A Formative Evaluation of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Approaches to Promote Literacy in Young Children with Severe Speech and Physical Impairments
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Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs A Formative Evaluation Of Augmentative And Alternative Communication Approaches To Promote Literacy In Young Children With Severe Speech And Physical Impairments Thesis How to cite: Nunes da Ponte, Maria Margarida (1997). A Formative Evaluation Of Augmentative And Alternative Communication Approaches To Promote Literacy In Young Children With Severe Speech And Physical Impairments. MPhil thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1996 Maria Margarida Nunes da Ponte https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f616 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk “A FORMATIVE EVALUATION OF AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION APPROACHES TO PROMOTE LITERACY IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH SEVERE SPEECH AND PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENTS” A Thesis Presented for the Master of Philosophy Degree Westminster College Open University Maria Margarida Nunes da Ponte October, 1996 ProQuest Number: 27701059 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 27701059 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 TO ALL CHILDREN WITH SSPI TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Table of Contents....................................................................... 1 List of Tables..................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures...................................................................................................11 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 14 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 15 A bstract.................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter I: Introduction ................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Review of Relevant Literature......*................................................ 23 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................... 23 2.2. Communication ........................................................................................25 2.2.1. Language....................................................................... 26 2.2.2. The Central Nervous System, and its Relation to Language ............26 2.2.3. Language and Cognition ...........................................................:..28 2.2.4. Speech and Language................................................................. 31 2.2.5. Language Disabilities................................................ 32 2.3. Children with Severe Speech and Physical Impairments (SSPI) .............. 32 2.3.1.Early Interaction and Children with SSPI .....................................33 2.3.2. Emerging Communicative Intents...............................................35 1 2.3,3. Functional Communication: demands and opportunities ............... 38 2.4. Augmentative and Alternative Communication ..................................... 41 2.4.1.Historical Perspective.....................................................................43 2.4.2. Communication Symbol Systems ............................................... 48 2.4.3. Aided Symbol Systems..... ......................................................... 51 2.4.4. Iconicity ...............................................................................53 2.4.5. Graphic Representational Systems: PIC, Bliss, and PCS ...............55 2.4.5.1. PIC (Pictogram Ideogram Communication.....................55 2.4.5.2. Blissymbols.......................................... 56 2.4.5.3. PCS (Picture Communication Symbols) ........................ 58 2.5. Literacy .................................................................................................... 61 2.5.1. Theoretical Perspectives..............................................................62 2.5.2. The importance of Literacy.........................................................64 2.5.3. Recent Advances in Literacy Learning Research of AAC Users 66 2.5.4. The literacy learning environment ..............................................68 2.5.5. The Emergence of Literacy .......................................................72 / 2.5.6. Barriers which influence the process of learning to read and write .... 76 2.5.7. Whole Language Approach to Reading..................................... 82 2.5.8. Story Reading Intcractions.to promote literacy ............................ 84 2.5.9. Graphie Representational Symbol use and Literacy Development 91 2.5.10. Assistive Technology: A Tool to Literacy..................................94 2.6. Research Methods ....................................................................................... 97 2.6.1. Research Methods in special education .......................................99 2.6.2. The population................................ 99 2.6.3. The research environment ......................................................... 100 2.6.4. Case Studies....................................................... 101 2.6.5. Observation ............................................................................... ..103 2.6.6. Measurement and Data Collection ............................................. 104 Chapter 3: Research Design and Methodology ........................... .106 3.1.Design of the study...............................................................................106 3.2. Methodology ....................................................... 110 3.2.1. Subjects ...................................................................... ...110 3.2.2. Context of the Study .................................................................I l l 3.2.3. The Preschool Classroom ........................................................112 3.3. Intervention ......................................................................................... 113 3.4. Formative Evaluation...........................................................................115 3.5. Pre- and Post-Intervention Measures .................................................. 115 3.5.1. Background.................................................................................. 116 3.5.2. Questionnaires ..............................................................................116 3.5.3. Observation ..................................................................................117 3.6. Realiability............................................................................................. 120 3.6.1. Intervention observation ............................................................. 120 3.6.2. Event occurrences .......................................................................121 3.7. Ethical Issues .....................................................................................122 Chapter 4: Baseline Data ..................................................................................123 4.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................123 4.2. The Subjects............................................................................. 124 4.2.1. Baseline Prior to Intervention ..................... 125 4.2.1.1. “Nuno” ................................ 125 4.2.1.2. “Joao” .................................................. 128 4.2.1.3. “André” ........................................... 132 4.2.2. Home Literacy Experiences ....................................................... 135 4.3. The Environment .................. 137 4.3.1. Engineering the Environment .................................................... 137 4.3.2. Daily Routines .........................................................................138 Chapter 5: Intervention ................................................................................... 140 5.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................140 5.2. Criteria for selecting Story Books ..................................................... 141 5.3. Description of the Intervention .......................................................... 142 5.4. Post-intervention session ......................................................................159 Chapter 6: Post-Intervention .......................................................... 164 6.1. Introduction .......................................................................................164 6.2. Qualitative Results ............................................................................. 164 6.2.1. Nuno ........................................................................................165