DOCSLIB.ORG

Illyrian Coastal Exploration Program the 2009 Campaign

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Illyrian Coastal Exploration Program the 2009 Campaign Jeff Royal Archaeological Director RPM Nautical Foundation Co-Director Albanian Coastal Survey Project Director Montenegrin Coastal Survey Project Illyrian Coastal Exploration Program The 2009 Campaign Overview Fieldwork along the eastern Adriatic coast in 2009 marked the initial campaign conducted and coordinated under the research initiative of the Illyrian Coastal Exploration Program (ICEP). The goals of the program, introduced in this FIG 1 Overview of the survey areas for the 2009 field season. J. Royal, RPMNF. 45 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects publication (Royal 2009), are to bring together numerous research institutes in an effort to investigate the eastern Adriatic coast. At the core of this program is a survey of the littoral region, out to the c. 100-m contour, spearheaded by RPM Nautical Foundation (RPMNF). The goal of the survey is to document all submerged cultural finds in an effort to assist the countries involved with the protection and scholarly research of these finds. This process is underway in Albania and Montenegro, and efforts are underway to organize fieldwork in Croatia for 2011. Among the entities involved in the program are the Albanian Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Albanian Institute of Archaeology (AIA), Butrint National Trust (BNT), Montenegro Ministry of Culture, Regional Center for Underwater De-Mining (RCUD), Montenegro Center for the Protection of Cultural Heritage (CPCH), Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Trinity University-San Antonio, U.S. Embassy-Montenegro. Efforts of many individuals make the program possible, among them are Dr. Adrian Anastasi (AIA), Co-Director in Albania, Auron Tare (BNT), Veselin Mijajlovic (RCUD), and Dr. Vilma Kovacevic (CPCH). Survey Plan Survey operations with a hull-mounted multibeam sonar were undertaken during May and June by RPMNF’s R/V Hercules. Detailed bathymetric data was collected first in Albania then continued in Montenegro (Figure 1). Overlapping survey lanes along the contours of the seafloor ensured 200% coverage of the seafloor and the ability to detect anomalies. Anomalies were verified primarily with a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) operated from the R/V Hercules, except for a few in shallow areas of c. 5-35 m of depth where divers were utilized in Albania. Once the research vessel was positioned over an FIG 2 anomaly location, the ROV was deployed. A forward-scanning Multibeam coverage from 2007-9 sonar affixed to the ROV facilitated the location of each in Albania Map by J. Royal, RPMNF anomaly and aided in the examination of the area surrounding each anomaly for scattered objects. Each site or submerged find was recorded with the ROV’s multiple video cameras. When deemed necessary, and conservation facilitates were available, objects were raised to assist in determining the date, provenience, and nature of the site or find. When geologic formations were encountered, they were scanned for cultural material that often is trapped when drag nets or currents push them onto rocks. In addition to the multibeam survey, diver investigation was conducted in selected near-shore areas of Albania in order to gain an understanding of the presence of shallow-water material cultural. The dive team was expanded during the 2009 field season with the participation of volunteers from numerous organizations. Diver investigation included sections of coast all along the survey area. No beacons were attached to divers during operations; however, the locations of the dive boat, buoys placed at the furthest extents of the survey, and buoys at finds were recorded. Divers were armed with amphora www.inadiscover.com 46 FIG 3 left Multibeam coverage for 2009 in Montenegro. Map by J. Royal, RPMNF. FIG 4 opposite The Gjergantas Bank formation and position of the Joni wreck site in IVS Fledermaus; note the site’s anomaly image in the lower left corner. Graphic by J. Royal, RPMNF identification slates, still cameras, scales, was approximately 28 km2; the bays stray material near anomalies and sites, and drawing slates for recording finds. have a general depth of c. 30 m with a was facilitated by a forward-scanning In Albania, the 2009 multibeam maximum of 60 m in spring holes. R/V sonar affixed to the ROV. Once cultural survey addressed gaps and unfinished