DOCSLIB.ORG

Scottish Government Arctic Policy: Mapping Report Jafry, Tahseen; Mikulewicz, Michael; Mattar, Sennan; Davidson, Magnus; Bremner, Barbara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scottish Government Arctic Policy: Mapping Report Jafry, Tahseen; Mikulewicz, Michael; Mattar, Sennan; Davidson, Magnus; Bremner, Barbara Scottish Government Arctic Policy: Mapping Report Jafry, Tahseen; Mikulewicz, Michael; Mattar, Sennan; Davidson, Magnus; Bremner, Barbara Publication date: 2019 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in ResearchOnline Citation for published version (Harvard): Jafry, T, Mikulewicz, M, Mattar, S, Davidson, M & Bremner, B 2019, Scottish Government Arctic Policy: Mapping Report. Scottish Government. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please view our takedown policy at https://edshare.gcu.ac.uk/id/eprint/5179 for details of how to contact us. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT ARCTIC POLICY MAPPING REPORT Compiled by Professor Tahseen Jafry Centre for Climate Justice Glasgow Caledonian University Project Team Dr Michael Mikulewicz and Sennan Mattar GCU Centre for Climate Justice Magnus Davidson and Barbara Bremner Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands June 2019 compiled in November 2018 Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 5 Context and background ............................................................................................................ 5 Key findings ................................................................................................................................ 5 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 7 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................................... 9 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 10 3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 10 Desk-based review of literature ............................................................................................... 11 Stakeholder engagement workshops ...................................................................................... 12 4. CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................... 13 Defining the Arctic ................................................................................................................... 13 The Arctic Council .................................................................................................................... 13 5. KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................... 14 Governance links ...................................................................................................................... 14 Differences and similarities across Arctic policies ......................................................... 14 Socio-cultural links ................................................................................................................... 16 Scottish-Nordic Cooperation before NPP and NPA ........................................................ 16 Social and community connections ............................................................................... 17 Economic links ......................................................................................................................... 18 Oil exploration ................................................................................................................ 18 Offshore Engineering and Supply Chain ......................................................................... 18 Decommissioning ........................................................................................................... 18 Renewable energy .......................................................................................................... 19 Fisheries and fishing ....................................................................................................... 19 Tourism .......................................................................................................................... 19 Fostering local economic development – Highlands and Islands Enterprise ................. 20 Environment and climate change links .................................................................................... 20 Technical innovation ...................................................................................................... 21 Climate change ............................................................................................................... 21 Biodiversity ..................................................................................................................... 21 Protected areas .............................................................................................................. 22 Fisheries ......................................................................................................................... 22 Pollution including plastics and noise ............................................................................ 22 2 Academic links ......................................................................................................................... 23 Education and academic excellence .............................................................................. 23 Coordination and institutional links ............................................................................... 23 Disproportionate focus of Arctic research on natural sciences ..................................... 23 Funding ........................................................................................................................... 24 6. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 25 Scottish Participation in Arctic Governance: From indirect representation to public diplomacy ................................................................................................................................. 25 Building on Scottish-Nordic Socio-cultural Connections ......................................................... 27 Opportunities for growing the economy ................................................................................. 28 Scotland’s Approach to Environmental Protection and Climate Change ................................ 28 Academic excellence ................................................................................................................ 