’t dream of trying to push girls The essential lack of seriousness with to take tech. drawing. There are one or two which the idea of women in the technical outstanding girls in every class, but they In two or three schools there are far field is met in schools was experienced by a tend to be kids who are good at everything more students wanting to take woodwork draughtswoman who in 1981 underwent anyway . . . Why should I push them to than there are places to accommodate training to become a technical teacher. take it, they are not going to be them, and in those circumstances boys are Having been out on section in several draughtswomen - they don’t even know given priority. schools in the Wellington area, she told me that they could be. ” Some teachers have so firmly fixed in that the men teachers found it “a bit of a Clearly, if it were left to him, girls never their heads certain ideas about girls that joke” to have a woman in this area, would know that they could be they will not budge even in the face of con­ thought it was “cute”. She was expecting to draughtswomen. I felt from this man’s trary evidence. An HOD took me through have difficulties finding a job because of somewhat hostile manner that he was quite his woodwork and metalwork shops and I this attitude (and subsequently, in fact, knowingly deciding not to encourage girls talked to some of the third form girls there. went to a girls’ school). into this area. Two told me that they prefer woodwork to Not all technical teachers were pre­ In a school where a girl had taken a pre­ metalwork because they like the feel of the judiced against girls. I came across several vious year’s prize for the best metalwork in wood. The HOD said that he thought they who told me that girls are better at techni­ the school, a metalwork teacher had writ­ preferred it because “girls don’t like get­ cal drawing than boys, and there were men ten on a third form report: ting their hands dirty, and the metal is who recognised that girls are disadvan­ “Girls are not suited to technical sub­ greasy”. Both girls protested admanantly taged by their upbringing when approach­ jects.” that they did not mind in the least getting ing any technical subject. The Principal of a school where not a their hands dirty, but he totally ignored what they were saying and persisted with “They have trouble when it comes to as­ single girl was taking either metalwork or sembling things. We have not compensated woodwork, at any level, told me: his own interpretation. There is another kind of treatment enough in our teaching for the fact that “I know that the woodwork teacher is which works against girls in this area - the girls are not taught at home how to fix not keen to have girls in the workshops, so paternalistic, patronising one: things. We still teach to the boys. There is I’m sure he discourages them. But you no way a girl will pull something off the can’t do anything about that, can you?” . “I find the girls very nice, especially if motor mower, for instance. Some boys are you treat them like ladies. Boys can be like this too. Kids learn by doing. There I found a wide variety of opinion as to treated in a rough, masculine manner. I are boys, too, who haven’t learned if they girls’ inability to cope with metalwork and treat the girls like ladies, so I have no prob­ haven’t done things.” (HOD Technical, woodwork. Some teachers claimed that lems even with the ratbag girls, they don’t man). 34 Broadsheet, March 1984 drop-out girls’ option. (Science teacher, SCIENTIFICALLY Rotorua area: “The Head of Science came into the staff man) room and said he’d just been going through cience is important in terms of During interviews, men science teachers the kids’ subject selections. He said ‘A few career options, so it is a serious revealed inherent doubts about the quality of the girls are wanting to do physics. We matter that many girls either drop of the female brain. One HOD, in a school want the boys doing physics, not girls’ .’ science altogether in the fifth where not one girl was doing physics, told Another concerned an Auckland form, or take biology instead. In me that evidence from a friend of his in a the sixth and seventh forms, very school: girls’ school had “convinced” him that girls Sfew girls take physics or chemistry. Quite “The girls in my 7th form German class are perfectly capable of handling Univer­ apart from the fact that this closes off vast told me that the science master made all sity Entrance physics. He must have had numbers of occupations, there is the prob­ the girls sit at the back of the room and doubts on that score earlier, or such con­ lem that women who are not scientifically wouldn’t let them do experiments. I told vincing would not have been necessary. literate in an increasingly technological them to complain and to demand to be al­ Another HOD revealed his attitudes in a world are more and more powerless - we lowed to do experiments. So after that he different way. Although I had said that I cannot make informed decisions about gathered the boys around to watch what would like to ask him about girls’ not tak- many of the things which affect our daily lives. (I am not saying that only nuclear physicists are qualified to say whether or sjou Dd WfU* el not nuclear testing/power/weapons are de­ MtosowkV'e. sirable.) The dangers, in vocational terms, of / girls’ opting for biology instead of full sci­ ence infheiifth form, and of pursuing biol­ ogy alone in the senior forms, were pointed out in a report by a Department of Educa­ tion officer as long ago as 1967: “Vocationally biology is a useful subject in conjunction with other sciences (includ­ ing maths) but on its own is usually consi­ dered insufficient for work prospects in this field.” (Kennedy, 1967, p. 13) The same point is made in the Depart­ ment of Labour’s “Looking Ahead” guide, which is issued to all New Zealand fourth formers. Yet biology continues to be of­ fered at fifth form level in many schools, and wherever it is offered girls flock to take that instead of full science. This would ap­ pear to be an example of how the very of­ ing up chemistry and phsyics in the sixth fering of certain subjects (like shorthand­ the girls did, and the boys were encouraged to jeer at and deride them.” form, and whether he saw this as a prob­ typing) at certain levels in the curriculum lem , he told another teacher who joined us does girls disservice. Why is biology often The following quotations all referred to that “We are just talking about why girls offered at fifth form level where physics the Wellington survey schools: aren't good at science41. That was obvi­ and chemistry are not? Several science “I have to work in senior chemistry with ously how he had interpreted my question. Heads of Departments told me that it is a man who constantly makes derogatory Later, we discussed the problem of boys there because the staff want it at that level. comments in the lab about the inability of putting down girls in the classroom. I said Other teachers said quite openly that it is women to handle equipment. He says to that the ultimate answer to the problem is offered as “a soft option for the girls”. sixth form girls things like ‘Typical female to raise children in such a way that boys do One HOD told me that his school had balls-up. You just can't do experiments, not feel superior to girls and hence do not had no success in encouraging girls to take can you’.” (Science/maths teacher, feel the need to constantly put them down. science. When I asked what form the en­ woman). At this he looked thoughtful, and said couragement took, he said that individual “When I was at - College, the ad­ “Well, I don’t know . . . Why haven’t there teachers were “supposed to talk to their vice note sent home to parents about sub­ been any great women artists?” classes about it, but they do this with a gre­ ject choices used to say “For Boys it is par­ With either doubts like this to face, or ater or lesser degree of enthusiasm”. Obvi­ ticularly important to take science. Girls active antagonism, together with the bias ously he, as Head of Science, had not con­ can take biology’.” (English teacher, in school textbooks and the paucity of role sidered that he could himself do something woman) models of women scientists, it is small won­ about this. (Incidentally, he told me that der that so few young women pursue the “At the PTA evening in mid-year, if it is “the girls in my department have discussed sciences. There is considerable evidence to obvious that girls have not been doing well, this problem a lot, but have not come up show that girls in single-sex schools do far we suggest that they go on with biology with any answers”. When I asked him better in this regard than do those in coed rather than science, because biology seems whether he was referring to staff or to schools. When I conducted a survey of par­ to appeal to them and they can handle it pupils, he said “Staff. I suppose you would ticipants at the open day of one of the tech­ better. As for preaching to parents that prefer me to call them ‘women’, but I’m nical institutes, 10 out of 14 girls who were ‘Your daughter should take science’, j / t not going to." interested in engineering courses came don’t do that. I don’t know of any boy Many examples of discrimination from single-sex schools.