Life in a Small Street in Baltimore: One Hundred Fifty Years of an Evolving, Unique Urban Landscape

ABSTRACT

Title of Document: LIFE IN A SMALL STREET IN BALTIMORE: ONE HUNDRED FIFTY YEARS OF AN EVOLVING, UNIQUE URBAN LANDSCAPE

Philip Carlton LaCombe, M.C.P. /M.H.P., 2012

Directed By: Donald W. Linebaugh, Ph.D., Director, Graduate Program in Historic Preservation

In Baltimore, Maryland, and a select few northeastern cities, the residents of small, narrow streets enjoy an urban environment closely resembling the beloved historic city centers of Europe. However, the lower-class origins of these streets have, through much of their history, put them largely out of view for both historic preservationists and participants in the middle-class housing market. This paper examines the evolution of one block of an alley street in the Upper Fells Point neighborhood of Baltimore. It explores the bulk of the block’s history as a working class community, defined by waves of immigrants, and reveals how gentrification has changed the block in both physical form and demographic composition. The project ties the past and present together, arguing for a collection of social and psychological benefits enjoyed by residents living in a compact, nearly car-free urban environment that is quite unique for a North American city. It connects Baltimoreans from the past and present who have experienced very different social and economic circumstances but have held in common a personal and communal attachment to the special urban form of the alley street.

LIFE IN A SMALL STREET IN BALTIMORE: ONE HUNDRED FIFTY YEARS OF AN EVOLVING, UNIQUE URBAN LANDSCAPE

Philip Carlton LaCombe

Master Final Project submitted to the Faculty of the Historic Preservation Program of the School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Historic Preservation 2012

Advisory Committee: Dr. Donald Linebaugh, Assoc. Professor, HISP Director, Chair Steven Allan, AICP

Dedication

To my mother, whose heart and mind have always been taken by historic places.

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge Dr. Donald Linebaugh for the guidance and encouragement he provided through the process of completing this project.

I am in debt to Anna Campbell, Brian Herb, and Katelyn O’Brien, who shared their time, stories and thoughts about life in this special street. I would like to thank Steve

Allan, fellow admirer of small streets, for providing insight and advice. I would also like to extend thanks to Doug McElrath, Lauren Schizik, and Eric Holcomb for connecting me with valuable research materials. Lou Thomas, co-founder of Small

Streets, deserves thanks for inspiring me to dedicate my time and effort toward the preservation of small streets.

My partner and love of my life, Cathleen, deserves special thanks for always encouraging me, especially when the weight of this project fell heavily on my shoulders.

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Table of Contents

Dedication ...... ii Acknowledgements ...... iii Table of Contents ...... iv List of Tables ...... vi List of Figures ...... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 The Baltimore Alley Street ...... 2 Previous Scholarship ...... 5 Project Methodology ...... 10 Chapter 2: Historical & Cultural Evolution of a Small Street ...... 13 Introduction ...... 13 Founding of Fell’s Point ...... 13 Raising of a Town ...... 13 Early to Mid-19th Century Development ...... 15 1850s to 1870s ...... 19 1880s ...... 24 1890s ...... 31 1900s ...... 34 1910s ...... 41 1920s ...... 47 1930s ...... 51 1940s ...... 58 1950s ...... 66 1960s ...... 69 1970s ...... 71 1980s ...... 75 1990s ...... 77 2000s ...... 78 Chapter 3: Evaluating the Urban Design of a Small Street ...... 86 Historical Human Settlement Patterns ...... 86 Alley Streets as Car-“Lite” Streets ...... 86 Social and Psychological Benefits ...... 87 Timeless Design ...... 92 Chapter 4: Place and Memory on a Small Street ...... 96 Sense of Place Today ...... 96 Memory of Place Today...... 97 Bibliography ...... 101

Appendices ...... 108 Appendix A: Oral Interview Letter ...... 108 Appendix B: Oral Interview Questions...... 109 Appendix C: 1880 US Census ...... 111 Appendix D: 1900 US Census ...... 117 Appendix E: 1910 US Census...... 124 Appendix F: 1920 US Census ...... 129 Appendix G: 1930 US Census ...... 135 Appendix H: 1940 US Census ...... 140

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of 1880 US Census...... 25 Table 2. Summary of 1900 US Census...... 36 Table 3. Summary of 1910 US Census...... 42 Table 4. Summary of 1920 US Census...... 48 Table 5. Summary of 1930 US Census...... 52 Table 6. Summary of 1940 US Census...... 59

List of Figures

Figure 1. Enlarged section of Neighborhood Map, Baltimore City Planning Department, 2012...... 4 Figure 2. Enlarged section of Warner and Hanna’s Plan for the City of Baltimore, 1801...... 15 Figure 3. Enlarged section of Thomas Poppleton's Plan of the City of Baltimore, 1822...... 17 Figure 4. Enlarged version of Bradford’s Baltimore, 1838...... 18 Figure 5. Enlarged section of Sachse's Bird's Eye View of Baltimore, 1869...... 21 Figure 6. Enlarged section of G.M. Hopkins’s City Atlas of Baltimore, Vol. 1 Plate C, 1876...... 23 Figure 7. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 51, 1880...... 27 Figure 8. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 9, 1890...... 32 Figure 9. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 395, 1902...... 38 Figure 10. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 339 (395), 1914...... 45 Figure 11. Infographic from “Modern Baltimore’s 1847 Improvements,” Baltimore Sun, 1947...... 62 Figure 12. Photograph of the 200 block of South Chapel Street, Baltimore Sun, 1947...... 63 Figure 13. Photograph of wood for cooking and heating, modern electric washer and bathtub at 213 South Chapel Street, Baltimore Sun, 1947...... 64 Figure 14. Architecture of Southeast Middle School, Moravia Park School, General Wolfe Elementary School, and Walker P. Carter School...... 73

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Using the crises of climate change and obesity as a frame, advocates for the environment, planning and public health have emphasized the importance of walkable neighborhoods for a healthy populace and a healthy planet. Historic preservationists have offered the country’s many pre-automobile neighborhoods as prime examples of walkable urban form, and the Congress for the New Urbanism has worked to rebuild the body of knowledge that created these places. Despite these efforts, the traditional urban form of narrow streets found in medieval Europe, the most walkable urban form of all, goes largely unconsidered when building new streets and neighborhoods.

In that sense, this paper originates from a lack of discussion about, and consideration for, traditional urban form in the public and professional discourse about the future of our towns and cities.

Together with a classmate from the University of Maryland, College Park, I founded Small Streets in June 2011, an organization with a mission “to support the preservation and proliferation of small streets in order to improve the quality of life and building the sustainability of our cities and towns” (Small Streets 2011). Small

Streets educates and advocates through a website, blog, social media, and local issue campaigns. My co-founder, Lou Thomas, and I believe that one of the most effective ways to persuade the American public to consider adopting traditional urban form is to highlight examples of the United States’ thriving historic urban places that include streets narrower than thirty feet wide as an essential element of their form and character. These places include the North End in Boston, the Center City of

Philadelphia, the Old City of Saint Augustine, and Fell’s Point in Baltimore. This

paper examines the history of one particular kind of small street found in the Upper

Fells Point neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland.

The Baltimore Alley Street

Urban Form

Unfamiliar to most Americans, the alley street is an urban form limited mostly to the Mid-Atlantic region, appearing in Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington,

Scranton and Harrisburg. The alley street is defined by its narrow width relative to other streets, referred to in this work as “wide streets.” Measured from building face to building face, alley streets vary from around twelve to thirty feet in width.

The name “alley street” is derived from the urban context in which these narrow streets are found. Typical 19th-century blocks in Baltimore were laid out on two or four sides with average-sized houses fronting streets 40 to 75 feet wide. An alley bisected each full city block, which typically measures 300 to 450 feet on each side, and provided service access to properties. Many of these alleys contained only outbuildings or entrances to yards, but others were turned into fully-functioning streets by the construction of dwellings on one or both sides. Because the streets would only function as alleys in some neighborhoods in the city, and because their dimensions recall that of an alley, “alley” forms the first part of their common terminology. Nevertheless, having houses whose front doors face these rights-of-way certainly makes these alleys streets as well.

Socioeconomic Status

Living on an alley street by definition puts its residents on the margins. Urban rights-of-way less than thirty feet would be reserved exclusively for service access in many North American cities. The houses on Baltimore’s alley streets are smaller and simpler than those on the city’s wide streets. In a society where the size of a family’s house is a strong indicator of socioeconomic status, living on an alley street carries little prestige. Residents of alley streets have attempted to break their streets’ association with the negative connotations of alleys by renaming their streets “small streets.” The term helps to improve the imagery of the alley street, and for some it may even displace thoughts of dumpsters and telephone poles with mental pictures of the medieval streets of historic European city and town centers. Importantly, the term

“alley street” reaches beyond imagery to deep divisions between European American and African American residents in Baltimore. Even though in the Upper Fells Point neighborhood, which is the focus of this study, European American immigrants lived in wide streets and alley streets alike, in many Baltimore neighborhoods African

American families lived almost exclusively in the small streets while European

Americans lived in the wide streets. The historical legacy of this segregated living arrangement cannot be ignored.

The Study Block

This study focuses on the history of the 200 block of South Chapel Street, located in the Upper Fells Point neighborhood of Baltimore. The study block is located within the Upper Fells Point Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (CHAP 2012). South Chapel Street begins at Baltimore Street,

. Enlarged section of Neighborhood Map, Baltimore City Planning Planning City Baltimore Map, Neighborhood of section Enlarged .

Figure blockhighlighted. Study 2012. Department,

the east-west axis of the city, and runs south for approximately one-half mile where it dead-ends less than 500 feet from the water’s edge. The 200 block, bounded by Pratt

Street to the north, Gough Street to the south, Washington Street to the east and

Wolfe Street to the west, is the street’s longest block at approximately 550 feet. At 20 feet wide between building fronts, Chapel Street is of average width for an alley street in Baltimore. Today the block has 37 residences, although in the past it had more.

There is one commercial/industrial building, which is currently in use as a printing shop. The houses on the block—all rowhouses—range from 11 to 13 feet in width and sit on lots typically 48 feet deep. At the south end of the block is Wolfe Street

Academy, a public elementary school. Several recently rehabilitated rowhouses, a few brightly-painted exteriors and many flowers and potted plants show the block to be well-cared for by its residents. On a clear day, one can enjoy a view of the harbor that terminates at the Silo Point condominiums, formerly the Baltimore and Ohio

Locust Point Grain Terminal Elevator.

Previous Scholarship

Alley Life in Washington

Little has been written about the history of alley streets and traditional urban form in the United States. In general, the few works that do exist focus on

Washington, DC and Baltimore. Much of the work that has been published about these elements of our cities came out of the housing reform movement in the early

20th century, focused on deteriorated housing and poor living conditions, and therefore is overwhelmingly negative. In 1980, long after so-called housing reform

and urban renewal had demolished countless alley dwellings, James Borchert published Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion and Folklife in the

City, 1850-1970.

Borchert tells the history of alley streets in Washington, DC, from their rise, creating housing for the black urban poor, to their fall, reacting to poor living conditions with demolition. The story of alley streets in Washington is one mostly based on race. The peculiarity of the alley street in the 19th-century urban form fundamentally changed the spatial relationship between black and white residents in

Washington compared to northern cities. Instead of being concentrated in black ghetto neighborhoods, blacks in Washington were dispersed throughout the city. A small alley street community existed inside most of the blocks in Washington’s urban core, often in close proximity to the most expensive and elegant houses (Borchert

1980). Poverty lived literally in the back yard of wealthy Washington families, but went largely unnoticed.

Population pressures as early as the 1850s caused landowners to subdivide blocks to create interior alleys, especially “blind” or “hidden” alleys that were connected to the outside of the block only by another alley (Borchert 1980). Modest two-story rowhouses were constructed on the small lots, and the affordable houses encouraged the formation of black enclaves. Significant population growth following the Civil War spurred alley development in the city because most people made their journeys to work on foot. Borchert writes that aside from the pedestrian nature of the city, the potential to profit from an “apparently inexhaustible demand” for low-cost rental housing “profoundly affected the nature and character of the alley communities

that developed” (Borchert 1980). Most alley landlords ignored their tenants’ complaints or overcharged for repairs (Borchert 1980). The lack of good maintenance ultimately contributed significantly to the poor image of the alley street community.

In spite of the poor material conditions of the alley streets of Washington, the residents fostered a strong sense of community. Borchert observes that the physical layout of the alley block encouraged social interaction among alley street residents.

Narrow widths of less than 30 feet, narrow entrances from the wide streets, and a lack of both vehicle and non-resident pedestrian traffic all contributed to opportunities for alley street residents to know their neighbors (Borchert 1980). The alley street itself was literally the center of community life, from women doing laundry to children playing and men socializing on non-work days. Residents established “defensible space” where neighbors looked out for suspicious activity and outsiders were regularly asked their business in the alley street (Borchert 1980). The popular sentiment of alley street dwellers is perhaps best summarized by the words of an elderly gentleman, who wrote that “Most of us is poor and live in bad houses but we has a good time” (Borchert 1980). In the alley street, residents took ownership of their space, which enabled them to form a small, intimate community of people based on bonds of mutual trust.

Unfortunately, alley street communities in Washington endured attacks from whites with political power for decades, which led to their near-complete abolishment by the mid-20th century. The Board of Health condemned 985 alley street dwellings and demolished nearly 300 in just five years in the 1870s (Borchert 1980). President

Theodore Roosevelt believed the alley streets to be “breeding grounds of vice and

disease” and urged Congress to act (Borchert 1980). Both Ellen Wilson and Eleanor

Roosevelt sought the removal of alley housing, and by 1944 alley house dwellings were banned. While the automobile also played a large role in ending alley street life, social workers found strong emotional attachments to the alley among residents who would be forced to move out of their homes (Borchert 1980). Alley street residents deeply valued an overall quality of life that exceeded the face-value condition of their houses.

Borchert made the first and most significant contribution to remaking the image of the alley street community, establishing that in spite of their poverty they could be desirable places to live. His research also implied that if alley streets and their housing received an equitable level of maintenance, they might even become more desirable places to live than wide streets. Furthermore, Alley Life in Washington opened the door to further scholarship on alley street communities.

Baltimore’s Alley Houses

In the 1990s, Mary Ellen Hayward embarked on a large research project to document the history of the alley houses of Baltimore in what she called a

“preservation imperative” (Hayward, Baltimore's Alley Houses 2008). At the time, the city’s housing commissioner set his sights on demolishing alley houses as a way to attack vacancy in the face of continued flight to the suburbs. Hayward and her team of investigators found that in spite of the official political opinion at the time, most people liked living on their small streets. Mirroring Borchert’s findings in

Washington, residents reported that they enjoyed a safe place for children to play

without fear of vehicle traffic and a close-knit environment where neighbors could talk and look after each other’s homes (Hayward, Baltimore's Alley Houses 2008).

Hayward found Baltimore’s alley streets and their small dwellings to be an essential part of the city’s urban fabric. She frames the creation of the alley house as an answer to affordable housing that kept Baltimore from suffering the tenement woes of New York City. She quotes the words of a Baltimore Sun reporter from 1844, who noted that “In a walk over our city one is struck with a feature, which, so far as our observation of large cities extends, characterizes Baltimore alone—certainly to a greater degree than any other, viz: its numerous small, neat and comfortable dwellings, adapted to the means of individuals of nearly every circumstance in life”

(Hayward, Baltimore's Alley Houses 2008). In the 19th century, builders and developers in Baltimore created a tradition of constructing three price levels of housing within each block: the most expensive on the wide streets, less expensive on the side streets, and the most affordable on the alley streets. The modest alley street houses matched the modest means of Baltimore’s working classes, who could afford to eventually own their alley street home outright (Hayward, Baltimore's Alley

Houses 2008). Large-scale alley house construction provided housing for the massive waves of immigrants settling in Baltimore from the 1840s onward. Hayward therefore frames her study as a story of urban immigrants: African Americans, Irish, Germans, and Bohemians, groups that called the alley streets of Baltimore their home.

Project Methodology

Research Questions

This study seeks to expand upon the existing scholarship of alley street life by examining the development of one block of an alley street in Baltimore through the

19th and early 20th centuries and on into the present. This study emphasizes the historical continuity of alley streets as living communities, linking past and present, rather than viewing them in terms of a more traditional break with the past. How has the physical form of Baltimore’s alley streets changed over time? The 200 block of

South Chapel Street has survived at least two eras of housing reform and decades of widespread decline in Baltimore City to emerge in an era of urban gentrification.

How have the demographic characteristics of the street changed through cycles of immigration? Do historical patterns of social segregation persist between Baltimore’s alley streets and surrounding wide streets? How do Baltimore’s alley street residents perceive their place or position in the urban environment? This study examines the historical significance of the alley street in a gentrified neighborhood, investigates why Baltimoreans choose to live on alley streets today, and explores whether gentrification has enhanced or eroded the historical integrity of Baltimore’s alley streets.

Historical Research

Research for this study draws heavily on primary source historical materials, with a special emphasis on United States Federal Census records, to provide a glimpse into demographic changes on the study block over the decades between 1880

and 1940, the years for which records by address are available. Historical maps, including those produced by the Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, tell the story of the block’s physical development. Newspaper articles, reports and photographs offer additional details about the lives of alley street residents. Because Census records are only available up to 1940, this study must look at the history of the alley street between 1940 and 1970 at a greater distance, putting it into the context of the changes that took place in Upper Fells Point and the City of Baltimore during these years.

Interviews for Oral History

Oral interviews with current residents will reveal the finest details about life on Chapel Street in the last several decades. As part of the project, I mailed letters in both English and Spanish to every household on the block, asking residents to share their stories of the recent past (see Appendix A: Oral Interview Letter). Their words play the greatest role in my interpretation of the years from 1970 to the present.

Although I approached our conversations with a list of questions to explore (see

Appendix B: Oral Interview Questions), I sought to let our conversations flow freely so that the residents might feel more comfortable in telling their stories.

Research of Urban Design Theory

Although it is not the main focus, this study will also examine some of the urban design and architecture theory relevant to the alley street environment. Being a relatively unusual urban form in the United States, its physical characteristics deserve some attention. Jane Jacobs, Donald Appleyard, Jan Gehl, and Christopher Alexander

all offer thoughts on the qualities of streets and buildings that contribute to a high degree of livability.

Chapter 2: Historical & Cultural Evolution of a Small Street

Introduction

In order to understand the history of a place and its people over time, it is important to get acquainted with its origins. Although the study block at 200 South

Chapel Street was not constructed until approximately the 1850s, the community from which it was born was founded over 100 years earlier, down the hill along the harbor.

Founding of Fell’s Point

The community of which the 200 block of South Chapel Street is a part began in 1730, when William Fell, a shipbuilder from Lancashire, England, purchased some land around a natural harbor in the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River.

Baltimore Town was laid out just the year before, and it was limited to a small area around what is known today as the Inner Harbor. Even though the Inner Harbor boasted excellent characteristics, the adjacent harbor or Fell’s Prospect, as he called it, actually had deeper waters. William Fell married, started a shipyard, and built himself a home, but he died young and his son Edward inherited the land in 1746

(Hayward, Baltimore's Alley Houses 2008). Even though it was less than a mile from

Baltimore Town, the area would develop as a separate town for some decades.

Raising of a Town

Edward Fell waited until just after end of the French and Indian War to lay out streets with the purpose of developing his large inherited tract along the harbor. The

peninsula shape of the area gave it the name Fell’s Point, and the way it lay low against the harbor made the area ideal for shipbuilding. This same topography made the area susceptible to outbreaks of yellow fever, which depressed the price of the building lots and homes, making the area affordable to prospective workers

(Hayward, Baltimore's Alley Houses 2008). These two strengths—the exceptional harbor and availability of affordable housing—brought prosperity to Fell’s Point for many decades to come. The incredible shipbuilding industry of Fell’s Point developed the superior Baltimore Clipper schooner and trade increased for decades.

The street pattern Edward Fell laid out in 1763 naturally lent itself to the development of a well-formed town. He framed the blocks with wide streets and then bisected the blocks with narrow lanes, also known as “mews,” in the English pattern.

Fell chose colorful names for the future alley streets: Strawberry Alley, Apple Alley,

Happy Alley, Petticoat Alley, and (for the future South Chapel Street) Star Alley

(Hayward, Baltimore's Alley Houses 2008). The area’s many laborers and working class people typically lived on these alley streets. During a time when all classes of people walked to work, it was common sense to mix residents of various incomes on small city blocks. The development of Baltimore also incorporated another affordability mechanism in the form of ground rent. Under the ground rent system, also common in Philadelphia, Baltimore’s sister city to the north, a homeowner leased the land under his house rather than buying it outright. A worker could buy the house

(for the value of the house alone) and pay six percent of the value of the land annually to its owner.

Fells Point merged with Baltimore Town and Jones Town in 1797 to form the core of today’s Baltimore. The development of Fell’s Point proceeded according to

Edward Fell’s street plan into the 19th century and gradually crept up the hill to what would later become known as Upper Fells Point.

Early to Mid-19th Century Development

Warner & Hanna’s “Plan of the

City and Environs of Baltimore”

Today’s 200 block of South

Chapel Street appears on a map of

Baltimore as early as 1801. On Warner &

Hanna’s Plan of the City and Environs of

Baltimore, where it is labeled Star Alley

(Figure 2), Fells Point is fully laid out from the harbor to today’s East Fayette

Street. At this time, actual development had not yet climbed even halfway up the Figure 2. Enlarged section of Warner and Hanna’s Plan for the City of hill to the study block, but one could find Baltimore, 1801. Note: study block highlighted. houses three blocks south toward the harbor. Two wooden houses on today’s 500 block of South Chapel Street built in the

1770s or 1780s survived well into the 20th century and were photographed and measured by the Historic American Buildings Survey (Hayward, Baltimore's Alley

Houses 2008). The HABS report notes that in its early days Star Alley “was probably

a lane leading into the open country” and that the houses “certainly were never more than the dwellings of the humblest people” (Historic American Buildings Survey

1936).

Poppleton’s “Plan of the City of Baltimore”

In 1822 Thomas Poppleton published his Plan of the City of Baltimore. He had been hired by the City in 1811 to create a plan that would tie together the existing pieces of the city, then lacking in cohesion, but the War of 1812 derailed the effort

(Hayward and Belfoure, The Baltimore Rowhouse 2001). The City rehired him in

1816 and he completed a gridiron plan for the city in five years. Composed of residential block after block, his design lacked much variety (Figure 3). While the

Warner & Hanna Plan ended at present-day Fayette Street, Poppleton’s Plan extended an astounding 16 blocks further to the north. To illustrate this distance, the residents of Star Alley between Pratt and Gough Streets could walk to work on the harbor in less than ten minutes, but a family living at the northern reaches of Poppleton’s Plan would have to spend forty minutes walking to reach the harbor! Poppleton incorporated alleys running down the centers of each new block, including Star Alley.

Although these alleys were intended to be used as service alleys, Poppleton’s plan legitimized the established tradition in Baltimore of constructing small dwellings on these narrow streets (Hayward and Belfoure, The Baltimore Rowhouse 2001).

Figure 3. Enlarged section of Thomas Poppleton's Plan of the City of Baltimore, 1822. Note: study block highlighted.

Bradford Map

The Thomas G. Bradford map, engraved in 1838, shows development on Star

Alley as far as Bank Street (Figure 4), which lies just one block south of the study block (Bradford and Goodrich 1838). Blocks the same distance from the harbor but west of Market Street (today’s Broadway) had been developed by that time, but they had good access to both Fells Point and Jones Town. The study block would have to wait for development to move north and east. With what is now known as Butcher’s

Hill and Washington Hill to the northeast, the topography north of Fells Point

undoubtedly played a role in shaping development. Notably, while the alley streets are outlined on the Bradford map their names are omitted (Figure 4). Similarly, proper street labels are omitted from other maps by Henry S. Tanner in 1836, J.H.

Colton & Co. in 1856, and Samuel A. Mitchell in 1860, suggesting that the geographers either did not consider the streets significant or did not consider them streets at all.

Figure 4. Enlarged version of Bradford’s Baltimore, 1838. Note that shading indicates development. Note: study block highlighted.

Newspaper Articles

The Baltimore Sun, founded in 1837, offers a peek into life on Star Alley in the mid-19th century. A couple of the articles report accidents involving the street’s residents: a man fell overboard at a railroad bridge and drowned, and a six year old boy playing on a pile of lumber was crushed when the pile fell (The Sun 1846).

Another article reports that an inquest was called relative to the body of a still-born colored female child found in a box in an open lot at the corner of Star Alley and

Bank Street (The Sun 1847). In 1847, a petition was presented to the City Council to change the name of Star Alley to Dunham Street (The Sun 1847). The matter was referred to the Committee on Streets, but it was not approved.

1850s to 1870s

1855 Deed to 223 South Chapel Street

Star Alley officially became a street in name sometime in the early 1850s. The last reference to Star Alley comes from an 1851 newspaper article that tragically reports on the death of a man of intemperate habits who fell down the stairs (The Sun

1851). In 1855, Louis Todzwer, a house, sign and ship painter based at the corner of

Broadway and Thames Streets in Fells Point, sub-leased six lots on the east side of

Chapel Street (Matchett 1855-1856). Remarkably, a reference to this 157-year old deed has survived to the 21st century in the title to 223 South Chapel Street. It is possible that the houses on these lots were constructed shortly thereafter. It is likely that many of the other houses on the study block were also constructed in the 1850s.

