Morse Code and Its Legacy 1. Introduction the Human Need to Communicate Across Space and Time Has Driven Language Development
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The Army Amateur Radio System: 1925-1941
The Army Amateur Radio System: 1925-1941 A Monograph by Major Scott B. Hedberg United States Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas AY 2010 Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited SCHOOL OF ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES MONOGRAPH APPROVAL Major Scott B. Hedberg Title of Monograph: The Army Amateur Radio System: 1925-1941 Approved by: __________________________________ Monograph Director Dan Fullerton, Ph.D. __________________________________ Monograph Reader Michael A. Hochwart, Col., German Army ___________________________________ Director, Stefan Banach, CL, IN School of Advanced Military Studies ___________________________________ Director, Robert F. Baumann, Ph.D. Graduate Degree Programs Disclaimer: Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author, and do not represent the views of the US Army School of Advanced Military Studies, the US Army Command and General Staff College, the United States Army, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited. 1 Abstract THE ARMY AMATEUR RADIO SYSTEM: 1925-1941 by MAJOR Scott B. Hedberg, United States Army, 78 pages. This monograph conducts a historical study of the Army Amateur Radio System, the predecessor to the Military Auxiliary Radio System (MARS). MARS is primarily known for its performance during the Vietnam conflict in providing morale communications for US service personnel. In 2009, the Department of Defense changed the MARS mission to support homeland security functions by using MARS to provide backup emergency communications to local, state, and federal authorities. Viewed as a new direction for MARS, the responsibility of providing emergency communications is the same mission that was ably conducted by the Army Amateur Radio System prior to the United States entry into World War II. -
Battle Management Language: History, Employment and NATO Technical Activities
Battle Management Language: History, Employment and NATO Technical Activities Mr. Kevin Galvin Quintec Mountbatten House, Basing View, Basingstoke Hampshire, RG21 4HJ UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper is one of a coordinated set prepared for a NATO Modelling and Simulation Group Lecture Series in Command and Control – Simulation Interoperability (C2SIM). This paper provides an introduction to the concept and historical use and employment of Battle Management Language as they have developed, and the technical activities that were started to achieve interoperability between digitised command and control and simulation systems. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper provides a background to the historical employment and implementation of Battle Management Languages (BML) and the challenges that face the military forces today as they deploy digitised C2 systems and have increasingly used simulation tools to both stimulate the training of commanders and their staffs at all echelons of command. The specific areas covered within this section include the following: • The current problem space. • Historical background to the development and employment of Battle Management Languages (BML) as technology evolved to communicate within military organisations. • The challenges that NATO and nations face in C2SIM interoperation. • Strategy and Policy Statements on interoperability between C2 and simulation systems. • NATO technical activities that have been instigated to examine C2Sim interoperation. 2.0 CURRENT PROBLEM SPACE “Linking sensors, decision makers and weapon systems so that information can be translated into synchronised and overwhelming military effect at optimum tempo” (Lt Gen Sir Robert Fulton, Deputy Chief of Defence Staff, 29th May 2002) Although General Fulton made that statement in 2002 at a time when the concept of network enabled operations was being formulated by the UK and within other nations, the requirement remains extant. -
Atp 6-02.45 Techniques for Tactical Signal Support To
ATP 6-02.45 TECHNIQUES FOR TACTICAL SIGNAL SUPPORT TO THEATER OPERATIONS NOVEMBER 2019 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes FMI 6-02.45, dated 5 July 2007. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil/), and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard). *ATP 6-02.45 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 6-02.45 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 07 November 2019 Techniques for Tactical Signal Support to Theater Operations Contents Page PREFACE.................................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................... 1-1 The Information Environment .................................................................................... 1-1 The Tactical Network ................................................................................................. 1-3 Chapter 2 ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS TACTICAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE .............. 2-1 Section I –Network Architecture and Transport Capabilities ............................. 2-1 Colorless Core Architecture....................................................................................... 2-1 Network Transport Capabilities -
Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature
At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role. -
Boku in Edo Epistolary Texts