Hercules approached very close to shore material was located and positions areas within the section surveyed during in some sections and also passed in recorded, a visual investigation ensued the 2008 season, and subsequently depths as shallow as 12 m. The coverage through the use of still and video continued northwards (Figure 2). area on the outer coast was c. 32.5 km2 cameras. Scale was provided with a laser From the southernmost point at the and ranged from 17–100 m. affixed to the ROV that provides two Greek border, the survey has progressed Data from the multibeam operations 10-cm spaced points. northward to Porto Palermo in three was processed during, and directly seasons, a distance along the coast after, the collection phase to produce Geologic Findings of c. 50 km.1 Once the operation three-dimensional models of the After completing the processing of progressed north of Corfu (Greece), it seafloor, which was then analyzed for data acquired during 2009 in Albania, was possible to extend the survey area anomalies.2 Anomalies were examined ands its collation with previous further offshore out to the c. 80-100 m for association with either geologic season’s, the areas north of Saranda contour. The survey plan formulated for formations or deposits consistent with around Cape Qefalit and extending Montenegro for this inaugural season shipwreck sites, the latter were plotted northward possess a large number of was based on the areas of interest of for verification. Once mapped out rock formations in the deepest sectors RCUD and CPCH representatives, in navigation and spatial recording of the survey area. Some formations particularly the bays of Kotor and Risan software, the R/VHercules navigated near the cape form linear patterns (Figure 3). Founded in the 5th century into position over anomalies and the extending tens of kilometers, while BCE, the city of Risan includes remains ROV equipped with a transponder was the formations further from shore from the Illyrian and Roman eras as well deployed.3 The software also allowed the are more heterogeneous in size and as the medieval period. Additionally, the real-time tracking of the R/V Hercules pattern. These rock formations do survey of the outer coastline began with and ROV within a three-dimensional not appear within 5-6 km of shore the area directly opposite the entrance seafloor model, and to obtain precise N of Cape Qefalit, where they are into Tivat Bay (Boka Kotorska) and locations for sites and random finds. apparently buried under sediment extended Cape Mačka. Combined the During verification operations, the layers. Ascertaining the possibility of surveyed areas of Kotor and Risan Bays locating of each anomaly, as well as rapid and massive geologic modification 47 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects of this area is beyond the scope of this explanations: the charts are in error, interesting results for understanding the report. However, once multibeam lanes or there has been a large amount of nature of the seafloor. The bottom is at were run in a roughly E-W direction sedimentation in this area that has a consistent depth of c. 30 m, gradually (perpendicular to shore) just to the dramatically changed the seafloor decreases in depth at the towns of N of Cape Qefalit in order to adjoin the topography. Risan and Kotor, and is composed of 2008 multibeam coverage, the surveyors Other evidence that indicates a soft, silt stratum on the surface. In noted that depths indicated on the discrepancies in the survey for charting the central portion of this bay system current charts in use for this section purposes and ICEP data is for the large are numerous fresh-water springs fed of the Albanian coast were in error. rock outcrop near shore (Gjergantas from the surrounding mountains Actual depths were much greater for Bank) that extends to within c. 2 that rise to over 800 m. These springs the position on the chart; for example, meters of the surface in several places maintain large craters formed in the areas recorded as c. 90 m of depth were (Figure 4). This obvious navigation seafloor with depths from 45–60 m, actually 75-m deep. Hence, the area hazard does not extend to shore as which demonstrate the vast amount possible to survey is greatly extended indicated on charts. Recent work along of sediment deposited from the wash from shore than was indicated during the Croatian coast indicates the eastern off the surrounding peaks. Tidal and the planning phases of the field season shore of the Adriatic is