□ against girls by male science teachers were being recommended to take biology. With recounted to me. One was from the the boys we persist. Fifth form biology is a References on pages 4tf ► Broadsheet, March 1984, 35 BROADSHEET A VERY GREAT DREAMS AND DILEMMAS BOOKSHOP AD PROFESSION: Sheila Rowbotham THE W OMEN'S YOUNGER READERS J W NOVEL 1914-1939______Collected writing from 1960s to Nicola Beauman the present day. ELEPHANT ROCK______Virago $14.95 A book about the lives of middle Caroline MacDonald class women as reflected in the DREAMERS AND DEALERS novels of this time. Virago $15.50 Part ghost story/part thriller. 12yr Leah Fritz old Ann faces the grief of her mother’s approaching death. RITA ANGUS______An intimate appraisal of the Hodder & Stoughton $9.95 National Art Gallery women’s movement. Beacon Press $8.25 Essays, plates, catalogue. SECOND STAR TO THE National Art Gallery $18 RIGHT COMBAT IN THE EROGENOUS ZONE Deborah Hautzig GENERATIONS Ingrid Bengis Why would 14yr old Leslie, who OF DENIAL______appears to have everything going Kathryn Taylor Journeying towards self. for her, impose a regime of starva­ Wildwood House Ltd $8.50 75 short biographies of women in tion on herself? Fontana-Lions $3.50 history - useful resource. STILL AINT SATISFIED Times Change Press $3.25 Ed: Maureen Fitzgerald, Connie WHEN MEGAN W ENT AWAY Guberman, Margie Wolfe Jane Severance ALL WORK AND NO PAY: WOMEN, HOUSEWORK 27 articles on major women’s issue Tender story of how Shannon AND THE WAGES DUE of the last decade in Canada The Women’s Press $15.95 copes when her mother's relation­ Speeches and writings of different ship with her lover, Megan, women from many countries. COMPLAINTS AND breaks up. Powerof Women Collective $5.95 Lollipop Power Inc $3.95 DISORDERS______MORE THAN A Barbara Ehrenreich and Deidre JUST MOMMA AND ME LABOUR OF LOVE______English Christine Engler Eber Meg Luxton The sexual politics of sickness Regina goes through the process Glass Mountain Pamphlet No 2 A detailed account of what life is The Feminist Press $4.50 of accepting the changes when a really like for housewives of three household of two becomes four. generations. Women's Press $8.95 Lollipop Power Inc $4.95 DOES KHAKI BECOME YOU THE LAST RESORT______HOW DOES IT FEEL TO BE Cynthia Enloe OLD Compiled by Vivien Johnson The militarisation of women's Norma Farber Penguin $9.95 lives Pluto Press $18.95 A young girl asks this question of her grandmother. Beautifully il­ BATTERED WIVES FICTION lustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. Dell Martin Creative Arts Berkley $5.95 SO-LONG-A-LETTER Pocket Books $4.95 Mariama Ba JESSE S DREAM SKIRT ANALYSIS Ramatoulaye recalls her love for Bruce Mack, Illus. Marian Bucha­ her husband and the shattering nan BUT SOME OF US ARE sense of betrayal she feels when Once a boy named Jesse wanted BRAVE______he abruptly takes a second wife. Virago $8.50 to wear a skirt . . . Ed: Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Lollipop Power Inc $4.95 Scott and Barbara Smith TAR BABY PLEASE MICHAEL, THAT'S Black Women's Studies - Black Toni Morrison MY DADDY'S CHAIR ____ women say no to invisibility. The Feminist Press $13.50 The whole spectrum of emotions Susan Elizabeth Mark, Illus. Win­ underlying the relationships bet­ nie Mertens. YOUR JOB IN THE ween black women and men and Six year old Jill misses her father EIG HTIES ___ white women and men and black and white people. and finds it difficult when Ursula Huw Mother’s friend Michael, sits in Alfred A. Knopf $15 “Daddy's brown chair". A woman's guide to new technol­ WEEDS______Before We Are Six $3.95 ogy. Pluto Press $9.50 Edith Summer Kelly HERSTORY A realistic look at a part of the ON THE PROBLEM OF backwoods corner of America. INNOCENT FLOWERS: MEN First published 1923. WOMEN IN THE Ed: Scarlet Friedman & Elizabeth The Feminist Press $10.50 EDWARDIAN THEATRE Sarah. Julie Holledge THE MEMOIRS OF A Two Feminist Conferences SURVIVOR______Background on work of Actresses Heterosexuality, Couples and Franchise League and the work of Parenthood; and The Women's Doris Lessing Edie Craig - theatrical herstory. Liberation Movement and Men. Is this the way it will be? Virago $14.95 The Women's Press $17.50 Picador $6.95 36 Broadsheet, March 1984 THE THIRD THE SWAN IN THE Alice and 300 rabbits. SHANGRILA AND MISS SYMONS______EVENING______The Women's Press $8.95 LINDA F. M. Mayor Rosamund Lehman Alesia Kunz CURIOUS WINE About a woman who is under no The record of psychic and mysti­ Katherine V. Forrest. The mysterious pattern of living illusions as to why people don't cal experiences after the death of one’s own life. love her. a dearly loved daughter. A cabin by Lake Tahoe is the set­ Prickly Pear Press $10.50 Virago Modern classic $8.95 Virago $11.95 ting for this novel of first discov- ery. Naiad Press Inc $13.25 A SEA GRAPE TREE RECORDS ,=== and A NOTE IN MUSIC RECOLLECTIONS ^ F ALONE SUNDAY'S W OMEN______Rosamund Lehman Beverley Farmer Sasha Gregory Lewis TEACHER______Two novels from this intriguing A haunting record of the pain of A report on Lesbian life today. writer whose work spans 1920s to Sylvia Ashton-Warner rejection. Sisters $7.95 Beacon Press $15.95 the 1970s. A record of a non-conformist Virago Modern Classic ea $9.95 teacher. SOMETHING NOT USES O F THE ERO TIC Virago $11.95 YET ENDED Audre Lorde A DAY IN SAN FRANCISCO Jane Gapen Dorothy Bryant BORN BENEATH A The erotic as power. RAINBOW______The process of change which Out and Out books $3.50 A protest novel. Clara, 50, and Judith Ellmers opens up a new life. her son Frank have to face perso­ Pagoda Publications $9.50 ANTI-RACISM Memories of a country child­ nal coflict and contradictions on CATALO G U E______Gay Freedom Day 1980. hood. YESTERDAY'S LESSONS Ata ' $8.95 New Women’s Press $11.95 ARM Auckland University Stu­ Sharon Isabel dents Association RIPENING MISS GIARDINO______No matter how hard you try you A resource for your files. Dorothy Bryant Meridel Le Sueur can’t please everyone and all you ARM $4 do is end up hurting yourself. Anna Giardino cannot remember Selected work 1927 - 1980. Short stories, portraits, personal recol­ The Women's Press HEALTH * who she is and why she is in hospi­ Collective $2.50 tal. Ata ’ $5.95 lections by the women the estab­ lishment tried to ignore. FROM W O M AN CACTUS NOTHING TO DO WITH The Feminist Press $11.75 TO W O M AN______LOVE______Anna Wilson Lucienne Lanson TELL MY HORSE Joyce Resier Kornblatt About four women. How they af- A gynaecologist answers ques- Zora Neale Hurston fect each other, how they survive. tions about you and your body. A mother faces the painful reas­ Onlywomen Press $7.50 Penguin $6.95 sessment when her 15 year old The writer’s search for the sur­ daughter runs away. vivor of the Hoodoo cult of The Women’s Press $11.50 Jamaica or Haiti. ORDER FORM Turtle Island $9.95 Please send these books: POTTED LOVE and A GROUP STORY______BLACK W OM EN: BRINGING IT ALL Peg Clarke BACK H O M E ______Two novels in one cover by this Margaret Prescod-Roberts and Sydney writer and feminist. Norma Steels Crescent Press $6 Two accounts of girlhood in the SHORT STORIES AND West Indies, the upheavals of POETRY leaving and the conflicts of being an immigrant. A FIGUREHEAD: A FACE Falling Wall Press $4.95 Heather McPherson WE WILL SMASH “This is the rage that simmers be­ THIS PRISON I would also like a $17 subscription for myself □, for my hind irrevocable change" ...” Gail Omvedt Spiral $5.50 friend, □, to sustain Broadsheet ($30) □, other rates on the A first hand account by a particip­ ant in the beginnings of the Contents page: MRS DIXON AND FRIEND women’s movement in India. Fiona Kidman Zed Press $8.25 Thoughtful stories concerned with crises in relationshps. BLACK LESBIAN IN WHITE Fleinemann $11.95 A M ERICA ______My name is: Anita Cronwail THE GYPSY'S BABY______My address: A compelling, outspoken, witty Rosamond Lehman collection of essays and letters. Contains interview with Audre Captivating short stories of the I enclose (including money for postage) $ ...... author’s fictional world. Lorde. Naiad Press Inc $12.95 Virago Modern Classics $9.50 Send to Broadsheet, PO Box 5799 Wellesley Street, Auck­ LESBIAN NOVELS i ASP, X______land, or call at 43 Anzac Avenue between 9 - 4 Mondays to Peg Clarke FAULTLINE Fridays, 10-1 Saturdays. Phone 794-751 Auckland for other Sheila Ortiz Taylor Short stories, essay and one-act orders or enquiries. plays. Crescent Press $6 The story of a woman, her lover Broadsheet, March 1984, 37 ANNE ELSE talks to FIONA KIDMAN about her third through - if it didn’t, maybe there’s a moral there about novel, PADDY’S PUZZLE, set in wartime New Zealand. working at writing!