30 7. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 31 8. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 32 9. ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................... 35 Annex I – Overview of Governance ......................................................................................... 35 Annex II – Overview of Socio-cultural Links ............................................................................. 54 Annex III – Overview of Economic Links .................................................................................. 61 Annex IV – Overview of Environment and Climate Change Links ............................................ 70 Annex V – Overview of Academic Links ................................................................................... 89 Annex VI – Stakeholder Engagement Workshop Agendas and Participants ........................... 97 3 List of Acronyms AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme ARP Arctic Research Programme ATS Antarctic System Treaty CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna CEC Commission of the European Communities CTD Conductivity, Temperature and Depth CYCLOPS Carbon Cycling Linkages to Permafrost Systems DTM Digital Terrain Models ERI Environmental Research Institute EU European Union GHG Greenhouse gas GRID Global Resource Information Database HIE Highlands and Islands Enterprise HYDRA Hydrological Controls on Carbon Cycling and Greenhouse Gas Budgets IASC International Arctic Science Committee ICE-POPES Ice-tethered observational platform ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea IMO International Maritime Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IT Information Technology JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee KTH Kungliga Tekniska högskolan (Royal Institute of Technology) MASTS Marine Alliance of Science and Technology for Scotland MCCIP Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership MEOP Marine Mammal Exploration of the Oceans Pole to Pole MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Marine protected area MSS Marine Scotland Science NARP Nordic Senior Officials' Committee for Regional Policy NERC Natural Environment Research Council NORA North Atlantic Cooperation NPA Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme NPP Northern Periphery Programme OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interconnector Services
    Interconnector Services Industry Challenges OUR SERVICES AT A GLANCE The electricity sector around the world is undergoing significant changes, often driven by the decarbonisation Interconnector policy and regulation agenda. For most countries, however, security of supply • Design of regulatory regimes remains the number one priority. At the same time, (including Cap and Floor in consumer price also remains a key issue. Interconnectors Great Britain) are uniquely well placed to meet these challenges of • Policy design (e.g. incentives to sustainability, security and affordability. increase interconnection) Interconnectors are unique transmission • Energy market design (e.g. design assets that enable the flow of electricity of capacity market to incorporate interconnectors) over high voltage cables between different NorthConnect countries or regions. The economic Icelink rationale for interconnectors is driven by Quantitative analysis fundamental differences in the generation mixes in the connecting countries which • Power market fundamentals lead to systematic electricity price NSN modelling spreads over long periods of time. For • Cost-benefit analysis (e.g. example, the generation portfolio in Moyle Viking arbitrage revenues, Capacity Great Britain (primarily thermal and Greenwire Market, ancillary services) renewable generation, with some nuclear) Greenlink BritNed is very different from that in France • Socio-economic impact analysis East-West (predominantly nuclear) or Norway Nemo • Financial analysis (e.g. to support (predominantly hydro). This is beneficial to IFA2 IFA FABLink ElecLink investment decisions) consumers as it allows cheaper electricity Aquind to be imported at times of high local prices and to generators as it allows surplus Strategic support generation to be exported at times of low • Advising on negotiations with Currently operational local prices.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Perspectives on Norway's Energy Future
    Research Paper Antony Froggatt, Paul Stevens and Siân Bradley Edited by Germana Canzi and Amanda Burton Energy, Environment and Resources Programme | June 2020 Expert Perspectives on Norway’s Energy Future Future on Norway’s Energy Expert Perspectives Expert Perspectives on Norway’s Energy Future Froggatt, Stevens and Bradley Stevens Froggatt, Chatham House Contents Abbreviations 2 Summary 3 1 Preamble: Energy Transition in a Post-COVID-19 World 5 2 Challenges and Opportunities for Norway 8 3 Norway’s Energy Future 13 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 38 Annex: Expert Perspectives 40 About the Editors 90 About the Interviewees 91 About the Authors 95 Acknowledgments 96 1 | Chatham House Expert Perspectives on Norway’s Energy Future Abbreviations CCS carbon capture and storage CCU carbon capture and use CCUS carbon capture, use and storage COP Conference of the Parties EIA Energy Information Administration EV electric vehicle GHG greenhouse gas GtCO2e gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent IEA International Energy Agency IPCC International Panel on Climate Change LUC land-use change mtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent NETs negative emissions technologies SAF sustainable aviation fuels SMR steam methane reformer SWF sovereign wealth fund UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2 | Chatham House Expert Perspectives on Norway’s Energy Future Summary • The world is undergoing a transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. However, the speed and depth of this transition is uncertain and controversial. This will have significant implications for Norway, one of the world’s largest exporters of both energy and capital. • With international efforts to limit increases in global temperature to 2°C, and as close as possible to 1.5°C, appearing increasingly off-track, there is an urgent need for a rapid move away from the unabated use of fossil fuels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base for Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Final Report
