DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of European Cereal Frequency Change During the Iron Age and Roman Periods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of European Cereal Frequency Change During the Iron Age and Roman Periods A Study Of European Cereal Frequency Change During The Iron Age And Roman Periods Tim Mills Volume One Text Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield December, 2006 To my parents on the occasion of their Golden Wedding Anniversary Contents VOL I Text Acknowledgements Abstract List of abbreviations used in the text Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The problem and its research history 1 1.1.1 The classic models 2 1.1.2 Genetic suppositions 3 1.1.3 Regional archaobotanical Qattems and QroQQsitions 4 1.1.3.1 Germany 4 1.1.3.2 The Netherlands 5 1.1.3.3 Britain 6 1.1.3.4 France 7 1.1.3.5 Italy and Greece 8 1.2 The overview 8 1.3 Project aims and objectives 9 Chapter 2 Methods 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 The archaeobotanical data 12 2.2.1 Constructing the database 12 2.2.1.1 Sources of data 12 2.2.1.2 Sample eligibility criteria 12 2.2.1.3 The variables recorded 14 2.2.1.4 Standardising the data 15 2.2.2 Data analysis 17 2.2.2.1 Correspondence analysis 17 2.2.2.2 Chronological framework 17 2.3 Interpretation 18 2.3.1 The socio-economic context 18 2.3.2 Agronomic data 19 2.3.3 Ancient textual data 19 2.3.3.1 Constructing the literary database 19 2.3.3.1.1 The principal authors 20 2.3.3.1.2 The editions utilised 21 2.3.3.1.3 Recording the data 22 2.3.3.2 Interpreting the meaning of the passages 22 2.3.3.2.1 Establishing equivalence between epithets and the archaeobotanical taxa 22 2.3.3.2.2 Properties and merits 22 Chapter 3 Archaeobotanical Results 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 The British Dataset 25 3.2.1 Sites and samples 25 3.2.2 Species and plant parts 25 3.2.3 Changes from the Iron Age to the Roman period 26 3.2.4 Changes within the Iron Age and Roman periods 26 3.2.5 Geographic differences 27 3.3 The German Dataset 27 3.3.1 Sites and samples 27 3.3.2 Species and plant parts 28 3.3.3 Changes from the Iron Ag~ to th~ Roman period 28 3.3 4 Changes within the Iron Age and Roman periods 29 3.3.5 Geographic differences 29 3.4 ~he Fre';ch dataset 30 I 3.4.1 Sites and samples 30 3.4.2 Species and plant parts 30 3.4.3 Changes from the Iron Age to the Roman period 31 3.4 4 Changes within th~ IrQn Ag~ and RQrnan periods 31 3.5 The Dutch Dataset 32 3.5.1 Sites and samples 32 3.5.2 S~cies and plant parts 32 3.5.3 Changes from the Iron Age to the Roman period 32 3.5 4 Changes within the Iron Age and Roman periods 33 3.6 The Swiss Dataset 33 3.6.1 Sites and samples 33 3.6.2 S~cies and plant parts 34 3.6.3 Changes from the Iron Age to the Roman period 34 3.64 Changes within the Iron Ag~ and Roman p~riods 34 3.7 The Italian Dataset 35 3.7.1 Sites and samples 35 3.7.2 Species and plant parts 35 3.7.3 Changes from the Iron Age to the Roman period 35 3.74 Changes within the Iron Age and Roman periods 36 3.8 The Greek dataset 36 3.8.1 Sites and samples 36 3.8.2 Species and plant parts 37 3.8.3 Changes from the Iron Age to the Roman period 37 3.84 Changes within the Iron Age and Roman periods 37 3.9 Summary 37 3.9.1 General observations with respect to each region 37 3.9.1.1 Britain 37 3.9.1.2 Germany 38 3.9.1.3 France 38 '3.9.1.4 