Sachse’s “Bird’s Eye View of Baltimore”

The houses of the study block first appear in E. Sachse, & Co.’s breathtaking, enormously detailed “Bird’s Eye View of Baltimore” in 1869. By this year, development of Chapel Street has well passed Pratt Street and reached as far as

Fayette Street, four blocks to the north. The map shows the block between Gough and

Pratt Streets nearly built out on both sides with what appear to be two-story rowhouses, except for two three-story houses at the southern end of the block (Figure

5). The lot at the northwest corner of the Block appears to still be a wooded lot at this date. Three-story rowhouses flank the entrances to the block at both ends, and at the corner of Gough and Wolfe Streets is Private Male School No. 3. All of the houses on the study block have a gable roof, which indicates they were not constructed in the

Italianate style, then developing as the most fashionable for new rowhouses, but rather in the older Federal style. These small two-bay-wide, two-story houses, built into the 1850s on alley blocks, represented a late vernacular version of the popular two-and-a-half-story Federal style house built during the 1820s and 1830s on the wide streets (Hayward and Belfoure, The Baltimore Rowhouse 2001). Because they were built for low-income tenants, alley house architecture in Baltimore from the 18th through the 20th centuries lagged behind mainstream tastes.

Figure 5. Enlarged section of Sachse's Bird's Eye View of Baltimore, 1869. Note: study block outlined.

Renaming of the Alley Streets

The Sachse map also reveals that by 1869 the city had renamed all of the alley streets in Fells Point, granting them the new names of Dallas, Bethel, Regester,

Durham, Chapel, Castle, Duncan and Madeira. The classification of “alley” was dropped from their names and “street” substituted in its place. Indeed, these alleys had taken on the form and purpose of a street when the front doors for the homes of thousands of residents opened into them.

Hopkins’s 1876 City Atlas

The next map documenting the development of Chapel Street comes in 1876, when G.M. Hopkins published his “City Atlas of Baltimore.” This map does not

delineate one rowhouse from another and, unlike the Sachse “Bird’s Eye View” it is done in plan view, with no details about the architecture of the houses. One noticeable feature is the addition of a streetcar loop that passed by the study block on Pratt Street on its way to or from downtown (the direction is not shown) (Figure 6). The Citizens

Railway Company, as it was called, would have used horse pulled cars at this time.

The company had its depot at the intersection of Baltimore Street and Collington

Avenue (Figure 6). In a minor change, Hopkins labels the school at the corner of

Wolfe and Gough Streets as public rather than private.

Newspaper Articles

Newspaper articles between the years of 1860 and 1880 provide a view into various events and developments on the block. In 1860, a little girl suffered severe burns when she took fire from the stove while her mother was away for a few minutes in the yard (The Sun 1860). Her mother heard her daughter’s cries and called for a physician who attended to the girl. In 1875, a child living in the street who received the attention of a physician was not so fortunate. E. Freidlein, who represented himself as the surgeon of a charity and came to a house to attend to a sick child, was arrested for practicing medicine without a license (The Sun 1875). In development news, a Chapel Street resident applied to the city for permission to erect two open sheds measuring 10 by 12 feet (The Sun 1868). The purpose of these sheds is not given, but on lots ranging from 11 to 14 feet wide, they would have occupied a substantial portion of a house’s rear yard. In 1869, an editorial opposed a proposed renumbering of the city’s streets based on an opinion that it would destroy

City Atlas of Baltimore, Vol. 1 Plate C, 1876. 1876. C, Plate 1 Vol. ofBaltimore, Atlas City

M. Hopkins’s Hopkins’s M.

. Enlarged section of G. of section Enlarged .

Figure outlined. studyblock Note:

the usefulness of the assessment books and “produce inextricable confusion” in the tax departments (The Sun 1869). At this time, a person would have found it difficult to find a house based on its address alone because its number had nothing to do with the closest cross streets. The study block’s houses held the numbers 56 to 106 and 39 to 81 (Woods 1880). Finally, an article from 1878 reporting the explosion of a city gas lamp on Chapel Street between Pratt and Gough confirms the presence of at least one gas light on the block (The Sun 1878).

1880s

1880 Census

In 1880, an outsider walking down South Chapel Street might think he stepped out of America and into the German Empire. Seven out of every ten of the

222 residents of the block were born to German parents and three of ten were born in the German Empire themselves. These residents emigrated from Baden, Bavaria,

Bremen, Darnstadt, Hamburg, Hanover, Hessia, Prussia and Wurttemberg, but arrived in the greatest numbers from Bavaria (Table 1). Fifty-one of the residents were born in Bavaria, 109 had a Bavarian father and 104 had a Bavarian mother. The German states had unified and proclaimed Wilhelm I emperor just nine years earlier, and the

U.S. Census takers listed every person of German origin by their native federated state. German immigrants found a variety of working-class occupations in Fells Point, including tailoring clothing, working the docks, peddling goods, selling groceries, butchering meat, making barrels, and providing physical labor wherever someone had a need.

Table 1. Summary of 1880 US Census. 1880 Population Total Population 222 Average Age 25 Population under 18 96 Percent Population Under 18 43% Widows/Widowers 16 Percent Widowed (of adults) 17% Men 100 Women 122 Most Common Male Name John Most Common Female Name Mary

Households Total Households 50 Average Household Size 4.4 Largest Household Size 10 Largest Household Name Traubert Female Heads of Household 13 Female Married Heads of Household 1 Percent Female-Headed Households 26%

Employment Most Common Occupation Laborer 2nd Most Common Occupation Tailor

Origin Persons Foreign Born 91 Percent Foreign Born 41% Most Common Foreign Place of Origin Bavaria Persons with a Foreign-Born Father 202 Percent with a Foreign-Born Father 91% Persons with a Foreign-Born Mother 202 Percent with a Foreign-Born Mother 91%

Education Adults (age 18 or over) who Cannot Read 4 Adults who Cannot Read 2% Adults who Cannot Write 4 Adults who Cannot Write 2%

On average, four or five people called a rowhouse home, but John and

Elizabeth Traubert packed eight children into their two-story, four-room house of approximately 650 square feet. Their three teenage sons, Ferdinand, Damian and

George learned and practiced their father’s trade of tailoring. The younger Traubert children had plenty of playmates nearby; 96 children lived on the study block—43 percent of the total population. The local schoolchildren probably teased Michael and

Julia Pretzel, but the 16 Johns and 26 Marys outnumbered their neighbors with more foreign-sounding names. A substantial Irish minority lived on the Block as well, with

20 persons born in Ireland, 41 having an Irish father and 42 having an Irish mother.

While it was common for free Blacks to live in Fells Point, especially in the early 19th century, the 1880 Census reveals that this block of South Chapel Street was all-white, with no black residents (U.S. Census Bureau 1880-1940).

1880 Sanborn Map

The first detailed map of the Block comes from the Sanborn Fire Insurance

Company, who published maps of United States towns and cities to help estimate fire insurance liabilities. The maps show the scaled footprint of each house and every outbuilding, indicate the number of floors to each part of a building, the materials used for its construction, and the current use of commercial and industrial buildings.

The 1880 Sanborn Map shows a total of 39 dwellings on the study block, 21 on the east side and 18 on the west (Figure 7). Each house sits directly on the front lot line, lining up the dwellings in two neat rows except for a slight jog on the west side of the street. Most of the houses are two stories tall and all are constructed of brick.

structure.

. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 51, 1880. 1880. 51, Sheet of Baltimore, Map Co. Insurance Fire Sanborn of section Enlarged .

Figure wooden = yellow and structure brick = Pink outlined. studyblock Note:

Each house occupies approximately half of the lot. Two wooden structures at the rear of the house occupied roughly half of the remaining space: a small wood frame kitchen addition attached to the back of the house and a wood frame privy at the very rear of the lot. The houses on Wolfe Street also have privies at the rear of their deeper lots, which means that the inhabitants of this alley street and adjacent wide street came in closest contact in their domestic lives while relieving themselves.

While this arrangement might invite some jest, the maps reveal that the privies formed a physical buffer between residents of different incomes in a dense urban environment, reinforcing the social hierarchy of the neighborhood (Sanborn Map

Company 1880).

In 1880 there are two non-residential uses on the study block. The first is a stable at the rear of the large rowhouse on the corner of Pratt and Chapel. The two- story stable has a larger footprint than the average house on the alley street it fronts.

The second non-residential use is Dittman’s Brewery, which extended from Wolfe

Street to Chapel Street. The company had at least one building fronting Chapel Street, a three-story brick structure that housed vats, a kettle, and storage space. Number 79 is labeled as a wagon house, and considering that the 1880 Census does not list any residents at that address, it may have housed the wagons used to transport the brewery’s kegs. The brewery later changed its name to the Empire Brewery, and in

1888 a city business directory lists John Heinbuch’s Restaurant at the corner of Bond and Gough Streets (five and a half blocks to the west) as serving Empire Brewery

Beer, “Always on Tap, Ice Cold” (Joseph Rippey & Co. 1888).

Renumbering the Streets

In 1886, the Mayor and City Council finally decided to take action to remedy the situation of house numbers throughout the city. The City passed an ordinance to contract with J. Vernon Campbell to renumber the houses according to the decimal system. The city would be divided into quadrants with Charles Street (east and west) and Baltimore Street (north and south) as the axes, and one hundred numbers the proportion for each block. The contractor was to affix a stamped tin number plate on or above each house’s door, with each number plate costing the owner of the house twenty-five cents (The Sun 1886). While the numbers jumped to the next hundred at every intersection of two wide streets, the system did not treat alley streets as full streets. To explain further, the 1900 block of East Pratt Street would start at the intersection of East Pratt and South Wolfe Streets, and it would continue all the way to South Wolfe Street, even though it crossed the intersection with South Chapel

Street along the way. Thus, the numbering system affirmed the idea that a Baltimore city block was the space bounded by four wide streets. Alley streets only divided these full blocks, and were literally secondary streets in the eyes of the government.

The expression of this unequal status continues to the present day in the lack of crosswalks at alley street intersections.

For the Chapel Street study block, the street renumbering meant mostly positive changes. Previously, the block had numbering oddities such that 78 was between 84 and 94, and 105 between 71 and 79. On the 1880 Sanborn Map, the houses between 84 and 78, 78 and 94 had no numbers at all. The renumbering remedied these problems. The even and odd sides of the street swapped, which may

have caused some confusion, but the houses received new numbers in logical order starting at 205 on the west side of the block and 212 on the east.

Newspaper Articles

The 1880s had its share of unfortunate news stories, relative to the study block and its residents. Although the story behind it is unknown, 72 South Chapel was put up for auction (The Sun 1881). The 11 by 50 foot lot, with ground rent of $14, and the house on it sold for $400. In 1881, a 13-year old boy living at house number 71 shot himself through the left hand while playing with a toy cartridge pistol (The Sun

1881). In 1884, Anton Rostemeyer, a stevedore living at 78 South Chapel fell down the hold of the Allan Lino steamship at Locust Point and later passed away at home from his injuries (The Sun 1884). The article notes that he was regarded as an excellent workman by his peers. Census records show he left behind a wife, two sons, ages 25 and 17, and a daughter, age 10, although the newspaper article says he had four grown children. Also in 1884, a three-year old boy fell from a shed and suffered a compound fracture of the leg (The Sun 1884). In 1889, a young girl living at 208

South Chapel found a newly-born female infant on the pavement on Pratt Street between Chapel and Washington Streets (The Sun 1889). This is the first Baltimore

Sun article to show the result of the comprehensive street renumbering.

1890s

Loss of 1890 Census

The 1890 Census was most unfortunately lost in a 1921 fire at the Commerce

Building in Washington D.C., so the only information available about the people living on the Block in the 1890s comes from newspaper articles.

1890 Sanborn Map

The second iteration of the Sanborn Fire Insurance map comes in 1890, and offers a look at changes in the study block’s urban form since 1880. The map bears the street numbers that remain to this day, 205 to 247 on the east side and 212 to 254 on the west side of the block (Figure 8). The same 39 dwellings observed in 1880 remain, all with metal cornices. Several of them, 207, 212, 234, 242, 244, and 246, have brick additions at the rear. Numbers 244 and 246 have one-story additions and all others are two stories tall. The additions to all but 212 do not span the entire width of the lot, likely to retain daylight for what was the rear room on each floor of the house. The addition to number 246 stands out because of its size, more than doubling the depth of the house and extending to the wooden shed at the rear of the lot. All other additions add 20 to 50 percent to the footprint of the house. Strangely, four houses that previously had rear sheds in 1880 no longer have them in the 1890 map.

The map shows that the Empire Brewery has three buildings encompassing four addresses on the block and that the larger of these buildings contains a steam kettle and horizontal steam boiler. The fermentation took place on the Wolfe Street side of the complex.

. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 9, 1890. 1890. 9, Sheet of Baltimore, Map Co. Insurance Fire Sanborn of section Enlarged .

Figure comment. previous See outlined. studyblock Note:

In 1890, the Brewery complex included an ice machine, a demonstration of the new technology available to industry (Sanborn Map Company 1890).

By 1890, the vacant lot at the north of the block has been put to productive use as a cooper shop, and colored green on the map to indicate special hazardous risk of fire.1 The map also marks the location of staves, the individual strips of wood that form the sides of a barrel, presumably also to indicate fire risk similar to the Sanborn

Company’s labeling of wood yards. A kettle and wooden shed also sat on the cooper’s lot. Census records from 1880 show that a cooper named Conrad Maurer of

Darmstadt, Germany, lived in the house adjacent to the lot. The logical conclusion follows that he made his craft next to his house, in a live-work tradition that shares more with the pre-industrial world than Baltimore in the 1890s, where most work took place away from the home. A younger man living at what was 100 South Chapel before the renumbering, also worked as a cooper and could have assisted Mr. Mauer.

At the southern end of the block, the map shows a bakery, although it faced

Gough Street where it could attract more foot traffic. No bakers lived on the study block in 1880, although we will see that five bakers lived here in 1900. It might have been more pleasant to enter Chapel Street past the bakery, but passers-by would have to cope with the temptation that comes with the aroma of fresh baked goods. The map also shows that the school at Wolfe and Gough Streets has been replaced with a much larger building. One rowhouse on Gough Street was demolished in order to fit the new school on the lot. It might sound somewhat peculiar to a person of the present day that the City chose to invest in a new school building at a location adjacent to a

1 The Library of Congress has published a helpful guide to the color coding for Sanborn Company maps. http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/sanborn/san12.html

brewery, but that is exactly what Baltimore City did, likely to save on the expense of land. At the same time, maintaining the location of the school likely kept its pupils within short walking distance.

Newspaper Articles

Only one Baltimore Sun article from the 1890s mentions the 200 block of

South Chapel Street. In 1896 the father of two children was forced to give up his children out of extreme poverty. The Justice at the local police station committed

John, Margaret and Catherine, ages ten, seven and two years, to St. Mary’s Industrial

School, St. Mary’s Female Orphan Asylum, and St. Vincent’s Infant Asylum (The

Sun 1896). Philip Bastian of 224 South Chapel Street, “much affected at being compelled to part with his children,” testified that their mother was dead and that their step mother had deserted both him and the children. In a scene of deep sadness,

“when the time came for the separation the children,” the story says, “little John, with tears flowing down his face, embraced and kissed both of his sisters and said, with heart-broken sobs, ‘I hope some day God will let us be together again’” (The Sun

1896). The newspaper articles of the 19th century made clear that South Chapel Street was no stranger to tragedy.

1900s

1900 Census

By 1900, the German immigrant character of the study block had begun to wane. The percentage of residents born in Germany dropped from 32 percent in 1880 to just 13 percent in 1900. Many residents still claimed German heritage, with 40

percent of residents’ fathers and 37 percent of residents’ mothers born there, much lower than the 72 and 71 percent, respectively, in 1880. Foreign-born residents, 19 percent of the total population, had lived in the United States for an average of 23 years (Table 2). Dwellings were clearly more cramped, with the average household size swelling from 4.4 to 5.8, and the number of persons claiming to be head of household exceeded the number of houses. It seems likely that multiple families lived in the same house but were counted separately, meaning that household sizes in 1880 were actually larger than reported. In any case, the overall population of the one block increased to 242 people. The percentage of residents under 18 remained relatively steady at 48 percent, but 1900 saw a shift from a majority of females to a majority of males. With this trend, the percentage of households headed by women dropped from

26 to 17 percent (U.S. Census Bureau 1880-1940).

Workforce characteristics in 1900 changed somewhat since 1880. “Laborer” remained the most common occupation, but the second most common occupation shifted from the tailor shop to the harbor, with 11 men listed as having the occupation

“seaman” or “stevedore.” Other common occupations included baker, can maker, cigar maker, enameller and tinner, among others. The illiteracy rate more than doubled, with 12 adults (or 5 percent) reporting that they could not read or write. The

1900 Census also introduced information about home rental versus ownership. The vast majority of families, 81 percent, rented their homes. While only eight families owned their homes, all of them owned them free without mortgages. These home- owning families had a variety of backgrounds: Irish, German, and Danish.

Table 2. Summary of 1900 US Census. 1900 Population Total Population 242 Average Age 23 Population under 18 115 Percent Population Under 18 48% Widows/Widowers 12 Percent Widowed (of adults) 10% Men 132 Women 110 Most Common Male Name John Most Common Female Name Lizzie/Annie

Households Total Households 42 Average Household Size 5.8 Largest Household Size 10 Largest Household Name Kaufman/Welch Female Heads of Household 7 Female Married Heads of Household 0 Percent Female-Headed Households 17%

Employment Most Common Occupation Laborer 2nd Most Common Occupation Seaman/Stevedore

Origin Persons Foreign Born 46 Percent Foreign Born 19% Most Common Foreign Place of Origin Germany Average Year of Immigration 1877 Average Years in United States 23 Average Age of Foreign-Born Pop. 42 Average Age of Immigration 19 Persons with a Foreign-Born Father 134 Percent with a Foreign-Born Father 55% Persons with a Foreign-Born Mother 126 Percent with a Foreign-Born Mother 52%

Education Adults (age 18 or over) who Cannot Read 12 Adults who Cannot Read 5% Adults who Cannot Write 12 Adults who Cannot Write 5%

Housing Home Rented 34 Percent Home Rented 81% Home Owned 8 Percent Home Owned 19% Home Owned Free 8 Percent Home Owned Free (of owned) 100%

1902 Sanborn Map

In 1890 the Empire Brewery looked awkward standing behind an enlarged public primary school, but by 1900 it was gone (Figure 9). Five rowhouses replaced the several brewery complex buildings on Chapel Street, each two stories tall and made of brick, but with wood cornices rather than the metal on the rest of the block’s houses (Figure 9). These houses offered more space than the older homes on the study block by building deeper into the lot. Four houses added two-story brick additions, all of them consuming nearly all the remaining area of their small lots. By

1900, only two houses lacked small sheds at the rear property line. Two rowhouses on the west side of the block were in use as stores, and all other rowhouses were used as dwellings. Although the Empire Brewery had been demolished, the cooper shop expanded and reconfigured its buildings, and the bakery at the corner of Chapel and

Wolfe Streets continued operations (Sanborn Map Company 1901-1902).

Newspaper Articles

In the first decade of the 20th century, a remarkable 11 newspaper articles from The Sun directly mentioned residents of the 200 block of South Chapel Street. In

1900, William Beachley of 248 South Chapel, had his left arm broken while

“wrestling with a man whom he did not know” in a saloon downtown (The Sun 1900).

In 1901, John Shuman of 225 South Chapel was injured when a streetcar and wagon collided (The Sun 1901). Shuman, listed as a butcher in the Census, was taking the wagon with two other men to buy cattle. In 1906, 18-year old Joseph Greely, 213

South Chapel, tragically fell overboard at the foot of Thames Street and drowned.

Greely had “boarded a scow that was lying at the wharf” and had last been seen

Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 395, 1902. 1902. 395, Sheet of Baltimore, Map Co. Insurance Fire Sanborn of section Enlarged

. .

Figure comment. previous See outlined. studyblock Note:

“engaged in playful conversation with some young women” who worked in a pickling establishment at the harbor (The Sun 1906). It was thought that in an effort to jump back to the wharf he missed his footing and fell into the water. In 1907 The Sun brought news of a wedding of two alley street residents, the groom from 227 South

Chapel and the bride from 413 South Durham. The wedding was performed in the alley street house of the bride (The Sun 1907).

A series of news articles show that residents struggled with the danger of fires.

On July 4, 1903, Elizabeth Miller of 251 South Chapel and her baby were burned by a rocket (The Sun 1903). In October of 1903, the explosion of a gasoline storage tank in the summer kitchen of Julia Markert 246 South Chapel resulted in severe burns for her neighbors. Christina Scheller, who was looking after Markert’s young children at the time, caused quite a scene when she ran into the street “with the lower portion of her body wrapped in flames” (The Sun 1903). In another sad story, Barbara Mullin of

252 South Chapel died of injuries sustained while attempting to put out a fire started by her children while playing with matches (The Sun 1903). A 1905 article about a fire revealed that John Goeppner operated a paint shop in a frame shed at the location of the former cooper shop (The Sun 1905). John Caulfield of 241 South Chapel was scalded by a fire in 1906, but it was not a great surprise—he fought fires for a living

(The Sun 1906).

Housing Conditions Investigation

In 1903, the Baltimore Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor and the Charity Organization Society appointed a special committee to investigate housing conditions in Baltimore. Janet E. Kemp, who had worked for the

Associated Charities of Washington to study housing conditions in Baltimore, produced a comprehensive report with recommendations for the city to take action.

Kemp did not study alley street conditions anywhere in Upper Fells Point, but she did report on a “tenement district” the Thames Street area across from the Fells Point harbor and on alley streets elsewhere in the city (Kemp 1907). In the districts she studied, she found defects in many areas: exterior repair, basements, lighting, air circulation, toilet accommodations, drainage, cleanliness and more. In her overall recommendations, she states that “the overcrowding of lot areas has been shown to be the fundamental defect in housing conditions” and declares, “no legislation could be considered adequate which did not definitely require the reservation of at least 30 percent” of the lot for open yard (Kemp 1907). Very few of the houses on the 200 block of South Chapel Street met this standard, with lot coverage ranging from 70 to almost 90 percent. Fortunately the removal of the privies would have enabled many houses to achieve 30 percent yard area, but the houses would be prevented from expanding any further.

Kemp believed that the problems of the alley streets were easier to solve than those of the tenement districts and made three sets of recommendations. On sanitation, she called for general sanitary inspection at frequent intervals by competent officials and abolishing the privy wells and vaults as soon as the city sewer system was completed, as well as providing public water to each house (Kemp 1907).

The houses of Chapel Street used privies since their construction in the 1850s, and so their inhabitants waited with the rest of the city for the government to construct a sewer system. For the back alleys, Kemp recommended that they all should be

cleaned by the city (Kemp 1907). Chapel Street does not have any back alleys, but it has side alleys at the end of the rows, so this recommendation had only limited applicability. In cases where structural “radical defects” could not be remedied, Kemp recommended condemnation by the City, foreshadowing urban renewal in a time to come.

1910s

1910 Census

By 1910, the population of the study block fell by 50 people to 192 and the number of households dropped from 42 to 39 (Table 3). The average household size also dropped by almost one whole person to 4.9, but the largest household size reached a new high of 11 in the Lohnchart dwelling. Henry and Anna Lohnchart fit six sons, two daughters and a boarder into their house at 231 South Chapel Street.

This same house held the largest family in 1880 as well. The explanation may have been its size; as of 1902 the dwelling was the largest on the block, occupying approximately 85 percent of the lot area with a two-story structure (Sanborn Map

Company 1901-1902). The percentage of female-headed households increased from

17 to 23 percent, and 16 percent of adults were widowed. Men continued to outnumber women on the block. The short-lived fad for the names Lizzie and Annie died away and Mary returned as the most common female name. John continued to be the most common male name (U.S. Census Bureau 1880-1940).

The percentage of foreign-born residents remained stable at 19 percent, and the most common foreign place of origin continued to be Germany. The average year

Table 3. Summary of 1910 US Census. 1910 Population Total Population 192 Average Age 26 Population under 18 82 Percent Population Under 18 43% Widows/Widowers 13 Percent Widowed (of adults) 16% Men 100 Women 89 Most Common Male Name John Most Common Female Name Mary

Households Total Households 39 Average Household Size 4.9 Largest Household Size 11 Largest Household Name Lohnchart Female Heads of Household 9 Female Married Heads of Household 0 Percent Female-Headed Households 23%

Employment Most Common Occupation Laborer 2nd Most Common Occupation Seamstress Wage Workers 71 Working on Own Accord 6

Origin Persons Foreign Born 36 Percent Foreign Born 19% Most Common Foreign Place of Origin Germany Average Year of Immigration 1877 Average Years in United States 33 Average Age of Foreign-Born Pop. 52 Average Age of Immigration 19 Persons with a Foreign-Born Father 122 Percent with a Foreign-Born Father 64% Persons with a Foreign-Born Mother 97 Percent with a Foreign-Born Mother 51%

Education Adults (age 18 or over) who Cannot Read 7 Adults who Cannot Read 4% Adults who Cannot Write 7 Adults who Cannot Write 4%

Housing Home Rented 25 Percent Home Rented 64% Home Owned 10 Percent Home Owned 26% Home Owned Free 7 Percent Home Owned Free (of owned) 70%

of immigration remained 1877, and in the first decade of the 20th century no new immigrants moved to the block. The absence of new German immigrants opened the door for new ethnic groups to transform the block. Wladyslaw and Stanslaw Rozycki arrived in the United States from German Poland in 1898 and 1896, respectively, and moved to Chapel Street sometime after 1900. As the first Polish residents on the block, they may have stood out among their neighbors. Mr. Rozycki used his ethnicity and his native language to his advantage by finding work as an interpreter in a hospital. Several of the couple’s children had names that may have sounded peculiar: Bogumil, Miron, Rystyna, and Tadeuse. By 1910 the study block’s Irish minority had dwindled to just four persons of Irish birth, with nine persons having

Ireland-born fathers and eight having Ireland-born mothers.