undergoing circulatory currents as well as seasonal based on chart data. This increased area subduction at varying rates. Combined storm action move the sediment out of requires a greater time commitment to with the sea-level rise over the past the bays to the coastal entrance where it complete; consequently the survey did several millennia, submerged Roman- dissipates southward down the coast. not reach out to the 100-m contour era structures indicate an overall rise in the Porto Palermo area. Coverage in relative sea-level from 1–3 m. Given Sites and Other Finds was completed to Porto Palermo out this difference in historical sea level, Modern Sites to the 40-50 m contour in order to the Devil’s Tongue formation must Three modern wreck sites were allow room for vessel maneuvering and have presented a particularly dangerous discovered during the 2009 field season, free the surveyors to plan the most navigation hazard in antiquity. all of which are in the coastal section efficient lanes for covering the area.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spis Tresci A
    ŚWIAToWIT • X (LI) /A • 201 2 ToMASz KoWAL RiSAn , M OnTEnEGRO . E xCAvATiOnS in 2012 Location: Risan, opština (county) of Kotor, Montenegro Research team: Piotr dyczek – supervisor Montenegrian party: vilma Kovačević, Nikola Borović, Ivana Medenica, Aleksandra Mićunović, Adelhaida Redžović Polish party: Tomasz Kowal, Martin Lemke, Janusz Recław Funding: own resources and a national research project funded by the Ministry of Science and higher Education Excavation timeline: 18.06–11.07 2012 Risan, a town situated in the far sides of Kotor Bay, was once again an area of scientific research conducted by Polish archaeologists. Researchers from the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe Research Centre, University of Warsaw, present in Montenegro since 2001, are not the first to excavate this important settlement, dating to Illyrian and Roman times. The first archaeologist to lead the excavations at the site was Sir Arthur Evans. In the 1870s he conducted research in the Balkans, among others at Risan ( EvANS 1885: 39–52 ; W ILKES 2006: XIv). he initiated his work In 2012 we continued the excavations at the site of on the coastal strip of Carine in the northern outskirts of Carine vII. The works were carried out in two separate the town. Bounded on the south by the karst River Špila areas of the section: the so-called house of Aglaos and its and on the west by the waters of Kotor Bay, on the north vicinity, as well as at the foot of Građine hill ( Fig. 1 ). In and east this area is limited by the slopes of Građine hill the house of Aglaos a whole quarter of the insula was un- (207 m a.s.l .), belonging to the mountain range of Krivošije.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia Travel Specialists
    CROATIA TRAVEL SPECIALISTS CROATIAincluding Slovenia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina www.croatiatravel.net.au 1 Rich Cultural and Historical Heritage You can immerse yourself in the history and culture of old cities, or find places tucked away that are private and remote, offering total relaxation. From bustling cities to small towns that hold on to a more traditional and quiet way of life, each has something to offer from museums and galleries to churches, palaces, castles and monasteries. Surrounded by well preserved architecture, walking through narrow CROATIA TRAVEL cobblestone streets in time to the ringing of bell WELCOME TO OUR towers, you are transported to centuries past. SPECIALISTSNEW 2018 BROCHURE. Ecological Oasis of Europe Within moments you can completely change your surroundings and walk, hike, climb, ride, dive, canoe and sail through all the diverse natural Dobro Dosli!! Croatian for Welcome and this is what beauty Croatia has to offer. This is a land that will you can expect when you contact Croatia Travel suit all tastes with imposing mountains, rolling Specialists. I would like to welcome you to our new hills, fields full of flowers, forests and caves. The 2018 brochure. coast and the islands are also intensely varied. 2018 promises to be a very busy year after the The moonlike landscape of islands that face the response to our 50th anniversary specials and northern wind are in stark contrast to the deep green of those that are exposed primarily to the promotions last year. Some of our Gold Collection sun, with their high quality local wines, fruit and and other specials will continue into 2018, so see vegetables brimming with taste.