Why did you decide to write this story about a rather bizarre It is your third novel too - do you feel you’re “getting bet­ place like Paddy’s Puzzle? ter?” What I write is related to my own experience. It’s not about Well, I’m moving toward being able to distance myself from myself, but things and people I know tend to trigger ideas the material. Although A Breed of Women is not really about situations I can think my way into. The Puzzle was a written out of my own direct experience, neverthless I took real place, of course, and everyone called it Paddy’s Puzzle. a very subjective approach to it. I lived in Harriet’s head - 1 My mother and I lived near it during the war, in fact in a kept thinking “How would I do this if I were her?” W hereas street which ran parallel to it, and I saw the book as a story now I think “How would that character do it?” Clara and of parallel lives in a way. I can just remember children com­ Winnie took on a life of their own - it was as though I was ing round and saying, “Come and see our Daddy today” - having conversations with them in my head, talking to I’d go with them and there would be an American soldier. them, listening to how th ey would do it. So perhaps I am That period, too, was relative to my life, my age - I was “getting better” in that way! born in 1940 - and to our own time. Ambrose stuck me as very convincing. Did you actually Then there’s the other dimension, the Waikato. know an Ambrose? We moved there later during the war, and I’ve always Not really. I remember being on holiday in Auckland when wanted to write about that time too - it seemed to fall to­ I was 17 or 18. My girlfriend and I spent about twenty mi­ gether very naturally. nutes talking to a group of black American sailors on a street corner downtown, and they were charming and / felt that the book as a whole came together naturally. It funny. Then later on when I learnt a lot more about the real had a flow to it - I read it right through at a stretch. situation of black Americans I realised the nightmare un­ It was desperately hard work writing it. I drafted it three derneath. Having chosen to write about a black American I times before sending it to Heinemann. I’d used the first per­ suppose I also projected some of my own early life experi­ son and had lots of flashbacks, but they thought it would be ence with people of different racial backgrounds. better in third person and written chronologically and they were right. But after talking it through with them I just Talking of the nightmare underneath - right through the couldn’t touch it for months. It was a tremendous effort to book there are those hints about Clara’s father beating his rewrite it, and by the time I’d finished I felt very distanced wife and then it finally comes out clearly right near the end. from it. I was afraid that the strain I had felt would show I think people look at a life like Clara’s and wonder why. 38 Broadsheet, March 1984 But wifebeating was such a subterranean thing then. You Are you pleased with the book? hear about it happening now, but then you just didn’t - it It’s really hard to answer that, it was such hard work and I was all very secretive. It’s only now that women are learn­ became so distanced from it. I think so. I didn't write it with ing to confide in each other. Also he was an attractive man, great excitement, in the way I did the Mrs Dixon stories, and that’s an easy thing to overlook - the way in which men but it was as though it was a kind of debt - no, not exactly - a can be so attractive, can present a totally different face to compulsion? It was something I had to do, something I the rest of the world. And remember he was Winnie’s owed the past. father too - but she fought against her past. Awful things As a kind of herstory, a record of women’s lives? were happening all the time in the country where I grew up, Oh God yes. As I said earlier - it was the time our genera­ but they just never came out. tion emerged out of. The war was very important. With all those men absent, women discovered they could do all sorts I was particularly impressed by the description o f the rats. It of things - working in factories, bringing up children alone, seemed so appalling — / thought God, rats in Auckland managing all the money - it was the root of today’s feminist streets, in 1945! movement, I think. Then all the men came home, and there I’m very scared of rats and I’ve written about them before, was great rejoicing, children born in great numbers; but in a story in Mrs Dixon and Friend. When I was 141 stayed that’s not the whole story. There were fathers getting to know their children born at the beginning of the war, and with a friend in an old farmhouse, and we spooked each the bitterness and resentment, especially at these men dis­ other out with scary stories. Later in the night I woke up rupting their and their mother’s lives. Many women of my and there was a great big rat sitting on a chair in the moon­ generation never really got to know their fathers. The men light looking at me. I was too frightened to move. He just had known only a man’s world in the war and had to come sat there malevolently and at last went away. to terms with their wives again; and vice versa! And when The scenes in Paddy’s Puzzle are quite accurate. I talked the honeymoon was over, the women were saying, “Hey, to an old man who had worked in the Nestle factory and he wait a minute - we’ve been doing all this, and now it’s the described them eating each other and the fox terriers chas­ 1950s and we’re supposed to go back to where we were be­ ing them. Rats have eaten babies in this country within liv­ fore the war, and being told we can’t do those things at all!” ing memory, and children were bitten in the Puzzle too. Many women my age have seen their mothers change and Certainly people find them very disturbing in the book. become very supportive to feminism, as they became old They’re symbolic of all the things waiting to get you in the women themselves. I’m passionately committed to explaining how women’s night; those things wait for Clara all the time, especially lives are and how they have been, and experimenting with death. And they stand for the need for prostitution, for ways of presenting the past that are lively and meaningful, poverty, for disabilities of all kinds, and in a way for the so that women have a yardstick to measure themselves and Americans too. I don’t mean I’m anti-American, but to a their lives by; so they can look back and say yes, yes, that’s lot of people during the war the Americans represented why it is so. I’ve had to learn a lot about the past and I’ve awful things in New Zealand. There is this myth that every­ had to listen to people. It’s hard, because I’m quite impa­ thing was lovely when those boys were over here - well, tient and self-centred, but I’ve had to ask why things hap­ they weren’t and I wanted to show that. pened. But I don’t want to examine the past forever; I think over time Paddy’s Puzzle might be part of a trilogy - 1 know They are certainly effective! But although the whole they’re fashionable, but not for that reason! I can see Win­ Paddy’s Puzzle section is very powerful, I didn’t find the nie as a character moving on into the present, the 1980s, Waikato section boring at all by comparison. To me it and how her children will measure their lives by some of the seemed essential, making the connection between the Puz­ things in Clara’s life. Then there’s the expectations she zle, with its rats and horrors, and the peaceful-looking would have for her own daughters - Jeannie, the clever one farmland. - things that wouldn’t have come off in the 1950s - these are the things I look forward to exploring; but I need to move Partly, I wanted to look at the whole migratory pattern - into the present from a point of knowledge about the past. why people go to the city, why Clara went there. And also I wanted to do away with the idea of the green fields of the Have men and women reacted differently to Paddy’s Puz­ Waikato where nothing happens - in fact everything hap­ zle? I haven’t had a great deal of feedback about the book yet. pens there - murders, violence, horrors beneath the sur­ But men have said they really like it. Whereas with A breed face. Not just the Waikato, either. In the book I’ve done of Women, they said, “Well, we can see you’re trying to do about Northland, with Jane Ussher, there is a photo of a de­ something but we don’t understand what it is, meaning relict farmhouse; an old woman lived there alone for fifty “We don't want to understand” - and I can see that, I can years, because she had been excommunicated and ostra­ see why they wouldn’t want to. Probably they can identify cised by the religious sect who settled the area, for some with the roughness, the violence, the rats and so on, in transgression, supposed to be sexual. The whole commun­ Paddy’s Puzzle. Women read it for clues, I think, as to why ity knew she was there, but she was so isolated that when other women made the choices they did - even when the she died she wasn’t found for three weeks. There are do­ reader can’t identify with those choices. Clara does live at zens of tales like that. The country can be a very brutal the extreme edge of experience. (I tend to spend a lot of place - brutal and brutalising. It’s not all scones and country time fantasising about life at the edge, and I ve been criti­ cised for not actually experiencing it - though there have dances! Broadsheet. March 1984. 39 been times when I’ve pushed myself very close to it, and drawn back at the last minute.) Also men relate to the war­ time experience, the feeling that things had changed and could never be the same, because they knew how their fathers came back, or they were fathers coming back them­ selves. This book is partly about women saying to men, “Things happened to us too, during the war - but we never told you, we never know how to tell you, we were all too busy resuming our traditional lives, and it would have been too threatening.” So yes, it’s certainly herstory. I do feel strongly, too, that sitting down all by yourself at 9 o’clock every morning and devoting the day, day after day, to writ­ ing about women’s lives, and the options they faced then - and still face now - I feel that is quite a radical kind of feminism in itself. What are you working on at the moment? After a seven year break, I’ve turned back to writing poetry. Something has just crystallised, after reading a lot of poetry, and I feel I’m ready to write in a new dimension. Was the poem about menstruation in Broadsheet part o f that? No, not really. It says something important, but it’s more cerebral than it appears at first. One or two people - not zon Mothers is aimef ^ Broadsheet readers! - have said to me, “Gosh, that’s a bit funding lesbians and thei t questionnaires as sordid, isn’t it, you wouldn’t put that in a collection” ! Broadsheet readers have told me they liked it, it was a good jren, andlamcu their lovers. $8.25 thing to say. But now I’m working in new forms of poetry - I’m finding it tremendously liberating.□ P o Paddy’s Puzzle is published by Heinemann, $17.95, and available at Broadsheet. It is also to be published in paperback by Penguin, in 1985.