The Netherlands 38 3.9.1.5 Switzerland 38 3.9.1.6 Italy 39 3.9.1.7 Greece 39 3.9.2 Some general observations with respect to the Iron Age and Roman Periods 39 Chapter 4 Agro-ecological factors 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 The agro-ecological context of the study area today 41 4.3 Implications for cereal frequencies 44 Chapter 5 Integrating archaeological evidence 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Regional overviews 45 5.2.1 The gradual adoption of iron (c. 1100-800 BC) 45 5.2.1.1 Greece 46 5.2.1.2 The Urnfields of central Europe 47 5.2.1.3 The Alps 48 5.2.1.4 Italy 48 5.2.1.5 The Low Countries 50 5.2.1.6 Britain 50 5.2.2 Eastern influences and regionalism (c. 800-600 BC) 51 5.2.2.1 The Mediterranean 51 5.2.2.2 Hallstatt C Central Europe 52 5.2.2.3 France and the Low Countries 53 5.2.2.4 Switzerland 54 5.2.2.5 Britain 55 5.2.3 The e2mansion of trade (c. 600-450 BC) 56 5.2.3.1 The Mediterranean 56 5.2.3.2 Central Europe (Hallstatt D) 57 5.2.3.3 Proto-Germanic areas north of the Rhine 59 5.2.3.4 The Atlantic margin 59 5.2.4 Convergence between Mediterranean and EuroQean worlds (450-250 BC) 60 5.2.4.1 The Mediterranean 60 5.2.4.2 Europe 62 5.2.5 The rise of Rome as a world QQwer(250-50 BC) 64 5.2.5.1 The Roman conquest of the Greek peninsula 67 5.2.5.2 Transalpine Gauls 68 5.2.5.3 Germans 69 5.2.5.4 Alpine communities 70 5.2.5.5 Britons 70 5.2.6 High EmQire and Romanization (50 BC-AD 250) 71 5.2.6.1 Italy 73 5.2.6.2 Greece 74 5.2.6.3 Gaul 75 5.2.6.4 Germania 77 5.2.6.5 Britain 79 5.2.7 Crisis and decline (AD 250-AD 450) 81 5.2.7.1 Gaul 82 5.2.7.2 Germania 83 5.2.7.3 Britain 84 5.3 Implications for cereal frequencies 86 5.3.1 The ke): develoQments during the Iron Age Qeriod 86 5.3.2 Th~ ke): d!.'lv~loQmen~during the Roman Q!.'lriod 87 5.3.3 Regional variations in the ke): changes 88 5.3.4 CroQ choices under shifting socio-economic circumstances 89 5.3.4.1 Subsistence farming 89 5.3.4.2 Market farming 90 5.3.4.3 Technologically enabled farming 90 5.3.4.4 The need to expand production 91 Chapter 6 An overview of the taxa 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Oat 93 6.2.1 Classification 93 6.2.2 Evolution and early history 93 6.2.3 General description 94 6.2.4 Current distribution and ~gro-ecological preference 95 6.3 Rye 95 6.3.1 Classification 95 6.3.2 Evolution and early history 96 6.3.3 General description 96 6.3.4 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 97 6.4 Barley 97 6.4.1 Classification 97 6.4.2 Evolution and early history 98 6.4.3 General description 98 6.4.4 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 99 6.5 Wheat 100 6.5.1 Classification 100 6.5.2 Einkom 102 6.5.2.1 Evolution and early history 102 6.5.2.2 General description 102 6.5.2.3 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 103 6.5.3 Emmer 103 6.5.3.1 Evolution and early history 103 6.5.3.2 General description 103 6.5.3.3 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 104 6.5.4 Durum 105 6.5.4.1 Evolution and early history 105 6.5.4.2 General description 105 6.5.4.3 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 106 6.5.5 SW! 106 6.5.5.1 Evolution and early history 106 6.5.5.2 General description 108 6.5.5.3 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 108 5.5.6 Bread wheat 109 6.5.6.1 Evolution and early history 109 6.5.6.2 General description 110 6.5.6.3 Current