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Kokutai - Political Shintô from Early-Modern to Contemporary Japan

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Kokutai - Political Shintô from Early-Modern to Contemporary Japan KOKUTAI - POLITICAL SHINTÔ FROM EARLY-MODERN TO CONTEMPORARY JAPAN Klaus Antoni EBERHARD KARLS UNIVERSITY TÜBINGEN 2016 Klaus Antoni KOKUTAI - POLITICAL SHINTÔ FROM EARLY-MODERN TO CONTEMPORARY JAPAN KOKUTAI - POLITICAL SHINTÔ FROM EARLY-MODERN TO CONTEMPORARY JAPAN Klaus Antoni ___________________________________________________________ EBERHARD KARLS UNIVERSITY TÜBINGEN 2016 This book is a revised and enlarged translation of the author’s work: Shintô und die Konzeption des japanischen Nationalwesens (kokutai). Der religiöse Traditio- nalismus in Neuzeit und Moderne Japans. (Handbuch der Orientalistik, vol. V/ 8). Lei- den: Brill 1998. ISBN 90-04-10316-3 Translation: Anthony De Pasquale et al. Online publication by Eberhard Karls University Tübingen: Tobias-lib Tübingen 2016 Download from permanent internet adress: http://hdl.handle.net/10900/68861 ISBN 978-3-946552-00-0 Bibliographic information published by the German National Library: The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) lists this publication in the German National Bibliography (Deutsche Nationalbibliografie); detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet: http://dnb.ddb.de. »Of the three chief Religions, which now flourish and are tolerated in Japan, the SINTOS. must be considered in the first place, more for its antiquity and long standing, than for the number of its adherents.« - Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-1716), The History of Japan, vol. 2, Book III (»Of the State of Religion In Japan«), ch. 1, p. 204 , London: Printed for the Publisher, 1727. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .......................................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER I Introduction and fundamentals ......................................................................... 18 1. Subject and objective ............................................................................................................. 20 2. Clarification of terms............................................................................................................. 22 2. 1. Culture............................................................................................................................. 22 2. 2. Tradition and the modern era...................................................................................... 23 2. 3. Religion ........................................................................................................................... 24 2. 4. Images and stereotypes................................................................................................. 27 2. 4. 1. Images as friend and foe....................................................................................... 27 2. 4. 2. Japan as paradise ................................................................................................... 27 2. 4. 3. Heterostereotypes and autostereotypes............................................................. 28 2. 4. 4. Nihonjinron: how Japan sees itself ....................................................................... 30 2. 4. 5. Japanese perceptions of the outside world........................................................ 30 2. 4. 5. 1. Patterns of acculturation............................................................................... 31 3. Coordinates in Japanese culture and religious history .................................................... 34 3. 1. History............................................................................................................................. 34 3. 1. 1. The power of genealogy ....................................................................................... 35 3. 1. 2. Outline of ancient history (before 1868) ............................................................. 35 3. 1. 3. The modern era...................................................................................................... 36 3. 2. Religion and values: syncretism rather than denomination ................................... 37 3. 2. 1. Buddhism................................................................................................................ 39 3. 2. 2. Confucianism ......................................................................................................... 40 3. 2. 2. 1. The history of Confucianism in Japan ........................................................ 41 3. 2. 3. Shintô....................................................................................................................... 42 3. 2. 3. 1. Historical development ................................................................................ 43 3. 2. 3. 1. 1. The legitimation of the imperial household ...................................... 43 3. 2. 3. 1. 2. The »primeval religion« of Japan ........................................................ 46 3. 2. 3. 1. 3. Modern mythological research............................................................ 48 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER II The Edo period.................................................................................................... 53 1. Historical outline of the Edo period ................................................................................... 55 1. 1. The early Edo period..................................................................................................... 56 1. 1. 1. The political system............................................................................................... 57 1. 1. 2. The involvement of the imperial household ..................................................... 57 1. 1. 3. Economy and culture ............................................................................................ 58 1. 2. The late Edo and bakumatsu periods ........................................................................... 59 1. 2. 1. General development............................................................................................ 59 2. Shintô and governance in the early Edo period................................................................ 61 2. 1. Shintô and the religious policy of the bakufu............................................................. 61 2. 1. 1. The deification of the »unifiers of Japan« and the Tôshôgû in Nikkô ........... 63 2. 1. 1. 1. Sannô-Ichijitsu Shintô and Miwa (-ryû) Shintô......................................... 66 2. 1. 2. The system of shrines and priests ....................................................................... 72 2. 1. 2. 1. The administration of shrines under the baku-han system ...................... 74 2. 1. 2. 2. The control of the shrine priests by the Yoshida family .......................... 76 2. 1. 2. 3. The further development of Yoshida Shintô ............................................. 77 2. 2. Shintô and Confucianism in the early Edo period.................................................... 79 2. 2. 1. Basic characteristics of Japanese Confucianism ................................................ 80 2. 2. 2. Hayashi Razan’s Confucian Shintô..................................................................... 82 2. 2. 3. Yoshikawa Shintô .................................................................................................. 87 2. 2. 4. Yamazaki Ansai’s Suika Shintô ........................................................................... 90 2. 2. 5. The further development of Ise Shintô by Watarai Nobuyoshi...................... 94 2. 2. 6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 97 3. The religious life of the people ............................................................................................ 99 3. 1. Pilgrimages to Ise in the Edo period........................................................................... 99 3. 1. 1. The »confraternities« (kô).................................................................................... 101 3. 1. 2. The Ise shrines during the Edo period ............................................................. 103 3. 1. 3. The procedure of pilgrimages to Ise ................................................................. 104 3. 1. 4. Ise-mairi and the beginnings of mass tourism ................................................ 107 3. 1. 4. 1. Travel guidebooks ....................................................................................... 108 3. 1. 5. Engelbert Kaempfer as a chronicler of the pilgrimage to Ise ........................ 110 4. Engelbert Kaempfer’s contribution to the understanding of Edo period Shintô....... 113 4. 1. The academic reception of the work......................................................................... 114 4. 1. 1. Religions in Kaempfer’s History of Japan........................................................ 114 4. 1. 1. 1. »Of the Religions of this Empire in general, and of the Sintos-Religion in particular« .................................................................................... 115 4. 1. 1. 2. »Of the Sintos Temples, belief and worship« .......................................... 118 4. 1. 1. 3. »Of the Sintos Rebi, that is, their fortunate and holidays, and the celebration thereof« ............................................................................................. 120 4. 1. 1. 4. »Of the Sanga or Pilgrimage to
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