    Planning Scotland’s Seas The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base for Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Final Report Marine Scotland The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base for Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Final Report Date: July 2013 Project Ref: R/4136/1 Report No: R.2097 © ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd Version Details of Change Date 1.0 Draft 29.04.2013 2.0 Draft 15.05.2013 3.0 Final 07.06.2013 4.0 Final 28.06.2013 5.0 Final 01.07.2013 6.0 Final 05.07.2013 Document Authorisation Signature Date Project Manager: S F Walmsley PP 05.07.2013 Quality Manager: C E Brown 05.07.2013 Project Director: S C Hull 05.07.2013 ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd ABPmer is certified by: Quayside Suite, Medina Chambers, Town Quay, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 2AQ Tel: +44 (0) 23 8071 1840 Fax: +44 (0) 23 8071 1841 Web: www.abpmer.co.uk Email: [email protected] All images copyright ABPmer apart from front cover (wave, anemone, bird) and policy & management (rockpool) Andy Pearson www.oceansedgepzhotography.co.uk The Scottish Marine Protected Area Project – Developing the Evidence Base for Impact Assessments and the Sustainability Appraisal Summary Introduction The Marine (Scotland) Act and the UK Marine and Coastal Access Act contain provisions for the designation of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Scottish territorial and offshore waters in order to protect marine biodiversity and geodiversity and contribute to a UK and international network of MPAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Electricity Markets
    Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Autumn 2018 Integration of Electricity Markets An Analysis of TSO-Owned and Non-TSO-Owned Cross-Border Interconnectors Sofie Handal Bruvik & Sigrid Marthea Hernes Supervisor: Lassi Ahlvik Master Thesis within the profile of Economics and the profile of Energy, Natural Resources and the Environment NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS This thesis was written as a part of the Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration at NHH. Please note that neither the institution nor the examiners are responsible - through the approval of this thesis - for the theories and methods used, or results and conclusions drawn in this work. Abstract The European electricity market is gradually becoming more integrated due to increased cross- border transmission capacity. Integrated electricity markets are expected to improve social welfare through security of supply and efficient electricity generation. Thus, inadequate cross- border transmission capacity causes an inefficient allocation of resources at a regional level. The integration of electricity markets will impact electricity prices and the social welfare in the connected regions. A cross-border interconnector between the bidding zone NO5 in Norway and the market area Great Britain will exploit the different price levels and structures of the regions. The interconnector is expected to increase electricity prices in NO5 and decrease electricity prices in Great Britain. Further, the social welfare is expected to increase in both NO5 and Great Britain. This thesis estimates the annual congestion rent of a 1 400 MW interconnector between NO5 and Great Britain. The Norwegian share of the congestion rent is estimated to vary between e51,4 million and e168,4 million in the period from 2026 to 2045.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Fredrik Rüter 9 February 2016
    Curriculum Vitae Fredrik Rüter 9 February 2016 Name RÜTER Fredrik Date of Birth 8 May 1960 Nationality Swedish Position Senior Consultant Languages Swedish: mother tongue Danish and Norwegian: good understanding conversation and reading English: fluent (business, conversation, reading, writing) German, Spanish and French: very very basic conversation Coordinates FRECC Reimersholmsgatan 59 SE–117 40 Stockholm SWEDEN +46 76 555 61 05 [email protected] Summary CV In HVDC and Power Cable industry since 1986 Extensive Technical experience of submarine and underground HV cables, XLPE, MI, LPOF Extensive experience from production, installation and testing of HV cables Served as Chairman for Cigré Study Committee B1 (Insulated Cables) Extensive Line Management experience (R&D, Technology, QA, Sales, Consultancy Services) Certified QA System Auditor Trained EMS Auditor (Environmental Management System) Experience from Project Development Certified Project Manager (PMI) Served as Project Manager for large Projects (>100 MEUR) Extensive international experience and network Senior Consultant in several cable projects, producing technical specification, partaking in procurement and selection process, technical support to project manager during implementation, acting company representative on- and offshore et cetera Experience of assisting cable projects in Environmental permit process, including environmental court hearings Familiar with testing facilities in Europe Engineering Manager in large submarine HVDC Projects Extensive
    [Show full text]
  • EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation Actions (H2020 LCE-21-2015)
    This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 691287 EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation actions (H2020 LCE-21-2015) Project Nr: 691287 Guiding European Policy toward a low-carbon economy. Modelling sustainable Energy system Development under Environmental And Socioeconomic constraints D6.3 (D21) Transition Challenges Version 4 Due date of deliverable: 23/09/2019 Actual submission date: 27/09/2019 Disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liabilities This document has been prepared by MEDEAS project partners as an account of work carried out within the framework of the EC-GA contract no 691287. The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Neither Project Coordinator, nor any signatory party of MEDEAS Project Consortium Agreement, nor any person acting on behalf of any of them: (a) makes any warranty or representation whatsoever, express or implied, (i). with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, process, or similar item disclosed in this document, including merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, or (ii). that such use does not infringe on or interfere with privately owned rights, including any party's intellectual property, or (iii). that this document is suitable to any particular user's circumstance; or (b) assumes responsibility for any damages or other liability whatsoever (including any consequential damages, even if Project Coordinator or any representative of a signatory party of the MEDEAS Project Consortium Agreement, has been advised of the possibility of such damages) resulting from your selection or use of this document or any information, apparatus, method, process, or similar item disclosed in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • SAFE ENERGY E-JOURNAL No.55 February 2012