distribution and agro-ecological preference 111 6.6 Implications for cereal frequencies 112 6.6.1 Possible imQlications for genera freguencies 112 6.6.2 Possible imQlications for wheat sQeCiesfreguencies 113 Chapter 7 Integrating modern agronomic evidence 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 The production process 115 7.2.1 Farming system 115 7.2.2 CroQping system 116 7.2.3 Seed Qroduction system 117 7.2.4 Agronomic method 118 7.2.5 CroQ monitoring system 119 7.2.6 Methods of Qr!maration for consumQtion 120 7.2.6.1 Milling 120 7.2.6.2 Baking 122 7.2.6.3 Fermentation 122 7.2.6.4 Par-boiling 123 7.3 Cereal characteristics relevant to production and consumption 123 7.3.1 Production characters 124 7.3.1.1 Spring or autumn sown growth habit 124 7.3.1.2 Photoperiod 126 7.3.1.3 Winter Hardiness 127 7.3.1.4 Immunity to pests and diseases 129 7.3.1.5 Soil moisture requirement 130 7.3.l.6 Nitrogen requirement 132 7.3.1.7 Tillering 134 7.3.1.8 Lodging resistance 135 7.3.1.9 Grain maturation 136 7.3.1.10 Pre-harvest sprouting resistance 137 7.3.2 Grain characters 138 7.3.2.1 Ear characteristics 138 7.3.2.2 Grain weight and size 139 7.3.2.3 Grain and endosperm hardness 140 7.3.2.4 Dough strength, bread and baked products 141 7.3.2.5 Grain and endosperm colour 143 7.3.2.6 Nutritional quality 144 7.3.2.5 Feed quality 145 7.3.3 Biomass characteristics 146 7.3.3.1 Forage Quality 146 7.3.4.2 Straw 147 7.3.4.3 Thatch quality 149 7.3.4.4 Threshing waste 149 7.4 Implications for cereal frequencies 150 7.4.1 The role of management 150 7.4.2 Relevant characteristics 151 7.4.3 Degrees of difference between th~ taxa 151 Chapter 8 Integrating ancient textual evidence 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 The meaning of the epithets 153 8.2.1 Concepts and criteria for classification 153 8.2.2 The range of variation disclosed by wheat ~ithets 154 8.2.3 Applicable wheat ~ithets 156 8.2.3.1 Place-based epithets (eponyms) 156 8.2.3.2 Homographs 157 8.2.3.3 Epithets linked to morphologically visible traits 158 8.2.3.3.1 Number of grains per-spikelet 158 8.2.3.3.2 Epithets associated with glumes 158 8.2.3.3.3 Epithets associated with the free threshing character 158 8.2.3.3.4 Category nouns 158 8.2.3.3.4.1 Category nouns in Latin 158 8.2.3.3.4.2 An identical schema in Greek? 161 8.2.4 Free threshing and glume wheat Wes 162 8.2.4.1 Fars: Latin glume wheats 162 8.2.4.2 Greek glume wheats 164 8.2.4.3 Triticums: Latin free threshing wheats 165 8.2.4.4 Greek free threshing wheats 167 8.2.5 Chronology 168 8.2.6 Summary 168 8.3 Variables affecting production and use 169 8.3.1 Characteristics relating to cultivation 169 8.3.1.1 Ease of threshing, glume tightness and kernel investment 169 8.3.1.2 Relative performance 171 8.3.1.2.1 Barley 171 8.3.1.2.2 Wheat: Jar 'and 'triticum' 173 8.3.1.2.3 Oat 175 8.3.1.2.4 Rye 176 8.3.1.3 Sowing date and days-to-maturity 176 8.3.2 Characteristics relating to gmin and flour use 179 8.3.2.1 Grain 179 8.3.2.1.1 Weight 179 8.3.2.1.2 Weight vs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IB Process Plant Study Page 2 of 107
