CLASS – XI

Subject – History Session – 2020-21

Name of the Book: Textbook in History for Class XI- Themes in World History.

Section II: EMPIRES. Theme Three: An Empire across Three Continents.

WEEK-7 - PERIOD-1 & 2

Step Students will study from Textbook – Theme 3: An Empire Across Three 1 Continents.

Step Students will go through the Extramark app 2

Step Students may clear doubts from teacher over phone/whatsapp 3

Step 4  Significance of Emperors in Roman History:-

 There was an all round progress during the reign of Augustus. Hence his reign is termed as ‘Golden Age of Roman History’.  Law & order improved and peace & justice prevailed everywhere. He reorganized the military & also recruited people from different provinces.  He was succeeded by his adopted son named Tiberius.  The empire inherited by Tiberius (adopted son of Augustus) was already so vast that further expansion was not felt necessary.  Succession to the throne was based on family descent, either natural or adopted.  The first two centuries were relatively stable except for Tiberius’ Trajan campaign across the Euphrates which was however discontinued by his successors.  Main features of the late 1st,2nd and early 3rd Centuries of the Roman Empire: The Romans gradually expanded their empire by conquering a series of local kingdoms:- 1) At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched from Scotland to borders of Armenia & from the Sahara to the Euphrates and beyond. 2) The entire Roman Empire was divided into provinces (except Italy) that had to pay taxes. 3) Some major urban centres- Carthage, Alexandria & Antioch. Each city had its own magistrates, city councils, & a specific territory containing villages under its jurisdiction. 4) Through the cities the government could collect impose tax on the wealth-generating provinces. 5) Towards the later part of the Early Empire, provinces became important as they supplied cadres & administrative officers who replaced the Senate in power & had the backing of the emperors. 6) Public baths were an important aspect of Roman urban life & the city dwellers also enjoyed variety of entertainments like gladiator shows, theatres, operas and the like.

 The Third Century Crisis:

1) In the third century, the peace & prosperity of the 1st and 2nd centuries was shattered by internal strife. 2) From the 230s the Roman Empire had to fight on several fronts. 3) In 225 a new dynasty called the Sasanians emerged in Iraq and expanded rapidly towards the Euphrates, even capturing the eastern Roman capital, Antioch. 4) Meanwhile many Germanic tribes formed confederacies and moved towards the Danube and Rhine frontiers and repeatedly invaded the Roman Empire from the Black Sea to the Alps and southern Germany 5) The Romans had to give up some lands beyond the Danube, and constantly fight against the invaders( such as the Goths, Alamanni, Franks, Vandals)

Step Students to write the answers of the following questions: 5 1. Who succeeded Augustus as the Roman Emperor? (1 mark) 2. Why did the provinces become important towards the later part of the Early Roman Empire? (1 mark) 3. Give an account on the striking features of the late first, second and early third centuries of the Roman Empire. ( 5 marks) 4. Analyse the Third Century Crisis in the Roman Empire. (5 marks)

End of Week :7 -Period- 1 & 2 WEEK 7- PERIOD : 3 & 4

Step Students will study from Textbook – Theme Three: An Empire Across 1 Three Continents.

Step  Students will go through the Extramark app 2

Step Students may clear doubts from teacher over phone/whatsapp 3 Step Students to revise using the following bullet-points:- 4  GLIMPSES OF GENDER, LITERACY AND CULTURE:  Gender composition & family life-- Certain level of gender division existed in the early Roman empire:-  Nuclear family was common in the Roman Empire however slaves were included in the family.  After marriage the wife continue to retain her right over her natal family property (not transfer it to authority of husband).  The woman was a primary heir of her father & became an independent property owner on her father’s death.  The wife enjoyed complete legal independence, and was a separate legal entity from her husband. Divorce could be claimed by either.  Arranged marriage was prevalent. Males married in their late 20s or early 30s while females were married at late 10s or early 20s.  Literacy:-  The rates of casual literacy varied between different parts f the empire.  Example—In Pompeii, the street walls carried advertisements & graffiti, suggesting high literacy rate.  In Egypt, literacy was prevalent only amongst professional scribes, soldiers, army officers & estate managers.

 Cultural Diversity in the Roman Empire:-  There were various religious cults in different parts of the empire & they worshipped many local deities.  Linguistic diversity existed & they wore different costumes as well.  Aramaic was spoken in the Near East, Coptic in Egypt, Punic & Berber in North Africa, Celtic in Spain & the northwest. However, many of these languages had no scripts & gradually Latin replaced them.

Step Students to write the answers of the following questions: 5 1. What was the level of literacy in the Roman Empire? (3 mark) 2. Highlight the main elements of gender and culture in the Roman Empire. (5+3=8marks)

END OF WEEK 7- Period :3 & 4

Step Students will study from Textbook – Theme Three: An Empire Across 1 Three Continents.

Step  Students will go through the Extramark app 2

Step Students may clear doubts from teacher over phone/whatsapp 3

Step Students to revise using the following bullet-points:- 4  ROMAN ECONOMY:-

 The economic infrastructure of the Roman Empire was strong & stable consisting of harbours, mines, quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories, etc.  Wheat, wine & olive oil were highly traded and consumed. They came mainly from production areas like Spain, Gallic provinces, north Africa, Egypt & Italy.  Big landlords from different regions competed with each other to control the main markets of the goods they produced. Eg. Olive oil was first successfully grown & marketed by the Italians, followed by the Spanish, and then in succession by people of Africa, Syria, Palestine and others. Dressels 20 were containers used to carry Spanish olive oil during the Roman period.  Prosperity of different regions within the empire fluctuated depending on the efficacy of production, transportation & the quality of goods.  Some parts of the empire were densely settled as they were very fertile, such as Campania( in Italy), Sicily, Byzacium ( Tunisia) ,etc  On the other hand, less fertile areas were sparely populated by pastoral & semi-nomadic communities. Herdsmen made regular annual movement between the higher & lower mountain regions in search of pasture for their flocks. This is referred to as Transhumance.  Use of great levels of technology—application of water power, industrial hydraulic mining techniques, commercial & banking networks and widespread use of money, etc also contributed in the expansion of the economy of the Roman Empire.  Agriculture was the main occupation of the people of the empire. They mainly produced wheat, barley, maize, pulses and variety of vegetables & fruits. The landlords cultivated their lands with the help of slaves. Step Students to write the answers of the following questions: 5 1. Outline some important features of economic life in the Roman Empire.(8marks

END OF WEEK 7- Period :5