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Elite Strategies and the Formulation of a French Identity

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Elite Strategies and the Formulation of a French Identity Grouper, Unir, Protéger - Elite Strategies and the Formulation of a French Identity in Western Canada, 1870 to 1930 by John M. Fontaine A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History & Classics University of Alberta © John M. Fontaine, 2019 ABSTRACT It has generally been assumed that the marginalization of French communities and identity in western Canada was the result of widespread English and Protestant immigration to the West, combined with an absence of support from Québec. My research, however, has established that French and Catholic elites, both from the Church and elsewhere, did as much to transform French settlements into Franco-Manitoban, Fransaskois and Franco-Albertan communities through the settlement period of 1870-1930. It is this process of western French settlement building and identity formation that I explore in this dissertation. Driven by mass immigration of a mostly English and Protestant population, French communities already in place or those yet to establish themselves were challenged to survive. While studies of assimilation examine the ways in which local communities and cultures were subsumed by larger outside forces and groups, this dissertation examines the values and structures based in Catholicism and the French language that helped to group, unite together and struggle. This process or these strategies have been little analyzed. Historians have long acknowledged the French-Catholic presence in the Canadian west, but there has been little scholarship on the settlement of these groups and their process of community and identity construction. They do not examine French-Catholic settlement and identity as a larger (provincial or regional) phenomenon, nor do they consider the strategies to achieve them. My research project examines the origins of French-Catholic immigration to the prairies, their settlement patterns, and the ways in which these groups constructed identities and communities in the building years of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. I focus on three representative French localities, including: south of Winnipeg along the Red River ii (including the communities of Saint-Joseph, Letellier, Saint-Jean-Baptiste), the southern plains of Saskatchewan (and Gravelbourg), and the central and rural communities of Alberta (with emphasis on Morinville and St. Paul des Métis). My approach to this research is sequential. First, I place French-Catholic immigration in context. I outline a chronology and geography of French-Catholic settlement to the Canadian West after 1870, I examine the process of colonization and community construction. I identify particular colonization efforts and how these utopian schemes attempted to transform existing areas into French-Catholic cultures and settlements. I then focus on ways these communities, and their leaders, were able to construct their own identities through their relations with the majority English-Protestant population. I conclude that a regional French identity evolved throughout the settlement period of 1870-1930, and that this evolution can be attributed to the struggle of the French leadership group intent on defending their language and ethnic identity. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation would not have been completed without the support and guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Gerhard Ens from the University of Alberta. His passion for and breadth of knowledge of Canadian History coupled with his patience in allowing me to make mistakes and learn from them have allowed me to produce the pages that follow. Any credit of worth from these pages are in large part to his assistance, and any omissions in judgement or errors produced are solely mine. I would also like to thank specific staff from the Saint-Boniface Archives in Winnipeg (Julie Reid), the Saskatchewan Archives Board in Saskatoon, and the Provincial Archives of Alberta in Edmonton (Diane Lamoureux), as well as the local historian from Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan (Louis Stringer) for helping me understand this story. To my wife Dalia for supporting me in this project, and to our girls Kayla and Stephanie and those critical friendships that have suffered my extended diatribes and distractions of the mind, I both apologize and thank you. Last, I would like to acknowledge faculty members from the History & Classics Department at the University of Alberta. You continue to display the integrity and respect to your students that re-emphasizes your passion and commitment to learning. Your students, whether in undergraduate or graduate programs, silently appreciate what they will cherish for a lifetime, a degree from the University of Alberta’s History & Classics Department. Thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND FRENCH COLONIZATION IN THE WEST ................................................. 39 CHAPTER 3 MANITOBA’S RED RIVER; LE MISSION SAINT-JOSEPH DE LA RIVIÈRE AUX MARAIS ............................ 74 CHAPTER 4 L’ABBÉ GRAVEL; LE DIOCÈSE DE GRAVELBOURG .............................................................................. 108 CHAPTER 5 FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA .................................................................................. 146 CHAPTER 6 FRENCH-LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS IN THE WEST AND FRENCH IDENTITY ........................................ 182 CHAPTER 7 IN DEFENSE OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: ORGANIZATIONS, ASSOCIATIONS, AND POLITICS ............ 229 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 261 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 270 v LIST OF FIGURES OR ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1-1 ETHNICITY THEORIES ......................................................................................................................................... 29 FIGURE 2-1 L’ÉCOLE DE SAINT-JOSEPH, CIRCA 1890 ............................................................................................................... 43 FIGURE 3-1 RURAL POPULATION OF FRENCH ORIGIN, 1921 (EACH DOT REPRESENTS 25 PERSONS) .................................................. 75 FIGURE 3-2 LE MISSION SAINT-JOSEPH DE LA RIVIÈRE AUX MARAIS, 1877 ................................................................................. 80 FIGURE 3-3 M. LÉON MARION, 1ST STORE OWNER OF SAINT-JOSEPH, CIRCA 1880 ...................................................................... 92 FIGURE 3-4 FIRST CHAPEL AT MISSION SAINT-JOSEPH, 1877 ................................................................................................... 93 FIGURE 4-1 L’ABBÉ LOUIS-PIERRE GRAVEL, CIRCA 1900 ....................................................................................................... 111 FIGURE 4-2 GRAVELBOURG INITIAL SETTLEMENT, CIRCA 1908 ................................................................................................ 115 FIGURE 4-3 SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN FRENCH LOCALITY ......................................................................................................... 118 FIGURE 4-4 LE DIOCÈSE DE GRAVELBOURG, CIRCA 1930 ....................................................................................................... 139 FIGURE 5-1 CENTRAL ALBERTA’S FRENCH COMMUNITIES ....................................................................................................... 152 FIGURE 5-2 ALBERT LACOMBE (1856-1916) ...................................................................................................................... 158 FIGURE 5-3 ADÉODAT THÉRIEN (1886-1933) .................................................................................................................... 158 FIGURE 5-4 GARIÉPY BLOCK – JASPER AVENUE AND 100 STREET, CIRCA 1912 .......................................................................... 162 FIGURE 5-5 L’ABBÉ JEAN-BAPTISTE MORIN, CIRCA 1885 ...................................................................................................... 168 FIGURE 5-6 LAND DISPOSITION ST. PAUL DES MÉTIS IN 1909 ON THE EVE OF THE PUBLIC OPENING OF THE RESERVE ....................... 172 FIGURE 7-1 QUÉBEC IMMIGRANTS OUTSIDE EDMONTON LAND AGENTS OFFICE APRIL 10, 1909 .................................................. 237 FIGURE 7-2 RAYMOND DENIS, PRÉSIDENT DE L'A.C.F.C. 1925-1935 ..................................................................................... 245 vi List of Tables TABLE 2-1 ETHNIC ORIGINS FOR WESTERN CATHOLICS, CIRCA 1910 .......................................................................................... 69 TABLE 4-1 ETHNIC MAKEUP OF SASKATCHEWAN 1901-1931 – FEDERAL CENSUS DATA .............................................................. 122 TABLE 4-2 GRAVELBOURG CENSUS NUMBERS ....................................................................................................................... 122 TABLE 5-1 CENSUS OF FRENCH-SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL ALBERTA 1901-1936 ............................................................................ 155 TABLE 5-2 FRENCH POPULATION GROWTH, WESTERN PROVINCES 1871-1931 ........................................................................ 157 TABLE 5-3 ALBERTA’S LES PRÊTRES-COLONISATEURS / ALBERTA’S CATHOLIC CHURCH COLONIZATION AGENTS 1890-1917 .............
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