    Industrial Biotechnology Process Plant Study March 2015 A report for: The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Innovate UK and The Industrial Biotechnology Leadership Forum (IBLF). Authors: David Turley1, Adrian Higson1, Michael Goldsworthy1, Steve Martin2, David Hough2, Davide De Maio1 1 NNFCC 2 Inspire Biotech Approval for release: Adrian Higson Disclaimer While NNFCC and Inspire biotech considers that the information and opinions given in this work are sound, all parties must rely on their own skill and judgement when making use of it. NNFCC will not assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage arising out of the provision of this report. NNFCC NNFCC is a leading international consultancy with expertise on the conversion of biomass to bioenergy, biofuels and bio-based products. NNFCC, Biocentre, Phone: +44 (0)1904 435182 York Science Park, Fax: +44 (0)1904 435345 Innovation Way, E: [email protected] Heslington, York, Web: www.nnfcc.co.uk YO10 5DG. IB Process Plant Study Page 2 of 107 Acknowledgement NNFCC wishes to acknowledge the input of the many stakeholders who provided information on the pilot scale equipment present in their respective facilities and more specifically the following stakeholders who gave of their time and experience, either in the workshop, or in one-to-one discussions with the project team. We would like to thank all for their valued input. Sohail Ali Plymouth Marine Laboratory Mike Allen Plymouth Marine Laboratory
    [Show full text]
  • VINO E GRANO *The Consumption of Raw Or Undercooked Eggs, Meat, Poultry, Seafood Or Shellfish May Increase Your Risk of Foodborne Illness
    CREATE STEP 1: HOUSE BAKED BREADS STEP 2: HOUSEMADE CONDIMENTS perfect for sharing! BRUSCHETTA ALL OF OUR BREADS ARE MADE FRESH DAILY IN OUR PANETTERIA 1 FOR $3, 2 FOR $5, 4 FOR $9 2 PIECES ON HOUSEMADE PANE RUSTICO YOUR OWN WITH OUR LIEVITO MADRE AND ORGANIC, STONE MILLED FLOURS RICOTTA E MIELE | 11 TONNO E FAGIOLI | 12 MEDITERRANEO OTTO TONDO FARRO POMODORI PEPERONCINO CARCIOFO PESTO DI Local Ricotta with Olive Oil Poached Tuna with Black Truffle Honey Cannellini Beans, Chive & Pickled Red Onion With Soft Wheat and Whole Rye Flours With Soft Wheat Flours With Emmer Flour SEMI-SECCHI CALABRESE Wood-Grilled Artichoke OLIVE NERE BREAD Dip with Extra Virgin GRANO ARSO Sundried Tomato Purée Calabrian Chili Spread Black Olive Tapenade with GAMBERETTI | 14 FEGATINI ALLA TOSCANA | 13 RUSTICO GRANO DURO with Extra Virgin Olive Oil with Extra Virgin Olive Oil Olive Oil Extra Virgin Olive Oil With Soft and Hard Wheat Flours With Durum Wheat Flours With Burned Wild Hive Poached Shrimp with Tarragon Aioli & Free-Range Chicken Liver Pâté with BASKET Special Blend Flour Fresh Grated Horseradish Housemade Giardiniera DALLA SALUMERIA ANTIPASTI PIZZA alla PALA PASTA TRADITIONAL ROMAN-STYLE PIZZA NOT ALL PASTAS ARE CREATED EQUAL. FRITTO DEL GIORNO | MP SALSICCIA E BROCCOLI | 19 THE SECRET IS IN THE GRAIN... SALUMI FORMAGGI See Server for Our Daily Selection pick 3 for $15, 5 for $19 PICK 3 FOR $12, 5 FOR $17 Tomato Sauce, Housemade Mozzarella, Housemade Sweet PAPPARDELLE | 24 made from soft & durum wheat Sausage, Broccolini & Fresno Chili This spicy salami POLPO | 17 Housemade Egg Pappardelle with Braised Creekstone Farm’s Brisket SPECK spread is made with PARMIGIANO REGGIANO DOP Recla | Alto-Adige Aged 12-14 months | Emilia-Romagna | Cow | Raw Charred Octopus, Marinated Gigante Beans, Frisée & Ragù, Parmigiano Reggiano DOP®, Pecorino Romano, Butter Calabrese peppers and MELANZANE E ‘NDUJA | 20 Charred Grapefruit Vinaigrette Tomato Sauce, Mozzarella di Bufala Campana DOP, Spicy & Parsley ‘NDUJA smoked paprika.