NOW IN PAPERBACK

FROM YOUR BOOKSELLER $13.95

ANOTHER GOOD BOOKFROM HUTCHINSONS

40 Broadsheet, March 1984 WHAT'S NEW University Women to mark the Rd., Auckland. Books included formation. Tape includes Miriam branch’s 60th jubilee, are given on Any women who have books Saphira (Incest) and Close-Up Freudian Slips tour of Aotearoa the basis of ability and financial which they have read and would (rape). Wellington - Cricketers Arms - need, and are each worth $ 1,000 a like to share with other women February 21 year. Applications should be please contact Womanline, phone PUBLICATIONS Dunedin - Otago University 8pm made on forms available from the 765-173. Donations of money Amazon Mothers by Miriam - February 24 Enquiries Office, University Re­ would also be greatly appreciated, Saphira- a useful and practical re­ Christchurch - Canterbury Uni­ gistry, by 31 March. and used to purchase new or used source book. Dispelling myths versity Women only 8 pm - Feb­ books. For further information about lesbian mothers. $8.25. ruary 25, Also Gladstone 8pm MEETINGS please contact Womanline. F.l New Zealand Sculpture Pro­ February 27 Lesbian Drop-inevery first Tues­ Art and Professionalism at Out­ ject Catalogue 64 pages, photo­ Nelson - February 29 day of the month 7.30 onwards. reach (Auckland), 7 -9 pm begin­ graphs, artist’s statements, com­ Wellington - Brooklyn Flail Dunedin Women’s Resource ning in March. Course fee $40.00 mentaries of this artist-organised Women only 8 pm - March 1 Centre, Room 10, second Floor, This ten week course is de­ sculpture project which took place Palmerston North - Massey Uni­ Regent Chambers, The Octagon, signed to provide women artists in a disused lemonade factory - versity Women - March 2 Dunedin. Dunedin Lesbian Line with the necessary information, Wellington November 1982. In­ Hamilton - Hillcrest Tavern - 778-765 Mondays 7 - 10 pm background material and re­ cludes report of the two-day March 3 Lesbian Mothers Gatherings - sources to explore their artistic fu­ Women Sculptor’s Seminar. Now WEA Courses starting in Auck­ Auckland - for details phone tures more assuredly, more posi­ available PO Box 7393, Wel­ land in March. Frankie 768-239 or Jan 498-527. tively and with deeper commit­ lington South, Wellington. Stop Rape - A four week course Childcare can be arranged by ment. Directory - an extensive list of for women which will examine as­ phoning Claire or Michelle 763- It will cover areas like photo­ over 300 films of interest to pects of rape and pornography 133. graphing work, collecting and col­ women which are readily availa­ and how they affect every New Zealand Women’s Political lating exhibition data, biographi­ ble in New Zealand. Both these woman’s life. Starts March 5,7 pm Party Wellington branch meets cal details, artists’ statements books are $2 and are available - 9 pm at WEA, 21 Princes St, every Wednesday at 7 pm at the workbooks/diaries, gallery pro­ from Advisory Committee on with Susan Brame. Fee is $13 Women’s Gallery. Phone Lesley tocol, framing, time organisation, Women’s Affairs, State Services waged - $7 unwaged. Smith 861-828 or Anne Corege assessment of work etc. Commission, Private Bag, Wel­ Maori Language -A five week in­ 887-251 Wellington. Auckland Any further inquiries to Carole lington, New Zealand. troductory course for beginners branch meets every Monday at 61 Shepheard, 359 Richmond Road, starts March 5, 7.30 pm - 9.30 pm Balmoral Rd, Mt Eden. For Auckland 2, Phone 768-568 No Credentials Poems by at WEA, 21 Princes St with Tuku further information write to Box (evenings). Catherine Delahunty & Lora Morgan. Fee is $15 waged - $8 un­ 6608 Wellesley Street, Auckland Mountjoy published by the Col­ Violence Against Women. waged. or phone Jess 544-986 or Jo 769- ville Women’s Writing Co-op. In a series of six evenings the Republicanism - part of our 698. $4.50 at Broadsheet. following topics will be explored: “Isms” series on political Feminist Librarians First Monday March 14 - Battering of Women 1st International Feminist Book philosophies on March 6th (1 ses­ each month Women’s Gallery March 21 - Rape Fair ’84 June 7 -9 . Over 200 pub­ sion) 7.30 pm - 9.30 pm at WEA, Wellington. Contact Kathleen March 28 - Incest and Child Rape lishers will take stands. There will 21 Princes St with Bruce Jesson. Johnson 729-379 or Chris Todd April 4 - Pornography be a full programme of events held Fee $4 waged - $2 unwaged. 722-101 Wellington. April 11 - Institutionalised Vio­ during these three days in Lon­ Making Changes - Self Esteem lence don. These will include readings, For Women, a non-residential Writing Workshop Creative prose April 18 - Panel summary of debates, author signing sessions, weekend course for women cover­ writing for women - Renee - course and discussion of the ef­ workshops and exhibitions. June ing assertion techniques from a March 3 & 4. Room AGIO Uni­ fects of violence on women’s lives, 1 1 -1 8 The Feminist Book Fair feminist perspective, Sat 10 - Sun versity of Waikato. For further and what actions can be taken to launches the first Feminist Book 11 March, 9.30 am - 4.30 pm at details contact Gillian Marie 62- change societal values. Week. Hundreds of women writ­ WEA, 21 Princes St with 889 Hamilton. Contact Gillian Marie at the ers, poets, publishers and playw­ Women’s Studies Sub-Commit­ Lesbian Studies Group An ongo­ Centre for Continuing Education, rights from all over the world will tee. Fee $18 waged - $10 un­ ing study group starting Wednes­ University of Waikato, Ph 62-889 tour Britain and Ireland to take waged. day April 11 at 7.30pm WEA 21 ext 4706. part. TV - Mirror or Mirage? A series Princes Street, Auckland. A study resource: Lesbian Studies ed: of lectures on contemporary tele­ Working Women’s Centre - soon EXHIBITIONS vision. For those interested in de­ Margaret Cruikshank. Further to become reality. The first work­ Jenneke Vandenburg April 2- 13 fining and clarifying the ways in details 732-030. ing women’s centre is due to open Real Pictures Ltd 3rd Floor His which TV affects NZ Society. shortly in Auckland. Three Auckland Gay Lesbian Welfare Majesty’s Arcade, Queen Street, Starts March 14th (10 sessions) groups (Working Women’s Coun­ Group will be running a course to Auckland. 7.30 pm - 9.30 pm at WEA, 21 Pr­ train new counsellors for their cil, Early Childhood Workers Union and Trades Council’s inces St, $25 waged $14 unwaged. telephone counselling service. REQUEST Course co-ordinator, John Daly- Women’s Subcommittee) are to Starting March 13 the course will Puna Taua, Tamaki Primary Peoples, plus a range of speakers. combine resources to form a run one evening a week for four School, Alamein Road, Panmure, Marxism - A short but intensive Working Women’s Centre. The months in inner city area. Cost would like information about play course on marxism starts March office will be located in the Trade $12. The group is particularly scripts with a feminist perspective 15th (5 sessions) 7.30pm - 9.30pm Union Centre, Great North keen to hear from women who for younger children. at WEA, 21 Princes St with Bruce have an interest in helping other Road. The Working Women's Jesson. Fee $15 waged - 8 un­ lesbians. For more information Centre will aim to provide re­ HUI waged. source material about working phone 33-584 Auckland. National Maori Women’s Hui All enquiries telephone 732-030 women and information and prac­ Womanline a telephone listening, 5-8 April. At Tahuwhatatiki Auckland. tical assistance to working information and referral service (Romai) Marae, Welcome Bay, women. PhD Study Awards. Entries close for women. Telephone 765-173. Tauranga. Contact Matire Dun­ next month for two fellowships in­ Volunteers are need to train for VIDEO can, 26 Resolution Road, Wel­ tended to help women graduates the phones. This is an opportunity A one-hour video tape of various come Bay, Tauranga. Phone 441- to study for a doctorate at Auck­ to meet and work with women. television items related to sexual 001 or Orwea Ohia, 109C Maun- land University. The awards, Also Womanline is establishing violence against women is availa­ gatapuna Road, Tauranga. Phone which were funded by the Auck­ a Women’s Library at the ble from Rape Crisis Dunedin PO 440-490. All Maori women wel­ land branch of the Federation of Women’s Centre, 63 Ponsonby Box 5424 Dunedin. Send for in­ come.

Broadsheet, March 1984, 41 HOGWASH! H°GWASH H ! —

■ — n - ■ * - E JOE ” * iemtatets^ to - ON MAY 1 last year Susan Kathleen Keenan, 27, was stabbed to death w\d*T*e in her Limbrick Street, Palmerston North, home. It was, on the surface, a straightforward domestic murder. *OlO&B that Peter Howse, 32, the man convicted of the murder, had been •SB»"-"**\A Keenan's de facto husband.

Jury Fails to Agree NZPA Napier jury had deliberated been collecting the A man accused of for five and a half children, aged 12 and murdering his wife has hours. eight, after they had been remanded in cus­ The court was told spent three weeks with H ā K A L D' tody until April 2 after during the three-day their father. a jury failed to reach a trial that Nepia had The couple, married n /% l% k verdict in his trial. stabbed his wife to 16 years, had been death outside the motel separated for 12 Mr Justice Chiiwell in front of several by­ months. discharged the jury in standers. The court was told the High Court at His two children had Napier and ordered a that Nepia had stabbed watched the killing his wife 14 times — two new trial for the man, from an upstairs bal­ Aubrey Nepia, who had stabs through the heart cony. resulting in her death. denied murdering his During the trial wife, Glenys Evelyn After the stabbing Nepia conceded that he Nepia allegedly told Nepia, at the Apple Inn struck the fatal blows. Motel, Hastings, on the police: “I did not At the time of the murder her, I loved January 21, 1983. The attack Mrs Nepia had her.” Zi | C by Lonee U/ov'id^rgero) Conxrffrey

P s # j o u r n a l p e c m 3 to procreate. Heterosexuals derive 'SooiTWUftNP -OtAtS.’ isoc-T S3 their pleasure from each other in ] the natural way, homosexuals m un­ natural congress. The means by The East Gore school committee is concerned that the school j Can I remind all your correspon­ dents that we are all of us here as the may have an all-female result of an act of heterosexual inter­ course. If the present generation of teaching staff next year. homosexuals persist in their preferred aberrant behaviour and if they can be b y prevented from corrupting and per­ verting others to their ways then the

D J. Linton (Forest Service, Wanganui) T A cxr\ Ks -fo all corvC i bvcbors S «ncf you^- coninbuCtiorS - Letter edited. Ed. 4 o 'HOCt W AS H " ^(^OE\DSHējE 7~ Alaga-z./oQ- goX ^79^7 AU(J(