    [Show full text]
  • Pearls of Dalmatia with Dubrovnik & the Island of Hvar
    PEARLS OF DALMATIA WITH DUBROVNIK & THE ISLAND OF HVAR April 11-25, 2019 15 days from $4,184 total price from Boston, New York ($3,695 air & land inclusive plus $489 airline taxes and fees) This tour is provided by Odysseys Unlimited, six-time honoree Travel & Leisure’s World’s Best Tour Operators award. An Exclusive Small Group Tour for Alumni & Friends of the Cornell Alumni Association Travel Program Dear Alumni, Parents, and Friends, We invite you to be among the thousands of Cornell alumni, parents and friends who view the Cornell Alumni Association (CAA) Travel Program as their first choice for memorable travel adventures. If you’ve traveled with CAA before, you know to expect excellent travel experiences in some of the world’s most interesting places. If our travel offerings are new to you, you’ll want to take a closer look at our upcoming tours. Working closely with some of the world’s most highly-respected travel companies, CAA trips are not only well organized, safe, and a great value, they are filled with remarkable people. This year, as we have for more than forty years, are offering itineraries in the United States and around the globe. Whether you’re ascending a sand dune by camel, strolling the cobbled streets of a ‘medieval town’, hiking a trail on a remote mountain pass, or lounging poolside on one of our luxury cruises, we guarantee ‘an extraordinary journey in great company.’ And that’s the reason so many Cornellians return, year after year, to travel with the Cornell Alumni Association.
    [Show full text]
  • Voyage from Palermo to Venice
    VOYAGE FROM PALERMO TO VENICE Exploring the Historic Cities and Art Treasures of the Ionian & Adriatic Seas Aboard the 24-cabin Yacht Elysium With archaeologist Ivancica Schrunk May 21 – 31, 2022 Dear Traveler, Archaeological Institute of America ˆ ˆ Next spring, we invite you to join AIA lecturer and host Ivancica (Vanca) Schrunk LECTURER AND HOST aboard the private, yacht-like Elysium on a purpose-designed voyage from Sicily to Venice by way of Montenegro and Croatia, discovering historical gems of the Mediterranean, Ionian, and Adriatic Seas. The combination of fascinating history and sublime beauty is what makes these shorelines among the most spectacular places in the world. Consider Sicily’s Taormina, whose ancient Greek theater gazes at massive Mount Etna; the remarkable trulli villages of Italy’s Puglia region; the old, picturesque town of Kotor, nested at the head of a long, scenic bay; the beautifully preserved medieval city of Dubrovnik, overlooking the sparkling waters of the Adriatic; Split’s enormous Palace of Diocletian, one of the finest Roman monuments to survive from antiquity; the small town of Porec in Croatia’s Istria, home to the 6th-century Basilica of Euphrasius with its gleaming Byzantine mosaics; and Venice, our last stop and unquestionably one of the world’s most stunning and influential cities. Born in Zagreb, Croatia, AIA lecturer and host Vancǎ Schrunk will enrich your travel experience and understanding of the ancient and medieval history of this region through an onboard series of stimulating lectures as well as informal discussions. In addition, excellent local guides will accompany you on excursions throughout ˆ the program.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 BUILDING BRIDGES. an INTRODUCTION Lucia Alberti I
    BUILDING BRIDGES. AN INTRODUCTION Lucia Alberti CNR - Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (ISPC) [email protected] I ponti gli piacevano, uniscono separazioni, come una stretta di mano unisce due persone. I ponti cuciono strappi, annullano vuoti, avvicinano lontananze. Mauro Corona, La casa dei sette ponti, Milano, 20121 This volume marks the first in a new monographic series, Bridges, whose aim is to publish the results of the bilateral projects the National Research Council of Italy under- takes with various foreign scientific institutions. The series can be further organized into differing sub-sections, related to the countries involved. The present publication – the first volume in theBridges: Italy Montenegro series – gives an account of the numerous joint-research projects that since 2015 the CNR has