    [Show full text]
  • KAMUT® Brand Khorasan Wheat Whole Grain US Senator For
    The Ancient Grain for Modern Life—Our mission is to promote organic agriculture and support organic farmers, to increase diversity of crops and diets and to protect the heritage of a high quality, delicious an- January 2013 cient grain for the benefit of this and future generations. Eat the Whole Thing: KAMUT® Brand Khorasan Wheat Whole Grain UPCOMING Whole grains are an important and tasty way of including complex carbohydrates in a healthy EVENTS diet. Depending on your age, health, weight, and activity level, the USDA recommends that Americans consume at least three portions, from 1.5 ounces (young children) to 8 ounces (older 20 – 22 January boys and young adult men) of grains a day, and that more than half of those grains should be 2013* - National As- whole grains. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines “whole grain to include cere- sociation for the Spe- al grains that consist of the intact, ground, cracked or flaked fruit of the grains whose principal cialty Food Trade, components -- the starchy endosperm, germ and bran -- are present in the same relative propor- Fancy Food Show, San tions as they exist in the intact grain.” Francisco, CA, USA Each part of the grain is healthful, but consuming them “whole” provides all of the benefits work- ing together. The FDA recognizes that whole grains provide energy and provide reduced risk for 25 January 2013 – disease including bowl disorders, cancer, heart disease and high cholesterol, stroke, high blood Annual KAMUT® Grower’s Dinner, Re- pressure, obesity and Type 2 diabetes. gina, SK, Canada In order to help you find good whole grain products, a lot of packaging includes the helpful term “whole grain” on the front or even better includes Whole Grains Council stamps.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Identities       
    Local Identities Editorial board: Prof. dr. E.M. Moormann Prof. dr.W.Roebroeks Prof. dr. N. Roymans Prof. dr. F.Theuws Other titles in the series: N. Roymans (ed.) From the Sword to the Plough Three Studies on the Earliest Romanisation of Northern Gaul ISBN 90 5356 237 0 T. Derks Gods,Temples and Ritual Practices The Transformation of Religious Ideas and Values in Roman Gaul ISBN 90 5356 254 0 A.Verhoeven Middeleeuws gebruiksaardewerk in Nederland (8e – 13e eeuw) ISBN 90 5356 267 2 N. Roymans / F.Theuws (eds) Land and Ancestors Cultural Dynamics in the Urnfield Period and the Middle Ages in the Southern Netherlands ISBN 90 5356 278 8 J. Bazelmans By Weapons made Worthy Lords, Retainers and Their Relationship in Beowulf ISBN 90 5356 325 3 R. Corbey / W.Roebroeks (eds) Studying Human Origins Disciplinary History and Epistemology ISBN 90 5356 464 0 M. Diepeveen-Jansen People, Ideas and Goods New Perspectives on ‘Celtic barbarians’ in Western and Central Europe (500-250 BC) ISBN 90 5356 481 0 G. J. van Wijngaarden Use and Appreciation of Mycenean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (ca. 1600-1200 BC) The Significance of Context ISBN 90 5356 482 9 Local Identities - - This publication was funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). This book meets the requirements of ISO 9706: 1994, Information and documentation – Paper for documents – Requirements for permanence. English corrected by Annette Visser,Wellington, New Zealand Cover illustration: Reconstructed Iron Age farmhouse, Prehistorisch
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeo-Ecological and Archaeological Analysis of Two Dutch Celtic Fields
    University of Groningen Palaeo-ecological and archaeological analysis of two Dutch Celtic fields (Zeijen-Noordse Veld and Wekerom-Lunteren): solving the puzzle of local Celtic field bank formation Arnoldussen, Stijn; Linden, Marjolein van der Published in: Vegetation History and Archaeobotany DOI: 10.1007/s00334-017-0625-z IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Arnoldussen, S., & Linden, M. V. D. (2017). Palaeo-ecological and archaeological analysis of two Dutch Celtic fields (Zeijen-Noordse Veld and Wekerom-Lunteren): solving the puzzle of local Celtic field bank formation. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 26(6), 551-570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017- 0625-z Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Appraisal Scoping Report (PDF 2.1MB)