Boku in Edo Epistolary Texts KATSUE AKIBA REYNOLDS The change from the feudal period to the modern via the Meiji Restoration was certainly one of the most turbulent and complex in the history of Japan and many details of the change remain unexplained. In the process of such a fundamental social change, language inevitably plays a crucial role in forming and accommodating new meanings and new ideologies. This essay is about boku, a first person pronoun or self-reference form for males. It ar.peared rather abruptly in Japanese around the time of the MeiJi Restoration and it lias quickly become one of the major male first person pronouns. Although it is apparently of a Chinese origin, its history as a Japanese word is not necessarily clear. How and why did it come into being in Japanese at the time when it did? I have examined some texts from the Edo period in an attempt to bring to light the early history of boku in Japanese. Bringing various linguistic, sociological and historical facts together, it becomes possible to see the way boku entered Japanese. Spread of the use of boku began in personal letters exchanged among a close circle of samurai scholars-forerunners of modern intellectuals. Self in Feudal Society That Japanese has several variants of self-reference is well known. Where an English speaker uses 'I' regardless of his/her social status, class, age, gender, etc., for example, a Japanese speaker would have to choose an appropriate form from a set of first person pronouns including watakushi, watashi, boku, and ore. -
SOUNDS of MORSE CODE (Version 2) NUMERALS (10)
SOUNDS OF MORSE CODE (Version 2) NUMERALS (10) Using dots and dashes to represent the sounds of 1 di-DAH-DAH-DAH-DAH Morse code is HIGHLY discouraged. 2 di-di-DAH-DAH-DAH Morse code is a language of SOUND, and by 3 di-di-di-DAH-DAH converting SOUND into dots and dashes, THEN 4 di-di-di-di-DAH converting dots and dashes into the letter the 5 di-di-di-di-dit SOUND represents WILL shoot you in the foot when you try to pick up speed. You can count on it. 6 DAH-di-di-di-dit (Continued next page...) 7 DAH- DAH-di-di-dit 8 DAH- DAH- DAH-di-dit FCC 43 CHARACTERS: 9 DAH-DAH-DAH-DAH-dit LETTERS (26) 0 DAH-DAH-DAH-DAH-DAH A di-DAH PUNCTUATION & PROCEDURALS (7) B DAH-di-di-dit C DAH-di-DAH-dit BT DAH-di-di-di-DAH = (Note 1) D DAH-di-dit ? di-di-DAH-DAH-di-dit E dit / DAH-di-di-DAH-dit F di-di-DAH-dit , DAH-DAH-di-di-DAH-DAH G DAH-DAH-dit . di-DAH-di-DAH-di-DAH H di-di-di-dit AR di-DAH-di-DAH-dit + (N0te 2) I di-dit SK di-di-di-DAH-di-DAH (Note 3) J di-DAH-DAH-DAH K DAH-di-DAH PROSIGNS NEEDED FOR GOOD CW OPERATING, NOT IN THE FCC 43 L di-DAH-di-dit M DAH-DAH BK DAH-di-di-di-DAH-di-DAH (Note 4) N DAH-dit KN DAH-di-DAH-DAH-dit (Note 5) O DAH-DAH-DAH AS di-DAH-di-di-dit (Note 6) P di-DAH-DAH-dit @ di-DAH-DAH-di-DAH-dit (Note 7) Q DAH-DAH-di-DAH error di-di-di-di-di-di-di-dit (Note 8) R di-DAH-dit NOTES S di-di-dit T DAH 1. -
Early Forms of Long-Distance Communication
EARLY FORMS OF LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATION In this material, you will learn about Telegraphy, Telephone and GSM architecture Before the development of the electric telegraph in the 19th century revolutionized how information was transmitted across long distances, ancient civilizations such as those in China, Egypt and Greece used drumbeats or smoke signals to exchange information between far-flung points. However, such methods were limited by the weather and the need for an uninterrupted line of sight between receptor points. These limitations also lessened the effectiveness of the semaphore, a modern precursor to the electric telegraph. Developed in the early 1790s, the semaphore consisted of a series of hilltop stations that each had large movable arms to signal letters and numbers and two telescopes with which to see the other stations. Like ancient smoke signals, the semaphore was susceptible to weather and other factors that hindered visibility. A different method of transmitting information was needed to make regular and reliable long-distance communication workable. Did You Know? SOS, the internationally recognized distress signal, does not stand for any particular words. Instead, the letters were chosen because they are easy to transmit in Morse code: "S" is three dots, and "O" is three dashes. The Electric Telegraph In the early 19th century, two developments in the field of electricity opened the door to the production of the electric telegraph. First, in 1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented the battery, which reliably stored an electric current and allowed the current to be used in a controlled environment. Second, in 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) demonstrated the connection between electricity and magnetism by deflecting a magnetic needle with an electric current. -
Morse Code (Edited from Wikipedia)
Morse Code (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. It is named for Samuel F. B. Morse, an inventor of the telegraph. The International Morse Code encodes the ISO basic Latin alphabet, some extra Latin letters, the Arabic numerals and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (prosigns) as standardized sequences of short and long signals called "dots" and "dashes", or "dits" and "dahs", as in amateur radio practice. Because many non-English natural languages use more than the 26 Roman letters, extensions to the Morse alphabet exist for those languages. Each Morse code symbol represents either a text character (letter or numeral) or a prosign and is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes. The duration of a dash is three times the duration of a dot. Each dot or dash is followed by a short silence, equal to the dot duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space equal to three dots (one dash), and the words are separated by a space equal to seven dots. The dot duration is the basic unit of time measurement in code transmission. To increase the speed of the communication, the code was designed so that the length of each character in Morse is shorter the more frequently it is used in the language. Thus the most common letter in English, the letter "E", has the shortest code, a single dot. -
Inter-Island Communications