Work moved slightly away from the harbor in the first decade of the 20th century. At least twelve residents worked on the water in 1900, but only five did so in

1910. The streetcar offered work for two residents and other new jobs included making window shades, peddling oysters, working on electrical systems, and producing spices. The 1900 and 1910 Census refute the still common misperception that the alley streets primarily housed servants. Only one servant lived on the Block in both decades. The 1910 Census included both a person’s occupation and the industry they worked for. The 1910 Census showed that the block’s many laborers worked for a box manufacturer, cannery, the city government, a cooper, the railroad, a stable, and odd jobs. The 1910 Census also offered the first insight into who worked for wages and who worked on their own accord. Six people reported being self- employed, while the remaining 71 workers worked for wages. By 1910 workers had

obtained their first access to mortgages, increasing the home ownership rate from 19 to 25 percent. At the same time, the number of houses owned outright decreased by one. The residents of Chapel Street had begun to free themselves from landlords, and while a bank mortgage resulted in a new type of financial dependence, it also offered families the opportunity to build wealth.

1914 Sanborn Map

The 200 block of South Chapel Street did not add any new houses between the years of 1902 and 1914, and the block’s form exhibits few other changes during these years. The most visible change was the removal of the cooper shop and all of its associated wooden structures, perhaps because of the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904

(Figure 9 and Figure 10). The bakery at the corner with Gough Street remained and the school did not change, although a belfry is no longer marked on the building.

Only the owner of house number 230 constructed a significant addition at the rear of the lot. Fourteen fewer wood frame sheds, most of them privies, appear on the 1914 map than in 1902, which is surprising because Baltimore did not construct a sanitary sewer system until 1915 (Waterfront Partnership 2012). It is unclear what happened to the backyard privies. The 1914 Sanborn was the last of its kind to map this section of the city (Sanborn Map Company 1914-1915).

Newspaper Articles

The newspaper articles of the 1910s document the effects of both social and technological change for South Chapel Street residents. In 1915, the Baltimore Sun printed its first notice of a divorce granted to a resident of the 200 block of South

. Enlarged section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Co. Map of Baltimore, Sheet 339 (395), 1914. 1914. (395), 339 Sheet Baltimore, of Map Co. Insurance Fire Sanborn of section Enlarged .

Figure comment. previous See outlined. studyblock Note:

Chapel Street. Interestingly, the divorce was granted not to the wife but the husband.

Joseph George testified before the court that his wife had left him in 1901 and he had not seen her in more than 10 years, leaving him alone to take care of the two survivors of their three children (The Sun 1915). The Baltimore Circuit Court granted another divorce to a resident in 1918. Dora King and George King of 226 South

Chapel ended their marriage and Ms. King received custody of their child (The Sun

1918). The other important event for the block also occurred in 1915 when Viola

Browning, a three-and-a-half year old child, was struck by an automobile a short distance from her family’s home at 248 South Chapel Street (The Sun 1915). She was playing in the street at the intersection of Gough and Chapel when she was struck by an automobile driven by a resident of nearby Ann Street, a wide street. The driver hurried the child to Johns Hopkins Hospital, where she later died (The Sun 1915). The driver was arrested and charged with the girl’s death, although testimony “indicated

[he] had been careful.” Although South Chapel Street continued to offer a relatively safe environment for children to play as the automobile rose to dominate the city streets, this article and others in the future would document the increased danger automobiles caused for both children and adults.

Other dangers continued to afflict the residents of Chapel Street. “Bang! Went a pistol in the hands of William Hutton, 18 years old, 256 South Chapel Street,” an article from 1913 reads, reporting that he had fired a pistol at the home of his brother- in-law in South Baltimore (The Sun 1913). “Thump!” his brother-in-law struck the floor, “groaning and writhing as though in great pain.” He was taken to the hospital, only to find that he had not been shot at all. Hutton had fired the gun when his

brother-in-law came after him with a hatchet during a quarrel. In 1911, Gustav Mack,

205 South Chapel, was arrested for disorderly conduct while he and several other men waited at an office near Fayette Street to work as strikebreakers for New York City garbage drivers (The Sun 1911). In 1912, Charles Clark, 229 South Chapel Street, was arrested for stealing a pair of boxing gloves from a man living on Eastern

Avenue, a nearby wide street, and selling them for 50 cents (The Sun 1912). He pleaded guilty, saying that he had to steal in order to feed himself. Several days earlier his father, also out of work, received an eviction notice. In a display of sympathy, the Justice dismissed the young man and promised to help him secure work. Two residents suffered from accidents around the house. A nine year old boy fell from a shed and a woman fell unconscious by the gas that illuminated her kitchen

(The Sun 1914, The Sun 1916). Although no Baltimore Sun stories reported on the men sent off to fight in the World War, Mamie Ely of 248 South Chapel Street participated in “soldierettes” training with the Ladies’ Reserve State Guard and

Auxiliary to the Red Cross at Fells Point’s Broadway Market Armory (The Sun

1917).

1920s

1920 Census

At the time of the 1920 Census 217 people lived on the study block, 15 more than in 1910, although the number of households remained the same (Table 4). In concert, the average household size rose to 5.6, and the Schuhart family achieved a new record with their twelve person household. Henry Schuhart, a widower, cared for

Table 4. Summary of 1920 US Census. 1920 Population Total Population 217 Average Age 21 Population under 18 118 Percent Population Under 18 54% Widows/Widowers 13 Percent Widowed (of adults) 6% Men 112 Women 103 Most Common Male Name John Most Common Female Name Mary

Households Total Households 39 Average Household Size 5.6 Largest Household Size 12 Largest Household Name Schuhart Female Heads of Household 5 Female Married Heads of Household 0 Percent Female-Headed Households 13%

Employment Most Common Occupation Laborer 2nd Most Common Occupation Driver Wage Workers 56 Working on Own Accord 1

Origin Persons Foreign Born 32 Percent Foreign Born 15% Most Common Foreign Place of Origin Poland/Russian Poland Average Year of Immigration 1895 Average Years in United States 25 Average Age of Foreign-Born Pop. 44 Average Age of Immigration 18 Persons with a Foreign-Born Father 138 Percent with a Foreign-Born Father 64% Persons with a Foreign-Born Mother 104 Percent with a Foreign-Born Mother 48% Persons with Foreign Mother Tongue 30 Percent with Foreign Mother Tongue 14% Persons who Do Not Speak English 7 Percent who Do Not Speak English 3%

Education Adults (age 18 or over) who Cannot Read 10 Adults who Cannot Read 5% Adults who Cannot Write 12 Adults who Cannot Write 6%

Housing Home Rented 18 Percent Home Rented 46% Home Owned 21 Percent Home Owned 54% Home Owned Free 7 Percent Home Owned Free (of owned) 33%

seven sons and four daughters in his house at 231 South Chapel Street. By 1920 this house may have gained a reputation for busting at the seams, because the large family still lived within its four walls. The percentage of female-headed households dropped from 23 to 17 percent, and the percent of widowed adults decreased from 16 to 6 percent. For the third straight decade, men continued to outnumber women on the

Block. John and Mary remained the most popular names for three out of the previous four decades (U.S. Census Bureau 1880-1940).

The percentage of foreign-born residents decreased slightly from 19 to 15 percent, but a great shift occurred in the last decade when people of Polish decent came to outnumber Germans on the block. Between the years of 1890 and 1914, sixteen people emigrated from Poland, Russian Poland, German Poland, and Austrian

Poland, and in 1920 made their home on Chapel Street. All of the residents left their homeland before Poland gained independence in 1918. Three of these residents could not speak English, nor read or write. Sixty-eight residents of the block had a Polish father, and 59 had a Polish mother. Two families claimed Italian ancestry, the study block’s first residents of Southern European descent. Between 1910 and 1920 the number of German immigrants living on the block dropped from 27 to 11, and the number of residents with a German father or mother was reduced by more than half.

In 1920, the study block was home to small Irish, Scottish and Canadian minorities.

In the Fells Point tradition, the Polish immigrants worked at the shipyard, on the wharf, and in local foundries. The newly-arrived immigrants increased the number of residents working on the water to 13, equivalent to 1900 levels after a decade long decline. Some new industries offered employment to residents including

a paper bag factory, brass factory, newspaper plant, sheet factory, and telephone office. Just one resident was self-employed, and all fifty-six others worked for wages.

With the help of a rise in savings associations with a progressive agenda, access to mortgages increased, doubling the rate of homeownership from 26 to 54 percent.

Nevertheless, only seven homes on the block were owned free and clear—unchanged since 1910.

Newspaper Articles

In the 1920s, injuries and deaths caused by automobiles ballooned. A thirteen- year old boy, possibly stealing a ride, suffered a probable skull fracture when he fell from an automobile at Broadway and Pratt Streets (The Sun 1922). An automobile cut the face and body of a six-year old boy in 1923 (The Sun 1923). Similarly, Frank

Dombrowski of 238 South Chapel received severe bruises on his face, back, arms and legs when the truck he was riding in overturned on Belair Road (The Sun 1924).

Eleven other men were riding with him at the time, all of them on their way to Port

Morris, New Jersey, to work in an oyster packing plant. The same year, two men from the block were injured when a truck collided with a car and overturned near

Dundalk (The Sun 1924). Another resident driving an automobile collided with another car and caused a compound fracture of the skull of an 18-year old woman. In

1925, Police Patrolman Joseph Eagan of 234 South Chapel caused a scandal when he likely committed the first DUI offense by a resident of the block (The Sun 1925). A son of the Shuhart family, the largest family on the block, suffered from shock and possible internal injuries when the lumber truck he drove for work was struck by a streetcar (The Sun 1925).

The increased use of trucks to transport goods created opportunities as drivers for working class Baltimoreans. In 1920, residents of the block reported driver as their occupation, second only to laborer. While truck driving provided needed employment, it put lives at risk. Seven of the fourteen Baltimore Sun articles about residents of the block in the 1920s involved injuries and deaths from automobile collisions. An eighth article reported on a new form of crime enabled by the automobile, when resident John Dunphy was robbed by a motorist who asked him to come over to his car and then showed him a pistol (The Sun 1928).

1930s

1930 Census

By the 1930 Census, the 200 block of South Chapel Street lost 17 percent of its population, reaching a record low since 1880. The decline in population and the addition of one household decreased the average household size to 4.8 people (Table

5). The size of the largest household also decreased from twelve to nine. For the first time, the average household resembled something close to what Americans think of as today’s common family of two parents and two or three children. The percentage of female-headed households dipped slightly from 13 to 11 percent, but the percent of widowed adults increased from 6 to 10 percent. Again, men continued to outnumber women on the block. For the fifth time since 1880, John was the most common male name, but Helen took the title of most common female name (U.S. Census Bureau

1880-1940).

Table 5. Summary of 1930 US Census. 1930 Population Total Population 179 Average Age 22 Population under 18 83 Percent Population Under 18 46% Widows/Widowers 8 Percent Widowed (of adults) 10% Men 93 Women 86 Most Common Male Name John Most Common Female Name Helen

Households Total Households 37 Average Household Size 4.8 Largest Household Size 9 Largest Household Name Kowlewski/Levindowski Female Heads of Household 4 Female Married Heads of Household 1 Percent Female-Headed Households 11%

Employment Most Common Occupation Laborer 2nd Most Common Occupation Pickle Packer People in Workforce 66 People Seeking Work 9 Unemployment Rate 13.6% Veterans 3

Origin Persons Foreign Born 24 Percent Foreign Born 13% Most Common Foreign Place of Origin Poland Average Year of Immigration 1907 Average Years in United States 23 Average Age of Foreign-Born Pop. 41 Average Age of Immigration 18 Persons with a Foreign-Born Father 99 Percent with a Foreign-Born Father 55% Persons with a Foreign-Born Mother 83 Percent with a Foreign-Born Mother 46% Persons with Foreign Mother Tongue 25 Percent with Foreign Mother Tongue 14% Persons who Do Not Speak English 5 Percent who Do Not Speak English 3%

Education Adults (age 18 or over) who Cannot Read 10 Adults who Cannot Read 6% Adults who Cannot Write 10 Adults who Cannot Write 6%

Housing Home Rented 11 Percent Home Rented 30% Average Monthly Rent $ 17 Home Owned 23 Percent Home Owned 62% Average Home Value $ 1,524 Own Radio Set 10 Percent Own Radio Set 27%

The percentage of foreign-born residents remained relatively stable, dipping from 15 to 13 percent. Unlike the 1920 Census, the 1930 Census did not distinguish between ethnic Poles from different nations. Twenty residents were born in Poland,

76 reported having a Polish father and 60 a Polish mother. Some Germans remained on the block, but they were outnumbered by Poles by at least three to one. Just two people claimed Irish ancestry, and the Italian presence on the block completely disappeared. Three percent of residents could not speak English.

The 1930 Census was the last to include the year of immigration. The average immigrant living on the block in 1930 had been in the United States for 23 years.

Between 1900 and 1930, the average years in the country remained fairly consistent:

23, 33, 25, and 23. A comparison of the average age of immigrants in each decade to their years since emigrating reveals a common trend across at least 30 years: the average immigrant arrived at 18 or 19 years old. Of the 117 residents reporting their year of immigration across the four censuses, 27 arrived at less than 10 years old, 30 between the ages of 10 and 17, 23 between the ages of 18 and 24, 28 between the ages of 25 and 35, and 9 over the age of 35. As no immigrant ever reported having lived on the block for less than five years, one can reasonably conclude that the rowhouses on the 200 block of South Chapel Street were not the first residences for new immigrants in Baltimore.

In 1930 more new industries and employment opportunities appeared while work on the harbor declined slightly. Ten workers had jobs on the wharves, at the ship yards, or at the marina, compared with 13 in 1920. New industries included a guano factory, a meat packing company, a pickle packing company, a soap factory,

and a sugar refinery. Less than a year into the Great Depression, of the 66 persons reporting their employment status, 14 residents reported being out of work, yielding an unemployment rate of 13.6 percent. Access to mortgages continued to increase, with the homeownership rate rising from 54 to 62 percent between 1920 and 1930.

The homeownership rate rose steeply since its minimal rate of 19 percent in 1900.

Whether these houses had mortgages or were owned free and clear was not indicated on the 1930 Census, but the form added new fields to record the rent and value of each home. The average renter paid 17 dollars per month and the average house was reported to have a value of 1,524 dollars. The 1930 Census also asked whether households owned radio sets. Twenty-seven precent of households on the study block enjoyed the modern convenience of the radio. Three residents living on the study block were veterans, and all of them fought in the First World War. Veterans were rare through the Block’s history—in no other year with Census data did a resident report being a veteran.

Housing and Commercial Conditions Report

In a 1934 report prepared for Mayor Howard W. Jackson on the housing and commercial conditions of the city, William W. Emmart made a direct attack on the alley streets. He wrote colorfully,

A review of the large scale maps of the city show in most cases a deplorable misuse of the area constituting a city block, - badly and uselessly sub-divided by a ramification of seemingly purposeless alleys of all widths... While the purpose of the fairly wide alley sub-dividing the block was originally for rear deliveries, the collection of garbage, and because of a system of out-door privies, the conditions changed and by an encroachment on the rear yards a system of alley housing was evolved, that in the end has proven a menace to health, the source of much social evil, and of great cost to the city for maintenance and policing (Emmart 1934).

Emmart, believing that the city had outgrown the alleys and that “they but retard betterments,” recommended that alleys should be eliminated on sites of new development. Although his thoughts may seem extreme today, the city would later adopt a policy of eliminating alley streets in its public housing projects. Emmart recommended that in residential areas the usual plan of housing facing the street be reversed to place the principal rooms so that they “will have an outlook upon an attractive garden occupying the center of the block” (Emmart 1934). His ideas were representative of the city planning ideology of his time, based upon the ideals of

Ebenezer Howard inscribed in his work, Garden Cities of To-Morrow. To Emmart and others, the elimination of the alley street offered an opportunity to reclaim space in crowded blocks and reach toward a suburban ideal of landscaped areas throughout the city.

Newspaper Articles

Newspapers continued to document the misfortunes of Chapel Street residents in the 1930s. In 1930, a truck owned by the A. S. Abell company struck eleven-year- old Raymond Strnzenski and fractured his leg and lacerated his hand (The Sun 1930)

1930). The article states that he was running across Wolfe Street at the time, between

Pratt and Gough Streets, just one half-block from his home. The driver of the truck was released from police custody on the ground that “there had been no violation of traffic rules” (The Sun 1930). The protection given to automobile drivers in an increasingly automobile-dominated society increased the importance of the alley streets as a relatively safe place for children to play. If an automobile struck a child, his family could do little to seek justice for the driver. Two seventeen-year-old

youths, one living on the study block, found themselves on the perpetrating end of an automobile crime when three policemen caught them driving a stolen car downtown

(The Sun 1934).

In 1934 John Akers, 212 South Chapel, was found unconscious from inhaling municipal gas flowing from two burners in his kitchen stove (The Sun 1934). This was the third time the Sun had reported that gas or gasoline caused injury to a resident of the study block, and the stories reveal the changing role of gas and gasoline in the household. In 1903, gasoline was stored outdoors for use in the summer kitchen. In

1916, the gasoline involved was used to illuminate the interior of the home. And by

1934, municipal gas was used for cooking at an indoor stove. In a span of around thirty years, fossil fuels became increasingly integrated into the working class alley street households.

Just one news story of the decade hints at the economic hardship caused by the Great Depression, and does so in a rather indirect way. Eighty-one-year old

George Seitz, 213 South Chapel, was found ill from malnourishment in front of his home and taken to the hospital, where he refused treatment but would not leave the grounds (The Sun 1939). Eastern District Police charged him with disorderly conduct and upon searching him found in his shirt “a wad of ten and twenty dollar bills, amounting, all told, to $570,” which at the time was “enough money to feed the average family for a year.” To provide another comparison, Seitz reported for the

1930 Census that his house was worth 700 dollars. The elderly man had been living alone since at least 1920 (when he first appeared on the Census schedules for the

block) so it is possible that a combination of his solitary living situation, his age, and the dismal economic conditions of the time drove him to unsound mind.

The Federal government provided some relief to unemployed citizens through the Works Progress Administration. A 1936 Sun article quoted the Secretary of the

Interior,

Unfortunately, a large part of our early American architecture has disappeared. It is inevitable that the majority of our structures will at some time outlive their ultimate usefulness. And it admittedly is impracticable to preserve all buildings or sites associated with events of incontestable historic importance. It is possible, however, to record in a graphic manner and by photography, before it is too late, the exact appearance of these buildings and their surroundings (The Sun 1936).

The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) documented two of the oldest houses in Fells Point, located at 520 and 522 South Chapel Street, three blocks south of the study block (Historic American Buildings Survey 1936). These houses represented an older era when working class rowhouses in Baltimore could be constructed with wood rather than only brick. Considering the simplicity of their construction and the people for whom they were built, it is remarkable that the houses survived to an age of 150 years or more. The houses have since been demolished, and walking South Chapel Street from end to end someone could make the assumption that its dwellings had always been made of brick. The façades would later be covered in formstone in a period of post-war prosperity.

1940s

1940 Census

Because the Census is released to the public 72 years after it is taken, 1940 is the last year for which complete data about the residents of the study block are available. Between 1930 and 1940 the population of the block remained stable, increasing by just two persons to a population of 181 (Table 6). The 1940 Census recorded one more household than ten years prior but the average household size remained steady at 4.8 people. The Schuhart Family, now having occupied 231 South

Chapel for at least twenty years, reclaimed the title to the largest family on the block.

A Polish family, the Schmidts, also had a household of nine. The percentage of female-headed households increased from 11 to 16 percent, reaching the highest level since 1910. For the first time since 1880 women outnumbered men, 100 to 81. For the sixth Census in a row, John was the most common male name, although there were just as many Josephs and Edwards on the street, and Mary was the most common female name for the fourth time since 1880 (U.S. Census Bureau 1880-1940).

The percentage of foreign-born residents remained stable into the 1940s, with

13 percent of residents claiming foreign origin. Poles continued to be the most common ethnic group on the study block, with twenty-three residents born in Poland.

The only other two foreign-born residents were born in Germany, an enormous change since 1880, when 70 residents were born in Germany. The 1940 Census provides much less information on the origins of immigrants. It did not include the year of immigration, place of birth of father or mother, or mother tongue. Last names of Rotunno and Russo show that people of Italian heritage had not completely left the

Table 6. Summary of 1940 US Census. 1940 Population Total Population 181 Average Age 24 Population under 18 82 Percent Population Under 18 45% Widows/Widowers 12 Percent Widowed (of adults) 7% Men 81 Women 100 Most Common Male Name John/Joseph/Edward Most Common Female Name Mary

Households Total Households 38 Average Household Size 4.8 Largest Household Size 9 Largest Household Name Shuhart/Schmidt Female Heads of Household 6 Female Married Heads of Household 1 Percent Female-Headed Households 16%

Employment Most Common Occupation Sewing Machine Operator 2nd Most Common Occupation Laborer People in Workforce 67 People Seeking Work 7 Unemployment Rate 10.4% Average Weeks of Unemployment 46 Discouraged Workers 6 Public Emergency Workers 4 Average Years School Completed (Adults) 4.8 Veterans

Origin Persons Foreign Born 23 Percent Foreign Born 13% Most Common Foreign Place of Origin Poland

Housing Home Rented 13 Percent Home Rented 34% Average Monthly Rent $ 13 Home Owned 23 Percent Home Owned 61% Average Home Value $ 715

study block, and some American-born families had German last names, but most

American-born residents had Polish names such as Goralski, Ratajczak,

Rykaczewski, and Wiatrowski.

The 1940 Census offers the most in-depth look into employment on the study block of all Censuses available since 1880. New industry and expanded mobility continued to offer new job opportunities to residents, among them: manufacturers of automobiles, coat pads, chemicals, cushion covers, ice boxes, toothbrushes, asphalt distributor, sand and gravel plant, and steel mill. Residents continued to work at the canning plant, the oyster and pickle packing houses, and of course the harbor and shipyard. A drop in the unemployment rate from 13.6 percent in 1930 to 10.4 percent in 1940 pointed to a recovery from the Great Depression. Nevertheless, six workers on the study block reported being unemployed but no longer seeking work. Today we call these people “discouraged workers” who have given up on their prospects in the employment market. Little more is needed to understand their discouragement than the average duration of unemployment for residents of the study block: an astounding

46 weeks. Public emergency work provided employment for four workers, or around six percent of the study block’s eligible working population. For the first time,

“laborer” was not reported as the most common occupation, displaced by sewing machine operator. The 1940 Census offered the first information about the education level of the working class residents of the study block, showing that its adults on average had completed just 4.8 years of schooling.

Without net economic expansion in the 1930s to fuel lending, homeownership rates halted their rise. It may be remarkable that the homeownership rate did not fall

significantly due to foreclosure but remained steady at 61 percent. However, homes lost more than half of their value between 1930 and 1940, with the average value plummeting from $1,524 dollars to $715. Monthly rents fell by around one-quarter from $17 to $13. After the Second World War, the devalued and deteriorated alley houses came under scrutiny by the City.

Housing Projects

“When the time comes to tear down Baltimore’s slum dwellings, a Baltimore

Sun article said in 1938, “there’ll be few regrets on the part of present tenants,” reflecting the desire built up over the years to attack the problem of poor housing

(The Sun 1938). The City designated a large area across Broadway, just three blocks from Chapel Street, a slum clearance zone. By 1940, more than 90 percent of the properties had been vacated, and soon the six block area would be completely razed to construct a housing project (The Sun 1940). Perkins Homes, as it is still called, consists of low-rise buildings in a garden apartment style layout, with the buildings facing away from the streets and inward to shared grassy courtyards. The design destroyed the relationship of people’s front doors and stoops to the street. Even more severe, the layout totally removed two alley streets, Spring and Dallas Streets from the blocks. Perkins Homes offers a look at what housing reformers would have done on Chapel Street if perhaps it had been more blighted.

Newspaper Articles

Figure 11. Infographic from “Modern Baltimore’s 1847 Improvements,” Baltimore Sun, 1947.

In 1947, the Baltimore Sun devoted a full page to a story titled, “Modern

Baltimore’s 1847 Improvements,” which sought to bring attention to the age and condition of the city’s housing stock. Thousands of dwellings lacked central heating or bathrooms, had outside toilets or no inside running water, or used coal and wood for heating (Figure 11). The article offers a rare glimpse into the physical condition of the 200 block of Chapel Street. Even though the houses lacked many modern conveniences, the author communicated clearly that the street was not a slum, calling the houses “prim and tidy” and “solidly built.” The author wrote romantically of the street’s charming appearance and its connection to Baltimore’s past,

These solidly built little brick houses, standing in solid rows on either side of Chapel street, are reminders of a picturesque era in the city’s history. They were in their prime when square-rigged ships from all parts of the world docked at the foot of Broadway, when vegetable packers were thriving in Boston street. And today, though Chapel street’s original cobblestones are covered with cement, they still bear an Old World look, like painted scenery, in this quiet little place. Most of the fronts are painted a chocolate brown, the bricks neatly delineated in white. Some of the doors are grained in imitation of oak, the front windows, carefully polished, gleaming in the sunlight. The scrubbed steps are precisely spaced along the sidewalk (The Sun 1947).

Figure 12. Photograph of the 200 block of South Chapel Street, Baltimore Sun, 1947.

While the street scene appeared picturesque, resident Henry Evers, Jr. revealed some of the antiquated features common to the block’s houses. Evers, who owned the house at 213 South Chapel, was born in the street, and so was his father (The Sun

1947). “My grandfather owned No. 223 South Chapel and lived there,” he told the reporter, and elaborated, “three generations of us have lived in that house without bath or inside toilet. My father is 88 and I am 36, so you can see we are used to it”

(The Sun 1947). He explained that instead of using an indoor bath, he and his father bathe in a “big tub over there by the woodpile (Figure 13).” The woodpile also deserved explanation, and so he offered, “The wood is for the kitchen range. Of course we have a small gas stove, but the range is the important thing in winter because it heats the house” (The Sun 1947). Although Chapel Street was not a slum, its outdated features were at least a curiosity.

Figure 13. Photograph of wood for cooking and heating, modern electric washer (left), and bathtub (right) at 213 South Chapel Street, Baltimore Sun, 1947.

The Sun reported crimes involving the study block three times during the

1940s. In 1940, George A. Lewandowski, who operated a tavern in the study block, was charged with possession of lottery slips (The Sun 1940). The article does not indicate the address of the tavern, but later newspaper articles indicate that it may have been located in a building on the former site of the cooper shop. In 1943 Mrs.