    Contents Section 1 Introduction 1.1 Requirement for SA and SEA 4 1.2 City Plan Part 2 6 1.3 Purpose of the SA Scoping Report 6 1.4 SEA Regulations Requirements 7 1.4 Layout of the Scoping Report 8 Section 2 Consultation 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Consultation Questions 10 2.3 How to Comment 11 Section 3 Topic Chapters 3.0 Introduction 12 3.1 Biodiversity & Geodiversity 13 3.2 Water Quality and Resources 25 3.3 Soil, Waste and Land Resources 33 3.4 Air Quality and Transportation 41 3.5 Climate Change and Flooding 59 3.6 Cultural Heritage, Landscape and Open Space 71 3.7 Population, Human Health & Inequalities 87 3.8 Housing & Community 106 3.9 Local Economy, Employment, Skills and Education 120 Section 4 SA Framework & Methodology 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 SA Framework – Policies 140 4.3 Methodology 144 4.4 SA Framework - Sites 145 Section 5 Next Steps 5.1 Consultation period 153 Appendices A – Plans, Policies and Guidance 154 B – Baseline Information and Indicators 193 C – Copy of Consultation Response Form 204 D - Maps 208 2 List of Maps 1. Special Area of Conservation 2. Sites of Special Scientific Interest 3. Local Nature Reserves (declared) 4. Local Nature Reserves (proposed) 5. Sites of Nature Conservation Importance 6. Groundwater Source Protection Zones 7. Road Noise Mapping – daytime 8. Tidal flood risk 9. Surface Water Flood Risk 1 in 30 year event 10. Surface Water Food Risk 1 in 200 year event 11. Conservation Areas 12. South Downs National Park List of Figures 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole Grain Goodness
    Nutrition Know-How Child Health Specialty Clinics Whole Grain Goodness What is a whole grain? A whole grain food has all three parts of the grain, and each part has different vitamins and minerals that work together to provide nutrition. Many people only think of wheat and other bread products when they hear the word “grain,” but there are many foods that contain whole grains. Why do whole grains matter? Whole grains are higher in fiber, iron and vitamins than processed grains like white flour. Fiber can help your child pass bowel movements, and iron and vitamins are very important for a child’s growth and development. People who eat more whole grains are less likely to struggle with their weight and other serious health conditions like colon cancer. How much whole grain does my child need? This depends on your child’s age and size. A good guide is to make at least half of your child’s grain servings whole grain. For example, if your child eats 6 servings of grain, at least 3 of those servings should be whole grain. How do I know if a food is whole grain? Look for the words “whole grain” on the package. Foods with at least 51% whole grain will have a special label on them like the one shown at the top of this page. You can also check the ingredients; to be a whole grain product a food should have a whole grain listed as the first ingredient. A whole grain bread will have “whole wheat flour” as the first ingredient.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Bronze Casting in Insula 56, in Roman Aventicum
    CHARACTERIZATION OF BRONZE CASTING IN INSULA 56, IN ROMAN AVENTICUM by JESSICA WHEAT COOK (Under the Direction of Ervan Garrison) ABSTRACT This study characterizes metallurgical wastes (slag) recovered from a bronze workshop during excavations in 1997-1998 at the Roman provincial city of Aventicum, located in western Switzerland, then Germania Superior. Previous research has identified the workshop as one devoted to the production of large leaded bronze statuary. The slag assemblage analyzed in this study is unusual due to the absence of ceramic crucible fragments normally associated with the production of copper alloys. Instead, this workshop is hypothesized to have used iron crucibles. Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the slags in contrast to previous bulk analysis studies. Modern metal casting methods were observed for analogues. The data show that the slag reached temperatures between 1350°-1400° C and chemical components indicated the use of sand and lime fluxes. Evidence of high temperatures is proposed as one chemical fingerprint that can be used to re-assess slag for the presence of iron crucibles in other Roman bronze workshops. INDEX WORDS: Aventicum, Classical Bronzes, EMPA, XRD, Roman Metallurgy CHARACTERIZATION OF BRONZE CASTING IN INSULA 56, IN ROMAN AVENTICUM by JESSICA WHEAT COOK AB History, Anthropology, The University of Georgia, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Jessica Wheat Cook All Rights Reserved CHARACTERIZATION OF BRONZE CASTING IN INSULA 56, IN ROMAN AVENTICUM by JESSICA WHEAT COOK Major Professor: Ervan Garrison Committee: Samuel Swanson Douglas Crowe Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2008 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank Drs.
    [Show full text]
  • (Public Pack)Agenda Document for North Dorset District Council
    Public Document Pack CABINET Members of Cabinet are invited to attend this meeting at South Walks House, South Walks, Dorchester, Dorset, DT1 1EE to consider the items listed on the following page. Stuart Caundle Head of Paid Service Date: Monday, 4 February 2019 Time: 2.00 pm Venue: Committee Room A & B - South Walks House Members of Committee: G Carr-Jones (Chairman), D Walsh (Vice-Chairman), P Brown, S Jespersen, A Kerby and M Roake USEFUL INFORMATION For more information about this agenda please telephone Sandra Deary 01258 484370 email [email protected] This agenda and reports are also available on the Council’s website at www.dorsetforyou.com/committees/ North Dorset District Council. Members of the public are welcome to attend this meeting with the exception of any items listed in the exempt part of this agenda. Disabled access is available for all of the council’s committee rooms. Hearing loop facilities are available. Please speak to a Democratic Services Officer for assistance in using this facility. Mod.gov public app now available – Download the free public app now for your iPad, Android and Windows 8.1/10 tablet from your app store. Search for Mod.gov to access agendas/ minutes and select Dorset Councils Partnership. Recording, photographing and using social media at meetings The council is committed to being open and transparent in the way it carries out its business whenever possible. Anyone can film, audio-record, take photographs, and use social media such as tweeting and blogging to report the meeting when it is open to the public, so long as they conform to the Council’s protocol, a copy of which can be obtained from the Democratic Services Team.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Age Scotland: Scarf Panel Report
    Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report Images ©as noted in the text ScARF Summary Iron Age Panel Document September 2012 Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report Summary Iron Age Panel Report Fraser Hunter & Martin Carruthers (editors) With panel member contributions from Derek Alexander, Dave Cowley, Julia Cussans, Mairi Davies, Andrew Dunwell, Martin Goldberg, Strat Halliday, and Tessa Poller For contributions, images, feedback, critical comment and participation at workshops: Ian Armit, Julie Bond, David Breeze, Lindsey Büster, Ewan Campbell, Graeme Cavers, Anne Clarke, David Clarke, Murray Cook, Gemma Cruickshanks, John Cruse, Steve Dockrill, Jane Downes, Noel Fojut, Simon Gilmour, Dawn Gooney, Mark Hall, Dennis Harding, John Lawson, Stephanie Leith, Euan MacKie, Rod McCullagh, Dawn McLaren, Ann MacSween, Roger Mercer, Paul Murtagh, Brendan O’Connor, Rachel Pope, Rachel Reader, Tanja Romankiewicz, Daniel Sahlen, Niall Sharples, Gary Stratton, Richard Tipping, and Val Turner ii Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report Executive Summary Why research Iron Age Scotland? The Scottish Iron Age provides rich data of international quality to link into broader, European-wide research questions, such as that from wetlands and the well-preserved and deeply-stratified settlement sites of the Atlantic zone, from crannog sites and from burnt-down buildings. The nature of domestic architecture, the movement of people and resources, the spread of ideas and the impact of Rome are examples of topics that can be explored using Scottish evidence. The period is therefore important for understanding later prehistoric society, both in Scotland and across Europe. There is a long tradition of research on which to build, stretching back to antiquarian work, which represents a considerable archival resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Visioning Sydney from the Fringe: Productive Diversities for a 21St Century City