SOUTH CHINA SEA MILITARY CAPABILITY SERIES A Survey of Technologies and Capabilities on China’s Military Outposts in the South China Sea INTER-ISLAND COMMUNICATIONS J. Michael Dahm INTER-ISLAND COMMUNICATIONS J. Michael Dahm Copyright © 2020 The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. All Rights Reserved. This study contains the best opinion of the author based on publicly available, open- source information at time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the assessments or opinions of APL sponsors. The author is responsible for all analysis and annotations of satellite images contained in this report. Satellite images are published under license from Maxar Technologies/DigitalGlobe, Inc., which retains copyrights to the original images. Satellite images in this report may not be reproduced without the express permission of JHU/APL and Maxar Technologies/DigitalGlobe, Inc. See Appendix A for notes on sources and analytic methods. NSAD-R-20-048 July 2020 Inter-Island Communicaitons Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Troposcatter Communications, 散射通信 ..................................................................... 2 VHF/UHF and Other Line-of-Sight Communications ...................................................... 6 4G Cellular Communications ........................................................................................ 7 Airborne Communications Layer ................................................................................. -
Mnlilslffislßl SIGNAL BOOK UNITED STATES ARMY
Uifh '^r MnlilSlffiSlßl SIGNAL BOOK UNITED STATES ARMY v 1916 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 NOV 0 8 1988 WAR DEPARTMENT Document No. 500 Office ofthe Chief Sijnal Officer ADDITIONALCOPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE•SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE "WASHINGTON,D. C. AT 20 CENTS PER COPY V War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff. > Washington, April15, 1916. The followingSignal Book, prepared by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army,is approved and herewith issued for the information and government of the Regular Army and the Organized Militia of the United States. It supersedes Signal Book, United States Army, 1914, and its provisions willbe strictly observed throughout the service. order of the Secretary of War: H.L. Scott, Major General, Chief ofStaff. 3 CONTENTS. Page. Part I. General Instructions for Army Signaling 7 11. The American Morse Code 9 111. The International Morse or General Service Code. \u25a0 12 IV. Visual Signaling ingeneral 15 V. Visual Signaling by Flag, Torch, Hand Lan tern, or Beam of Searchlight (without shut ter) 17 VI. Signaling with Heliograph, Flash Lantern, or Searchlight (with shutter) 18 VII.The Ardois System 19 VIII.Signaling by Two-ArmSemaphore . 21 Stationary Semaphore 21 Hand Flags withTwo-ArmSemaphore Code. 21 IX.Letter Codes: Infantry .' 23 Cavalry. 24 Field Artillery ..... 24 Coast Artillery , 26 X. Conventional and Preconcerted Signals with Rockets, Bombs, Small Arms, Guns, Coston Lights, Very Pistols, etc 2828 XI.Flag Signals by Permanent Hoist. 31 XII.Conventional Telephone Signals 33 XIII.Emergency Signals '.. 34 XIV.Additional and Improvised Codes. 38 XV. -
Morse Code [10Pt] History
Morse code History 2013-June-11 Code pre-Morse Polybius, Greek historian from 150 BC, sent messages with torches, with numbers standing for letters. 1 2 3 4 5 1 ABCDE 2 F G H I,J K 3 LMNOP 4 QRSTU 5 VWXYZ that tied together to make national networks. Invention of telegraph In the Napoleanic wars both the French and the British set up towers Invention of telegraph In the Napoleanic wars both the French and the British set up towers that tied together to make national networks. Heartbroken to know that for days he was unaware of his wife's failing health and her lonely death he first began to think about how to do rapid long distance communication. The code as part of the telegraph: Morse Samuel Morse was a well-known painter. S F B Morse 1791-1872 In 1825 he was asked to paint the Marquis de Lafayette in Washington DC. Mid-way through he got a note that his wife was ill. He hurried home to CT, but was too late. The code as part of the telegraph: Morse Samuel Morse was a well-known painter. S F B Morse 1791-1872 In 1825 he was asked to paint the Marquis de Lafayette in Washington DC. Mid-way through he got a note that his wife was ill. He hurried home to CT, but was too late. Heartbroken to know that for days he was unaware of his wife's failing health and her lonely death he first began to think about how to do rapid long distance communication. -
JP 6-0, Joint Communications System, 10 June 2015
Joint Publication 6-0 T OF EN TH W E I S E' L L M H D T E F T E N A R D R A M P Y E • D • U A N C I I T R E E D M S A T F AT E S O Joint Communications System 10 June 2015 Incorporating Change 1 04 October 2019 PREFACE 1. Scope a. This publication is the keystone document for the communications system series of publications. It provides fundamental principles and guidance to plan, execute, and assess communications system support to joint operations. b. An array of information, underpinned by joint doctrine, is utilized to employ combat power across the range of military operations. The communications system provides the means to synchronize joint forces. c. Reliable, secure, and synchronized information sharing among joint forces, multinational forces, and with non-Department of Defense agencies is essential for effective command and control in today’s network-enabled environment. Information systems and networks provide the means to send, receive, share, and utilize information. The synthesis of advanced communications system capabilities and sound doctrine leads to information superiority, which is essential to success in all military operations. 2. Purpose This publication is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) official advice concerning communications in joint operations and provides considerations for military interaction with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, multinational forces, and other interorganizational partners. It does not restrict the authority of the joint force commander (JFC) from organizing forces and executing the mission in a manner deemed most appropriate to ensure unity of effort.