Anna Marko fell victim to an unscrupulous solicitor who “blessed” two hundred dollars and promised to restore the sixty-five-year old woman’s health (The Sun

1986). And in 1948, Joseph Kunkel was convicted of making indecent assaults on two young girls, ages seven and ten, inducing them to his home and keeping them there from 6 P.M. until midnight (The Sun 1948). Although the court psychologist deemed him legally sane, and recommended treatment outside a penal institution, the

judge ignored the advice. The article was the first from the Sun to address sexual crimes on the study block. In a much less serious crime, a 1944 article reported that at least a third of the pupils at General Wolfe School, located at the end of the study block, were not expected to return until October (The Sun 1944). The principal did not regard their absence as truancy, and explained that the students “normally return to the city from work (and play) on the Eastern Shore.” The children of the study block were likely among them.

More than one third of the newspaper coverage of the people of the study block during the 1940s by the Sun dealt with the War. Albert Lewandowski, 234

South Chapel, served on the U.S.S. Philadelphia deemed “the Galloping Ghost of the

Sicilian Coast” by its crew for its extraordinary record of having steamed “many thousands of miles” and sustained no battle damage (The Sun 1944). One other alley street resident, of the 300 block of South Dallas Street in Fells Point, served with

Lewandowski. Milton J. Schuhart of the persistently large Schuhart Family, 231

South Chapel, returned from war in 1945 with the rank of staff sergeant (The Sun

1945). Private Michael F. Rybarczyk, 235 South Chapel, was not so fortunate and was killed in action (The Sun 1945). In 1947 his body was returned from a European cemetery at the request of his next of kin, along with 92 other Marylanders (The Sun

1947).

1950s

Newspaper Articles

In the 1950s, the 200 block of South Chapel Street became an unexpected center of Democratic politics in Baltimore City. “H-A- double R-ing t-o-n spells

Harrington,” chanted supporters of Barton Harrington, choice of Baltimore’s First

District Democrats for the mayoral primary in 1955, at the “spacious quarters” of the organization’s club on the study block (The Sun 1955).2 The local political organization honored Mr. Harrington at a gala dance, complete with a “three-piece orchestra” of drums, accordion and saxophone, and enjoyed by 60 or more b’hoys and g’hirls (a play on the Irish pronunciation of boy and girl) who danced “polka after polka.” Despite their enthusiasm they lost the election, and in 1958 members of the club sneered at the picture of Mayor D’Alesandro on the wall as “the nastiest and meanest of them all” (The Sun 1958). The article from the Sun indicates that the club was located on the second floor of a building on the study block. Supporters, again referred to as “b’hoys” and “g’hirls,” stuffed envelopes with sample ballots that included a circular asking, “Do you remember full-time employment in Baltimore— until D’Alesandro drove industry out of town?” (The Sun 1958).

In February 1959 the First District Democratic Club again tried to push

D’Alesandro out of office as he campaigned for a fourth term (The Sun 1959).

Candidate J. Harold Grady called for a two-term limit, and speaking to a cheering group of precinct workers at a meeting at the club, Grady teased that the one four-

2 The Baltimore Sun article notes that the audience “did fine on the H and the A and even the double- R, but they stumbled over the “ing.”

year term limit originally prescribed by the State Constitution would be too restrictive because he would “be burdened for at least three years” with the “tax mess” created by Mayor D’Alesandro (The Sun 1959). His major attack dealt with a manufacturer’s inventory tax, which Grady appears to have believed contributed to businesses’ decisions to leave the city. That September the good times came to an end when the officers of the First District Democratic Organization turned in their beer license while the Liquor Board was considering revocation (The Sun 1959). The licensees of the club, whose address was revealed as 204 South Chapel, the site of the old cooper’s shop, were charged with falsifying renewal applications because one of the officers signed the names of the two others. The officers said they turned in the license because they had stopped dispensing beer at the club, although the article does not elaborate. Considering their history with the mayor, it’s not surprising that the

City government would come after the club.

Urban Renewal Reports & Plans

Of the larger American cities in 1950, only Philadelphia had a larger proportion of one-family rowhouses than Baltimore (Housing Authority of Baltimore

City 1960). Even midway through the 20th century, Chapel Street residents had housing of the same type as the plurality of Baltimore families, but of a smaller form.

Forty-four percent of the dwellings in the one-third of Baltimore designated as blighted in 1945 were deemed substandard in 1950, meaning that they were

“dilapidated,” or lack a private inside flush toilet or bath or hot running water

(Housing Authority of Baltimore City 1960). In the Census tract of the study block, bounded by Baltimore Street to the north, Chester Street to the east, Eastern Avenue

to the South, and Wolfe Street to the West, 50 to 75 percent of the dwellings were considered substandard, and more than 40 percent lacked central heating.

Formstone and the Changed Façade of the Alley Street

In the midst of the beginning of neighborhood decline shown by the housing surveys, some residents began applying a fashionable new material to their houses’ facades called Formstone. The imitation stone material, composed of three layers of stucco, offered homeowners with poor quality brick the opportunity to enjoy a maintenance-free façade they would never have to paint. Formstone sold well in East

Baltimore, where Eastern European immigrants held strong positive associations with stone buildings in their home countries. The Formstone came with a plate verifying that the product was “genuine FormStone” and often a congratulatory letter arrived soon after from the local utility company (Hayward and Belfoure, The Baltimore

Rowhouse 2001). The households of Chapel Street were no exception, and many applied the Formstone to their homes. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Formstone served as an indicator of the health of city neighborhoods, showing where rates of homeownership were high and people were committed to staying in the city

(Hayward and Belfoure, The Baltimore Rowhouse 2001). The faux stone phenomenon has persisted to the present day, and in 2009 there were 21 houses on the study block with Formstone, although only 11 had remained unpainted.

1960s

Urban Renewal Reports/Plans

By 1960, the percentage of deficient dwellings, defined as deteriorating, dilapidated, or lacking plumbing facilities, in the census tract of the study block fell to the range of 20 to 34.9 percent (Urban Renewal and Housing Agency 1962). The City claimed that the improvement was brought about through demolition of the worst slums and through the upgrading and enforcement of housing codes, though the City did not attempt large-scale demolition in the census tract of the study block.

Newspaper Articles

A wedding announcement from the Sun in 1962 showed that Polish families still lived on the study block in the 1960s but they were literally on their way out.

Miss Carolyn Burdynski of 217 South Chapel married Mr. Kenneth Stevens of 309

Exeter Street in Little Italy, and held a reception at the Polish Home Hall (The Sun

1962). While they had their wedding in the neighborhood, the announcement states that the couple would move to the Cedonia Apartments after their honeymoon. The

Cedonia neighborhood lies at the far northeastern extents of Baltimore City, and it has a far more suburban character than Upper Fells Point. The exodus of immigrant families from the street and neighborhood would lead to decline and blight through the well-known process of white flight.

“Slums” and Urban Renewal

Some of the most colorful examples in Jane Jacob’s seminal work, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, come from the North End neighborhood in

Boston. In the introduction of her book she writes about the qualities that made it and other places like it a slum in the eyes and minds of the urban planners of the mid-20th century. She wrote of the North End,

It embodies attributes which all enlightened people known are evil because so many wise men have said they are evil. Not only is the North End bumped up right up against industry, but worse still it has all kinds of working places and commerce mingled in the greatest complexity with its residences. It has the highest concentration of dwelling units … of any part of Boston, and indeed one of the greatest concentrations to be found in any American city. It has little parkland. Children play in the streets. Instead of super-blocks, or even decently large blocks, it has very small blocks; in planning parlance it is ‘badly cut up with wasteful streets.’ Its buildings are old. Everything conceivable is presumably wrong with the North End. (Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961).

The North End and its wonderful street life still survive, but the similar “slum” of the

West End in Boston was wholly lost to urban renewal. Planners cut off the North End from the rest of the city by constructing the elevated Central Artery interstate highway.

Jacobs refuted the “slum” designation of the North End, insisting that there is nothing wrong with immigrants living at high densities in a central city neighborhood. In fact, its physical and social characteristics made it both safe, with eyes watching the street, and interesting, with its delightful street life. The Italian and

Irish immigrants of the North End battled the forces against their community by helping each other, especially by rehabilitating their own homes with neighborhood funds and labor.

In the mid-20th century, Fells Point shared similar attributes and threats to its historical form. The people of the 200 block of Chapel Street have always lived with industry, the density has exceeded 150 persons per acre for much of its history, and

instead of playing in parks children play in the streets. In Baltimore, planners proposed routing Interstate 95 across the Inner Harbor and directly through Fells

Point, four blocks from the study block (Kozel 1998-2003). Only well-organized neighborhood opposition stopped the proposal, which would have cut off the community from the harbor—the very reason for its existence. But as in Boston’s

North End, as long as new immigrants to Fells Point continued to replace those who preceded them in a virtuous cycle, the neighborhood would continue to succeed, even if the residents of Chapel Street and other streets like it had low incomes.

1970s

Urban Renewal & Community Plans

In 1970, the Baltimore Community Renewal Program compiled several indicators concerning community health. Perhaps the most favorable statistic for the study block is that in 1970 its census tract had a home ownership rate of 40 to 59 percent, comparable to that in suburban areas (Baltimore Community Renewal

Program 1976). The percentage of vacant housing was much less favorable, with the census tract falling into the last quintile of 8.2 to 25.6 percent vacancy. The census tract also fell into the last quintile for incomplete plumbing facilities. Between 6.2 and 9.5 percent of dwellings qualified as crowded, having more than 1 person per room. The census tract had an average rate of tuberculosis, but below average premature births and infant mortality, and an average score on the “marital unrest index” and an average rate of female-headed households. The data says that the study

block and the surrounding area was not among the worst in Baltimore, but its health was no better than average.

Newspaper Articles

The articles from the Sun in the 1970s addressed two controversial topics, race relations and schools, issues that intertwined in a time of social change. Michael E.

Pedersen, resident of the 200 block of South Chapel, caused a rumble when he and several friends rushed to the aid of a neighborhood woman who, while walking with two of her children, was approached by several black teenagers who began to push her and call her names. A white police officer noticed the disturbance from his cruiser and when he got out some forty or fifty people showed up. In the officer’s words,

“Everybody was hollering. Then one white guy tried to get through me to kick at one of the colored guys, and I had to mace him” (The Sun 1974). After the officer arrested

Pedersen, more than a dozen area residents milled around the Southeast district police station, “petitioning for the release of their afternoon hero” (The Sun 1974). Upon his release, they were still upset by the actions of the police. The incident, which at the very least indicated difficult racial tensions, may have been fueled by a new busing program to integrate Balitmore’s public schools. Pickets and protests circled Larry

Rowe, a young white man who had just enrolled his 9-year-old sister in General

Wolfe Elementary School at the corner of South Chapel when a Sun reporter asked him for comment. He said, “I really don’t see what the fuss is about. It’s the law of the land, and even in the Bible says you have to obey the law. I can see how people are concerned for their children, but…” and his voice trailed off (The Sun 1974).

In 1975, the City approved a replacement for the General Wolfe Elementary

School. Mayor Schaefer came under criticism when the city’s Board of Estimates approved a $75,000 contract for some of his political contributors to supervise construction of the replacement school (The Sun 1975). Not only was the contract approved without competitive bidding, but the firm had never performed construction management services. The city comptroller, who had been pressuring the mayor to get on his 1975 election ticket, later disapproved the contract, claiming it was not subject to the proper controls by the Board of Estimates (The Sun 1975). Two years later the school received mention in an article titled, “The Ugly School Problem,” which did not address social tensions but made the allegation that the school had very ugly aesthetics (The Sun 1977). The article featured photos of four schools, two of which were deemed “praiseworthy” and two “much less agreeable” (Figure 14).

Although the Wolfe school fell into the “much less agreeable” category, all of the schools would be considered brutal and prison-like by today’s standards.

Figure 14. Architecture of Southeast Middle School, top left, Moravia Park School, lower left, deemed "praiseworthy." Design of General Wolfe Elementary School, top right, and Walker P. Carter, lower right, found "much less agreeable," 1977.

The Dollar Houses

In 1973, Mayor Schaefer created the Urban Homesteading program, whose legacy continues to be well-known in Baltimore and across the United States. Most notably, the program sold city-owned houses acquired through tax delinquency for one dollar to citizens willing to rehabilitate and live in them. In the first year, 105 houses were awarded, 25 houses on Stirling Street in Old Town and the remaining 80 scattered throughout the city (Department of Housing and Community Development

1975). Two aspects that made the program attractive were the opportunity to borrow money from the city at a low interest rate of 6 percent to cover the costs of rehabilitation, and that the homesteader was given an estimate of the cost of the rehabilitation work, prepared by the city. Although no homesteading properties were located in the census tract of the study block, one was located in an adjacent tract across Washington Street, and three of the homestead applicants lived in the study block’s census tract.

Although it did not directly affect Chapel Street, the Urban Homesteading program represented a turning point for the block and others like it. In the wake of at least two decades of failed urban renewal programs that prioritized demolition of historic houses and whole blocks, the Urban Homesteading program was the first major city effort to prioritize rehabilitation, and furthermore, to achieve it using citizen power to perform rehabilitation work themselves. The Urban Homesteading program drew upon the romantic appeal of settling the West, inspiring a generation to seed their labor to reinhabit the city and reap the satisfaction of seeing it bear fruit

(Department of Housing and Community Development 1975). This legacy continues

today as the Millennial Generation moves back to Baltimore and cities across the country that their parents and grandparents abandoned.

1980s

Newspaper Articles

By the 1980s, there were signs of hope for Chapel Street and the neighborhood. In 1985, the census tract of the study block had a rate of vacant housing of 1.6 to 4 percent, the same as other tracts in Upper Fells Point (Citizens

Planning & Housing Association 1988). Two newspaper articles from the era indicate a growing curiosity in city living in Fells Point. The first states, “Carriage houses, once used as stables for horses and sometimes as living quarters for the coachman or other servants, are now a popular in-town renovation project” and features a carriage house for sale one half block west of Chapel Street (Herman, Carriage houses for sale in Federal Hill, Fells Point 1981). The $50,000 property is noted for its location, “in an area of major renovation,” and the article suggests it could be used as an artist’s studio, suggesting that by the early 1980s the first wave of gentrification had already arrived in Upper Fells Point. A second article published one year later features another combined carriage-house-and-rowhouse, this time on the 100 block of South

Chapel, for sale for just $32,900 despite having been completely renovated (Herman,

A home as a garage? 1982). The author explains the emphasis on automobile storage,

“Renovators in the east Baltimore areas have been combining two of the small houses recently, using the ground floor of one for both storage and as a much-needed garage to combat the difficult parking situation in the section of narrow streets” (Herman, A

home as a garage? 1982). The article again confirms major renovations in the area, this time adding that Fells Point has been one of the first sections of East Baltimore to undergo renovation. The focus of the two articles on houses offering automobile storage speaks to the transitional stage toward city living, where suburbanites showed interest in moving back to centrally-located neighborhoods but still demanded the convenient use of their automobile.

Alley Houses Report

In 1987, the Baltimore Department of Housing and Community Development published a report on the condition of alley houses in the city. The document had a purpose of using “quantitative data, along with historical and design data, to suggest policy implication and guidance criteria for alley houses,” which the report notes,

“have been viewed as a less desirable form of housing” within the housing hierarchy of Baltimore (Danes and Callan 1987). The report acknowledges that the small scale of alley houses and streets affects household sizes, vehicle movement and parking, mixed use land patterns, and street object placement, so that the strategies used for standard residential streets may not necessarily be applicable to alley house districts.

Blocks were categorized into market rate areas, stabilized areas and distressed areas depending on demographics, physical condition and market value. The study block fell into the “stabilized areas” category, as did the unit block, 100, 300 and 400 blocks of South Chapel. The 500 and 600 blocks, closer to the waterfront, earned the

“market rate areas” distinction. There were 123 alley houses in the study block’s census tract, having an average market value of $20,539.00, 51 percent of which were owner-occupied, only one was vacant, and none were city-owned (Danes and Callan

1987). The block’s observed relative stability meant that the city would not pursue demolition. Instead the report recommended providing low interest loans and construction information in physically deteriorated areas, committing funds for streetscaping, and offering purchase and rental incentives (Danes and Callan 1987).

By the late 1980s, the study block was officially established as not in grave danger.

1990s

Newspaper Articles

Nearly ten years after the City published its alley house report, a group of preservationists received a grant from the Maryland Historical Trust to conduct a survey of Baltimore’s estimated 750 blocks of alley houses and to record oral histories of current and former alley house residents. The article recalls the history of attacks on the alley streets, including allegations by early 20th-century health officials that they bred tuberculosis, demolitions after World War II because of lack of plumbing, and further demolitions to construct modern buildings or roadways

(McCraven 1996). The threats of demolition were sparked again after state and city officials decided to stop renovating alley houses in response to shrinking federal housing subsidies in the mid-1990s.

Mary Ellen Hayward, who led the research effort, estimated that there were

3,000 to 6,000 alley houses remaining in Baltimore in 1997, and many of them were on the list of 1,000 houses to be razed that year (McCraven 1997). She and her fellow researchers disputed with City Housing Commissioner Daniel P. Henson III, who believed, “The streets are too small, and the houses are too small. Today’s families

don’t want to live in a space that small” (McCraven 1997). In spite of the apparent threats to Chapel Street, the last quote of the article marks it and the blocks around it as an exception. Hayward notes that “In Fells Point, these houses are cute— everybody wants to live in them. Up here [in East Baltimore], the party line is that it’s not economically viable [to renovate] and no one can live in houses this small. In fact, there is an element of the population that wants small spaces” (McCraven 1997). The

Housing Commissioner likely confused the demand for small houses on small streets with the (lack of) demand to live in Baltimore’s deeply deteriorated neighborhoods.

2000s

Building Permits

The Baltimore Department of Housing and Community Development provides public access to building permits issued since January 1, 2005, and these records indicate that 16 of the study block’s 37 houses have been rehabilitated in the last seven years, many of them including substantial additions (Department of

Housing and Community Development 2012). Formstone was removed from seven of those houses, three of which (243, 245 and 247) make up a group at the southern end of the block. At 243 South Chapel, wide stucco trim with keystone arch motif was applied around the front door and windows. On the other side of the street, Ken

Schiller, principal of Baltimore’s Distinctive Homes and chair of the beautification committee with the Upper Fells Point Improvement Association, fully rehabilitated

238 through 244 South Chapel. He and his wife, Jan Mooney, live at 244 South

Chapel. They have made extensive changes to the original house, extending it onto

the former lot of 246 South Chapel, adding a third story set back from the original two-story façade and installing a photovoltaic solar array on the new roof. Schiller and Mooney have also created a parking space on the front portion of the former lot of 246 South Chapel. Schiller applied a more modern look to their house and 242

South Chapel, which make up their own group, but at 242, 240 and 238 they have repointed the brick, added conservative six-panel doors, and installed six-over-six wood windows consistent with their historical appearance. Of the sixteen houses for which permits were requested, 207, 220 and 227 are presently vacant.

Oral History

Residents of two of Kurt Schiller’s houses, Brian Herb and Anna Campbell, offered interviews for this project, and both spoke highly of Schiller’s work and their experiences living on Chapel Street. Herb moved to Chapel Street in 2009. He and his fiancé, graduate students at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, were attracted by the value of Schiller’s two-bedroom alley house compared with a one-bedroom apartment. Although Herb, a native of Pennsylvania, is relatively new to the street, he articulated the general arc of the neighborhood from the 1970s, when the neighborhood still faced demolition, with a turning point in the 1980s through the arts community, which he saw as a young college student visiting the city, to revitalization in the 1990s and 2000s leading to high-end apartments being built nearby today. Herb sees his neighbors often and has observed that there are strong friendships on the block, especially among families. Kurt Schiller has invested substantial work in the block, including flowers planted through the beautification committee of the community association, which he chairs. In Herb’s opinion, the

appeal of Baltimore comes from its inexpensive but “malleable” rowhouses, which invite creativity on the part of people like Schiller. Furthermore, the affordability of

Chapel Street, even after rehabilitation, keeps it from becoming too artificial.

Anna Campbell also moved to Chapel Street in 2009 and expressed enormous satisfaction with her house, street and neighborhood. Campbell, a native of the

Midwest, works for the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service and enjoys a commute by foot to the Federal Hill neighborhood that takes her by the Inner Harbor.

In her time living on Chapel Street, she has felt a “close family vibe,” with one family spanning three generations and at least that many houses. Despite the familial atmosphere, Campbell notes that traditional racial boundaries persist. While there are many Hispanic families and some Asian Americans living on the block, there are no

African American residents, although one African American man owns one house that he rents to a family of another race. Some of the older white men could be described as xenophobic, in her opinion. Campbell believes that Wolfe Street

Academy, a bilingual school, has attracted many Latino families over the years and continues to be in high demand. White and Latino children, often seen playing soccer together in the street, have shown no trouble integrating. She knows of at least six children under the age of nine on the block, and at least one grandmother continues the urban tradition of policing the kids by screaming from the window.

Foreclosure Scandal

Twelve years into the 21st century, the biggest story on the study block is a mortgage fraud scandal that could land a neighborhood man in prison for 20 years or with a $250,000 fine. “News stories about what’s been dubbed the ‘foreclosure crisis’

tend to follow a set narrative,” wrote Edward Ericson Jr. of the Baltimore City Paper in 2008, where “evil lenders push subprime loans on naïve borrowers, leading to defaults by ‘struggling homeowners,’” but a closer look at the history of transactions involving an Upper Fells Point resident and six of his neighbors reveals another side of the foreclosure crisis (Ericson Jr. 2008). Ken Koehler bought his first house in

Upper Fells Point for $7,000 in 1999, “quickly adding several others, including, in

2004, the $1,000 purchase of the house his mother grew up in on the 300 block of

South Madeira,” an alley street between Chapel Street and Patterson Park (Ericson Jr.

2008). It appeared he had beaten the odds in real estate, “selling several houses for double or triple their value, clearing a gross profit of more than $700,000,” but his buyer, George Agelakis, fell into foreclosure on all of the properties just as Koehler bought a failed diner that Agelakis and his brother operated downtown (Ericson Jr.

2008). Koehler insisted that the two were not connected. Notably, George Agelakis is the stepbrother of Ken Koehler’s domestic partner. City Paper revealed that two of the houses on the 200 block of South Chapel were implicated in this suspicious scheme. In May 2007, Agelakis paid Koehler $325,000 for 214 South Chapel and in

August, Agelakis bought 227 South Chapel for $270,000 (Ericson Jr. 2008).

Incredibly, appraisals supported these purchase prices.

On September 14, 2012, Koehler plead guilty in federal court to conspiracy to commit wire fraud on six houses in Upper Fells Point (Kilar 2012). He and his co- conspirators caused losses of more than $ 1 million to mortgage lenders when all six homes went into foreclosure, and about 90 percent of the losses were suffered by government-sponsored lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (Kilar 2012). A press

release from the U.S. Attorney’s Office reveals that a third house on the study block was implicated in the scheme. In 2006, Koehler signed a loan application for the refinance of a loan on 229 South Chapel, prepared by his co-conspirator, which falsely stated that Koehler earned $20,000 per month with a company that had actually ceased doing business in 2001, when he and his co-conspirator knew Koehler was self-employed (U.S. Attorney's Office 2012). Creating a fictitious employer that could verify made-up borrower income was one of the conspirators’ methods, along with concealing the actual purchase prices for properties from lenders (Kilar 2012).

Koehler’s prosecution was part of President’s Obama’s Financial Fraud Enforcement

Task Force created in November 2009, at the height of the Great Recession, “to wage an aggressive, coordinated, and proactive effort to investigate and prosecute financial crimes” (U.S. Attorney's Office 2012). Two of the three houses on the block that were preyed upon in the conspiracy, 214 and 227 South Chapel, remain vacant as of

November 2012.

Housing Market Trends

Seven of the block’s houses have sold since 2010, with sales prices ranging from $22,500 for 207 South Chapel to $186,250 for number 231 (Zillow 2012). Three of the houses have sold for more than $150,000. Zillow, a real estate database, estimates rents between $1,100 and $1,500 per month.

State of the Community

In just three years, Anna Campbell has seen four or five rehabilitations of houses on the block, and believes that she and her neighbors live in a “very desired

community.” While seven houses on the block are currently vacant, Campbell expresses confidence that they will fill up again. Neither Campbell nor Brian Herb felt that the vacants made the street unsafe, although they are somewhat ugly. Both have always felt safe on their block, and recent efforts to encourage neighbors to keep their front lights on reinforce their security. Anchored by Kurt Schiller, the Upper

Fells Point Improvement Association has a strong positive influence on the block.

Chapel Street is a diverse community, where the only sign of trouble integrating is the

Pittsburgh Steelers flag a Russian couple flies outside their door. Neighbors have parties in the street and longtime residents keep an eye out for suspicious activity outside their screen doors and windows. Young professionals occupy many of the block’s houses, but they mostly stick to themselves. At the very least, they contribute to the health of the block by boosting housing values and encouraging rehabilitation.

And at the current pace of rehabilitation, the 200 block of Chapel Street will continue to rise. It’s clear from talking with Anna Campbell that Chapel Street has the atmosphere of a close village and that she would very much like that feeling to remain.

Summary of the Historical Evolution of Chapel Street

The history of the study block was in large part driven by waves of immigration that resulted in an ever-evolving demographic landscape. The first houses of Chapel Street were built in the 1850s. The study block was nearly fully built out by 1880, which was the first year in which detailed demographic information was recorded by street address through the Census. In that year, seven out of every ten residents were German, and most of the remaining residents were Irish. Many of

the immigrants made their living as tailors and tailoresses. Less skilled workers provided basic labor to a plethora of industries, and from 1880 until 1930 the most common occupation was “laborer.” Although the immigrants were of modest means, few adults could not read or write. Germans continued to be the majority in 1900 and

1910, although the share of the block’s residents who were foreign born fell from 41 percent in 1880 to 19 percent in 1900.

