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Documentation, Individualizes a BEYOND THE WALL NOTES ON MULTICULTURAL MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPE a cura di Attilio Petruccioli Adriana Sarro BEYOND THE WALL NOTES ON MULTICULTURAL MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPE ICAR Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura Politecnico di Bari Via Orabona 4, 70125, Italy Copyright Attilio Petruccioli Adriana Sarro Progetto grafico e impaginazione Giuseppe Francesco Rociola Composizione tipografica in Adobe Garamond Pro, Gill Sans Std Stampa Uniongrafica Corcelli Editrice ISBN 978-88-95006-26-0 CONTENTS 9 Introduction 13 Essaouira - Mogador. A Multicultural City in Morocco Attilio Petruccioli 25 Residences and Public Space in the Urban Tissues of Syria in Presence of Intercultural Inherits in Relationships with some Cities of the Mediterranean Sea Adriana Sarro 39 The Multicultural Fabric of the Crusader Citadel of Tartous in Syria Giulia Annalinda Neglia 51 The Ottoman Houses of Haifa: Typologies of Domestic Architecture in a Late Ottoman Palestinian Town Ron Fuchs 75 Le quartier de la Petite Sicile à Tunis, histoire ancienne et enjeux actuels Leïla Ammar 85 Evolution du Vocabulaire Architecturale: cas de la Médina de Tunis Najet Hedhly Boubaker 87 Learning from the Orient: Eugène Beaudouin and the Restitution of 17th Century Isfahan Giuseppina Lonero 99 Le Mausolée Royal Maurétanien de Tipasa en Algérie. Un repère d'architecture multiculturelle à promouvoir Joucef Chennaoui 109 Palermo. Architecture and Culture of Dialogue Antonino Margagliotta 117 The Arab Influence in the Architecture of Apulia and Basilicata Antonella Calderazzi 121 Permanencies and Cultural Stratifications in the Development of the Identifying Characteristics of Apulian Architecture and Territory Calogero Montalbano 137 The "Salt Landscapes" of the Adriatic Coast. The Case Study of Margherita di Savoia Giuseppe Francesco Rociola 149 Territorial Policies, Social Exclusion and Immigration in the South Sergio Bisciglia This publication is realized with funds allocated to the unit of the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Palermo and to the unit of the Faculty of Architecture of the Politecnico of Bari for scientific research 40% domestic COFIN 2001 called "Analysis and Project. Recovering of the Urban Fabric with Intercultural Character in the Historical Centres of the Eastern Mediterranean and Link with the Architectural and Urban Culture in Italy" financed by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research. in memory of Pasquale Culotta 9 INTRODUCTION History can be told in closed chapters, contained in rigidly separated compar- tments, or like a huge river running slowly and majestically, unstoppable, into which streams and small rivers flow. The first case includes the simplifications of many historians to make clear and clean phenomena in order to extrapolate a protagonist, an event or a style and relate a theory more easily. The attempts made to rewrite History on the part on emerging countries wishing to delete a colonial past are not dissimilar. The trend is in privileging the history of autochthonous cultures and in ignoring the exogenous contributions: in Libya and in Algeria, ancient Romans and Byzantines become less important or completely ignored, similarly to the Italian fascists or the French of the first Republic. The result is a homogeneous image of the country, or even monolithic, pacified, but substantially anti-histo- ric. The second case includes the idea of History as a continuous process, in which each phase contains as a premise the traces of the previous one. It is not a sin- gle heroic protagonist who appears in the foreground or the style of a school, but all of this often in a conflictual state, since the great river of History also brings together the waste of hybridizations and contaminations. We are personally convinced that the ferment of innovation grows and multi- plies in this waste. Mediterranean and multiculturalism are two inseparable ideas, almost a tauto- logy, but, if subject to a strict analysis, they escape, becoming poly-significant. What has determined the integrated perception of Pedrag Matvejevic, which has great success and diffusion? How do we go beyond the rhetoric of Mediterranean diet and of sunburnt white walls and distinct shadows? We all agree on the fact that the Great Lake, the Roman Mare Nostrum, has been the most extraordinary theatre for the meeting of civilizations. Fernand Braudel's book " La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II," defined by someone as the "Gone with the Wind" of Mediterranean studies, is an excellent fresco which, aiming at the whole of the closed lake, represents an organic unit in an idyllic world of quiet relation- ships. If so, this world disappeared a long time ago, victim of the cruelty of