conducted with Montenegrin institutions belonging to the Ministry of Sciences and Ministry of Culture of Montenegro. The main topics are related to cultural heritage studies dealing with matters both physical and intangible, with particular reference to the more innovative methodologies and technologies. Already in an advanced stage of preparation is the second volume in this series. Edited by Carla Sfameni and Tatjana Koprivica, it concerns the history of the Italian involvement in the archaeology of Montenegro from the 19th century to the present day. The history of the CNR participation in Montenegro is very recent. In 2013, a first scientific agreement was signed by the former CNR President, Professor Luigi Nicolais, 1 ‘He liked bridges, they unify separate entities, as a handshake joins two persons. Bridges sew up torn holes, fill in empty gaps, and bring far-off things nearer’.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmus És Harmonia Illíriában404
    Marjeta Šašel Kos ( L j u b l j a n a ) : Cadmus és Harmonia Illíriában404 Kivonat Valamennyi ismert legenda közül, melyek a Balkán északnyugati részéhez kapcsolódnak, a néphagyo- mányban az egyik legmélyebben gyökerező a thébai héroszpár, Cadmus és Harmonia legendája. A gyer- mekeiket érő különböző csapások után, idős korukban vándoroltak a boiótiai Thébából az encheleus néphez, melynek uralkodói lettek. A szerző összegyűjt minden elérhető forrást, mely fényt vet a legenda utóbbi részére. Nézete szerint Cadmus, Bato és a kadmosziak legendáit, akik megjelennek az encheleu- sok között, elsősorban úgy lehet tekinteni, mint a kisebb-nagyobb népcsoportok erőteljes civilizáló im- pulzusait, akik különböző okokból északra vándoroltak, ahol hozzájárultak a dél-dalmát térség és a makedón határ mentén fekvő területek gyorsabb urbanizációjához (Harpya, Lychnidus, Buthoé, Rhizon és a titokzatos Cylices városok alapítása), és társadalmi fejlődéséhez (a Kadmeus-dinasztia alapítása). I. A Cadmus-legenda nem az egyetlen, amely jelzi a kapcsolatokat a görög világ és az Északnyu- gat-Balkán között. Hasonló kapcsolatokat tükröznek a hüperboreuszokról, a mítikus északi faj- ról szóló legendák, akiknél egy ideig Apolló lakott, mielőtt kultusza megjelent Delphiben, s ahol azután minden tizenkilencedik évben egy bizonyos időt töltött, a tavaszi napéjegyenlőség- től a Plejádok felkeléséig. A hüberboreuszok minden évben drága ajándékokat küldtek követe- ikkel az istenség déloszi szentélyébe, és útjuk nagy részét az Északnyugat-Balkánon keresztül tették meg.
    [Show full text]
  • Fieldwork at Novae 1
    ÂWIATOWIT • TOM V (XLVI) • FASC. A • 2003 PIOTR DYCZEK (IA UW) FIELDWORK AT RISAN AND NOVAE, SEASON 2003 (PL. 37-42) 1. Risan, ancient names: Rhizon, Risinium - Montenegro, Boka Kotorska. 2. Team: Piotr Dyczek Vilma Kovacevic, Jovica Martinovic - Montenegro side Janusz Reclaw, Martin Lemke, Piotr Kazanowski Group of 6 student-trainees from the Institute of Archaeology of Warsaw University and 10 students from the Slavic Studies Institute of Warsaw University. 3. Explorations lasted from June 12 to July 17, 2003. 4. Financed from the resources of the Center of Archaeological Research - Novae, Warsaw University. 5. Greek emporion, perhaps Greek colony, Roman colony, Roman municipium, small medieval episcopal center. 6. Chronology: 4th century BC - 11th century AD. e site lies in the territory of the modern Rhizon is also mentioned in other ancient authors: the town of Risan, situated on the northern arm of the Boka Geographer from Ravenna, Stephen of Byzantium and Kotorska bay, otherwise known as Risan Bay, 11 km Constantine Porphyrogenes. It was also depicted on the northwest of Kotor. Risan occupies a natural cavea Tabula Peutingeriana. formed by limestone hills sparsely overgrown by typical The archaeological remains were first investigated Mediterranean flora. Two mountain ridges encase the in the 1880s by Arthur Evans, who uncovered the tombs location, the highest peaks being Stole (945 m a.s.l.) and and ruins of the settlement. Work continued on and off Usanik (844 m a.s.l.). Overlooking the town is the in the 1930s, 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and systematic Gradine mount (132 m a.s.l.) with remnants of an excavations were undertaken in 1988 and 1989.