    SAFE ENERGY E-JOURNAL No.55 February 2012 The content of this e-journal was for the most part originally prepared for Nuclear Free Local Authorities and is reproduced, as adapted, with their permission but without liability for its contents. This e-journal focuses on nuclear waste issues in Scotland. It does not deal with the UK Government‘s proposed new reactor programme. For an update on the so-called ―facilitative actions‖ see here: http://www.no2nuclearpower.org.uk/nuclearnews/NuClearNewsNo36.pdf Scotland’s Higher Activity Waste Policy CoRWM discussed its scrutiny of the Scottish Higher Activity Waste (HAW) Policy development process and consultation at its meeting in York on 14th September. The minutes record that the Scottish Government has: “...produced a policy that was adequate for some waste producers but not definite enough for those waste producers with HAW not suitable for near site, near surface disposal.” (1) Around 25% of the waste in question is considered to be unsuitable for near-surface disposal, and would need to be stored until there are further technological developments. These wastes include plutonium contaminated materials, and raffinates – both the result of reprocessing at Dounreay and sludges. (2) The CoRWM statement implies that Scottish Government Policy is to ―dispose‖ of the other 75% of Scottish HAW in near surface disposal facilities. However, the finalised Scottish Government Policy made clear that: ―...Scottish Government Policy at the present time is that long-term storage is still the primary long- term management option‖ (3) (emphasis added) Although ―disposal‖ of Higher Activity Waste (HAW) is still included as an option in the policy the practise is quite tightly defined and will require waste to be monitored and retrievable, and any ‗disposal‘ should be as close to the surface as practical and near to the site where it is produced.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix B.2: Desk Top Survey and Route Engineering Study Route Option Analysis Report
    Appendix B.2: Desk Top Survey and Route Engineering Study Route Option Analysis Report NorthConnect KS Phone +47 38 60 70 00 Serviceboks 603, Lundsiden Mail: [email protected] N-4606 Kristiansand Web: www.northconnect.no Norway Desk top survey and route engineering study Route Option Analysis Report NorthConnect KS Assignment Number: A30722-S04 Document Number: A-30722-S04-REPT-002 Xodus Group Ltd The Auction House 63A George St Edinburgh EH2 2JG UK T +44 (0)131 510 1010 E [email protected] www.xodusgroup.com Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 1 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Project Background 11 1.2 Project Development 12 1.3 Project Description 14 2 OBJECTIVES 16 3 SCOPE OF WORK 17 4 METHODOLOGY 19 5 SUBSEA CABLE ROUTE ENGINEERING 20 5.1 Cable Characteristics 20 5.2 Geotechnical & Geophysical Assessment 20 5.3 Cable Installation 30 5.4 Cable Protection 31 5.5 Scour Protection 31 5.6 Cable & Pipeline Crossing Arrangements 31 5.7 Thermal Properties of Seabed Soils 32 6 CONSTRAINT MAPPING 33 6.1 Introduction 33 6.2 Digital Data Sources 33 6.3 Consultations 34 6.4 Type of Constraints 34 6.5 Weighting of Constraints 37 6.6 Safety & Buffer Distances 38 6.7 Iterative Approach 40 6.8 Challenges & Limitations 41 7 VALUE, DECISION AND RISK MANAGEMENT 43 Desk top survey and route engineering study – Route Option Analysis Report Assignment Number: A30722-S04 Document Number: A-30722-S04-REPT-002 iii 7.1 Objectives 43 7.2 Project Drivers & Success Criteria 43 7.3 Corridor Option Screening & Selection 46 7.4 Route Option Screening & Selection 54 8
    [Show full text]
  • Interconnector License Applications - Interconnectors Between Norway
    Licence application Interconnector Licence Applications - interconnectors between Norway and Germany, and Norway and Great Britain May 2013 I DISCLAIMER 15 May 2013 Statnett SF submitted an application for a licence under Section 4-2 of the Norwegian Energy Act to the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy for facilitation of international power trading for two projects. One of the applications relates to power trading with Germany, while the other deals with power trading with the UK. The purpose of this English translation of the application is to provide Statnett partners and the relevant authorities in Germany and the United Kingdom insight into what information this Norwegian application contains. Since this version of the application may contain inaccurate translations, we want to emphasize that it is the Norwegian version of the application which is the official version. Oslo, 28 June 2013 II INTERCONNECTOR LICENSE APPLICATIONS - INTERCONNECTORS BETWEEN NORWAY AND GERMANY, AND NORWAY AND GREAT BRITAIN Statnett SF hereby applies to the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy for a licence under Section 4-2 of the Norwegian Energy Act for facilitation of international power trading for two projects. One of the applications relates to power trading with Germany, while the other deals with power trading with the UK. These are two independent projects and Statnett is applying for a licence pursuant to Section 4-2 of the Energy Act for each individual project. The basis for the two applications is largely identical, and Statnett has therefore opted to compile the applications in a single document. We present the analyses of the socioeconomic benefit from day-ahead trading in a separate report attached to this document.
