The Catholic Church and the French Nation, 1589-1989 (London and New York: Routledge, 1990)
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NationaI Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/^ de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstrac t 1 look at the strategies of evangeiization used by a Roman Catholic missionary congregation. the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. in nineteenth-century British Columbia. These strategies of evangelization involved multiple geographies. including a circulation of representations between North Arnerica and Europe: the various spatialitirs of evangelization itself: cornplex deployments of disciplinary and pastoral power: and cultural geographies of order. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents List of figures Abbreviations Acknowledgements iNTRODUCTION and Part 1 Chapter One Tridentine Catholicism in Nineteenth-Century France The Catholic C hurch in Pre-Revolutionary France The Church and Revolution Eugène de Mazenod Discipline and Seminary Formation Discipline: The Victory of the Clock The Perpetual Examination Evangelizare Pa~penbusMisit Me: The Missions Oblate Missions in France The Pacitk Northtvest Conclusions Chapter Two The Circulation of Representations and the Power of Vision Representations Oblate Representations of Native People Vision. Power. Gender Gender. Sexuali ty and Sin Vision and Salvation Conclusions Part 11 Pastoral Power Chapter Three Spatial Strategies and Sacramental Practices Mission Sites Following Paul Praxis: Preaching and the Sacrarnents Prédication Sacraments Baptism Maniage Conclusions Chapter Four The Machinery of Power La Machine Kaltash Bilalam From Confession to Contrition Confession Un Pénible Mode de Confession Action of Formation Conclusions Part III Govementality Chapter Five CulturesofOrder Land and the Order of Rights Ordering Natural Rights Disorder Law and the Order of Culture The Products of Ordrr: Neophytes or Cornmoners? Conclusions Conclusion Bibliography List of figures La carte Boulard Map of the Pacific Northwest Map of Oblate Missions Lacombe Catholic Iadder. 1896 Chnst on Calvary Christ Nailed to the Cross The Crucifixion: Passion Play at Saint Mq's Mission. 1897 Lejacq Mission course. 1869 Lejacq Mission course. 1870 Roman Catholic Church at Sechelt False Creek Indian Reserve Catholic Ladder. 1844 Nkla'kapamux sketch of the worid Abbreviations AD Archives Deschâtelets. Ottawa. Canada. CC Colonial Correspondence. Bntish Columbia Archives and Records Service. Victoria. Canada. ILQ Papers connected rvith the lndian land question, 1850-1875. Victoria: R. Wolfenden, 1875. Ore. Drouin. Paul. ed. Les Oblats de iMarie Immaculée en Orégon, 1847- 1860. 3 vols. Ottawa: Archives Deschâtelets. 1 992. RG 10 National Archives of Canada. Department of Indian Affairs. Record Group 10. Black Series. UBCSC University of British Columbia - Special Collections VRCAD Vancouver Roman Catholic Archdiocesan Archives. Early Bishops' Correspondence. vii A project such as this naturally involves many more people than the title page suggests. I would like to thank the University of British Columbia for four years of financial support in the form of University Grant Fellowships. the Geography Department for providing me with a position as teaching assistant. and Derek Gregory. who offered me a research position during the two years I was not funded. The Guy Lacombe Bursary for Western Oblate Studies in 1995 contnbuted enormously to my abilit?; to research this project. With regard to research. the help of archivists is essential. and 1 would like to thank Sister Diana Harsch of the Vancouver Roman Catholic Archdiocesan Archives for her aid and interest. as well as Father McGinty and the Hugheses at the Oblate Archives on the Crescent in Vancouver. Most of all. I va nt to extend my sincrre thanks to Father Boucher at the Archives Deschâtrlets in Ottawa. who literally gave me the key to that extraordinary collection. During my time in the Geography Department I have been privileged to be arnongst a group of people who are extraordinq in terms of the range of their interests. their committment. and their willingness to engage with the projects of others. 