    [Show full text]
  • Route 1: Montenegro (Kotor - Ulcinj)
    Route 1: Montenegro (Kotor - Ulcinj) Shuttle bus company from Tivat airport to Kotor. 1st day. Reception. Accommodation in cabins; familiarization with the rules of conduct on the yacht; purchase food; acquisition guests items and equipment needed for the rest of the sea; Excursion in Old Kotor; dinner restorane- bed on a yacht. Day 2. Sail . Rise; cleaning of the ship; output in the Bay of Kotor. The transition from Kotor - Compassion - Orahovac - Perast - Risan - Morinj: swimming and fishing; reception sunbathing; hydro towed the yacht on mooring lines; Mooring and visit the Maritime Museum in the town of Perast; visit the famous island of the Virgin on the Bluff (Gospa od Škrpjela) and the eponymous church-museum; visit of Roman mosaics in Risan; visit the ancient caves. Anchoring in Morinj; Dinner at the restaurant "Mlini Čatovića", an evening walk along the shore; night swimming- night on a yacht. Day 3. Sail . Rise; cleaning of the ship; bathing. breakfast on the yacht; lifting anchor. The transition from Morinj - strait Verige - Tivat - Kalardovo beach - about. St. Mark: mooring in the port of Tivat; Walk along the waterfront; excursion in Tivat Park Arboretum; bathing and therapeutic and rejuvenating mud treatments in the area Kalardovo; lunch; Anchoring in about. St. Mark's; dinner in the restaurant on the shore; Walk around the island; afternoon tea. Swimming. 4th day. Sailing. Rise; cleaning of the ship; breakfast; bathing; lifting anchor. The transition from a. St. Mark's - about. Our Lady of Mercy - Krashichi - Kumbor - Herceg Novi: examination with sea rock shelters submarines during the Cold War and the Yugoslav Navy warships; mooring in the marina Herceg Novi; exit to the city; examination of ancient fortresses; dinner at the Yacht club.
    [Show full text]
  • According to Antique Historians and the Paschal Chronicle the Scythian Empire Or the Federation of Nations Was Founded Around 3660 BC
    Summary DOCLEA AND PRAEVALITANA According to antique historians and the Paschal Chronicle the Scythian Empire or the federation of nations was founded around 3660 BC. The Scythians started to colonize the Balkans around 1800 BC and this mission ended around 1500 BC. Around 1000 BC the Kimmerian Scythians attacked Italy where they formeded their territories. The oldest Scythian Balkan state was Thracia which was created by the Pedases people around 3500 BC, and the Egyptian sources are also mentioning it as an enemy state around 2000 BC. Around 1600 BC a powerful cen- tral Balkan state was created and its name was Dar- dania. The Egyptian sources of 1452 BC from the period of the reign of Amenophis II and of 1240 from the period of the reign of Ramses II are men- tioning the names of Scythian Balkan nations: the Moesi, the Dardanians, the Thracian Pedases, and the Odrysae people. The Scythian Docleatae belonged to the Parthian Scythians; part of them descended to the Balkans in the second half of the second millennium BC. 649 Vojislav D. Nikčević: DOCLEA AND PRAEVALITANA They created two cities around 1040 BC: Doclea and Scodra. On the territory of today’s Montenegro the Docleatae founded three cities: Medun, Risinium (Risan) and Budua (Budva). In VII and VI century BC the powerful Kingdom of Pontus of the Aorses created its federal unit in the middle Dalmatia and the Scythian Balkan federation known as the Kingdom of the Danube Scythians ruled by the Scytho-Sarmatian Autariatae. This state-alliance included the Kingdom of Pannonia with its capital Sirmium, the alliance con- sisted of the Veneti and the Liburnians, the Kingdom of Aorses, kingdoms of Dardania and Moesia and the agreed province of two kingdoms – Dacia with Trivalia (Praevaliana, future Praevalitana) as well as Scythia Minor.