    [Show full text]
  • SUBMISSION from VATTENFALL Introduction Vattenfall Has Been
    SUBMISSION FROM VATTENFALL Introduction Vattenfall has been developing and operating wind energy in Scotland and the UK since 2008. We have made a long term commitment to support the delivery of Scotland‟s ambitious renewables and climate change targets. Vattenfall is one of the largest energy companies in Europe with over 100-years of experience generating renewable electricity. Currently it generates energy from six energy sources: wind, biomass, hydro, gas, coal and nuclear. It also produces the most heat in Europe from combined heat and power plants distributed through extensive district heating networks. It is investing principally in wind power in the UK because it is currently one of the most promising markets in Europe. In the UK, Vattenfall operates 590 megawatts (MW) of on and offshore wind power from five schemes, including Edinbane on the Isle of Skye. Therefore, we consider it appropriate to present written evidence to the Committee on what we consider to be the key opportunities and challenges for both Vattenfall‟s investment plans and Scotland‟s ambitions. Enclosed is our written evidence accompanied by an annex which describes the extensive activity we have undertaken in the past three years in developing our renewable energy capability in Scotland from our base in Edinburgh. Vattenfall would also be pleased to provide oral evidence to the Committee and we look forward to hearing from you. Vattenfall Vattenfall is developing an extensive portfolio across the UK in both on and offshore wind. In Scotland we are developing five onshore schemes. If successful they will accompany our operating Edinbane Wind Farm on the Isle of Skye.
    [Show full text]
  • HVDC Cable Route Scoping Report
    HVDC Cable Route Scoping Report 2016.04.25_NorthConnect_PER_REP_HVDC Scoping Report_ Rev A Last approval: 2016.04.25 Date: By: Control: Approved by: 2016.04.25 2016-04-25_NorthConnect_PER_REP_HVDC Scoping Report_Rev A Contents GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 4 2 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................. 7 2.1 NORTHCONNECT JOINT VENTURE .................................................................................... 7 2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................... 7 2.3 SCOPE OF PLANNING AND MARINE LICENSE APPLICATION ........................................... 8 2.3.1 Onshore Cabling .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.3.2 Horizontal Directional Drilling ................................................................................................ 9 2.3.3 Offshore Cabling ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.4 Fibre Optic Utility Building ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Maximising HVDC Support for GB Black Start and System Restoration
    Part of Maximising HVDC Support for GB Black Start and System Restoration Document Reference HVDC-BS-001 Revision of Issue 2.0 Revision Description Revised based on industry consultation Confidentiality Public Date of Issue 04-12-2019 Client Scottish Government The National HVDC Centre is part of Scottish & Southern Electricity Networks and is funded through the Electricity Network Innovation Competition as the Multi- Terminal Test Environment (MTTE) Project. Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks is a trading name of Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission plc, Registered in Scotland No. SC213461, having its Registered Office at Inveralmond House, 200 Dunkeld Road, Perth, PH1 3AQ; and is a member of the SSE Group www.ssen.co.uk This document contains proprietary information belonging to SSE and/or affiliated companies and shall be used only for the purpose for which it was supplied. It shall not be copied, reproduced, disclosed or otherwise used, nor shall such information be furnished in whole or in part to third parties, except in accordance with the terms of any agreement under which it was supplied or with the prior consent of SSE and shall be returned upon request. No warranty is given by the HVDC Centre in relation to this report, or the use(s) to which it may be put. All intellectual property rights created by the HVDC Centre in creating this report will belong to the HVDC Centre, unless otherwise agreed in writing. Revision Record Rev Date Originator(s) Checker(s) Approver Description Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi Simon Gill 1.0 11-09-2019 Simon Marshall First Issue – For Comment Abdullah Emhemed 2.0 04-12-2019 Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi Abdullah Ben Marshall Revised version Emhemed hvdccentre.com Public Table of Contents Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]