42 Broadsheet. March 1984 in & f e m in is t s e n s e

handed down in the trials of Dar­ she or he has committed a crime Just as unnecessary, but con­ rell Wilson which set important THE FOXTON MURDER or not, should be allowed if it will siderably more morbid, was the precedents in New Zealand’s Anne Hunt. Brick Row endanger traditional notions of chapter on the life of the victim, justice. There are also questions and the life of her parents, and of legal system. The Foxton Mur­ der, with its bland and detached 1983, $14.95*______of judicial discretion and respon­ the life of their parents. The recounting of factual events, sibility, or the idea that the photographs (31 counting the Shortly before midnight on 14 offer little more than court trans­ judiciary is “neutral” and unaf­ photograph of the author), show­ January 1981 Laura Robinson, cripts or newspaper reports. It’s a fected by social and moral issues; ing every room in Laura Robin­ 74, was stabbed to death when book for people who like to read and the role of the Police in ar­ son’s house, complete with pools, she disturbed an intruder in her about murders, and murder vic­ resting criminals. Just as serious splatters and smears of blood, the home in Ladies Mile, Foxton. exteriors of Police stations and tims rather than those interested The Foxton Murder essentially is the question of the moral re­ courts, and Laura Robinson as a in an analysis of New Zealand’s recounts the Police investigation sponsibility of the lawyer. Trevor de Cleene wrote in the child with her family and the Justice System. that followed, the trial at which Personally, I found this book to foreword to Hunt’s book: “. . . it house in which she had been Darrell Wilson was found guilty play upon the same misogynist at­ is no business at all of the advo­ born, which were all largely of murder, and the subsequent titudes that underlie the recent cate to enquire as to whether or superfluous and did little to dis­ trial in the Court of Appeal at pell the suspicion that the book trend in films portraying violence which Wilson was acquitted. The not the person represented by wa written in a style only slightly against women. The Foxton Mur­ murder is unusual beause Wilson him is guilty or not of that of­ fence. His task is to ensure that removed from sensationalised der is respectable snuff.□ admitted to murdering Laura journalism. In attempting to set Stephenie Knight. Robinson, and showed a great the most favourable light possible the stage for outrage at the killing deal of knowledge of facts Police is shed upon the case of the al­ leged offender, and to test the of such a respected, dignified, el­ believe could only have been derly woman the implication THE GLASGOW______known to the murderer. The cir­ prosecution case to the utmost . . . For myself, I have never asked a seemed to be that this was a worse RAPE CASE,______cumstances in which Wilson crime than on involving a less made his confession allowed Wil­ defendent whether or not he or Ro»s Harper and Arnot she is quilty . . . People have a reputable woman. The author is son’s lawyer, T revor de Cleene to apparently inspired by the facts of M cW hinnie,______lodge an appeal against the con­ tendency to blurt out things and it should not be encouraged.” the murder, and by the lives of Hutchinson 1983,_____ viction on the grounds that there the victim and alleged murderer, had been a breach of the Judges However de Cleene left the rather than any serious intepreta- $20.95*______Rules, and specifically Rule 3: case before the finale to become a Member of Parliament. Anne tion of these facts, and their far “Persons in custody should not be In October 1980, a 28 year old Hunt writes: “Cruising on board reaching implications. questioned without the usual cau­ In spite of the judgements woman walking down a Glasgow tion being first administered.” a yacht he had come to the con­ The discussion surrounding this clusion that it was becoming dif­ issue centred on whether or not ficult to use his talents to obtain Wilson was in fact in custody at an acquittal for people he thought the time he made the statement. were guilty of the crime charged. He had not been arrested until He reflected, “My soul was be­ after the admission of guilt, at coming endangered ..." Trevor which point he was cautioned. de Clene went on to become the Justice Quillam decided that MP for Palmerston North from Wilson would have been pre­ where he mounted a one man at­ vented from leaving the Station if tack on the Domestic Protection he had tried, and was therefore in Bill: the law, he said, could be custody. He ruled therefore that used to punish violence but not the confession and any in­ protect against it. criminating information Wilson In The Foxton Murder Anne gave at the same time was inad- Hunt touches upon these ques­ missable evidence. A second trial tions, but many are implied was held in Christchurch to en­ rather than stated. There is no sure no-one on the jury would discussion of the issues and the have prior knowledge of the orig­ reader is left disturbingly flat and inal trial. Without the evidence cheated. In explanation she had that Wilson had given to impli­ written, “this document is an ob­ cate himself, the jury found him jective reproduction of one not guilty. Wilson was free. homicide inquiry, but which mir­ The book aims to highlight the rors numerous other trials of var­ existence of the Judges Rules ying importance throughout the which were originally formulated country. It raises many questions, by English Judges in 1912, with questions which should not be an- additions since. They are circu­ sered by one person alone, the lated to Police to set guidelines writer.” However, in being so ob­ for interviewing and taking state­ jective the book runs the risk of ments from prisoners and persons being dull. There are many believed to be “the author of a pages-long verbatim reports of crime”. They do not have the testimony - the most memorable force of law. being almost seven pages of th There are many interesting evidence of the forensic scientist questions raised by the case, not which was mianly concerned with the least being the amount of the width, length and sole pattern freedom an individual, whether of a pair of jandals! road was knocked unconscious by another woman as a victim, and three teenage males, dragged to relate to her emotional into a freight yard, and raped. changes as the case progresses, as Her body was slashed with a razor she works through the personal blade, and her injuries required agony, the apprehension about 150 stitches, including 50 to her giving evidence, and the con­ face. She subsequently made sev­ tinual wild swinging of hopes and eral attempts at suicide, in fits of fears. depression brought on by the The book always manages, in combined pressures of coping the treatment of this extremely with her physical disfigurement, difficult subject, to come down the psychological trauma of rape, on the side of tact, discretion, and the problems it caused in her re­ understanding, despite being lationships, and the apprehen­ written in a fairly average “hack” sion she felt about testifying in journalistic style It is well worth court. The Justice Department reading both as an account of a Whi mi speaks nt Manukorihi Marne. Waitara. on Pomare Day. about the placed her under psychiatric care very relevant legal case, and as an reasons behind the 1975 Land March. (John Miller). and decided to abandon the case aid to emotional insight and rather than subject her to the strength. Not enough is written singer. But Alice Walker writes of life. Celie sews and sells trousers ordeal of giving evidence. The of­ about the emotional injuries surviving, and Celie does. and she can say at the end of the fenders were released but the vic­ women receive from living in a Through the complexities of her novel “I am so happy. I got love, I tim, Carol X, was not informed of patriarchal society. We need to life, she still celebrates. got work, I got money, friends and the Court’s decision not to pro­ legitimise our right to feel the Throughout the novel Walker time.” What else is there? ceed with the case, she did not pain that men cause us, and we reiterates that friendship and Walker uses language she calls find out about this decision until need to publicise the depth of that bonding between women “black folk english.” Direct, several months later when she pain. This book goes some way to traverses the pain and oppression rhythmic, flowing, poetic, and yet read it in a a newspaper article. bringing the effects of rape out of that comes with being poor, black, at all times completely natural as if With assistance of a journalist, the closet and making it accepta­ and female. Halfway through the Celie were in the room talking. her lawyer, and some confiden­ ble rather than shameful to be a novel, when Celie finds out some She’s a story teller, constantly re­ tial documents leaked from the victim. It makes evident the in­ bitter truths about her past, she counting conversations and Police Department, she was able justices inherent in a justice sys­ stops writing to God, because, she events. Her husband starts to de­ to bring about a private prosecu­ tem devised by males.□ tells God, “You must be ’sleep." sign shirts to wear with her trous­ tion. This created an important Katherin Luketin. Instead she writes to her sister ers. “Got to have pockets, he say. legal precedent and a major polit­ Nettie, in Africa with black mis­ Got to have loose sleeves. And ical debate ensued, which led to THE COLOUR PURPLE sionaries. definitely you not spose to wear it the resignation of an MP, and the Nettie’s letters to Celie are also A lice Wa lk e r, The with no tie. Folks wearing ties alteration of Scottish Court pro­ included, letters rich with the look like they being lynch.” cedures governing the crime of Women’s Press 1983, complexities of African society, The novel has recently won rape. $13.95* full of the colonialism that took both the American Book Award This book is an account of the the land from its people, and re­ and the Pulitzer Prize for litera­ rape case, written at the request After reading Alice Walker’s veling the difficulties of being a ture, quite thrilling when one of the victim, by her lawyer and latest book of short stories. You black American in black Africa. thinks of the fabric of the story the chief crime reporter of a Scot­ Can’t Keep a Good Woman Nettie writes of the Olinka people and what it reveals about injus­ tish newspaper, the Daily Re­ Down, I was afraid to pick up her worshipping “roofleaf”, practic­ tice, hope, love, and rage. “If art cord. novel The Colour Purple. I ing polygamy and clitoridectomy. doesn’t make us better, then what It is a disturbing and sadly fas­ thought nothing could be better Any illusions of "Back to Africa on earth is it for?” Walker said in a cinating account of Carol X’s than those stories. Without mak­ for Afro-Americans” are shat­ recent interview. Better? Well, I struggle for justice, in which she ing value judgements on which tered, mirroring Walker’s own don’t think anyone could be quite had to fight the battle against her book is better, I have to say that feelings of displacement when she the same after reading this own overwhelming fears as well The Colour Purple outdid even first went to Africa after her uni­ book.,D as a convoluted and patriarchal my fantasies. Alice Walker is a versity years. Louise Rafkin. judicial system. Although the genius. Celie’s relationship with Shug Scottish legal system apparently How to write about such a Avery is an amazing portrayal of tries harder than some to be fair, novel? How to write about an au­ lesbianism. Far from being jeal­ WHINA______it unfortunately employs some thor who continually speaks the ous when confronted with the re­ Michael King, Hodder rather self-defeating procedures. truth, clearly, in a way unwritten ality of her husband loving Like all judical systems, it must before? A woman who writes another woman, Celie is attracted and Stoughton 1983, try to please everybody at once - about injustice, about racism, to Shug, thinks her the most $22.95* victim, attacker, the needs of soc­ sexism, imperialism, the pain of beautiful woman she has ever iety, and the bureaucratic history and the outrages against seen. Their friendship grows when A review of Whina by Michael machine - and all must suffer to the earth? Shug comes to live with them, and King has to take into account the some extent in the long run. In The novel opens with Celie, a she tries to tell Celie, who is quite subject’s many faceted environ­ rape cases, in Scotland as well as young, poor, black woman who is sexually (and otherwise) repulsed ment, from the late nineteenth everywhere else, it is of course writing letters to God because her by her husband how to make love century to the present day, and the female victim who loses the stepfather who has raped her tells and “play with the button”. Their whether or not and to what extent most in the legal process. her "to tell no one but God." The love ends up surpassing Shug’s re­ she subsequently influenced it, if Although the book is about a book is a series of Celie’s letters, lationship with Celie’s husband, she did. rape that happened in Scotland, it from her youth, until as an older and Shug’s own husband. Shug Whina’s environment - Tai To- is not too far removed from the woman, she is no longer writing to supports her, talks and listens to kerau - although steeped in New Zealand situation. Rape is God but to her sister living in Af­ her, takes her to find her mother’s Maoritanga, was politically and rape and courts are courts, rica. grave. Celie writes “Shug say. us economically directed by col­ wherever they are. Any woman Celie’s rape is a fragment of her each to her’s peoples now, and onialist society, religion, politics who has been a victim of sexual painful life, her two babies are kisses me.” Reviewers, tend to and the military. Although King’s abuse, or who has been involved taken from her,. Then she is mar­ overlook this relationship, even biography set out to cast Whina in a rape case will benefit from ried off to a widower whose chil­ going so far as to say they are as an exception to the norm in reading this book. It provides an dren she must take care of, and he “friends", “or something”. That terms of Maori leadership, it opportunity to identify with is in love with Shug Avery, a blues something is what redeems Celie's could not, because any nation-

