Promoters, Planters, and Pioneers: the Course and Context of Belgian Settlement in Western Canada
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University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2011 Promoters, planters, and pioneers: the course and context of Belgian settlement in Western Canada Jaenen, Cornelius J. University of Calgary Press Jaenen, Cornelius J., "Promoters, planters, and pioneers: the course and context of Belgian settlement in Western Canada". Series: The West series 4, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/48650 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com PROMOTERS, PLANTERS, AND PIONEERS: THE COURSE AND CONTEXT OF BELGIAN SETTLEMENT IN WESTERN CANADA by Cornelius J. Jaenen ISBN 978-1-55238-570-8 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. 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Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org/content/view/17/33/ • PROMOTERS,PROMOTERS, PLANTERS,PLANTERS, ANDAND PIONEERSPIONEERS The Course and Context of Belgian Settlement in Western Canada CORNELIUS J. JAENEN PROMOTERS, PLANTERS, AND PIONEERS THE WEST seRIes Aritha van Herk, Series Editor ISSN 1922-6519 This series focuses on creative non-fiction that explores our sense of place in the West - how we define ourselves as Westerners and what impact we have on the world around us. Essays, biographies, memoirs, and insights into Western Canadian life and experience are highlighted. No. 1 ∙ Looking Back: Canadian Women’s Prairie Memoirs and Intersections of Culture, History, and Identity S. Leigh Matthews No. 2 ∙ Catch the Gleam: Mount Royal, From College to University, 1910–2009 Donald N. Baker No. 3 ∙ Always an Adventure: An Autobiography Hugh A. Dempsey No. 4 ∙ Promoters, Planters, and Pioneers: The Course and Context of Belgian Settlement in Western Canada Cornelius J. Jaenen • PROMOTERS,PROMOTERS, PLANTERS,PLANTERS, • ANDAND PIONEERSPIONEERS The Course and Context of Belgian Settlement in Western Canada CORNELIUS J. JAENEN the West Series issn 1922-6519 © 2011 Cornelius J. Jaenen University of Calgary Press 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4 www.uofcpress.com Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Jaenen, Cornelius J., 1927- Promoters, planters, and pioneers [electronic resource] : the course and context of Belgian settlement in Western Canada / Cornelius J. Jaenen. (The West series, 1922-587X ; 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. Electronic document issued in PDF format. Also issued in print format. ISBN 978-1-55238-495-4.—ISBN 978-1-55238-570-8 1. Belgians—Canada, Western—History. 2. Belgian Canadians—Canada, Western—History. 3. Immigrants—Canada, Western—History. 4. Canada, Western— Emigration and immigration. 5. Belgium—Emigration and immigration. I. Title. II. Series: West series (Calgary, Alta. : Online) ; 4 FC106.B2J33 2011b 971.2’0043932 C2011-902289-3 The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Alberta Foundation for the Arts for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction vii I: The View from Belgium 1 II: The Promise and Challenge of the West 29 III: The Manitoba Base 63 IV: Westward onto the Prairies 95 V: To the Foothills of Alberta 121 VI: The Mining Frontier and Pacific Rim 147 VII: Language, Religion, and Education 183 VIII: Economic, Political and Military Activity 209 IX: Ethnicity and Culture 235 Conclusion 263 Appendix 269 Notes 273 Bibliography 309 Index 337 Winnipeg Transcona St. Boniface Fort Garry Lorrette Ste. Anne des Chênes St. Claude Haywood St. Vital Niverville Oak Lake Holland La Broquerie Otterburne Cypress River Notre Dame St. Pierre-Jolys Deleau de Lourdes Grande Bruxelles St. Malo Clairiène Hartney St. Alphonse St. Leon ALBERTA Mariapolis Medora Deloraine Swan Lake Somerset Peace River Goodlands Girouxville Falher Grande Prairie Bonnyville SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA Morinville St. Paul St. Albert Edmonton Wetaskiwin Camrose Prince Albert Red Deer Sylvan Lake St. Brieux Castor Prud’homme Saskatoon Watson Cochrane Drumheller Toutes Aides Strathmore Ste. Rose-du-Lac Calgary Davidson Yorkton Ste. Amélie Esterhazy Laurier Coaldale Swift Moose Jaw Regina Winnipeg Crowsnest Pass Blairmore Current Gravelbourg Yellow Grass Bellegarde Fernie Lethbridge Cadillac Hillcrest Maple Weyburn Manor Raymond Creek Assiniboia Ferland Radville Roche Willow Bunch Gladmar Estevan Percee INTRODUCTION L’oubli de ses origines ou l’ignorance de ses traditions repré- sente pour toute société un appauvrissement regrettable. Mais une mémoire vivante enracinée solidement dans une histoire pleinement appréciée enrichit notablement la culture d’un peuple. Le rappel de ses expériences historiques établit son iden- tité, clarifie sa vision, et assure la vitalité de ses projets d’avenir. – Remi J. De Roo, Bishop of Victoria, 1987. The motivation for writing about the Belgian experience in Western Canada is identified with a number of factors. A project conceived in the cadre of the Generation Series of Canadian ethnic histories, as a collabor- ative work with Professor André Vermeirre of the Université de Montréal, proved to be stillborn. When I returned to the project, encouraged by some colleagues and diplomats following an international colloquium on the Belgian Presence in Canada at the University of Ottawa in October 1999, I came to realize the deep attachment I had to such an undertaking. First, I am the child of Belgian immigrants – a Flemish father and a Walloon mother – and all my grandparents came to Saskatchewan after World War I. In fact, at one point I held a Belgian passport that also meant that I was subject to military service in the land of my ancestors. As a young child, I spoke French, Flemish, and a Walloon dialect. According to my extended family, I was somewhat of a Belgian nationalist, although I am uncertain of the nature of such a designation in my pre-school years. A second influence was the public school where I learned English, the language in which I now write most effectively. That one-room country school, taught by highly skilled and dedicated teachers who could man- age eight grades of more than thirty pupils, was designed as more than a place of learning. It was an experiment in acculturation and socialization, intended to “civilize and Christianize” immigrant children, as I learn- ed much later in university. The curriculum, with its varied extra-cur- ricular activities, patriotic exercises and community activities, followed the precepts set out by J.T.M. Anderson (teacher/inspector/Minister of Education/Premier) in his The Education of the New Canadian (1919). This process, designed to cleanse me of traits and habits of Belgianness and Catholicism that did not coincide with the anglo-celtic model, failed to take into account the strength of counter-educational forces. My family, for example, did not feel inferior culturally or socially to the dominant group, and in some respects harboured some attitudes of superiority. Thus, an important emotional attachment to my ancestral roots remained while feeling quite integrated into the community. These resurfaced decades later when the present project began to take shape.