By 1920, Polish immigrants started to replace the German families who had by then improved their economic standing and begun to move elsewhere. Although the largest ethnic group had changed, the average age of immigration remained 18 or

19 years old. As Fells Point developed into a mature industrial center, residents increasingly held jobs at manufacturers of all types. By 1940, sewing machine operator replaced laborer as the most common occupation. Between 1880 and 1940, the period for which detailed demographic information is available, the population ranged from 179 to 242 residents. The average household was composed of five people, although as many as 13 crowded into one of the narrow rowhouses.

After the Second World War, Baltimore’s alley streets and the working class communities of which they were a part came under threat of urban renewal. A slum clearance zone was designated just three blocks from Chapel Street and blocks of rowhouses were demolished to construct public housing in the garden apartment style. Although the houses on Chapel Street came under scrutiny for lacking modern facilities such as indoor plumbing, the street continued to be well-maintained by its residents. Although the neighborhood declined following Baltimore’s peak in population in 1950, by the 1980s the first wave of gentrification arrived in Upper

Fells Point. Since that time, many of the houses on the study block have been rehabilitated. Today, the population is composed of three major groups: families whose memory of the street reaches back generations, young professionals, and

Latino immigrants. Chapel Street has become a desirable place to live. Similar to its early history, it is safe, offers excellent access to employment and amenities, and enjoys a strong sense of community.

Chapter 3: Evaluating the Urban Design of a Small Street

Historical Settlement Patterns

For thousands of years before the Industrial Revolution, humans settled according to a pattern of dense villages formed laterally with narrow streets and vertically by narrow mixed-use buildings. Small and narrow winding streets were quite the norm in medieval Europe, where towns grew incrementally and only to a size manageable for travel by foot. At the center of any European city one will almost surely find a roughly oval-shaped urban core of narrow streets, small squares, and dense buildings. Today these places are some of the most visited in the world because they offer an urban environment that is both dense with amenities but also at a human scale. Although the alley streets of Baltimore do not curve in an incremental, organic pattern or respect changes in topography, they share similar street widths, building widths and heights.

Alley Streets as Car-“Lite” Streets

The narrow streets of medieval Europe, which either carry little vehicle traffic or are altogether closed to vehicles, offer a calming reprieve from the modern urban and suburban patterns of Europe and North America. None of Baltimore’s alley streets are closed to vehicle traffic, but drivers almost always choose to take the adjacent wide streets to their destinations. Alley streets are narrow enough that even if two vehicles can pass each other, they have to slow down to do so. The alley streets of Baltimore are de facto “shared space” streets where all forms of traffic (pedestrian, bicycle, automobile) share the width between curbs. The alley streets are the only

streets in Baltimore where you will find people walking directly down the middle, only momentarily moving to the narrow sidewalk to let a vehicle pass. To a large extent, they belong more in the pattern of the medieval city than the modern one.

Social and Psychological Benefits

Damaging Effects of Poor Streets

Donald Appleyard has produced some of the most valuable work toward reclaiming city streets for the use of people rather than automobiles. Appleyard writes that, “outside the home, [streets are] the most important part of our urban environment. Yet today these streets are dangerous, noisy, polluted, impersonal domains, about which residents feel able to do little” (Appleyard, Gerson and Lintell

1981). This statement is as true today as when it was first written in 1981.

In San Francisco, Appleyard studied streets of light, medium, heavy and very heavy traffic volumes to find out how traffic conditions affect the perception and behavior of city residents. Traffic volume correlated with perceptions of greater danger of crime and danger from the traffic itself (Appleyard, Gerson and Lintell

1981). Residents of light traffic streets saw their neighbors as keeping up their buildings more than anyone else. Feelings of home were strongest on the light traffic streets as well. Disruptions of children’s play, talking, sleeping, working and eating all became more severe with increased traffic volume. Even in California, “home of the open-air life,” 42 percent of residents of very heavy traffic streets kept their windows shut, more than twice the rate of those on light traffic streets. Sadly, friendships and acquaintances declined with traffic volumes. When the residents of

light traffic streets know more than five households per person and the residents of very heavy traffic streets know only one and a quarter households per person, it is clear that traffic affects the ability to generate community.

The Alley Street as a Livable Street

In response to his findings, Appleyard created a seven-point Charter of Street-

Dwellers’ Rights to describe the ideal residential street (Appleyard, Gerson and

Lintell 1981). First, the street should be a safe sanctuary for young and old alike, and drivers should move slowly as guests rather than owners. Second, the street should be a livable, healthy environment where residents can sleep soundly, talk on the sidewalks in normal tones, and breathe clean air. Third, the street should be a community where people can sit out and talk easily, throw celebrations, keep the street clean, and care for the detailed design of the street. Fourth, the street should become the symbolic neighborly territory of the residents, who maintain the space, plant trees and flowers and monitor behavior. Fifth, the street should be a fine place for children to play games, build things, and learn from adult social life. Sixth, the street should provide trees, grass, plants and flowers that remind people of the natural environment of which they are a part. And finally, the street should be a unique historic place with a special identity that is seen as a destination and not just a route.

The residents of Chapel Street enjoy all of these aspects of the ideal street, and most, if not all, hold true for alley streets in neighborhoods across Baltimore.

Advantages of Narrow Streets

Jane Jacobs wrote about the advantages of narrow streets in cities in 1958, when architects and planners were pushing designs that were large and monumental.

Being the fierce critic she was, Jacobs attacked the designs for urban renewal in

America’s center cities, characterized by their spacious park-like settings and long vistas, as having “all the attributes of a well-kept, dignified cemetery” (Jacobs 1958).

“The real potential is in the street,” Jacobs countered, and cited the example of

Maiden Lane in San Francisco where she noted, “Starting with nothing more remarkable than the dirty, neglected back sides of department stores and nondescript building, a group of merchants made this alley into one of the finest shopping streets in America” (Jacobs 1958). Jacobs wrote that in this place, “the pedestrian’s welfare is supreme; during the rush of the day, he has the street.” While she qualifies her love for Maiden Lane by stating that any city made up only of Maiden Lanes would be insufferably quaint, Jacobs praises narrow streets for their ability to “cheer a walker by giving him a continual choice of this side of the street or that, and twice as much to see” (Jacobs 1958).

While Chapel Street does not have any shops or restaurants, its residents have transformed the street to a degree as the shopkeepers on Maiden Lane. Although

Chapel Street was built with very modest two-story rowhouses, all brick and quite similar in their design, over 150 years its houses have been personalized in layers by their owners. Residents have added planters and places to sit. Like Maiden Lane it is a peaceful place for pedestrians, away from fast-moving cars. Chapel Street is a very pleasant place for people. Baltimore has not allowed a residential alley street in Fells

Point to transform into a more mixed-use environment, but the City may want to explore the option. Such a place could prove to be quite delightful.

People-Centered Design Theory

Danish urban designer Jan Gehl has spent fifty years researching the relationships between the built environment and human behavior. He has developed a people-centered design philosophy that works with the physical ranges and limits of human senses and mobility. In his seminal work, Cities for People, Gehl writes,

“Twenty-first century urban pedestrians are the result of an evolution over millions of years. Man has evolved to move slowly and on foot, and the human body is linear in orientation” (Gehl 2010). Streets are spaces designed for the way humans have evolved to move around their environment.

Alley Streets as People-Centered Streets

The limitations of human senses govern how we experience cities. The limit of the social field of vision is 110 meters (330 feet), the point at which we can see people in motion (Gehl 2010). Although the 200 block of South Chapel Street has a length of 550 feet, the typical Baltimore block has a length of 350 feet, which aligns with the limit of humans’ social field of vision. Two people can observe each other’s movement at the end of the block, and they can recognize each other when they come within 50 and 75 meters (165 to 225 feet). At the distance of 20 to 25 meters (66 to 81 feet) they can exchange short messages, but they cannot have a genuine conversation until they are within seven meters (22 ½ feet) of each other. This is the essential difference between the experience of a wide street and an alley street. Pratt, Gough,

Washington and Wolfe Streets are 70 feet wide, which means that it’s not possible to have a conversation with a neighbor across the street. But Chapel Street is just 20 feet wide, which makes it possible for a resident to stand at his door or sit on his stoop and have a basic conversation with the neighbor across the street.

The width and height of the typical alley street makes it ideal for human interaction. Gehl notes that wherever people communicate directly with others, we can see how they constantly use space and distance. He writes, “We move closer, or lean forward, or withdraw discreetly,” using distance to govern the intimacy of an interaction. Because we can only see forward, with limited peripheral vision, humans feel more comfortable with their back up against a wall or an object. At the social distance between 1.2 to 3.7 meters (4 to 12 feet) people can have comfortable conversations between friends and acquaintances. Because Chapel Street has very little vehicle traffic, neighbors use the entire width of the street to negotiate social distance, regulating, developing, and wrapping up interactions, and at least one person can have his back to the door at all times. On wide streets, the space to negotiate an interaction is limited to the width of the sidewalk unless both people give up the more comfortable position of having one’s back to the street walls, in which case they are less likely to keep a conversation going. Furthermore, because alley street houses are typically only two stories tall, it is always possible to get the attention of someone in the street by speaking loudly, and if someone on the second floor asks a person in the street to come under the window, they will be within range to have a basic conversation. The dimensions of the alley street, truly of the human scale, enable neighbors to connect with each other and create community.

Timeless Design

Pattern Language Principles for Timeless Design

Architect and author Christopher Alexander believes in the power of vernacular architecture to create a better world, and presents a framework for people to take their built environment into their own hands. In A Pattern Language, he declares, “It is shown here, that towns and buildings will not be able to become alive, unless they are made by all the people in society, and unless these people share a common pattern language, within which to make these buildings, and unless this common pattern language is alive itself” (Alexander, Ishikawa and Silverstein 1977).

Alexander provides a standard by which we can measure the livability of Chapel

Street.

Alley Streets in the Pattern Language

There are several elements of the Pattern Language that speak favorably for

Chapel Street and alley streets in general. One of the points Alexander feels most passionately about is that urban environments should have a four-story limit, pointing to studies that adults who live in high-rises are more likely to suffer from mental illness and children are less likely to play outdoors on their own and have less contact with other children (Alexander, Ishikawa and Silverstein 1977). The houses on

Chapel Street are all two stories tall, and no alley street in Baltimore has a building more than four stories tall. Alexander also notes that buildings of walk-up height keep people connected to the ground and to the street, which contributes to the street as a defensible space. He also believes strongly that isolated buildings are symptoms of a

disconnected sick society. “The sheer fact” of the adjacency of buildings like the rowhouses of Chapel Street, in his words, “forces people to solve the myriad of little problems which occur between them… forces them to learn how to adapt the realities outside them” (Alexander, Ishikawa and Silverstein 1977). Buildings that front the street are important as well because they maintain the street as a social space.

Alexander values slight angles in building fronts, which the gridiron-straight Chapel

Street does not have, but the buildings still maintain a positive relationship with the street.

While Chapel Street exhibits some of the most important urban design characteristics of a livable environment as defined in A Pattern Language, there are at least a few areas where it may fall short. Alexander recognizes that rowhouses are essential at urban densities, but he opposes the typical pattern of short street frontages and long depths. It’s true that because of the long party walls, the rowhouses of alley streets can be poorly lit, the houses can lack privacy when they don’t have sound insulation because of the long party walls, and the small yards are not very useable because only one room can face the garden. Alexander makes all of these valid points and proposes that rowhouses be made longer than they are deep. No alley street in

Baltimore was laid out in this fashion, most likely because it would have produced less profit for the length of street frontage. Interestingly, one homeowner on the study block has combined two rowhouses into one. Rowhouses on the unit block of North

Port Street, also an alley street, have been combined in a similar fashion.

Although the rowhouse provides for a family’s own space, Alexander stresses,

“people cannot be genuinely comfortable and healthy in a house which is not theirs.

All forms of rental… work against the natural processes which allow people to form stable, self-healing communities” (Alexander, Ishikawa and Silverstein 1977).

Although homeownership rates rose in the early 20th century, renting the houses on

Chapel Street has persisted to the present day. The small houses on Chapel Street also fail to provide for Alexander’s prescription of a room for each family member.

Although he believes the minimum requirement is only an alcove with a desk, shelves, and curtain, it is unlikely that the four-room houses could provide any type of private space for every member of households that commonly numbered five and more (Alexander, Ishikawa and Silverstein 1977). It would have been interesting to visit one of the Chapel Street houses in 1900 and see how the residents confronted the challenge of creating private space. Overall, the urban design of the alley street contributes positively to its livability, but the aspects of the dwellings and their layout determined by their construction as tract units for lower-income residents keeps them from fully meeting the ideals in A Pattern Language.

Summary of the Urban Design Critique of Chapel Street

In its urban design, Chapel Street shares more in common with the narrow streets of European city centers than the wide streets most common across Baltimore and the cities of North America. Chapel Street, just 20 feet wide with two- to three- story buildings, was built on a truly human scale. Its scale, combined with the near absence of vehicle traffic, has profound effects on human behavior. People of all ages feel safe walking down the center of the street, and children play safely in the street.

Neighbors provide their own surveillance to reduce crime, literally looking out for one another. The research of Donald Appleyard affirms Chapel Street as a livable

street, meeting all seven criteria for the ideal residential street in his Charter of Street

Dweller’s Rights. If she could have visited Chapel Street, Jane Jacobs would very likely have praised its street life, the variety in its rowhouse façades, and its prioritization of the pedestrian over the automobile. The research of Jan Gehl, focused on how the limitations of human senses affect our experiences of cities, also affirms

Chapel Street as a properly-scaled urban environment. In a city lacking many public places at a human scale, it’s likely that Gehl would deem the alley streets of Fells

Point some of the best urban settings to be enjoyed by Baltimore residents.

Of the authors included in this analysis, only the writings of Christopher

Alexander offer substantial criticism of Chapel Street. The street’s small dwellings offer too little light and too little space for their inhabitants. Constructed for profit in the early industrial age, the origins of their design precluded absolute livability, but these deficiencies are not nearly great enough to negate the exceptional sense of community fostered by the urban design of the street. The livable, human scale of

Chapel Street has helped to shape a sense of place over one hundred fifty years, and to nurture a memory of place that spans decades.

Chapter 4: Place and Memory on a Small Street

Sense of Place Today

While the range of participants in this project is limited, it is not difficult to grasp some of the key reasons why the current residents of Chapel Street chose it as a place to live. The location between the waterfront of Fells Point and the Johns

Hopkins Hospital is a crucial factor. Both are key economic drivers in the city, with the former offering a vast array of services and the latter employing thousands of people. But Upper Fells Point is not merely a space between these two major attractions. It has a distinct identity of its own. In 2006, Baltimore City Paper named it the best neighborhood, pointing to its diverse population, “some mom-and-pop corner stores,” and “some solid neighbors who keep an eye out for trouble on their streets after dark” (Baltimore City Paper 2006). Compared with its better-known neighbor down the hill, Upper Fells Point is quiet and family-oriented. And while these two attributes likely hold true for most of the blocks in the neighborhood, a walk down Chapel Street and the other alley streets confirms it. In the calm, near- traffic-free alley streets, adults sit on front stoops and children play in the street.

Some people walk their dogs and others walk to work. The alley streets are places for living, and the social activities of Chapel Street support a strong sense of place.

The very special physical character of the 200 block of South Chapel contributes equally to its sense of place. Once upon a time, the more than 35 rowhouses very likely shared similar brick, similar stoops, similar doors and windows. The people who first lived in the humble homes rented them from owners

who probably did not care at all about their physical appearance. The houses were not custom designed according to the latest fashions., but built to make a profit from the working poor. Yet walking the block today, one is astonished by the physical diversity. There is both brick and formstone, painted and unpainted. Nearly every house has a different style of window, and it’s a challenge to find two stoops that are alike. Each homeowner has chosen a front light slightly different than all the others.

Even the sallyports, the narrow doors leading to the rear yards from the street, are unique to each pair of houses that share them. An artist living on the street has combined two of the rowhouses into one, painted their formstone façades periwinkle and teal and the narrow sidewalk in front of them hues of salmon and light blue.

Where a stoop once stood there is now a large planter, attached to the house. And the plants! There are trees, shrubs, and flowers in front of nearly every house. There’s no mistaking the block for any other.

Memory of Place Today

The research for this project demonstrates that this block is a living community and always has been, with all the layers to prove it. Interestingly, neither

Brian Herb nor Anna Campbell thinks of their street as “historic” or “historical.” In their view, the blocks of Fells Point near the waterfront, homogeneous in their brick façades and painted wood windows, are streets that feel historic. Following that reasoning, every time the formstone comes off a house and its metal or vinyl windows are replaced with wood, the block becomes more historic. In their eyes, restoration, or the appearance of it, is essential to establish historic authenticity. Is this image of “historic” class-based? Preservationists do not all agree that removing

formstone is the appropriate action to take, and that some alterations become historic in their own right. The layers of alterations to the houses may better interpret the history of the community than would a restoration to its original appearance. This debate weighs the relative importance of a community’s origins versus its more recent past. In this block, away from the sidewalks of Fells Point well-trod by visitors and residents, what is the more important story to tell?

The memory of place on the block is strong. Popular belief says that young professionals, like the interviewees for this project, are often unaware of their community’s history and disinterested in those who came before them. However, both interviewees demonstrated a basic understanding of the history of the Fells Point area reaching back to the 1980s, well before they moved in. Anna Campbell joked that her street is not historical—except that her neighbors can recount stories from the last fifty years! Kurt Schiller has played a significant role in shaping the block’s recent history and he also plays a role in passing on its more distant past. In his rehabilitations he uses bricks from the original rear wall to build an interior half-wall, marking the original footprint of the house. He has also passed on some of the block’s history to his renters, including that of the brewery once located next to their homes.

The Latino families living on the block represent the latest of a long tradition of immigrants, and someday they will likely pass on stories to the group that succeeds them. The alley street is a place that encourages neighbors to talk and get to know each other, and thereby facilitates the storytelling that keeps memory of place alive.

And on the 200 block of South Chapel, the care and thought that neighbors have put into making their block their own makes it very clear that they love their street.

“Historic” brick, wood and metal may matter little compared to the love and care that the block’s residents invest in their street.

Shortly before completing this study, while taking photos in the Chapel Street,

I was approached by Bob Tarr, the owner and operator of the printing shop at 204

South Chapel. We discussed his building’s history as home of the First District

Baltimore Democratic Club, and he recalled the regular chicken dinners held there, which were always followed by lively parties. Tarr explained to me the origins of the building as a soda-bottling company, and added that for some years it even hosted a boxing gym, making clear the adaptability of the modest two-story building, which has enabled its continued use to the present.

More astounding than his memories of his building’s past was a story he shared about a longtime friend who once lived on the block. Looking at a draft page of this report, he noticed the name Henry Evers, the man who was interviewed in

1947 by the Baltimore Sun about the condition of his home, which lacked indoor plumbing. He pointed to Ever’s former residence at 213 South Chapel, photographed for that Sun story 65 years ago, and said that they had shared a close friendship for 30 years. When Evers, a lifelong resident of the block, decided around 20 years ago to move in with his daughter in New Jersey, he asked Tarr to purchase his home for fifteen thousand dollars. Knowing the house must have been worth around six times that amount, if not more, Tarr was flabbergasted. Nevertheless, Evers convinced him to purchase the house. With a direct link between someone working on the block today and a resident who not only lacked indoor plumbing, but whose grandfather lived on the street one hundred twelve years ago, the memory of place on Chapel

Street is tremendously strong. These specific memories may fade away with time, but they will be replaced with new memories in the tradition of this community, rich in history and wealthy in its exceptional quality of place.

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Appendices

Appendix A: Oral Interview Letter

Philip LaCombe 2314 Hunter Street Baltimore, MD 21218

August 28, 2012

Dear Chapel Street Resident,

I am a graduate student of historic preservation at the University of Maryland, and I am working on a final project about the history of small streets in Baltimore. I plan to research and write about the history of your block, and I would like to ask if you would be interested in participating in my project.

I also live on a small street in Baltimore. My partner and I live in a house in the Old Goucher neighborhood, north of Penn Station. We have enjoyed life on our quiet, narrow street where it’s easy to get to know our neighbors. Last year I started a public education and advocacy project called Small Streets to support the preservation of streets like ours. You’re welcome to visit our website at www.smallstreets.org.

For my final project, I am creating an urban history for one block of a small street. I chose the 200 block of South Chapel Street because of its diversity and the community spirit of some its residents. My task is to capture the history of its residents from the 1800s until today. While there are many documents that can help me learn about who lived on the street 100 years ago, it is more difficult to find out about more recent history. That’s where you come in.

I would love to incorporate some of your stories about life on Chapel Street. It doesn’t matter whether you have lived in your house two years or 30 years, whether you own your place or rent, or if you were born in the United States or another country. You can make a valuable contribution by sharing your stories about family and friends, work and school, struggles and celebrations.

If you would prefer to write me, I have attached a self-addressed envelope inside. You can email me or call me at the address and number below. I look forward to speaking with you!

Hope to hear from you soon,

Phil LaCombe [email protected] (413) 648-7445

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Appendix B: Oral Interview Questions

Get-to-know you

1. What is your name? (for the voice recording, if you grant permission) 2. What’s your address on Chapel Street? 3. What do you do for a living? 4. How long have you lived in Baltimore? 5. Do you have any children?

Chapel Street

1. When did you move to Chapel Street? 2. Why did you move here? a. What do you like most about living here now? 3. Have the people on this block changed since you moved in? a. Are there many kids who live here? Older folks? b. Do professionals live here? Working-class people? Students? c. Do Latinos live on this block? African Americans? 4. Have the houses themselves changed? a. Was there more formstone in years past? b. Have you seen many renovations done? When? c. Do people have roof decks? d. Have people constructed additions for more space? e. What’s the right size family for these smaller houses? f. Are the vacant houses a problem? 5. How would you describe the feel of the street? a. Are there flowers and plants? b. Do you see litter often? c. Do kids play here? d. Do neighbors like to sit on their stoops? e. Do neighbors chat with each other? Get together for dinner? f. Is there much car traffic? g. Do people walk in the middle of the street here? 6. Does this street feel like an historic place? a. What are the qualities that make it feel historic? b. What do you know about the history of this street?

Neighborhood Context

1. What are the 100 and 300 blocks of Chapel Street like?

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2. Does the school play any role in life on the block? 3. Do you mind the print shop at the end of the block? 4. Are you active in the Upper Fells Point Improvement Association? a. What kinds of people participate? b. What does the association do? c. Are there other members who live on alley streets? 5. Has the neighborhood changed since you moved in? 6. Do you have friends or family in the neighborhood? a. Do they live on main streets or small streets like this one? 7. Do you walk to the harbor or downtown? a. Do you like to walk all the way down Chapel Street or walk down a main street? b. Does it feel safe walking at night? Where? c. Do you own a car? Where do you park it? d. Do your neighbors own cars? 8. Is gentrification a term you think applies to Upper Fells Point? a. Has gentrification enhanced or eroded the character of this street? 9. What’s the future of Chapel Street and Upper Fells Point?