44 Broadsheet, March 1984 ally-recognised Maori leadership words and deeds. If she is an sequence but not the total author her council flat, the elderly Josie that was allowed to flourish from example of co-opted Maori of her influence and use. And her (Charmian Harre) and her long there was created and courted by leadership, then we must know contemporaries do not quite give time friend Lily (Paula Jones) sit the State, not by Maoridom. how the State operates. It always her credulity. Wheeling and deal­ down over a sherry to discuss the There are national exceptions of co-opts its native leadership - it ing in busines is an attribute of best course of action. This is not course, but those not created or must, to have inverted legitimacy men, but a sin in women. Perhaps the first life-crisis they have courted by the state can be for a start. The present environ­ if Whina had served in the shared, we find out as the play counted on one hand. ment is a good time to study that. war and killed a few people, she “Dancing” unfolds. Tai Tokerau is symbolically a Can I say that Whina influ­ would have acquired real states­ Alice (Nola Neas), also an el­ very important region of Maori­ enced long-term changes in her manship. derly woman, calls by and the dom for Pakehadom. It was the part of NZ and the rest of the When King’s biography does three of them from the intimacy seat of colonial government and it country? When revisiting the not attempt to examine the politi­ of Josie’s stage living room deal was the scene for the enactment scene of my birth and upbringing, cal fabric ofWhina’s environment with the problem at hand, and re­ of the Treaty of Waitangi. New I have grave doubts that she did. and her contribution, and dismis­ collect other crisis times in their Zealand’s colonial history desp­ Some of her acquaintances in the ses the criticism of her as “super­ lives. Using steps of the maxina as erately needs to celebrate its ori­ Maori Women’s Welfare League ficial views”, it has the effect of a device to link scenes we are gins by focusing on Tai Tokerau say that she promoted an aggres­ influencing and interpreting a danced back in time through their for those reasons and any figures sive style of woman-leadership slice of Maori history according past years as the women reenact of Maori leadership that affirm that was important and useful for to a Pakeha man’s perspective. their memories. the status quo will always com­ Maori women and their issues in This is an issue raised again by the Their experiences are all to mand a favourable profile. early years, but that their drive as book published at a time when familiar to women. The flash­ Whether or not those claims to a group needed more than that. Maoris want to challenge the role backs take us to the 1951 water­ historical significance give the Had Whina been a politician and power of the Pakeha writing side strike. Josie recounts Maoris cause to celebrate their would she have influenced or ef­ industry, also at a time when a smuggling food and fuel to lot, is dubious. One has to keep fected more tangible signs of number of Pakeha-written books women and children, the true vic­ this question constantly to the achievement? One wonders. For have proliferated. The book’s re­ tims of the stubborn holding-out fore while reading about one of in spite of her many years of de­ lease was preceded by an between male employer and this century’s best-known man­ termined slog, housing is more di­ apologia in a national newspaper. worker. She and Lily tell the tale ipulators - Whina Cooper. lapidated, rural schools are more King was taking advantage of of dashed hopes, limited and vio­ I suspect a biography of a living centralised, bilingualism is an ex­ some influential promotional lent marriages and the penny- person is seen as a biography of a ception not a feature of Tai To­ marketing scenarios available to pinching and self-sacrificing years living issue. In some ways this dis­ kerau, and police tactics in him. Why the publisher did not of child rearing. We hear of the advantages the subject of the Kaikohe and Moerewa are not engage a Maori writer to write struggles after divorce and some­ biography. For whatever different from Otara and this biography was a question put thing of the pain of an eight year reasons, one feels as though the Otahuhu. These are observations to King by a Maori woman. That separation from each other. subject is still accessible to query, not just of Whina’s cir­ the 12 Maoris approached by the One of the most delightful challenge and criticism. And so cumstances, but of the predica­ publisher had refused is an in- scenes is the reenactment of the she does not have the protection ment of the Maori people in pre­ ' credulous story. But not so when first meeting with Alice. Josie of being just beyond mortal sent society. Whina Cooper along one considers that Hodder and and Lily are shown comforting reach, where some of her deeds with all Maori leaders faces tre­ Stoughton was King’s publisher her through the discomfort of hot could be forgiven for her. So this mendous pressure to fulfill and for previous books, and like all flushes. This becomes a rare op­ biography may well attract more conform. The environment for good major publishers, has a portunity in NZ theatre to bring controversy around Whina than strong and truthful leadership is highly experienced marketing menopause and the processes of she cares to invite in her living so tough. Any Maori who can machine. female aging on the stage for dis­ life. In recent discussion with fel­ successfully straddle both Maori There are legitimate public cussion. low Ngapuhi, it already has. and Pakeha society, effect eman­ careers, and illegitimate ones. Bridging the generation gap The biography does not indi­ cipation for the poor and dispos­ The legitimate ones are male pur­ Jane (Margaret Myers) Josie’s cate Whina’s political bias - and sessed and still resist co-option is suits. Any Maori woman daring granddaughter joins the older everyone has a political bias. Yet doing the impossible. The hand­ to devote her life to a public women. She has questioned her it is obvious to many that she and ful have achieved only a portion career must expect to stand on father’s traditional expectations her associates actively challenged under those compromising condi­ the periphery of legitimate life to of her and left home. Back in the a Labour government and then tions. follow her truth. This must have present, the four women success­ went quiet during the incumbent For a Maori woman, these en­ been so for some of Whina’s early fully picket against Josie’s evic­ government’s most draconian deavours would be doubly dif­ life but now she may have come in tion notice but finally decide to political decisions. The 1975 ficult. I sensed that disadvantage from the cold. Somehow, maybe turn their backs on council flat Land March was publicly sup­ for Whina. Men never take for the circumstances intimated, land-lords and live communally ported by Whina and her conser­ women seriously. Rarely are Whina comes through this biog­ in Alice’s house. vative contemporaries who now women of consequence biog- raphy as being rather inconse­ The final scene has a fairy-tale want to obstruct the present raphied with consequence by quential. This belies her true im­ quality I personally found un­ Waitangi Protest peopled by their male writers where they step out­ pact as a dynamic Maori woman comfortable. I wondered how the associates of the 75 Land March. side of their ascribed field of ac­ leader and confirms how post­ women might deal with the bad Land Marches are now consi­ tivity. Like Lady Astor, Whina is erity wants to remember her. wolf of rising costs, diminishing dered “not the Maori way,”. That most often quoted for her anec­ Posterity cannot deny that she pensions, and the question of is of course not true, because tri­ dotal encounters Did she chal­ achieved much to advance Maori leadership in the context of their bal parties did march on other lenge directly far too often? causes, even though she might chosen communal living cir­ tribes to deal with issues at hand. Should she have retained some have been a liability and a casu­ cumstances. However, this does A dogged pursuit of injustices integrity of privacy?. It must be alty of them.D not detract from the overall against Maoris throughout all easier to treat women as excep­ Te Aroha McDowell. strength of the play. This lies in its governments would have con­ tions to the norm rather than indi­ candid portrayal of women's vinced me of Whina’s absolute cative of their species. I heard DANCING______courage determination, and its commitment to public action and legendary stories of Whina from Renee Taylor, directed depiction of the openness and to a vision of emancipation. No­ my late grandmother Tau He- warmth of women’s thing in this biography indicates nare’s second wife. I wonder how by Stefani Rigold, New friendships.□ that. any Ngapuhi woman may be able Independent Theatre, Elly Guthrie Where Whina actually stands to state her consequence short of in the scheme of things is very being caricatured. In my opinion December 1983______* All books reviewed in this issue hard to ascertain even from her Whina Cooper is a woman of con­ Threatened with eviction from are available from Broadsheet. Broadsheet. March 1984. 45 SETTING THE TABLE, Right: Three Diploma in Drama students at Auckland University R enee’s play a t th e rehearse "Setting the Table". Maidment, October 1983 Lower Right: Ellie Smith (L) and Hilary Cleary in "Skirmishes". Renee’s play was revived for (Justine Lord). two weeks at the Maidment B elow : Julie Walters who per­ Theatre in October last year. It forms in "Educating Rita". created a precedent for the stu­ dents (normally confined to tradi­ tional scripts) and they took the SKIRMISHES,______task to heart. Their performance Catherine Hayes (UK). was important. It was another showing of a sig- The Actors Company at nifcant feminist revue on a set that Mercury Two, Auck­ would have done credit to any land, January 1983, theatre. There were stiff raw patches and very funny moments later touring to ______in what is a strong and memorable Downstage Wellington script. It provided a process for stu­ Jean and Rita wait for their dents to learn much more about mother to die. The husbands and violence women are subjected to. Rita’s children are staying well Male violence and methods of de­ clear of the deathbed. Across the aling with it are serious concerns old woman’s unconscious body and they deliberately used rehear­ the two sisters yell at each other, sal space to explore how they conducting skirmishes in what would deal with violence in their must have been a lifelong war. own lives. As a result of this, Jean’s phone calls have become speaking to Miriam Saphira about more and more desperate. But sex offenders and Renee about Ted “wouldn’t let” Rita come committment to change, and a self sooner. Children are a full-time defence course, each woman felt commitment, she announces to more confident, more able to be the sterile Jean, as if Mother assertive in response to threats of wasn’t just as demanding. violence. While she eats, Jean is cal- And this production process culatedly chatty about Mother’s was recorded by Ellie Guthrie in a “shit” and “slavering”. Her earthy colour video “Breaking the Si­ irony has kept her intact for weeks lence". Based on interviews it re­ or months in a territory where lies daughter’s pretty given name is ter's sense of the absurd. Rita is a flects rehearsals and brings the can’t survive. Rita’s brittle, dis­ Marguerite. less prepossessing character, self- viewer face to face with the prob­ tasteful evasion of the realities of Mother has been asleep, mo­ regarding without being self-criti­ lems as they are in the script. It is Jean’s and Mother’s recent lives is tionless or spasmodically twitch­ cal, but Teresa Woodham’s per­ planned for use in schools as a dis­ broken down to the point where ing. Suddenly her hoarse macabre formance never lets us dislike cussion tape in a resource kit on she is able to wash and change the voice bursts out, “Rita, you take Rita, or forget our own halftruths domestic violence for senior En­ incontinent old woman, but when everything. Make sure Jean gets and evasions. Hilary Cleary as the glish classes, using Renee’s play as she claims “I always loved my nothing. She took my clothes.” mother demonstrates admirable a springboard. Schools will need mother. It wasn’t always easy” we Jean has disposd of the ancient control in a daunting part. She to purchase copies of the tape with feel she’s dramatising yet again. ballgowns and fur coats, feeling must have been stiflingly hot in the resource unit from the audio RITA: I know what I’ve come for. this was one bit of Mother she that bed, but the illusion of weak, visual department of Auckland My mother needs me. could safely unburden herself of. sick old age never lapses. University. JEAN: No she doesn’t. I do. To Jean this is familiar, senile Director Aileen O’Sullivan has Video is a useful tool and this Near the end of the play we find anger, but Rita never reassures avoided the cliche of the shadowy tape should stimulate discussion that Jean, too, has been hiding Jean that she won’t claim the sickroom and staged the play on a on all violence - in the streets, the from knowledge: her husband house. white carpet under hard white media, the students own lives, the probably won’t be back from his The closeness Jean once had lights. We can supply the claus­ impact of these threats on perso­ “business trip”. He wants a child with Mother is long eroded. She trophobic stuffiness, but the stage nal freedom, the cost of fear, and of his own - “Mel, son of Mel” - cries, “Oh God, I wish she’d hurry is opened up into an area of univ­ what can be done to make the and Jean has sacked herself from up and die. I want to do something ersal conflicts. The long silences world safe for women.□ the fertility clinic. else.” But she reacts numbly to are full of change. Diane Quin JEAN: Are you glad you've got the actual death. “So this is what By now we expect that the children? it’s like. This is what I wanted . . . truths which patriarchal writers RITA: I love them . . It’s better to Is there anything else?” Jean is fi­ evade, despise or can’t even see, love people, isn’t it? It doesn’t nally able to leave the bedroom women writers will know and make sense otherwise. knowing she needn’t rush back. name. We're again reminded how JEAN: It doesn’t make sense any­ Rita is left sobbing over the body. funny women writers can be, even way. The two sisters are greatly recon­ - or especially - in this “women’s Sympathy between the sisters is ciled, but we remember Jean’s re­ territory” of our feelings about strong at this point. But Rita still mark that after the funeral they children, motherhood, sister­ resents the fact that Jean will in­ may never see each other again. hood, daughterhood, death. For herit the house. And Mother has It’s a joy to see actors so naked Skirmishes is about women in the no warmth for Jean - “You’re the to each other. From our first view women's cage, when the jailers one she wants. She cries for you . . of Jean, in a baggy cardigan, have taken the day off; beginning . She’s been waiting for you for slumped beside the bed, Ellie at last to acknowledge what we weeks. Like before you were Smith’s performance is a delight, have hidden from each other and born. We were both waiting for the comedy never out of control, from ourselves. you”. The long-awaited younger the pain sharpened by the charac­ The Actors Company is a new