    [Show full text]
  • 11D8N Splendid Balkan States (HESJJA)
    11D8N Splendid Balkan States (HESJJA) Stop by the city of Zadar and take a moment to listen to the sounds of the Sea Organ. Be entranced by the wonders of Mother Nature at Plitvice Lakes National Park and Lake Bled! The word Balkan in Turkish means “mountain” with the peninsula (especially the west area) is dominated by this type of landform. Ethnic diversity is one of the region’s most characteristic social and political features. The Bulgarians, North Macedonians, and Slovenes speak their own Slavic languages while the Slavs of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro all speak dialects of Serbo-Croatian. Join us on a tour to the Balkans region located in Southeast Europe covering Zagreb, Zadar, Mostar, Sarajevo, Bled & Ljubliana today! Page 21 Itinerary [Day 1] Singapore — Sarajevo - - Meal on board Assemble at Changi international Airport and begin your vacation with a pleasant flight towards Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [Day 2] Sarajevo - L D Start off your city tour to view the beautifulOttoman style mosques, architecture, old quarters, city hall. Follow by Baščaršija, which includes the Ottoman-era Gazi Husrev-bey Mosque. Before we head to hotel visit Sarajevo War Tunnel for a visceral wartime experience of the siege of Sarajevo in the 1990s. [Day 3] Mostar — Ston — Dubrovnik B L D In the morning, head to Ston, a city in the Dubrovnik - Neretva County of Croatia, located at the south of isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula. The town of Ston is the centre of the Ston municipality. After lunch, proceed to Dubrovnik, a city in southern Croatia fronting the Adriatic Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Interventions by the Roman Republic in Illyria 230 – 167 BC
    Interventions by the Roman Republic in Illyria 230 – 167 BC Submitted by Jack James Willoughby, to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics, September 2018. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… Page 1 of 181 Abstract This thesis aims to determine how and why Rome undertook a series of interventions in Illyria during the period of 230 – 167 BC. The thesis is based on a detailed examination and consideration of the ancient written sources and the subsequent historiography on the subject. The Roman interventions in Illyria during this period have traditionally been treated as a component of wider studies of Roman expansion, although Rome’s involvement in Illyria has recently been examined by Dzino in his 2010 work Illyricum in Roman Politics 229BC-AD68. This work examined the development and integration of Illyricum in Roman political discourse, in which the Roman interventions were a smaller component in the broader study. A study of the Roman interventions in Illyria during the period of 230 – 167 BC has never previously been treated on this scale, nor effectively with a synthesis of the various approaches and pieces of evidence that are now available.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Illyrian King Agron and Queen Teuta Came to a Bad End and Who Was Ballaios?
    From the history of ancient Rhizon/Risinium: Why Illyrian king Agron and queen Teuta came to a bad end and who was Ballaios? Piotr Dyczek*1* Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe University of Warsaw In 2001 the Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe of the University of Warsaw opened a new archaeological excavation project in the Republic of Montenegro. The site lies in the territory of modern Risan, on the coast of the northern branch of Kotor Bay [Fig. 1]. The name of the town appears in different written sources in variants corresponding to the period: Rhizon, Rhizinium, Risinium, but always echo- ing in the modern name of Risan. Consequently, the identification of the location did not raise any doubts already in the 19th century, but the name itself is of unclear origin. It may have been derived either from the Greek rhizon, that is, root or from rhizotom, a grass or to be more precise, a medicinal herb which still grows in proliferation around the locality (cf. Ivčević 1999: 101, Dyczek 2008: 155–156). Arthur Evans was the first to explore the area in the 1870s (Evans 1884: 42ff.) and he concluded that the plateau Fig. 1. General location of Risan * This paper was prepared with support from the Lanckoroński Foundation. Classica Orientalia 157 Piotr Dyczek situated at the foot of the Građine hill which rises to an altitude of 207 m, was the site of intensive settlement in antiquity. Risan is a small locality today, but it was once the most important center in the whole bay and a significant player in the history of Illyria and its relations with the Roman Republic.
    [Show full text]