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Appendix C: 1880 US Census

House House Number Number Marital Attending Cannot Cannot Birthplace (old) (new) Last Name First Name Race Sex Age Relationship Status Occupation School read Write Birthplace Birthplace Father Mother 39 212 McCarthy Mary W F 50 Head W Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 39 212 McCarthy Michael W M 27 Son M Stone Mason Ireland Ireland Ireland 39 212 McCarthy Thomas W M 19 Son S Store Clerk Maryland Ireland Ireland 39 212 McCarthy Mary W F 22 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Ireland 39 212 McCarthy Maggie W F 12 Daughter S y Maryland Ireland Ireland 41 214 Flynn Michael W M 45 Head M Fireman Ireland Ireland Ireland 41 214 Flynn Mary W F 45 Wife M Keeping House y y Ireland Ireland Ireland 41 214 Flynn Peter W M 18 Son S Store Clerk Maryland Ireland Ireland 41 214 Flynn Mary W F 14 Daughter S y Maryland Ireland Ireland 41 214 Flynn James W M 12 Son S y Maryland Ireland Ireland 41 214 Flynn John W M 8 Son S y Maryland Ireland Ireland 43 216 Dunn Anna W F 42 Head W Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 43 216 Dunn James W M 16 Son S Gilder Maryland Ireland Ireland 43 216 Dunn Michael W M 13 Son S Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Michael W M 35 Head M Iron Moulder Ireland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Isabella W F 34 Wife M Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Catherine W F 18 Daughter S Dressmaker Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Willis W M 15 Son S Printing Apprentice Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Mary W F 12 Daughter S y Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Annie W F 8 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Lizzie W F 8 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Patrick W M 4 Son S Maryland Ireland Ireland 45 218 Lyster Johanna W F 3 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Ireland 47 220 Hart Hugh W M 43 Head M Laborer Ireland Ireland Ireland 47 220 Hart Catherine W F 40 Wife M Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 49 222 Deinline B W M 42 Head M Laborer y y Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 49 222 Deinline Mary W F 44 Wife M Keeping House y y Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 49 222 Deinline George W M 16 Son S Wagon Makers Apprentice Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 49 222 Deinline John W M 13 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 49 222 Deinline Kunigunde W F 11 Daughter S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 49 222 Deinline Mary W F 7 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 49 222 Deinline Barbetta W F 5 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 51 224 Lawald Mary W F 58 Head W Grocery Store Clerk Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 51 224 Lawald Henry W M 25 Son S Iron Moulder Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 51 224 Beister Anton W M 27 Boarder S Laborer Maryland Prussia Prussia 51 224 Chamblain Maggie W F 14 Boarder S Maryland England England

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House House Number Number Marital Attending Cannot Cannot Birthplace (old) (new) Last Name First Name Race Sex Age Relationship Status Occupation School read Write Birthplace Birthplace Father Mother 53 226 Punter Ella W F 36 Wife M Keeping House Pennsylvania Wurttemburg Hessia 53 226 Punter John W M 12 Son S y Maryland Maryland Pennsylvania 53 226 Punter Caspar W M 10 Son S y Maryland Maryland Pennsylvania 53 226 Punter Julia W F 5 Daughter S Maryland Maryland Pennsylvania 53 226 Punter George W M 1 Son S Maryland Maryland Pennsylvania 55 228 Miller Josephine W F 63 Head W Keeping House Hessia Hessia Hessia 55 228 Miller Julia W F 27 Daughter S Dressmaker Maryland Hessia Hessia 55 228 Miller Mary W F 25 Daughter S Dressmaker Maryland Hessia Hessia 57 230 Preller John W M 50 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 57 230 Preller Julia W F 49 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 57 230 Preller Mary W F 22 Daughter S Shoe Upper Maker Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 59 232 Herr Michael W M 54 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 59 232 Herr Theresia W F 53 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 59 232 Herr Lizzie W F 19 Daughter S Vest Maker Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 59 232 Herr Mary W F 17 Daughter S Vest Maker Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 59 232 Herr Maggie W F 14 Daughter S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 61 234 Herrmace John W M 24 Head M Tailor Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 61 234 Herrmace Annie W F 25 Wife M Keeping House Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 61 234 Herrmace Barbara W F 2 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 61 234 Alos Kunigunde W F 40 Boarder S Tailoress Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 61 234 Alos Katie W F 22 Boarder S Dressmaker Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 63 236 Waldmiller Lizzie W M 52 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 63 236 Waldmiller Barbara W F 53 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 63 236 Waldmiller Maria W F 18 Daughter S Factory Worker Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 63 236 Waldmiller Barbara W F 20 Daughter S Factory Worker Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 65 238 Adams George W M 60 Head M Peddler Prussia Prussia Prussia 65 238 Adams Helena W F 40 Wife M Keeping House Prussia Prussia Prussia 65 238 Adams Catherine W F 11 Daughter S y Maryland Prussia Prussia 65 238 Adams Theresia W F 7 Daughter S Maryland Prussia Prussia 65 238 Adams Joseph W M 3 Son S Maryland Prussia Prussia 65 238 Smitt Kunigunde W F 26 Boarder M Tailor Maryland Prussia Bavaria 65 238 Smitt Mary W F 5 Boarder S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 65 238 Smitt Johan W M 28 Boarder M Butcher Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 67 240 Schmidt John W M 53 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 67 240 Schmidt Elizabette W F 40 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 67 240 Schmidt Nicholas W M 6 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 67 240 Schmidt Nicholas W M 3 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 67 240 Mainzeiger Kate W F 45 Head W Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 67 240 Mainzeiger John W M 25 Son S Laborer Maryland Bavaria Bavaria

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House House Number Number Marital Attending Cannot Cannot Birthplace (old) (new) Last Name First Name Race Sex Age Relationship Status Occupation School read Write Birthplace Birthplace Father Mother 69 242 Kraus Andreas W M 35 Head M Carpenter Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Kraus Margaretha W F 40 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Kraus Michael W M 6 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Kraus George W M 4 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Kraus Johan W M 2 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Schonberger Rud W M 40 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Schonberger Mary W F 45 Wife M Keeping House Hanover Hanover Hanover 69 242 Schonberger Michael W M 6 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 69 242 Schonberger Adam W M 3 Son S Maryland Hanover Hanover 71 244 Roth Henry W M 40 Head M Laborer Hessia Hessia Hessia 71 244 Roth Margarette W F 44 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 71 244 Roth Margarette W F 16 Daughter S Tailoress Maryland Hessia Hessia 71 244 Roth Charles W M 12 Son S y Maryland Hessia Bavaria 71 244 Roth Anna W F 7 Daughter S y Maryland Hessia Bavaria 71 244 Roth Maria W F 5 Daughter S Maryland Hessia Bavaria Mother-In- 71 244 Seinlein Martha W F 69 Law W Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria Brother-In- 71 244 Seinlein John W M 31 Law S Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 73 246 Bartling Fred W M 34 Head M Laborer Hanover Hanover Hanover 73 246 Bartling Mary W F 35 Wife M Keeping House Hanover Hanover Hanover 73 246 Bartling Sophia W F 15 Daughter S Store Clerk Maryland Hanover Hanover 73 246 Bartling Fred W M 14 Son S y Maryland Hanover Hanover 73 246 Bartling Helena W F 8 Daughter S y Maryland Hanover Hanover 73 246 Bartling John W M 6 Son S Maryland Hanover Hanover 81 254 Laug Caspar W M 58 Head M Grocery Store Clerk Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Laug Dorothea W F 58 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Laug George W M 26 Son S Laborer Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Laug Annie W F 22 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Laug C W M 19 Son S Store Clerk Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Laug Julia W F 15 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Hedderich N W M 48 Head M Tailor Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Hedderich Mary W F 46 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Neissleice Seb W M 21 Head M Music Teacher Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Neissleice Mary W F 22 Wife M Keeping House Maryland Maryland Maryland 81 254 Scheller Adam W M 40 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Scheller Era W F 40 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Scheller George W M 13 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 81 254 Scheller Joseph W F 8 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 56 205 Maurer Conrad W M 30 Head M Cooper Darmstadt Hessia Hessia

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House House Number Number Marital Attending Cannot Cannot Birthplace (old) (new) Last Name First Name Race Sex Age Relationship Status Occupation School read Write Birthplace Birthplace Father Mother 56 205 Maurer Regina W F 4 Daughter S y Maryland Darmstadt Bavaria 56 205 Maurer Magdalerca W F 2 Daughter S Maryland Darmstadt Bavaria 56 205 Champeress T W M 36 Head M ??? Dealer Agent Maryland England England 56 205 Champeress Mary W F 34 Wife M Keeping House Maryland Hessia Hessia 56 205 Champeress Maggie W F 14 Daughter S Maryland Maryland Maryland 56 205 Champeress Robert W M 11 Son S y Maryland Maryland Maryland 56 205 Champeress Jenney W F 7 Daughter S y Maryland Maryland Maryland 56 205 Champeress Thomas W M 5 Son S Maryland Maryland Maryland 56 205 Champeress Mary W F 1 Daughter S Maryland Maryland Maryland 58 207 Winsdson Michael W M 30 Head M Laborer Ireland Ireland Ireland 58 207 Winsdson Kate W F 25 Wife M Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 58 207 Winsdson Mattie W F 6 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Ireland 58 207 Winsdson Hannah W F 4 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Ireland 58 207 Winsdson Michael W M 2 Son S Maryland Ireland Ireland 60 209 Freimuth Henry W M 27 Head M Stevedore Bremen Bremen Bremen 60 209 Freimuth Maria W F 29 Wife M Keeping House Hamburg Hamburg Hamburg 60 209 Freimuth Charles W M 1 Son S Maryland Bremen Hamburg 62 211 Ries Adam W M 40 Head M Huckster Hessia Hessia Hessia 62 211 Ries Tina W F 36 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 62 211 Ries Margaret W F 4 Daughter S Maryland Hessia Bavaria 62 211 Ries John W M 6 Son S Maryland Hessia Hessia 62 211 Ries Henry W M 0 Son S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 64 213 O'Brien Patrick W M 29 Head M Laborer Ireland Ireland Ireland 64 213 O'Brien Mary W F 30 Wife M Keeping House Wurttemburg Wurttemburg Wurttemburg 64 213 O'Brien Charlotte W F 2 Daughter S Maryland Ireland Wurttemburg 64 213 Hallowrun Kate W F 43 Head W Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 64 213 Hallowrun Ella W F 13 Daughter S y Maryland Maryland Ireland 64 213 Hallowrun Mary W F 8 Daughter S y Maryland Maryland Ireland 66 217 Beckhaf Henry W M 30 Head M Laborer Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 66 217 Beckhaf Susanna W F 20 Wife M Keeping House Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 66 217 Beckhaf Michael W M 1 Son S Maryland Maryland Maryland 66 217 Beckhaf Kunigunde W F 4 Daughter S Maryland Maryland Maryland 66 217 Mandel John W M 50 Head W Shoemaker Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 66 217 Mandel Maggie W F 25 Daughter S Keeping House Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 66 217 Mandel Annie W F 20 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 66 217 Mandel John W M 16 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 66 217 Mandel Mary W F 12 Daughter S y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 70 219 Pretzel Clement W M 30 Head M Tailor Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 70 219 Pretzel Kunigunde W F 26 Wife M Keeping House Maryland Bavaria Bavaria

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House House Number Number Marital Attending Cannot Cannot Birthplace (old) (new) Last Name First Name Race Sex Age Relationship Status Occupation School read Write Birthplace Birthplace Father Mother 70 219 Pretzel Julia W M 2 Son S Maryland Bavaria Maryland 72 221 Schuber Michael W M 58 Head M Tailor Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 72 221 Schuber Kunigunde W F 60 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 84 223 Frank Joseph W M 59 Head M Shoemaker Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 84 223 Frank Margaretha W F 50 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 84 223 Frank Joseph W M 15 Son S Learning Trade Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 86 225 Schaum Keidren W M 44 Head W Laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia 86 225 Schaum Annie W F 22 Daughter S Keeping House Maryland Prussia Prussia 78 227 Rostmeyer Anton W M 51 Head M Laborer Prussia Prussia Prussia 78 227 Rostmeyer Kunigunde W F 51 Wife M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 78 227 Rostmeyer Francis W M 21 Son S Cabinet Maker Maryland Prussia Bavaria 78 227 Rostmeyer John W M 13 Son S y Maryland Prussia Bavaria 78 227 Rostmeyer Maggie W F 6 Daughter S Maryland Prussia Bavaria 80 229 Thiemace Mary W F 40 Head W Keeping House Baden Baden Baden 80 229 Thiemace Louis W M 7 Son S y Maryland Hanover Baden 80 229 Thiemace Maria W F 4 Daughter S Maryland Hanover Baden 80 229 Huforayd Barbara W F 73 Head W Keeping House Baden Baden Baden 94 231 Traubert John W M 45 Head M Tailor Bavaria Baden Baden 94 231 Traubert Elizabeth W F 33 Wife M Keeping House Baden Baden Baden 94 231 Traubert Ferdinand W M 19 Son S Tailor Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert Damian W M 17 Son S Tailor Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert George W M 16 Son S Tailor Apprentice Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert Anton W M 13 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert Henry W M 9 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert Joseph W M 5 Son S Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert Catherina W F 3 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Baden 94 231 Traubert John W M 3 Son S Maryland Bavaria Baden 96 233 Bickel Joseph W M 46 Head M Laborer Bavaria Bavaria Baden 96 233 Bickel Annie W F 44 Wife M Bremen Bremen Bremen 96 233 Bickel Annie W F 20 Daughter S Clothes Maker Maryland Bavaria Bremen 96 233 Bickel Kate W F 16 Daughter S ?? Maryland Bavaria Bremen 96 233 Bickel John W M 13 Son S y Maryland Bavaria Bremen 96 233 Blueu Joseph W M 33 Head M Mill Engineer Maryland Maryland Maryland 96 233 Blueu Marianne W F 33 Wife M Keeping House Maryland Maryland Maryland 96 233 Blueu Katie W F 11 Daughter S y Maryland Maryland Maryland 96 233 Blueu Joseph W M 5 Son S Maryland Maryland Maryland 96 233 Blueu Annie W F 3 Daughter S Maryland Maryland Maryland 96 233 Blueu Mary W F 0 Daughter S Maryland Maryland Maryland 100 237 Forn Kate W F 43 Head M Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria

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House House Number Number Marital Attending Cannot Cannot Birthplace (old) (new) Last Name First Name Race Sex Age Relationship Status Occupation School read Write Birthplace Birthplace Father Mother 100 237 Forn George W M 18 Son S Cooper Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 100 237 Forn Dora W F 14 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 100 237 Forn Katie W F 6 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 100 237 Forn Andrea W M 4 Son S y y Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 102 239 McCarr Pat W M 54 Head M Laborer y y Maryland Ireland Ireland 102 239 McCarr Annie W F 54 Wife M Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 102 239 McCarr Mary W F 22 Daughter S Laundress Ireland Ireland Ireland 104 241 Heines Mary W F 54 Head W Keeping House Ireland Ireland Ireland 104 241 Heines Patrick W M 23 Son S Car Driver Ireland Ireland Ireland 104 241 Heines Daniel W M 21 Son S Car Driver Ireland Ireland Ireland 104 241 Flynn Ellen W F 48 Boarder W Laundress Ireland Ireland Ireland 104 241 McGee Pat W M 47 Boarder S Laborer Ireland Ireland Ireland 96 243 Doman Kate W F 48 Head W Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 96 243 Doman Mary W F 20 Daughter S Tailoress Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 96 243 Doman Augusta W F 17 Daughter S Tailoress Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 96 243 Doman Christina W F 14 Daughter S Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 96 243 Doman Julia W F 10 Daughter S y Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 98 245 Buttoner Maggie W F 45 Head W Tailoress Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 98 245 Buttoner Andrew W M 15 Son S Learning Trade Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 98 245 Buttoner Emma W F 11 Daughter S y Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 98 245 Werth Martha W F 60 Head W Keeping House Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 98 245 Werth Malina W F 20 Daughter S Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 98 245 Werth Joseph W M 18 Son S Cart Driver Maryland Bavaria Bavaria 100 247 Weinkanf George W M 62 Head M Stevedore Bavaria Bavaria Bavaria 100 247 Weinkanf Annie W F 61 Wife M Keeping House Hessia Hessia Hessia 100 247 Weinkanf Maggie W F 25 Daughter S Tailoress Maryland Bavaria Hessia

116

Appendix D: 1900 US Census

Year of Age at Able Able Home Owned House Marital Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Attending to to Speaks Owned or Free or Number Last Name First Name Relationship Race Sex Age Status Birthplace Father Mother gration gration Occupation School Read Write English Rented Mortgage 212 McCarthy Theo Head W M 40 M Maryland Ireland Ireland Salesman y y y O F 212 McCarthy Lizzie Wife W F 35 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 212 McCarthy James Son W M 16 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Printer y y y 212 McCarthy Stella Daughter W F 17 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Saleslady y y y 212 McCarthy Mary Daughter W F 7 S Ireland Ireland Ireland y y y 212 Cooney Patrick Brother W M 48 M Virginia Ireland Ireland Can Maker y y y 212 Cooney Mary Sister-In-Law W F 40 M Virginia Ireland Ireland y y y 214 Herold Bertha Head W F 40 W Germany Germany Germany Seamstress y y y R 214 Herold Charles Son W M 20 S Maryland Germany Germany Machinist y y y 214 Herold Annie Daughter W F 18 S Maryland Germany Germany Servant y y y 214 Herold Anthony Son W M 14 S Maryland Germany Germany Salesman y y y 214 Herold Lidy Daughter W F 13 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 214 Herold Christian Son W M 11 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 214 Herold William Son W M 6 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 216 Dumbrosky Dick Head W M 28 M Russia Russia Russia Tailor y y y R 216 Dumbrosky Frances Wife W F 28 M Germany Germany Germany y y y 216 Dumbrosky Adam Son W M 8 S Germany Russia Germany y y y y 216 Dumbrosky Frances Daughter W F 1 S Maryland Russia Germany 218 Kunkel Jon Head W M 51 M Germany Germany Germany Carpenter y y y R 218 Kunkel Mary Wife W F 31 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 218 Kunkel Maggie Daughter W F 14 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y 218 Kunkel Lizzie Daughter W F 9 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y y 220 Micheal John Head W M 26 M Maryland Germany Germany Button Maker y y y R 220 Micheal Lizzie Wife W F 24 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 220 Micheal Maggie Daughter W F 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 220 Micheal Frank Son W M 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 220 Micheal Elsie Daughter W F 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 220 Micheal Martin Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 222 Maxim Stacy Head W F 48 W Maryland Maryland Maryland Seamstress y y y R 222 Kirby Rob Son-In-Law W M 29 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Can Maker y y y 222 Kirby Kate Daughter W F 23 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 222 Kirby Arthur Son W M 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 222 Showein Chas A Son W M 27 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Broom Maker y y y 222 Maxim Emma Daughter W F 14 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 222 Maxim Mellie Daughter W F 9 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 222 Maxim Henry Son W M 7 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 224 Snyder Henry Head W M 32 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Laborer y y y R

117

Year of Age at Able Able Home Owned House Marital Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Attending to to Speaks Owned or Free or Number Last Name First Name Relationship Race Sex Age Status Birthplace Father Mother gration gration Occupation School Read Write English Rented Mortgage 224 Snyder John G Son W M 9 S Virginia Maryland Virginia y y y y 224 Snyder Howard Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Virginia y y y y 224 Snyder Oscar Son W M 2 S Maryland Virginia Maryland n n y 224 Snyder Lizzie Sister W F 25 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 224 Snyder Howard Brother W M 29 W Maryland Maryland Maryland Laborer y y y 226 Bonday Jasper Head W M 30 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Paper Carrier y y y R 226 Bonday Nina Wife W F 23 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 226 Bonday Beuhla Daughter W F 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 226 Bonday Jasper Son W M 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 226 Bonday George Brother W M 21 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Paper Carrier y y y 228 Brodal Elizabeth Head W M 35 W Germany Germany Germany 1880 15 ??? n n y R 228 Brodal Conrad Son W M 11 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 228 Brodal Maraget Daughter W F 8 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 228 Brodal Elizabeth Daughter W F 7 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 228 Brodal Buraba Daughter W F 5 S Maryland Germany Germany n n n Cabinet 228 Fooks George Brother W M 28 S Germany Germany Germany Maker y y y 230 Brella John Head W M 40 M Germany Germany Germany 1860 0 Store y y y R 230 Brella Annie Wife W F 40 M Germany Germany Germany 1860 0 n n n 232 Danzler John Head W M 35 M Germany Germany Germany 1891 26 Laborer n n n R 232 Danzler Maggie Wife W F 31 M Germany Germany Germany 1892 23 n n n 232 Danzler John Son W M 4 S Maryland Germany Germany n n n 234 Hagelganz Peter Head W M 39 M Maryland Germany Germany Agent y y y R 234 Hagelganz Anna Wife W F 41 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 234 Hagelganz Fred Son W M 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 234 Hagelganz Henry Son W M 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 234 Hagelganz Edward Son W M 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 236 Miller Mrs Head W F 77 W Germany Germany Germany 1840 17 n n n R 236 Alandoff Mr Head2 W M 49 M Germany Germany Germany 1870 19 Laborer n n n 236 Alandoff Mrs Wife W F 46 M Germany Germany Germany 1870 16 n n n 238 Whitten Linda Head W M 32 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Can Maker y y y R 238 Whitten Mary Wife W F 32 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 238 Whitten Annie Daughter W F 10 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 238 Whitten George Son W M 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 238 Whitten Kate Daughter W F 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 238 Whitten John Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 240 Bergman George Head W M 43 M Germany Germany Germany 1882 25 Laborer n n n R 240 Bergman Lizzie Wife W F 45 M Germany Germany Germany 1884 29 n n y 240 Bergman Maggie Daughter W F 18 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y

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Year of Age at Able Able Home Owned House Marital Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Attending to to Speaks Owned or Free or Number Last Name First Name Relationship Race Sex Age Status Birthplace Father Mother gration gration Occupation School Read Write English Rented Mortgage 240 Bergman Henry Son W M 10 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 240 Bergman Annie Daughter W F 6 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 242 Greensfelder John Head W M 40 W Maryland Germany Germany Baker y y y R 242 Greensfelder Martin Son W M 17 S Maryland Maryland Germany Baker y y y 242 Greensfelder Ida Daughter W F 16 S Maryland Maryland Germany y y y 242 Greensfelder Annie Daughter W F 10 S Maryland Maryland Germany y y y y 242 Greensfelder George Son W M 4 S Maryland Maryland Germany n n n 244 Scheller Christine Head W F 62 W Germany Germany Germany 1866 28 n n y R 244 Scheller Joseph Son W M 25 S Maryland Germany Germany Baker y y y 246 Markert Julia Head W F 27 Maryland Germany Germany Seamstress y y y R 246 Markert Clara Daughter W M 6 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y y 246 Markert Pauline Daughter W F 5 W Maryland Germany Maryland y y y 246 Markert Joseph Son W F 2 S Maryland Germany Maryland n n n 246 Markert John Brother-In-Law W F 26 S Germany Germany Germany 1892 18 Plumber n n n 246 Markert Lenis Brother-In-Law W M 23 S Germany Germany Germany 1892 15 Plumber y y y 246 Markert Louisa Sister W M 17 S Germany Germany Germany 1892 9 Seamstress y y y 248 Bealtey William Head W M 52 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Can Maker y y y R 248 Bealtey Mary Wife W F 40 M Maryland Ireland Pennsylvania y y y 248 Bealtey William Son W M 17 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 248 Bealtey Mary Daughter W F 15 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 248 Bealtey Fannie Daughter W F 13 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 248 Bealtey Ira Daughter W F 11 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 248 Bealtey Josephine Daughter W F 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 248 Bealtey Fred Son W M 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 250 Deitzell Conrad Head W M 60 M Germany Germany Germany 1883 43 Stevedore y y y R 250 Deitzell Mary Wife W F 61 M Germany Germany Germany 1865 26 y y y 250 Deitzell Henry Son W M 39 S Germany Germany Germany 1895 34 Laborer y y y 250 Deitzell George Son W M 28 S Maryland Germany Germany Stevedore y y y 250 Deitzell Maggie Daughter W F 24 S Maryland Germany Germany Sales Lady y y y 250 Deitzell Lizzie Daughter W F 22 S Maryland Maryland Germany y y y 252 Battee Lewis Head W M 36 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Paper Hanger y y y R 252 Battee Marion Wife W F 32 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 252 Battee Irene Daughter W F 13 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 252 Battee Lewis Son W M 10 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 252 Battee Mabel Daughter W F 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 252 Battee Harold Son W M 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 252 Battee Samuel Son W M 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 254 Griffin Sam Head W M 52 M Maryland Maryland Maryland Stevedore y y y R 254 Griffin Elizabeth Wife W F 38 M Maryland Germany Maryland y y y

119

Year of Age at Able Able Home Owned House Marital Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Attending to to Speaks Owned or Free or Number Last Name First Name Relationship Race Sex Age Status Birthplace Father Mother gration gration Occupation School Read Write English Rented Mortgage 254 Griffin Sam H Son W M 12 S Maryland Maryland Maryland At School y y y 254 Smith Mollie Boarder W F 18 S Delaware Delaware Delaware y y y 254 Warmer Sophia Boarder W F 22 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Labeler y y y 256 Nopel Hense Head W M 60 M Germany Germany Germany 1864 24 Ship Ceiler y y y R 256 Nopel Elinore Wife W F 53 M Maryland Germany Germany 1864 17 y y y 256 Nopel Charles Son W M 28 S Maryland Germany Germany Enameler y y y 256 Nopel Ameil Son W M 29 S Maryland Germany Germany Brewer y y y 256 Nopel Fred Son W M 18 S Maryland Germany Germany Driver y y y 256 Miller William Boarder W M 33 S Germany Germany Germany 1882 15 Carpenter y y y 247 Burke William Head W M 39 M Denmark Denmark Denmark Unk Seaman y y y O F 247 Burke Lizzie Wife W F 40 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 247 Burke Jolon Son W M 9 S Maryland Denmark Maryland y y y y 247 Burke Lizzie Daughter W F 6 S Maryland Denmark Maryland y n n n 247 Burke Maggie Daughter W F 4 S Maryland Denmark Maryland n n n 247 Burke Edward Son W M 3 S Maryland Denmark Maryland n n n 247 Burke Clara Daughter W F 1 S Maryland Denmark Maryland n n n 247 Descawitch John Boarder W M 53 S Austria Austria Austria Seaman y y y 245 Herman John Head W M 44 M Germany Germany Germany 1872 16 Carpenter y y y O F 245 Herman Annie Wife W F 44 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 245 Herman Barbara Daughter W F 21 S Maryland Germany Maryland Vestmaker y y y 245 Herman Lawrence Son W M 17 S Maryland Germany Maryland Salesman y y y 245 Herman Andrew Son W M 14 S Maryland Germany Maryland Cake Baker y y y 245 Herman Maggie Daughter W F 10 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y y 243 Weichert Chris Head W M 23 M Maryland Maryland Germany Stevedore y y y R 243 Weichert Lucy Wife W F 23 M Maryland England Virginia y y y 243 Weichert George Son W M 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 243 Weichert Joseph Son W M 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 241 Shuhardt Henry Head W M 26 M Germany Germany Germany 1888 14 Laborer y y y R 241 Shuhardt Annie Wife W F 24 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 241 Shuhardt John Son W M 6 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y y 241 Shuhardt William Son W M 4 S Maryland Germany Maryland n n n 241 Shuhardt Edward Son W M 2 S Maryland Germany Maryland n n n 241 Johnson Raymond Boarder W M 34 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Laborer y y y 239 Rettner John Head W M 41 M Maryland Germany Germany Broom Maker y y y R 239 Rettner Annie Wife W F 40 M Maryland Ireland Ireland y y y 239 O'Bryan Ellen Son-In-Law W F 38 S Maryland Ireland Ireland Shirt Maker y y y 239 O'Bryan William Nephew W M 19 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Sail Maker y y y 239 O'Bryan Mary Niece W M 10 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 237 Kaufman Dohn Head W M 40 M Maryland Unknown Unknown Tinner y y y R