Broadsheet. March 1984 46 professional theatre co-operative. mist, lashing them with insults and straight. No-one appears to be Even at the end there’s still no analysis. Everybody remains in Artistic Advisor Ellie Smith. challenging the university system unemployed, to have money has­ Somewhere I know' there are plays by behaving rudely and drun- sles, or crooked teeth. As for in­ stereotypic roles. And yet I tell myself, don’t knock it. It’s impor­ by New Zealand women with casts kenly. Despite himself he is won digenous Americans, feminists, tant that conservative middle small enough to be within their over by Rita's intensity and cour­ lesbians or gay men, socialists or America and New Zealand (I can means. We've taken enough shit age and gradually falls in love with trade unionists, environmen­ from the mainstream theatres.□ her. The film nicely shows the talists or black activists, well just see the NZ party adopting this movie) are reached. For Margaret Blay conflict created for individuals by forget them - they’re not there. questioning their social environ­ Nor does there seem to be an anti many people it may well be new - nuclear movement. Some people and hard hitting. EDUCATING RITA* ment - Rita can only have more intellectual stimulation than her are concerned, but they’re very I’m left with a crucial question. Educating Rita is that rare film, at working class family provides by apolitical and passive. I accept that the movie is a result once moving and funny. The basic alienating herself from it, Frank Interspliced between the fam­ of concern about the nuclear story is not original. It is Pygmal­ can see the hypocrisy and shallow­ ily scenes are military ones. Cor­ arms race. But if concerned ion reworked once more this time ness of the university world but rect polite uniformed men who people can’t accept, respect and with an eager working-class can only have this comfortable life have families too. doing their acknowledge a diversity of view­ woman (Julie Walters) seeking by living off it. jobs. This is where this society points and lifestyles, then how education and middle-class self- Frank is an English lecturer and puts its money. can they expect others to? In anyone who has studied English at other words, isn’t the next war in­ confidence from a middle-aged The film highlights the con­ University will love the literary evitable unless we’re prepared to disillusioned university lecturer sequences of inaction, the hor­ jokes amid Frank’s drunken lec­ look at and act upon the various (Michael Caine). The film's rific beauty of technology. tures. I laughed out loud at several types of violence in society and strengths are its witty dialogue Launched missiles, trailing long lines and have been quoting them within ourselves? and brilliant performances from white plumes above Kansas city's since. But underneath the The Day After contains a pow­ Walters and Caine. blue skies, herald that area’s own humour, there are serious com­ erful message about the need to The film is adapted from a West later destruction by dark welling End play by Willy Russell which ments on conventional methods of act. The challenge for the peace mushroom clouds. explains why the story is dramati­ teaching literature and the nature movement here will be to help in­ Here again the movie makers volve people in the movement, cally well-structured and the of University English courses. I seem reluctant to point to the full dialogue is so strong. Walters hope English University lecturers and to provide an in depth reality. The devastation though analysis of violence on this played the part of Rita in the origi­ go and see it. vast, is understated. For me, the nal stage production and while The only quibble I have with the planet. Feminism has an impor­ much older British The War tant role to play in both of this occassionally seduces her into film is the one-dimensional por­ Game is more starkly realistic. In overacting, she has entered the trayals of the minor characters - these. □ The Day After the future is un­ Kathleen Ryan character so completely you feel but that’s a minor criticism. clear, but I’m surprised at how or­ Rita and Julie Walters are one and Educating Rita will entertain, derly and directional the sur­ move and intellectually stimulate *This film, directed by Nicholas the same person. With such a vivors in the main are. I hope the Meyer and produced by Robert strong antagonist who has such a you. It will also give you the type movie won’t feed the powerful li­ Papazian, previewed in Auck­ of female character we complain well-written part, it would have mited nuclear war lobby. land in January 1984. been easy for the male lead, Rita’s we seldom see - assertive, deter­ drink-sodden, cynical tutor to mined, courageous, witty and tak­ have been overwhelmed. But ing for granted that she can have Caine carries off his part splen­ choices in life. Rite undertakes a didly making his character the journey in self-discovery and ends right mixture of hard, hurtful sur­ the film strong and free. Julie face and soft, romantic centre. Walters’ talent is to make you be­ Being an English film, one of its lieve in Rita completely. I hope major themes is class. The film she can find more roles to match opens with Rita, a working class it.D NEW ZEALAND’S FILM CULTURE QUARTERLY hairdresser with bleached hair Helen Wilson. who has been turned onto litera­ ’"This film was directed by Lewis Gil­ ture by Open University televi­ bert. sion programmes, nervously going to the University, preserve THE DAY AFTER* of the middle class. As her perso­ nal quest continues, she moves The anti nuclear movie that away from her working class fam­ moved America. I should be rapt, ily who can't understand why she but I’m not. As soon as it’s would find reading books more finished, Karen and I are already important than having a baby. talking about how we could’ve Latest issue NZ WOMEN - NZ FILM now available at oook stores One of the most moving scenes in done it - better. ★ Merata Mita the film had Rita watching for­ It’s partly the image of ★ Feminist Film Criticism lornly from the kitchen window America that they start from. ★ Melanie Read’s New Feature while her husband, Denny, burns Idyllic mid America. Soft wide ★ Images of NZ Women her books, including her beloved shots and euphoric background Penguin Chekhov short stories, music. Squeaky clean, earnest, ★ Interviews, Reviews. Commons on a backyard bonfire. Walters mainly white, middle, normal brilliantly portrays a woman de­ (read that as straight) happy termined to get what she wants families America. God fearing and when the price exacted is her and law abiding. The mums are in marriage, pays it unflinchingly but their kitchens. Dad’s a doctor, sadly. farmer, soldier. Everyone’s well Frank Bryant (Caine) on the heeled and reasonable. Rebellion other hand has the middle class (how daring!) is sex before mar­ prizes Rita wants - comfort, riage (heterosexual of course). knowledge, confidence - but it It’s just so far removed from brings him no pleasure. He finds the world I know. I wonder if his students tedious and confor­ even straight America is that Broadsheet. March 1984. 47 HORTICULTURAL NZ Women’s Health Network JOB W ANTED Nelson area preferably Bi-monthly Newsletter Cost $5.00 per year I’m a 23 year old lesbian feminist looking for a permanent job. I have no horticultural Also available buttons, teeshirts, experience as yet but will be going on a speculums and material on 20 week polytech course in July. Any women’s health of all sorts. We are leads appreciated. a resource network for women and Replys to Fiona Brown, Dover Road, RD ADS 4, New Plymouth. Phone 24-132 are happy to answer queries. Box 2312, Tauranga.