7hanks particularly to Kate Boyer. Brett Christophers. Dan Clayton. David Demetitt. Averill Groenveld-Meyer. Colin Maycock. Michael Smith. Nadine Schuuman. Matt Sparke. and Bruce Willerns-Braun. Outside the department. help has been proffered by Nick Blomley and Jackie Gresko. My "real" life has been vastly improved by my husband Robert Blake. whose encouragements and provocations have been invaluable. I also uant to thank the Culpeppers gang, most notably Jim Scott and Trevor Carle. for their long term interest in my doings. Sincere thanks go to Cole Hams for his many contributions ro this project. and to my parents. who have unwaveringly supported me in too many ways to mention. Most of dl. I owe Derek Gregory who has enriched rny lifè irnmeasurably. Part 1: introduction "Lanterne magique. pièce curieuse. Approchez Mrs et MM vous verrez des choses extraordinaires, dont vous ne vous seriez jamais douté. des choses plus qu'extraordinaires. ravissantes. mais peu amusantes pour ...les gens qui ayant mis la main à la lanterne en ont découverte le curieux mystère."' [Magic lantem. strange object. corne closer ladies and gentlemen and you will see arnazing things. things you would never have imagined. delightfui things. But not so entertaining for... those who have touched the lantem and unveiled its strange mystery .] In August 1995 1 attended the fourth Western Oblate Studies conkrence in St- Boniface. Manitoba. The Missionary Oblates of Mary Imrnaculate were. and are. a Catholic congregation2 that specialized in the evangelization of Native people in nineteenth-century Canada. The papers delivered came from a wide variety of sources. including graduate students. archivists. theologians. and secular clerics. but al1 focused on the activities of the Oblates over the century and a half since the congregation's amval in western Canada. The conference was interesting for me substantively. but rven more so emotionally. 1 was astonished at the immensely cntical stance that many of the papers assumed towards Oblate activity (particularly regarding the evangelization of Native people). but 1 was amazed and touched by the various and vehement responses of the I Pandosy to ?. 27 November 186 1. AD. Ore 2. ab- 1. 1. ' As Robert Choquette explains. .-In Roman Catholicism. groups of men or women who live in a community bound by vows of poverty. chastity. and obedience are members either of religious orders or religious congregations. The difference between orders and congregations is a technical. canonical one, 'order' designating those groups bound by solernn vows. -congregation' designating those bound by more simple. temporq vows." The Oblate assault on Canada's north and west (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. 1993, 25fn. audience (which included man- Oblates) to the final paper. delivered by Wayne Hoist. a Protestant missiologist. Holst acknowledged his appreciation of the contributions made by Catholic missionaries to Canada. and suggested that *-lessonsfrom the past ...appear to provide direction for the future."' His paper provoked an emotional and heated debate that centered on the topic of the inclusivity of the Church and the appropriate goals of missionary activity. a debate that quickly crystallized into two diarnrtrically opposed sets of beliefs. One position suggested that the very survival of the Church depended on its willingness to include and embrace a broad range of practices that were not encompassed by traditionai Catholic dogma. The other position viewed the inclusion both of those pnctices and of those who engaged in them as lethal to the Church and its mission. The proselytization of Native people. then. \vas clearly still a central issue in 1995. The conference. 1 think. suggests that the social. cultural. and political issues surrounding the Christian (and in this case Catholic) evangelization of Native people in Canada are far fiom being matters of msre historical curiosity: rather. thry are issues that are alive and well today. The conference. and its implications. have haunted my study. which centers on the multiple geographies of power in which. and tlirough which. the Oblate evangelization of Native people in the Pacific Northwest took place. 1 am particularly interested in the modalities of potver deployed by the Catholic Church. which aimed to produce a docile and obedient clergy: the ways in which those same modalities of power were exported to North America and deployed by the Oblates to produce a 3 Reverend Wayne Holst. "Revisiting olrr pasr - revisioning ozvfirttrre: Refkctions