that principle of quarrel and survival of civilizations, which is at the basis of the interpretation of the great English historian of comparative civilizations, Arnold Toynbee. The most realistic framework should be coexistence in a condition of latent conflict, which explodes yet in the XXI century - as the conflict in the Balkans, which has led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia - herald of loss but also of rapid progress. Maybe a counter-history of the Mediterranean should be written by these mee- tings/crashes of cultures that have become hybrid. We recall a small episode: the buildings of the Maltese towns have a strange familiarity with the Ottoman world because of the musharabiyyas decorating the façades. We know that no Turk has ever arrived on the island thanks to the strong resistance of its inhabitants in the XVI century. Hence, all this building 10 BEYOND THE WALL. NOTES ON MULTICULTURAL MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPE equipment allowing women to peer at the road without being seen have in Malta a standard measure of 162 cm that corresponds to those in Izmir on the western coast of Anatolia. We should consider the Selgiuqids in Turkey who transferred into their madrase, mosques and caravanserai the spolia of the clas- sical world, until the casual approach became a well-established linguistic fact. The opening essay by Attilio Petruccioli looks into some specific aspects of Mediterranean multiculturalism. The analysis of the town of Mogador in Morocco with the Mellah district and the comparison with the other symbolic case of Essaouira, bring to light the complexity of an anthropic palimpsest structured towards the unavoidable conditioning imposed by the morphology of the territory. The article by Adriana Sarro examines the urban structure of Aleppo and its in-progress event as a paradigm of the mix among cultures, if compared to Tunis, Cairo, Fez and Palermo. This study also constitutes an opportunity to think about the concept of "identity" and "difference", "equality" and "diversi- ty". The study by Giulia Annalinda Neglia considers the urban palimpsest of Tartous in Syria, looking at, in the complex superimposed plots that history has impressed on it, the concrete heritage of Mediterranean multiculturalism. The article by Ron Fuchs interprets the typological transformations of residen- tial building during the process of modernization that involves the Ottoman Empire in the XIX century. The analysis of the urban fabric of Haifa in Palestine permits the investigation of the development of the house, analysing the different types and models. The article by Leïla Ammar analyses "little Sicily" in Tunis, a district born towards the end of the XIX century in the heart of the city, near the Harbour, examining the critical elements and the value useful for a hypothesis of urban requalification of the whole district. The article by Najet Hedhly Boubaker considers the transformations of the ancient fabric of the médina of Tunis, in relation to the typological update of residences and to the subsequent changes in the architectural language. The aim is to define the guidelines for interventions of urban recovery. The study by Giuseppina Lonero concerns the figure of Eugène Beaudouin, linked in this case to projects presented for Envois de Rome. In particular, it is important to analyse the project of reconstruction of Isfahan in the XVII cen- tury presented during the third Envoi de Rome held in 1933. The research by Joucef Chennaoui focuses on the consideration concerning the value of the cultural heritage towards the recent indications by UNESCO. The archaeological site of Tipasa, with the royal mausoleum, represents a symbolic and historical element of significant value because of its integration into the Algerian rural landscape. The article by Antonino Margagliotta tackles the question of multiculturalism through the study of the city of Palermo, as an example of dialogue among the different cultures that have marked their presence in that place. These princi- ples are at the basis of research in progress at the Faculty of Architecture of Palermo; some projects formulated with the students of the Architectural Composition I course are being analysed. The research by Antonella Calderazzi investigates the cultural links and the architectural influences of the Saracen presence in Apulia, through the investi- gation of interesting assimilations on the part of the autochthonous and Norman-Swabian culture. INTRODUCTION 11 Calogero Montalbano looks into the process of the anthropic development of Apulia as result of the progressive adaptation of man to the geomorphological features of the territory. This adaptation is expressed through the development of the living types, as trulli, lamioni or farms-jazzi, coherent with the nature of the place and
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