F.1. NEW ZEALAND SCULPTURE WOMEN’S ELECTORAL LOBBY PROJECT CATALOGUE / ^ productN, (N Z ) INC: 64 pages photographs, artists’ state­ (INSULTS) INFORMATION LEAFLET \ T H E MAORIy ments, commentaries of this artist ______^ Available FREE if a stamped self- organised sculpture project which addressed envelope is sent to took place in a disused lemonade Women’s Electoral Lobby Leaflet, factory, Wellington, November 1982. For sheets of 36 stickers in red PO Box 11 -285, Wellington. Includes report of the two day on white as shown (actual size), WEL considers it in all New Zealan­ Women Sculptors’ Seminar. write to “Stickers” PO Box 779, der’s best interests to elect more Now available PO Box 7393, Wel­ Wellington, sending a donation (cost women to Parliament in 1984. Join lington South, Wellington, $10.00 of printing $1.16 a sheet, postage WEL, subscribe to the WEL (NZ) plus postage (NZ). 35c). Newsletter $10pa.

4 References for “Girls" SUBJECTS on pages 33-35. THE WOMENS PLACE

References (Feminist Bookshop) Kennedy. Lesla. A study of the education o f girls in New Zealand, Wellinaton. Dept, of Education. 289 Cuba St, PO Box 19086 1967. WOMEN'S BOOKSHOP Wellington. Ph 851-802 Essential reading on the topic of girls' education: Spender. Dale Invisible women: The schooling 202 High Christchurch scandal, London. W riters and Readers. 1982. (A v­ Hours: 10.30am-5.30pm ailable from Broadsheet.) Weekdays 10 am - 5.30 pm Late Night Fridays, Sat 10 - 1 pm An edited version of Jill Abigail's report, entitled Friday 9 pm Ph 790-784 Secondary school influences on the training and RECORDS — BOOKS — POSTERS career aspirations of girls, is available from the Voc­ Feminist, lesbian-teminist — ational Training Council. Box 11361. Wellington, at theory, novels, health, poetry... CARDS — MAGAZINES a cost of $5. BADGES - T-SHIRTS Those wishing to see the original, uncut report can BOOKS. MAGAZINES, POSTERS. contact Jill Abigail c/o 79 Cambria St. Nelson. RECORDS. CARDS, JEWELLERS.. STAINED GLASS — JEWELLERY

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48 Broadsheet, March 1984 TWO NEW TITLES FROM PLUTO PRESS ... WOMEN AND MALE VIOLENCE: VISIONS AND STRUGGLES Susan Schechter ALEXANDRA TAVERN An activist in the American movement in support of Cnr Federal & Kingston Streets battered women, Susan Schechter gives an inspiring account of its growth, together with a theoretical reflection on the causes of male violence. In the best tradition of feminist writing she blends stories, inter­ LUNCHES Monday — Friday views and first hand experience to demand permanent changes in the conditions of women's lives. MEALS available Wednesday, Thursday Friday T Price $18.50 evenings. THE SEXUAL DYNAMICS OF HISTORY Marinated steaks for you to cook in our barbecue area. ^ London Feminist History Group We cater for private functions and offer a wide range ( The authors argue that there is a distinction to be from finger foods to full meals made between ‘women’s history’ and a feminist approach. The articles link the past with the present, WOMEN’S NIGHT Wednesdays Different musicians covering issues such as women’s emigration, the fight each week for free legal abortion in the 1930’s, rape and seduction in the 19th Century, the invention of the concept of ‘the LIVE MUSIC in big bar Wednesday & Thursday frigid woman’. evenings, Saturday afternoon and evening THE SEXUAL DYNAMICS OF HISTORY presents feminist historical work as inseparable from an active politics for today. It gives advice on how to go about LUNCHTIME CONCERTS Wednesdays, Thurdays & historical research for women who wish to take up Fridays with this challenge. HATTIE — CLARE BEAR — HILS Price $18.50 AVAILABLE FROM ALL GOOD BOOKSELLERS Distributed in New Zealand by Elaine Timperley, 3 ^ Proprietor Benton Ross Phone 732-376, Auckland Publishers I imiletl P.O. Box 33-055, Takapuna 491-357 PANDORA PRESS A NEW WOMEN’S PRESS WITH A BOXFUL OF ORIGINAL THOUGHT PROVOKING BOOKS WOMEN’S IDEAS ARE IN DEMAND MY COUNTRY IS THE WHOLE WORLD Cambridge Women’s Peace Collective An anthology of women’s resistance to wars made by men — diaries, poems, photos — from 600BC to the present. $11.95 STONE, PAPER, KNIFE THE DORA Poems by Marge Piercy These poems explore old and new RUSSELL READER relationships and women’s efforts to Dora Russell’s writings from ‘bear hope’ into a world threatened 1925 — 82 on education, by war. $11.95 contraception and peace. $10.95 AVAILABLE NOW FROM BROADSHEET & ALL GOOD BOOKSHOPS NZ AGENTS: BOOK REPS, P0 BOX 36105, AUCKLAND 9. BRAV