    Re-visioning Sydney from the Fringe: Productive Diversities for a 21st Century City Sarah James Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy University of Western Sydney 2009 Dedication To my grandparents, whose commitment to social and environmental justice has always inspired me. ii Acknowledgements There are so many people whose assistance and generosity with their time, knowledge and experience was critical to the realisation of this research project. I would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank: All those who participated in this research. In particular I would like to thank the farmers and Aboriginal groups who shared their experiences as well as their valuable time. I would also like to thank the various government representatives, at local and state level, and consultants who provided a broader perspective to my research. My primary supervisor Professor Kay Anderson, for her invaluable guidance, support and eternal patience in the crafting of this thesis. It has been a great privilege to learn from such a brilliant scholar and dedicated teacher. Thank you for believing in my ideas and for encouraging me to strive for ever-higher standards. Other supervisors Professor Ien Ang, whose encouragement and intellectual contributions were key to the development of this thesis. Dr Fiona Allon, for her contributions to the formation and refinement of this thesis. I would also like to express my thanks to: Associate Professor Frances Parker, who generously shared her experience and knowledge from years of work with Sydney’s culturally and linguistically diverse market gardeners. Her long-standing relationships with, and insight into, these groups made possible the principal empirical study on which this research is based The Centre for Cultural Research, which provided a creative and supportive environment for research.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Authorised Fund Management Companies, Managers of Collective Assets and Representatives of Foreign Collective Investment Schemes
    List of authorised fund management companies, managers of collective assets and representatives of foreign collective investment schemes Name City Fund management company Representatives Managers of collective assets 1741 Fund Solutions AG St. Gallen X X 1875 Finance SA Genève X 2Xideas AG Küsnacht ZH X 3V Asset Management AG Zürich X Abaris Investment Management AG Bäch SZ X ACE & COMPANY SA Genève X X ACOLIN Fund Services AG Zürich X Acoro Asset Management AG Zürich X Active Niche Funds SA Lausanne X Akara Funds AG Zug X ALATUS CAPITAL SA Genève X Albin Kistler AG Zürich X Allianz Global Investors (Schweiz) AG Zürich X Alpha Associates AG Zürich X Alpinum Investment Management AG Zürich X Alprime Capital AG Zürich X Alpstone Capital (Suisse) SA Genève X Altrafin Advisory AG Zürich X AMG Fondsverwaltung AG Zug X ANREPA Asset Management AG Baar X Apex Asset Management AG Freienbach X Aquamarine Zürich AG Zürich X Aquila Asset Management ZH AG Zürich X ARDIAN Investment Switzerland AG Zürich X Aretas Capital Management AG Zürich X Arete Ethik Invest AG Zürich X Arfina Capital SA Zürich X ARM Swiss Representatives SA Gland X Artico Partners AG Zürich X X Arvernus Capital AG Zürich X ARVEST Funds AG Zürich X AS Investment Management SARL Genève X Asia Green Real Estate AG Zürich X 24.09.2021 / 03:31 1/11 List of authorised fund management companies, managers of collective assets and representatives of foreign collective investment schemes Name City Fund management company Representatives Managers of collective assets Asteria Investment Managers SA Genève X Atlanticomnium SA Genève X AtonRâ Partners SA Genève X AUTONOMY CAPITAL RESEARCH TWO LIMITED, (St.
    [Show full text]