120

Year of Age at Able Able Home Owned House Marital Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Attending to to Speaks Owned or Free or Number Last Name First Name Relationship Race Sex Age Status Birthplace Father Mother gration gration Occupation School Read Write English Rented Mortgage 237 Kaufman Frank Son W M 17 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Box Maker y y y 237 Kaufman Mamia Daughter W F 13 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 237 Kaufman Kale Daughter W F 11 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 237 Kaufman John Son W M 9 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 237 Kaufman Annie Daughter W F 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 237 Kaufman Daniel Son W M 6 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 237 Kaufman Leo Son W M 4 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 237 Kaufman Vincent Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 235 Bunch William Head W M 32 M Maryland Germany Maryland Laborer y y y R 235 Bunch Lizzie Wife W F 30 M Maryland Maryland Germany y y y 235 Bunch Annie Daughter W F 10 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 235 Bunch William Son W M 6 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y n n y 235 Bunch Lizzie Daughter W F 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 233 Zeiger Otto Head W M 49 M Germany Germany Germany 1891 40 Shoemaker y y y R 233 Zeiger Fredericka Wife W F 41 M Germany Germany Germany 1891 32 n n y 233 Zeiger Otto Son W M 11 S Germany Germany Germany 1891 2 y y y y 233 Zeiger Nina Daughter W F 9 S Germany Germany Germany 1891 0 y y y y 231 Trabard John Head W M 66 M Germany Germany Germany 1860 26 Tailor y y y O F 231 Trabard Lizzie Wife W F 52 M Germany Germany Germany 1850 2 y y y 231 Trabard Anthony Son W M 32 W Maryland Germany Germany Engineer y y y 231 Trabard Henry Son W M 28 S Maryland Germany Germany Clerk y y y 231 Trabard Kate Daughter W F 22 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y 231 Trabard John Son W M 20 S Maryland Germany Germany Laborer y y y 231 Trabard Barbara Daughter W F 16 S Maryland Germany Germany Vestmaker y y y 231 Trabard Phillip Son W M 13 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 231 Trabard John Son W M 13 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 229 King Peter Head W M 50 M Maryland Germany Germany Stevedore y y y R 229 King Emma Wife W F 35 M Maryland Pennsylvania Maryland y y y 229 King Maggie Daughter W F 12 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 229 King Charles Son W M 7 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y n n y 229 King George Son W M 6 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 229 King Frances Daughter W F 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 229 King Frederick Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 227 Miller Albert Head W M 47 M Maryland Holland Maryland Foreman y y y R 227 Miller Rose Wife W F 42 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 227 Miller Albert Son W M 18 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Baker y y y 227 Miller Henry Son W M 14 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 227 Miller Eva Daughter W F 12 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y n n n 227 Miller John Son W M 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y

121

Year of Age at Able Able Home Owned House Marital Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Attending to to Speaks Owned or Free or Number Last Name First Name Relationship Race Sex Age Status Birthplace Father Mother gration gration Occupation School Read Write English Rented Mortgage 225 Schumm John Son W M 18 S Maryland Germany Germany Butcher y y y 225 Fritsch Annie Daughter W F 24 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 225 Kline Mary Daughter W F 23 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 225 Kline Lizzie Daughter W F 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 225 Kline John Grandchild W M 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 225 Kline Lamis Grandchild W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 225 Kline Mary Grandchild W F 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 225 Thieman Louis Son W M 26 S Maryland Germany Germany Shoemaker y y y 223 Evers William Head W M 49 M Maryland Germany Ireland Salesman y y y O F 223 Evers Jennie Wife W F 47 M Canada Canada Canada y y y 223 Evers Julia Daughter W F 22 S Maryland Maryland Canada y y y 223 Evers James Son W M 17 S Maryland Maryland Canada Salesman y y y 223 Evers Emma Daughter W F 14 S Maryland Maryland Canada y y y 223 Evers Henry Son W M 10 S Maryland Maryland Canada y y y 223 Evers Jennie Daughter W F 8 S Maryland Maryland Canada y y y y 223 Evers Louis Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Canada n n y 223 Evers Willard Brother W M 44 S Maryland Germany Germany Salesman y y y 221 Litchkey Herman Head W M 37 M Maryland Germany Germany Laborer y y y R 221 Litchkey Sara Wife W F 40 M Maryland Maryland Ireland y y y 221 Litchkey John Son W M 9 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 221 Litchkey Herman Son W M 7 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 221 Litchkey Albert Son W M 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n y 221 Litchkey George Son W M 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 221 Barton Annie Sister-In-Law W M 25 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 217 Welch Matthew Head W M 23 M Maryland Ireland Ireland Baker y y y R 217 Welch Emma Wife W F 19 M Maryland Maryland Pennsylvania y y y 217 Welch Matthew Son W M 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n n n 215 Byrnes Maurice Head W M 55 M Ireland Ireland Ireland Seaman y y y R 215 Byrnes Mary Wife W F 54 M Ireland Ireland Ireland y y y 213 Gary Michael Head W M 45 M Ireland Ireland Ireland Laborer y y y R 213 Gary Nora Wife W F 45 M Ireland Ireland Ireland y y y 213 Gary Bridget Daughter W F 17 S Maryland Ireland Ireland y y y 211 McGinn Robert Head W M 53 M Ireland Ireland Ireland Seaman y y y O F 211 McGinn Mary Wife W F 55 M Ireland Ireland Ireland y y y 211 McGinn John Brother W M 50 S Ireland Ireland Ireland Seaman y y y 207 Welch Kate Head W F 40 W Ireland Ireland Ireland y y y O F 207 Welch Matthew Son W M 24 S Maryland Ireland Ireland Laborer y y y 207 Welch Hannah Daughter W F 21 S Maryland Ireland Ireland Cigar Maker y y y 207 Welch Myrtte Daughter W F 19 S Maryland Ireland Ireland y y y

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Appendix E: 1910 US Census

Year of Age at Type of Able Able Home Owned House Mar. Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Speaks Employ- to to Atten. Owned or Free or Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Stat. Birthplace Father Mother gration gration English Occupation Industry ment Read Write School Rented Mortg. 212 Cooney Harry Head M W 51 M Virginia Ireland Ireland y Laborer Street Work W y y R 212 Cooney Margaret Wife F W 51 M Maryland England England y y y Mother-In- 212 McCarthy Mary Law F W 83 W England England England 1857 30 y y y 216 Einwich Joseph Head Head M 20 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Bookkeeper Ice House W y y 216 Einwich Maril Wife Wife F 19 M Maryland Germany Maryland y y y 216 Einwich Joseph Son Son M 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 218 Rahley John Head M W 48 M Maryland Germany Germany y Boilermaker Ship Yard W y y 218 Rahley Rosina Wife M W 44 M West Virginia Virginia Germany y y y 218 Rahley Augusta Son F W 20 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia y Laborer Cooper Shop W y y n 218 Rahley Charles Son M W 18 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia y Apprentice Stove Moulding W y y n 218 Rahley Rosina Daughter M W 15 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia y y y n 218 Rahley Mary Daughter F W 13 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia y y y y 218 Rahley Ella Daughter F W 11 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia y y y y 218 Rahley Lillian Daughter F W 6 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia 218 Rahley Christina Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia 218 Rahley Catherine Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Maryland West Virginia 220 Rozycki Wladyslaw Head M W 37 M German Poland German Poland German Poland 1898 25 y Interpreter Hosptial W y y R 220 Rozycki Stanslaw Wife F W 42 M German Poland German Poland German Poland 1896 28 y y y 220 Rozycki Bogumil Son M W 10 S Illinois German Poland German Poland y y y y 220 Rozycki Adam Son M W 9 S Illinois German Poland German Poland y 220 Rozycki Miron Son M W 6 S New York German Poland German Poland 220 Rozycki Rrystyna Daughter F W 4 S Maryland German Poland German Poland 220 Rozycki Irena Daughter F W 2 S Maryland German Poland German Poland 220 Rozycki Tadeuse Son M W 1 S Maryland German Poland German Poland 222 Hagan Peter Head M W 38 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Fireman Public Building W y y R 222 Hagan Mary Wife F W 37 M Maryland England Ireland y y y 222 Hagan Ellan Daughter F W 7 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y Lumber 224 Listz Roberk Head M W 48 W Maryland Maryland Maryland y Worker Saw Mill W y y R 224 Thompson Mary Foster ??? F W 69 W Ireland Ireland Ireland 1863 22 y y y 228 Libewski Frank Head M W 59 M Germany Germany Germany 1885 34 y Stevedore Boat W y y O M 228 Libewski Augusta Wife F W 50 M Germany Germany Germany 1885 25 y n n 230 Fuchs Annie Head F W 50 W Germany Germany Germany 1860 0 y Saleslady Grocery Store W y y O F 230 Fuchs Girad Son M W 17 S Maryland Germany Germany y Printer Print Shop W y y n 230 Fuchs George Son M W 15 S Maryland Germany Germany y Errand Boy Dept Store W y y n 230 Fuchs Frederich Son M W 10 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 232 Denzlein John Head M W 46 M Germany Germany Germany 1890 26 y Laborer Stable W y y O F 232 Denzlein Margarett Wife F W 46 M Germany Germany Germany 1890 26 y y y

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Year of Age at Type of Able Able Home Owned House Mar. Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Speaks Employ- to to Atten. Owned or Free or Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Stat. Birthplace Father Mother gration gration English Occupation Industry ment Read Write School Rented Mortg. 232 Denzlein John Son M W 10 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 232 Denzlein Michael Son M W 6 S Maryland Germany Germany y 234 Buedel Elizabeth Head F W 46 W Germany Germany Germany 1880 16 y Dressmaker At Home OA y y O F 234 Buedel Conrad Son M W 21 S Maryland Germany Germany y Salesman Grocery Store W y y n 234 Buedel Margaret Daughter F W 19 S Maryland Germany Germany y Seamstress Factory W y y n 234 Buedel Elizabeth Daughter F W 17 S Maryland Germany Germany y Seamstress Factory W y y n 234 Buedel Barbara Daughter F W 15 S Maryland Germany Germany y Seamstress Factory W y y n 234 Buedel Anna Daughter F W 10 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 236 Reidel John Head M W 43 M Maryland Germany Germany y Laborer Railroad W y y R 236 Reidel Louise Wife F W 41 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 236 Reidel Norman Son M W 4 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 238 Pasterfield William Head M W 54 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Laborer Odd Jobs W y y R 238 Pasterfield Mary Wife F W 46 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 238 Pasterfield William Son M W 24 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y n n Shirt 238 Pasterfield Gertrude Daughter F W 22 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Operator Manufacturer W y y Shirt 238 Pasterfield Molly Daughter F W 20 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Operator Manufacturer W y y y 238 Pasterfield Matilda Daughter F W 19 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 238 Pasterfield Paulinem Daughter F W 13 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 240 Rabbelt Joseph Head M W 41 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Driver Lumber Wagon W y y R 240 Rabbelt Annie Wife F W 34 M Maryland Maryland German y y y 240 Rabbelt Margaret Daughter M W 11 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y Box 240 Rabbelt Charles Son M W 14 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Laborer Manufacturer W y y y 240 Rabbelt Frank Son M W 9 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y 240 Rabbelt August Son M W 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n Box 242 Weglein Valtine Head M W 33 M Maryland Germany Maryland y Mailer Manufacturer W y y R 242 Weglein Sophia Wife F W 35 M Maryland Germany Maryland y y y 242 Weglein Katie Daughter F W 10 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 242 Weglein William Son M W 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y 242 Weglein Edward Son M W 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y 242 Weglein Marie Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 246 Smith John Head M W 29 M Maryland Germany Germany y Fireman ??? W y y R 246 Smith Julia Wife F W 37 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 246 Smith Anna Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 246 Smith John Son M W 0 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Shirt 246 Markest Clair Stepchild F W 16 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Operator Manufacturer y y y Shirt 246 Markest Pauline Stepchild F W 15 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Operator Manufacturer y y y 246 Markest Joseph Stepchild M W 12 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y y

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Year of Age at Type of Able Able Home Owned House Mar. Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Speaks Employ- to to Atten. Owned or Free or Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Stat. Birthplace Father Mother gration gration English Occupation Industry ment Read Write School Rented Mortg. 248 Stone Jos Grandchild M W 27 S Maryland Maryland Virginia y Electrician Oil Worker W y y 248 Stone Henry Grandchild M W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 248 Chirveral Beuluk Grandchild F W 19 M Maryland Virginia Virginia y Dipper Candy Factory W y y n 248 Chirveral Allen Grandchild M W 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 248 Hulbott Estella Grandchild F W 17 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Dipper Candy Factory W y y n 250 Ditzell Conard Head M W 70 M Germany Germany Germany 1863 23 y Laborer Builder W y y R 250 Ditzell Marie Wife F W 71 M Germany Germany Germany 1865 26 y y y Spice 250 Ditzell Henry Son M W 48 S Germany Germany Germany 1867 5 y Grinder Manufacturing W y y 250 Ditzell Margaret Daughter F W 34 S Maryland Germany Germany y Forlady Drug House W y y 250 Ditzell Elizabeth Daughter F W 32 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y 252 Pugh Josephine Head F W 35 W Maryland Germany Germany y 252 Pugh Frank Son M W 18 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Stevedore Wharf W y y n Box 252 Pugh William Son M W 16 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Helper Manufacturer W y y n 252 Pugh John Son M W 13 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 252 Pugh Margaret Daughter F W 10 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y 252 Lelen Ferdinand Boarder M W 30 S Maryland Germany Germany y Fireman ??? W y y y 254 Boehlein Frank Head M W 48 M Germany Germany Germany 1861 -1 y Capper Packing House W y y R Oyster 254 Boehlein Fran Wife F W 39 M Virginia Virginia Virginia y Peddler Street Work OA n n 254 Boehlein Kerrigunde Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Germany Virginia y y y 254 Boehlein Bergard Son M W 0 S Maryland Germany Virginia 254 Parker Rita Stepchild F W 18 S Florida Virginia Virginia y ??? ??? W y y n 254 Parker Rob Stepchild M W 14 S Virginia Virginia Virginia y ??? ??? W y y n 247 Burke W A Head M W 49 M Germany Germany Germany 1880 19 y y y O 247 Burke Elizabeth Wife F W 50 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 247 Burke John Son M W 18 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Bookkeeper Foundry W y y y 247 Burke Elizabeth Daughter F W 17 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Forelady Packing House W y y y 247 Burke Marie Daughter F W 16 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Cook Packing House W y y y 247 Burke Edward Son M W 14 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Helper Chain Factory W y y y 247 Burke Virginia Daughter F W 9 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y 245 Herrmann John Head M W 54 M Germany Germany Germany 1872 16 y Driver Carpenter W y y R 245 Herrmann Anna Wife F W 55 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 245 Herrmann Andrew Son M W 25 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Carpenter House W y y 245 Herrmann Margaret Daughter F W 21 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Operator ??? W y y n 243 Roehrer Barbara Head F W 67 W Germany Germany Germany unk y R Dry Goods 243 Roehrer Fredich Son M W 30 S Maryland Germany Germany y Mailer Store y y Shirt 243 Roehrer Kate Daughter F W 45 S Maryland Germany Germany y Seamstress Manufacturer y y Shirt 243 Roehrer Mary Daughter F W 42 S Maryland Germany Germany y Seamstress Manufacturer y y

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Year of Age at Type of Able Able Home Owned House Mar. Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Speaks Employ- to to Atten. Owned or Free or Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Stat. Birthplace Father Mother gration gration English Occupation Industry ment Read Write School Rented Mortg. 243 Roehrer Lennie Daughter F W 32 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y 241 Caulfield Anthony Head F W 32 W Germany Germany Germany 1888 10 y y y R 241 Caulfield Joseph Son M W 5 S Maryland Ireland Germany y y 241 Caulfield Anna Daughter F W 10 S Maryland Ireland Germany y n 241 Caulfield Marie Daughter F W 7 S Maryland Ireland Germany n n y 241 Busher Joseph Father M W 70 M Germany Germany Germany 1888 48 y Laborer City Work W n n 241 Busher Pauline Mother F W 65 M Germany Germany Germany 1888 43 y n n 239 Whatmough George Head M W 46 M England England England 1882 18 y Laborer Odd Jobs W y y R 239 Whatmough Lillia Wife F W 38 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 239 Whatmough Marie Daughter F W 11 S Maryland England Maryland y y y y 239 Whatmough Lloyd Son M W 9 S Maryland England Maryland y 239 Whatmough Wilfred Son M W 5 S Maryland England Maryland y 239 Whatmough Hariet Daughter F W 3 S Maryland England Maryland 237 Meyer Wiliam Head M W 26 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Plumber New Builder W y y R 237 Meyer Emma Wife F W 24 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 237 Meyer Julia Daughter F W 4 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 237 Meyer William Son M W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 237 Meyer Emily Daughter F W 0 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 235 Pick William Head M W 33 M Maryland Maryland Maryland R 235 Pick Frederica Wife F W 36 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Machinist Machine Shop W y y 235 Pick John Son M W 5 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 235 Pick William Son M W 0 S Maryland Maryland Maryland n 231 Lohnchart Henry Head M W 46 M Germany Germany Germany 1880 16 y Miller Mill Work W y y 231 Lohnchart Anna Wife F W 35 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 231 Lohnchart John Son M W 16 S Maryland Germany Germany y Miller Mill Work W y y n 231 Lohnchart William Son M W 15 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Miller Mill Work W y y n 231 Lohnchart Eddie Son M W 13 S Maryland Germany Maryland y Miller Mill Work W y y n 231 Lohnchart Marie Daughter F W 9 S Maryland Germany Maryland y 231 Lohnchart Edna Daughter F W 11 S Maryland Germany Maryland y y y y 231 Lohnchart Carl Son M W 6 S Maryland Germany Maryland y 231 Lohnchart Harry Son M W 4 S Maryland Germany Maryland y 231 Lohnchart George Son M W 2 S Maryland Germany Maryland 231 Withig Remder Boarder M W 65 W Germany Germany Germany 1870 25 y Laborer City W y y R 229 Siegmund Charles Head M W 46 M Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania y Clerk ??? W y y 229 Siegmund Margarte Wife F W 33 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 229 Siegmund Catherine Daughter F W 12 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y y Box 227 Weglein John Head M W 31 M Maryland Maryland Unknown y Box Maker Manufacturer W y y R 227 Weglein Julia Wife F W 32 M Maryland Maryland Canada y y y 227 Weglein John Son M W 8 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y 227 Weglein Louis Son M W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland

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Year of Age at Type of Able Able Home Owned House Mar. Birthplace Birthplace Immi- Immi- Speaks Employ- to to Atten. Owned or Free or Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Stat. Birthplace Father Mother gration gration English Occupation Industry ment Read Write School Rented Mortg. 225 Shumm Mary Head F W 71 W Germany Germany Germany unk y y y O F 225 Shumm Louis Son M W 37 S Maryland Germany Germany y Edge Setter Shoe Factory W y y 225 Shumm John Son M W 28 S Maryland Germany Germany y Salesman Meat Store W y y Produce 223 Evers William Head M W 59 M Maryland Maryland Ireland y Dealer Market OA y y O F 223 Evers Jennie Wife F W 58 M Canada Canada Canada 1862 10 y y y Produce 223 Evers Henry Son M W 21 S Maryland Maryland Canada y Dealer Market OA y y y 223 Evers Jinnie Daughter F W 18 S Maryland Maryland Canada y y y y 223 Evers Louis Son M W 12 S Maryland Maryland Canada y y y y 221 Zeiger Otto Head M W 51 M Germany Germany Germany 1891 32 y Shoemaker Own Shop OA y y O M 221 Zeiger Fredericka Wife F W 51 M Germany Germany Germany 1891 32 y n n 221 Zeiger Otto Son M W 21 S Germany Germany Germany 1891 2 y Conductor Street Car W y y n 221 Zeiger Ida Daughter F W 19 S Germany Germany Germany 1891 0 y Seamstress Overall Factory W y y n 219 Stapleton Margaret Head F W 29 S Ireland Ireland Ireland 1884 3 y Decorator Pottery W y y R Window Shade 219 Stapleton Patrick Brother M W 25 S Maryland Ireland Ireland y Shade Maker Manufacturer W y y 217 Dorn Barbara Head F W 58 W Germany Germany Germany 1872 20 y y y R 217 Dorn Frank Son M W 19 S Germany Germany Germany y Carpenter Street Car W y y 213 Missington James Head M W 32 M Maryland Germany Germany y Capper Can Factory W y y n R 213 Missington Dora Wife F W 34 M Maryland Germany Germany y y y 213 Missington George Son M W 4 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Brother-In- 213 Zimsun Albert Law M W 43 S Maryland Germany Germany y Capper Can Factory W y y 211 McGinn Robert Head M W 76 M Ireland Ireland Ireland 1833 -1 y Own income y y O F 211 McGinn Mary Wife F W 76 M Ireland Ireland Ireland 1834 0 y y y 209 Airey Sondain Head M W 58 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y Carpenter Ship Yard W y y R 209 Airey Euginia Wife F W 48 M Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y 209 Airey Eugene Son M W 23 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Pipefitter Ship Yard W y y 209 Airey Laura Daughter F W 20 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y y y n Machine Furniture 209 Airey George Son M W 17 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Hand Factory W y y n 207 Walter Maggie Head M W 50 W Maryland Unknown Maryland y Servant Private Family W n n R Manufacturing 207 Walter Conard Son M W 21 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y Laborer Plant W y y n 207 Lee James Boarder M W 44 S Maryland Maryland Maryland y ??? Odd Jobs OA y y 205 Mark Herman Head M W 49 M Germany Germany Germany 1888 27 y Stevedore Boat W y y O F 205 Mark Christion Wife F W 48 M Germany Germany Germany 1896 34 y y y 205 Mark Karie Daughter F W 21 D Maryland Germany Germany y y y n 205 Mark Edward Son M W 11 S Maryland Germany Germany y y y y 205 Mark George Son M W 9 S Maryland Germany Germany y 205 Mark August Son M W 1 S Maryland Germany Germany 205 Lohamer Gustave Boarder M W 16 S Maryland Germany Germany y Laborer Can Factory y y n

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Appendix F: 1920 US Census

Home Year of Age at Able Able Mother Mother Type of House Own or Free or Marital Immi- Immi- Attn. to to Mother Birthplace Tongue Birthplace Tongue Speaks Employ- Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Rent Mortg. Sex Race Age Status gration gration School Read Write Birthplace Tongue Father Father Mother Mother English Occupation Industry ment 212 Distefano Seagis Head O M M W 35 M 1908 23 yes yes Italy Italian Italy Italian Italy Italian yes 212 Distefano Josephine Wife F W 34 M 1908 22 yes yes Italy Italy Italian Italy Italian no 212 Distefano Lafaiskas Son M W 10 S yes yes yes Maryland Italy Italian Italy Italian yes 212 Distefano Thomas Son M W 9 S yes yes yes Maryland Italy Italian Italy Italian yes 212 Distefano Sadie Daughter F W 6 S yes Maryland Italy Italian Italy Italian 212 Distefano Annie Daughter F W 5 S no Maryland Italy Italian Italy Italian 212 Distefano Mary Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Italy Italian Italy Italian 212 Distefano Maime Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Italy Italian Italy Italian 214 Romeo Samuel Head R M W 34 M 1903 17 yes yes Italy Italian Italy Italian Italy Italian yes Barber Barber Shop W 214 Romeo Laura Wife F W 33 M X yes yes Maryland Italy Italian Maryland Italian yes 214 Romeo Josephine Daughter F W 13 S yes yes yes Maryland Italy Italian Maryland yes 214 Romeo Mary Daughter F W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Italy Italian Maryland yes 214 Romeo Leo Son M W 9 S yes Maryland Italy Italian Maryland 214 Romeo Margaret Daughter F W 6 S yes Missouri Italy Italian Maryland 214 Romeo Frank Son M W 3 S Maryland Italy Italian Maryland 214 Romeo Samuel Son M W 1 S Maryland Italy Italian Maryland 216 Cronin Annie Head R F W 48 W yes yes Maryland Ireland Gaelic Ireland Gaelic yes 216 Cronin Daniel Son M W 26 S yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Riveter Shipyard W 216 Cronin John Son M W 21 S no yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Flour Bag 216 Cronin Katharine Daughter F W 16 S no yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Press Hand Factory W Pumping 218 Dumphy Thomas Head R M W 46 M yes yes Maryland Ireland Gaelic Ireland Gaelic yes Oiler Station W 218 Dumphy Mary Wife F W 47 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Housework Paper Bag 218 Dumphy Mary Daughter F W 15 S no yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Counter Factory W 218 Dumphy Madeline Daughter F W 14 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 218 Dumphy John Son M W 12 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 218 Dumphy Thomas Son M W 10 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 220 Sevandoska Zag. ? Head O M M W 34 M 1891 5 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Grinder Foundry W 220 Sevandoska Helisa Wife F W 30 M X yes yes Maryland Austria Polish Maryland yes 220 Sevandoska Anna Daughter F W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland 220 Sevandoska Francis Daughter F W 8 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland 220 Sevandoska Frank Son M W 5 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland 220 Sevandoska Brigtie Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland 220 Sevandoska Talena Mother F W 67 W 1891 38 yes no Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish no 222 Jacqkoski Stanley Head O M M W 37 M 1892 9 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Moulder Foundry W 222 Jacqkoski Stefanie Wife F W 32 M 1914 26 yes yes Poland Poland Polish Poland Polish no Shirt 222 Jacqkoski Gukerie Daughter F W 15 S no yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Ironing Shirts Factory W 222 Jacqkoski Adam Son M W 13 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes

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Home Year of Age at Able Able Mother Mother Type of House Own or Free or Marital Immi- Immi- Attn. to to Mother Birthplace Tongue Birthplace Tongue Speaks Employ- Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Rent Mortg. Sex Race Age Status gration gration School Read Write Birthplace Tongue Father Father Mother Mother English Occupation Industry ment 222 Jacqkoski John Son M W 4 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 222 Jacqkoski Sigmund Son M W 2 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 222 Jacqkoski Staniskus Son M W 0 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 224 Barrett Thomas Head R M W 48 M yes yes Maryland Ireland Gaelic Ireland Gaelic yes Wharf Builder Machine W 224 Barrett Minnie Wife F W 37 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany Germany yes 224 Barrett Richard Son M W 17 S no yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Dockhand Tugboat W 224 Barrett Madeline Daughter F W 15 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 224 Barrett Anna Daughter F W 12 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 224 Barrett Jerome Son M W 9 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 224 Barrett Mildred Daughter F W 8 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 224 Barrett Evelyn Daughter F W 5 S no Maryland Maryland Maryland 226 Sinlesa Felip Head O M M W 29 M 1908 17 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Laborer Shipyard W 226 Sinlesa Stella Wife F W 23 M 1913 16 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes 226 Sinlesa Mary Daughter F W 8 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 226 Sinlesa William Son M W 5 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 226 Sinlesa Francis Daughter F W 4 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 226 Sinlesa Ginnie Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 226 Sinlesa James Son M W 2 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Copper 228 Siblinski Franz Head O F M W 59 M 1882 21 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German yes Laborer Factory W Telephone 228 Siblinski Augusta Wife F W 60 M 1882 22 no no Germany German Germany German Germany German no Sweeper Office W 230 Fuchs Anna Head O F F W 60 W 1861 1 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German yes Grocery Store at home OA 230 Fuchs George Son M W 27 S yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Shipfitter Shipyard W Bakery 230 Fuchs Frederick Son M W 20 S no yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Driver Wagon W 232 Wacker Frederick Head O M M W 26 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Boxmaker Box Factory W Russian 232 Wacker Mary Wife F W 30 M 1890 0 yes yes Maryland Poland Poland Germany German yes 232 Wacker Francis Daughter F W 7 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 232 Wacker John Son M W 5 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 232 Wacker William Son M W 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Russian Russian Russian 234 Sewandeski Edward Head O M M W 38 M yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Laborer Foundry W Russian Austrian 234 Sewandeski Mary Wife F W 32 M Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Russian 234 Sewandeski Adam Son M W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland yes Russian 234 Sewandeski Frank Son M W 9 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland Russian 234 Sewandeski Joseph Son M W 6 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland Russian 234 Sewandeski Eva Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Poland Polish Maryland 236 Stagorski Jessie Head O M M W 25 M 1913 18 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Stevedore Wharf W 236 Stagorski Catherine Wife F W 35 M 1890 5 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes

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Home Year of Age at Able Able Mother Mother Type of House Own or Free or Marital Immi- Immi- Attn. to to Mother Birthplace Tongue Birthplace Tongue Speaks Employ- Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Rent Mortg. Sex Race Age Status gration gration School Read Write Birthplace Tongue Father Father Mother Mother English Occupation Industry ment 236 Stagorski Frank Stepchild M W 15 S no yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Errand Boy Tailor Shop W 236 Stagorski Michael Stepchild M W 13 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes 236 Stagorski Mary Stepchild F W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes 236 Stagorski Walter Son M W 8 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 236 Stagorski Rose Daughter F W 7 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 236 Stagorski Helen Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 236 Stagorski Jessie Son M W 2 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 236 Stagorski Raymond Son M W 1 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 238 Dombrowski Frank Head O F M W 35 M Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Engineer Launch W 238 Dombrowski Carrie Wife F W 30 M Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes 238 Dombrowski Marie Daughter F W 10 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 240 Hagar Peter Head R M W 48 M yes yes Maryland Ireland Gaelic Maryland yes Laborer Shipyard W 240 Hagar Mary Wife M W 47 M yes yes Maryland Ireland Gaelic Ireland Gaelic yes 240 Dumphy Ella Boarder M W 24 M no yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 240 Dumphy Buster Boarder M W 22 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Cabinetmaker Factory W Gas & 242 Fisher Charles Head O M M W 37 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Worker Electric Co W 242 Fisher Catherine Wife F W 34 M yes yes Maryland England English Maryland yes 242 Fisher Charles Son M W 10 S yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 242 Fisher John Son M W 7 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 242 Fabergack Roonitt Orphan F W 4 S Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 244 Powell Grover Head R M W 35 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Laborer Shipyard W 244 Powell May Wife F W 29 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 244 Powell Grover Son M W 8 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 244 Powell Robert Son M W 6 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 244 Powell Leonard Son M W 3 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Russian Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski James Head O M M W 42 M 1890 12 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Laborer Oilworks W Russian Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski Mary Wife F W 36 M 1900 16 no no Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Russian Russian Newspaper 246 Lewondoski Antonia Son M W 16 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Laborer Plant W Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski Vanda Daughter F W 14 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski Francis Daughter F W 10 S yes yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski John Son M W 7 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski Ida Daughter F W 6 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski Mary Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 246 Lewondoski Virginia Daughter F W 0 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 248 Pascal John Head R M W 41 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 248 Pascal Mary Wife F W 36 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

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Home Year of Age at Able Able Mother Mother Type of House Own or Free or Marital Immi- Immi- Attn. to to Mother Birthplace Tongue Birthplace Tongue Speaks Employ- Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Rent Mortg. Sex Race Age Status gration gration School Read Write Birthplace Tongue Father Father Mother Mother English Occupation Industry ment 248 Ely Wilson Orphan M W 7 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 252 Rochel Christopher Head R M W 29 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German Yes Laborer Shipyard W 252 Rochel Ilvesta Wife F W 29 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 252 Rochel Joseph Son M W 13 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 252 Rochel John Son M W 12 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Paper Box 254 Runsheimer John Head R M W 74 W 1870 24 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German Yes Maker Box Factory W 254 Runsheimer Elizabeth Daughter F W 37 W yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German Yes 254 Jubb Mary Daughter F W 35 W yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German Yes 254 Mullen Harry Nephew M W 20 S no yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 254 Runsheimer Marie Grandchild F W 12 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 256 Jones Edward Head R M W 33 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Laborer Can Factory W 256 Jones Estelle Wife F W 30 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 256 Jones William Son M W 12 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 256 Jones Emma Daughter F W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 256 Jones Charles Son M W 7 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Russian Russian Russian Uplands 247 Marciszewski Frank Head O M M W 33 M 1905 18 no no Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Stevedore Ship W Russian Russian Russian 247 Marciszewski Carola Wife F W 32 M 1905 17 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish Yes Russian Russian 247 Marciszewski Francis Daughter M W 9 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 247 Marciszewski Raymond Son M W 7 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 247 Marciszewski Shona Daughter F W 5 S no Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 247 Marciszewski Andrew Son M W 1 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish 245 Stapleton Patrick Head O F M W 33 M yes yes Maryland Ireland Gaelic Ireland Gaelic Yes Laborer Municipal W 245 Stapleton Margaret Wife F W 30 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland Yes 245 Stapleton Andrew Son M W 4 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 245 Stapleton Margaret Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 245 Stapleton Anna Daughter F W 0 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Mother-In- 245 Harrmann Anna Law F W 64 W yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German Yes Oyster 243 Hollins William Head O M M W 37 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes ?? House W 243 Hollins Mamie Wife W W 27 M no no Maryland English English Maryland Yes 243 Hollins Bertha Daughter W W 14 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 243 Hollins ?? Son M W 7 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 241 Caulfield Antoinette Head R F W 42 W 1910 32 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German Yes Office Shoe 241 Caulfield Martha Daughter F W 16 S no yes yes Maryland Scotland Scotch Germany German Yes Worker Factory W 241 Caulfield James Son M W 14 S yes yes yes Maryland Scotland Scotch Germany German yes 241 Caulfield Margaret Daughter F W 12 S yes yes yes Maryland Scotland Scotch Germany German yes 241 Rusker Joseph Father M W 79 M 1888 47 no no Germany German Germany German Germany German yes Laborer Junk Shop W

132

Home Year of Age at Able Able Mother Mother Type of House Own or Free or Marital Immi- Immi- Attn. to to Mother Birthplace Tongue Birthplace Tongue Speaks Employ- Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Rent Mortg. Sex Race Age Status gration gration School Read Write Birthplace Tongue Father Father Mother Mother English Occupation Industry ment 239 Smith Andrew Head O F M W 58 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Boilermaker Boiler Shop W 239 Smith Minnie Wife F W 59 M yes no Maryland New York Ireland Gaelic yes 239 Dun Mary Daughter F W 22 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Stove 239 Dun John Son-In-Law M W 31 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Driver Factory W 239 Dun Andrew Grandchild M W 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland German German Stove 237 Pauloski Edward Head O M M W 36 M yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Laborer Foundry W German 237 Pauloski Bessie Wife F W 31 M no no Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes 237 Pauloski Peter Son M W 8 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 237 Pauloski Beney Son M W 5 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 237 Pauloski Ida Daughter F W 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 231 Schuhart Henry Head O F M W 55 W 1890 25 yes yes Germany German Germany German Maryland yes Laborer Saw Mill W Lumber 231 Schuhart John Son M W 35 S yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Driver Firm W 231 Schuhart Willie Son M W 34 S yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Lumber 231 Schuhart Edward Son M W 22 S yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Driver Firm W 231 Schuhart Marie Daughter F W 19 S no yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Paper Bag 231 Schuhart Edna Daughter F W 17 S no yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Laborer Factory W 231 Schuhart Carl Son M W 15 S yes yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes 231 Schuhart Mary Son M W 13 S yes yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes 231 Schuhart George Son M W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes 231 Schuhart Jeannette Daughter F W 9 S yes Maryland Germany German Maryland 231 Schuhart Milton Son M W 6 S yes Maryland Germany German Maryland 231 Schuhart Catherine Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Germany German Maryland 229 Nassner Samuel Head R M W 33 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Pipefitter Contractors W 229 Nassner Ella Wife F W 29 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes 229 Nassner Bernardine Daughter F W 8 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 229 Nassner Alverta Daughter F W 6 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 229 Nassner Clarense Son M W 0 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Father-In- 229 Wacker Henry Law M W 66 W 1869 15 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German yes Laborer Box Factory W Russian Russian Russian 227 Markouski Alex Head R M W 28 M 1891 -1 yes yes Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Russian Russian 227 Markouski Anna Wife F W 25 M yes yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish yes Russian 227 Markouski Mary Daughter F W 5 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Maryland Russian 227 Markouski Bertha Daughter F W 0 S Maryland Poland Polish Maryland 227 Gauski James Boarder M W 28 S 1913 21 no no Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish no Laborer Shipyard W 225 Porterfield Pauline Head R M W 56 W yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Sewing Mach. Textile 225 Porterfield Gertrude Daughter F W 32 S yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Operator Factory W

133

Home Year of Age at Able Able Mother Mother Type of House Own or Free or Marital Immi- Immi- Attn. to to Mother Birthplace Tongue Birthplace Tongue Speaks Employ- Num. Last Name First Name Relationship Rent Mortg. Sex Race Age Status gration gration School Read Write Birthplace Tongue Father Father Mother Mother English Occupation Industry ment 225 Porterfield Matilda Daughter F W 29 S yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Sheet 225 Porterfield Pauline Daughter F W 22 S yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Seamstress Factory W 223 Evers Ginnie Head R F W 66 W 1880 26 yes yes Canada English Canada English Canada English yes Shirt 223 Evers Louis Son M W 22 S yes yes Maryland Canada English Canada English yes Salesman Factory W 221 Jeiper Frederiska Head O F F W 61 W 1891 32 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German yes Overall 221 Adams Ida Daughter F W 28 D 1891 -1 yes yes Germany German Germany German Germany German yes Seamstress Factory W 221 Adams George Daughter M W 6 S yes Maryland Maryland Germany German Russian Russian Russian 219 Lisak Frank Head O M M W 30 M 1901 11 no no Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish no Stevedore Shipyard W Russian Russian Russian 219 Lisak Felicia Wife F W 30 M 1901 11 no no Poland Polish Poland Polish Poland Polish no Russian Russian 219 Lisak Lily Daughter F W 8 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 219 Lisak Jennie Daughter F W 6 S yes Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 219 Lisak Stella Daughter F W 3 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Russian Russian 219 Lisak Francis Daughter F W 1 S Maryland Poland Polish Poland Polish Copper 217 Mauer William Head R M W 38 M yes yes Maryland Germany German Maryland yes Laborer Factory W 217 Mauer Annie Wife F W 33 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Germany German yes 217 Mauer Nicolaus Son M W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 217 Mauer John Son M W 7 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 217 Mauer Robert Son M W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Oyster 213 Seitz George Head R M W 63 S yes yes Maryland Germany German Germany German yes Laborer House W Washington Brass 211 Lang Joseph Head O M M W 41 M yes yes Maryland Maryland DC yes Moulder Factory W 211 Lang Emma Wife F W 40 M Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 211 Lang Francis Daughter F W 11 S yes yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Washington 211 Lang Phillip Son M W 8 S yes Maryland Maryland DC Washington 211 Lang Jerome Son M W 4 S Maryland Maryland DC 205 Branigan Walter Head R M W 42 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Laborer Can Shop W 205 Branigan Jennie Wife F W 31 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 205 Branigan Estelle Daughter F W 8 S yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 205 Branigan Sarah Daughter F W 2 S Maryland Maryland Maryland 205 Branigan Michael Son M W 1 S Maryland Maryland Maryland Father-In- 205 Ebberts Jacob Law M W 65 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes Laborer Can Shop W Mother-In- 205 Ebberts Francis Law F W 59 M yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes 205 Ebberts Mary Sister-In-Law F W 29 S yes yes Maryland Maryland Maryland yes

134

Appendix G: 1930 US Census

Value Able to Year of Age at House First of Monthly Radio Marital Attending Read & Birthplace Birthplace Mother Immi- Immi- Speaks War or Num. Last Name Name Relationship Home Rental Set Sex Race Age Status School Write Birthplace Father Mother Tongue gration gration English Occupation Industry Employed Vet. Expdtn. 247 Zabawa Francis Head 1500 M W 50 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1903 23 Yes Tailor Own Shop Yes Irish Free Irish Free Street City Street 245 Stapleton Patrick Head 1000 M W 46 M No Yes Maryland State State Yes Cleaner Cleaning Yes 245 Stapleton Andrew Son M W 14 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 245 Stapleton Margaret Daughter F W 12 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

245 Stapleton Anna Daughter F W 10 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Mother-In- 245 Hermann Annie Law F W 75 W No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Irish Free Irish Free 243 Eager Michael Head 1500 R M W 45 M No Yes Maryland State State Yes Policeman Ship Yard Yes Clothing 243 Eager Frannie Wife F W 40 M No Yes Germany Germany Germany German 1925 35 Yes Seamstress Mfg Yes

243 Eager Amelia Daughter F W 22 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Sales Lady ?? Store Yes

243 Eager Mary Stepchild F W 8 S Yes Yes Germany Germany Germany German 1925 3 No

241 Caulfield Antonette Head 15 F W 52 W No Yes Germany Germany Germany German 1888 10 Yes

241 Caulfield James Son M W 25 S No Yes Maryland Scotland Germany Yes Chauffeur Transfer Co Yes Machine 241 Caulfield Margaret Daughter F W 22 S No Yes Maryland Scotland Germany Yes Operator Padding Co Yes 237 Ruth John Head 1200 M W 33 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Solderer Can Shop No Yes WW

237 Ruth Pearl Wife F W 30 M No Yes Maryland New York New York Yes Press Hand Can Shop

237 Ruth Amanda Daughter F W 9 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

237 Ruth Margaret Daughter F W 7 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

237 Ruth William Son M W 2 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland 235 Rybezyk John Head 1500 M W 38 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Laborer Boiler Shop Yes 235 Rybezyk Anna Wife F W 36 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes

235 Rybezyk John Son M W 10 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

235 Rybezyk Michael Son M W 8 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

233 Marko Michael Head 1750 M W 40 M No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1890 0 No

233 Marko Anna Wife F W 50 M No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1878 -2 Yes Duster Can Shop Yes Broom 233 Marko John Son M W 17 S No Maryland Poland Poland Yes Laborer Factory No

231 Schuhardt Henry Head 2000 R M W 66 W No Yes Germany Germany Germany German 1879 15 Yes Sawyer Lumber Co Yes

231 Schuhardt William Son M W 33 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Mailer Box Factory Yes

231 Schuhardt Marie Daughter F W 30 F No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes

231 Schuhardt Carl Son M W 24 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Bailer Bag Factory Yes 231 Schuhardt Harry Son M W 22 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Baker Bakery Yes Press 231 Schuhardt George Son M W 21 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Operator Bag Factory Yes

231 Schuhardt Milton Son M W 16 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Envelope Envelope 231 Schuhardt Janette Daughter F W 18 F No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Maker Mfg Yes

135

229 Ratajcyak Henry Son M W 9 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

229 Ratajcyak Bertha Daughter F W 4 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland Gas & 227 Kolb Martin Head 1700 R M W 38 M No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Laborer Electric Co Yes 227 Kolb Frances Wife F W 36 M No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 20 Yes 227 Kolb Peter Son M W 13 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Poland Yes

227 Kolb Andy Son M W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Poland Yes

227 Kolb Genevieve Daughter F W 8 S Yes Maryland Maryland Poland

227 Kolb Marion Son M W 6 S No Maryland Maryland Poland

227 Kolb James Son M W 4 S No Maryland Maryland Poland Shoe Maker 225 Franzshowski Anthony Head 1500 M W 30 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 14 Yes Repairer Shop Yes Yes WW 225 Franzshowski Sophia Wife F W 28 M No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1909 7 Yes

225 Franzshowski Raymond Son M W 8 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland

225 Franzshowski Jennie Daughter F W 7 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland

225 Franzshowski Mary Daughter F W 6 S No Maryland Poland Poland 225 Franzshowski Helen Daughter F W 5 S No Maryland Poland Poland 225 Franzshowski Florence Daughter F W 2 S No Maryland Poland Poland 225 Franzshowski Theodore Son M W 1 S No Maryland Poland Poland

221 Szmjda Emma Head 1500 F W 55 W No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1898 23 No Meat 221 Byer Laura Daughter F W 33 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1898 1 Yes Linker Packing Co Yes

221 Byer Laura Grandchild F W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland 221 Byer George Grandchild M W 9 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland Furnace Copper 219 Guralski John Head 1400 M W 40 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1910 20 Yes Tender Works Yes

219 Guralski Cassie Wife F W 30 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1911 11 Yes

219 Guralski James Son M W 12 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes

219 Guralski Lottie Daughter F W 10 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes 219 Guralski Jennie Daughter F W 7 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland 219 Guralski Edward Son M W 4 S No Maryland Poland Poland

219 Guralski Helen Daughter F W 1 S No Maryland Poland Poland

213 Seitz George Head 700 M W 73 S No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Brass 211 Lang Jacob Head 1000 M W 51 W No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Worker Bell Foundry Yes Sugar 209 Nagrobaki Martin Head 14 M W 35 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1913 18 Yes Laborer Refinery Co Yes 209 Nagrobaki Frony Wife F W 30 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 14 Yes

209 Nagrobaki Helen Daughter F W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland

209 Nagrobaki Stephen Son M W 5 S No Maryland Poland Poland Oyster Shell 205 Webster Earl Head 12 M W 40 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Carpenter Co Yes

136

205 Webster Lillian Daughter F W 9 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Copper 239 Newlerasiski Joseph Head 1000 M W 42 M No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 26 No Moulder Works Yes

239 Newlerasiski Catherine Wife F W 33 M No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 17 No 239 Newlerasiski Helen Daughter F W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland 239 Newlerasiski Jennie Daughter F W 9 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland Meat 223 Byer Soltor Head 1000 M W 33 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 17 Yes Linker Packing Co Yes

223 Byer Lorrie Daughter F W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland

223 Byer George Son M W 9 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland 223 Sorirder Lena Mother F W 64 W No No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 48 Yes Sugar 207 Walstrum Bertha Head 12 M W 38 M No Yes Maryland Pennsylvania Maryland Yes Packer Refinery Co Yes

207 Walstrum David Son M W 20 S No Yes Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Maryland Yes Laborer Ship Yard Yes

207 Walstrum Glois Daughter F W 14 S Yes Yes Maryland Pennsylvania Maryland Yes

217 Teller Frank Head M W 26 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Sawyer Box Factory Yes

217 Teller Helen Wife F W 24 M No Yes Maryland Poland Germany Yes 217 Teller Francis Son M W 2 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 212 Kowlewski Eva Head 20 R F W 42 M No Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes

212 Piker James Son M W 21 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes Laborer Box Factory Yes Press 212 Piker Marie Daughter F W 20 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes Operator Cork Factory Yes

212 Piker Edward Son M W 18 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes Cork Factory Yes 212 Piker William Son M W 16 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes 212 Piker Bertha Daughter F W 14 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes

212 Kowlewski Frank Son M W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

212 Kowlewski Frances Daughter F W 9 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

212 Kowlewski Reginia Daughter F W 5 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

214 Hahner Joseph Head M W 55 M No Yes Maryland Germany Germany Yes Laborer Can Shop Yes Wholesale 214 Hahner Alexander Son M W 21 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Laborer Grovery Yes Soap 214 Hahner George Son M W 18 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Laborer Factory Yes

216 McGinnis Andrew Head 18 M W 59 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Driver Lumber Co Yes

216 McGinnis Frances Wife F W 43 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

216 McGinnis Charles Son M W 6 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland 216 McGinnis Loretta Daughter F W 10 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 216 McGinnis Barbara Daughter F W 8 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

218 Dumphy Mary Head 2000 F W 57 W No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

218 Dumphy Madeline Daughter F W 25 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Insurance Insurance 218 Dumphy John Son M W 22 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Clerk Co Yes

137

220 Warwick Helen Wife F W 24 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

220 Warwick Betty Daughter F W 1 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland Brother-In- Car Guano 220 Plaine Jesse Law M W 23 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Operator Factory Yes Government 222 Boone Charles Head 20 M W 46 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Laborer Arsenal Yes

222 Boone Maybell Wife F W 46 M No Yes Maryland Germany Maryland Yes Pickle 222 Warwick Catherine Stepchild F W 20 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Packer Packing Co Yes Guano 222 Warwick Raymond Stepchild M W 18 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Blacksmith Factory Yes Pickle 222 Warwick Maybell Stepchild F W 15 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Packer Packing Co Yes

222 Warwick Christoper Stepchild M W 13 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

222 Warwick Ida Stepchild F W 10 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

222 Warwick Alfred Stepchild M W 3 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

224 Emkey John Head 20 R M W 44 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Engineer Marina Yes 224 Emkey Iva Wife F W 37 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 224 Emkey Louis Son M W 19 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Dock Hand Marina

224 Emkey Catherine Daughter F W 8 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

228 Gorski Joseph Head 1400 M W 33 M No Poland Poland Poland Polish 1914 17 Yes Stevedore Wharves No Yes WW

228 Gorski Mary Wife F W 28 M No Illinois Poland Poland Yes

228 Gorski Agelina Daughter F W 9 S Yes Maryland Poland Illinois 228 Gorski Joseph Son M W 7 S Yes Maryland Poland Illinois 228 Gorski Stanley Son M W 5 S No Maryland Poland Illinois

228 Gorski Milton Son M W 4 S No Maryland Poland Illinois

228 Gorski Edward Son M W 0 S No Maryland Poland Illinois

230 Lockman John Head 22 R M W 38 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Mailer Box Factory Yes

230 Lockman Annie Wife F W 40 M No No Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes 230 Lockman Billy Son M W 21 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Cooker Candy Mfg No 230 Lockman Rose Daughter F W 15 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Sheet 230 Simond Philip Son-In-Law M W 23 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Worker Ship Yard Yes

230 Simond Emma Daughter F W 18 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

232 Kalwalska Rosalia Head 2000 R M W 66 W No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1917 53 Yes Soap 232 Schmarklsy Marie Son-In-Law F W 29 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Foreman Factory Yes Press Clothing 232 Schmarklsy Theresa Daughter F W 30 M No Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes Operator Mfg Yes

232 Schmarklsy Dorothy Grandchild F W 8 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

232 Schmarklsy Mildred Grandchild F W 5 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

232 Schmarklsy Rita Grandchild F W 1 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

138

234 Levindowski Mary Wife F W 41 M No No Maryland Poland Maryland Yes House 234 Levindowski Adam Son M W 21 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes Laborer Construction Yes 234 Levindowski Frank Son M W 19 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes Painter Ship Yard Yes Press 234 Levindowski Joseph Son M W 16 S No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes Operator Tailor Shop Yes

234 Levindowski Eva Daughter F W 14 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes

234 Levindowski Walter Son M W 9 S Yes Maryland Poland Maryland

234 Levindowski Albert Son M W 6 S No Maryland Poland Maryland

234 Levindowski Marie Daughter F W 3 S No Maryland Poland Maryland 236 Pieczynski Joseph Head 2200 M W 30 M No Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes Finisher Furniture Co No 236 Pieczynski Helen Wife F W 27 M No Yes Maryland Poland Maryland Yes

236 Pieczynski Dorothy Daughter F W 4 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

236 Pieczynski Loretta Daughter F W 1 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

238 Dombrowski Frank Head 2000 M W 44 M No Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes Laborer Wharf No Telephone 238 Dombrowski Carrie Wife F W 39 M No Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes Janitress Co Yes Pickle 238 Dombrowski Marie Daughter F W 21 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Packer Packer Yes

238 Dombrowski Chase Nephew M W 19 S No Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes Dock Hand Marina No

238 Strogenski Jesse Nephew M W 12 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes

238 Strogenski Raymond Nephew M W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Poland Poland Yes Guano 242 Roberts Charles Head M W 38 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Laborer Factory Yes 242 Roberts Mary Wife F W 34 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

242 Roberts Frances Daughter F W 11 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

242 Roberts Evelyn Daughter F W 8 S Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland

242 Roberts Herman Son M W 6 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland

242 Roberts Rita Daughter F W 2 S No Maryland Maryland Maryland 244 Green Frank Head 17 R M W 38 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Proprietor Transfer Yes 244 Green Teresa Wife F W 32 M No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes

244 Green Dennis Son M W 14 S Yes Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Spring 244 Reinback George Nephew M W 27 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Maker Bedding Co No

244 Reinback Frank Nephew M W 16 S No Yes Maryland Maryland Maryland Yes Lineman Can Shop Yes 246 Sutkiewcz Benjamin Head 1800 M W 39 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1919 28 Yes Laborer Ship Yard Yes 246 Sutkiewcz Caroline Wife F W 34 M No Yes Poland Poland Poland Polish 1918 22 Yes

246 Sutkiewcz Milton Son M W 9 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland

246 Sutkiewcz Olga Daughter F W 7 S Yes Maryland Poland Poland

246 Sutkiewcz Louise Daughter F W 6 S No Maryland Poland Poland

139

Appendix H: 1940 US Census

Highest Public House Home Monthly Marital grade At Emerg. Seeking Other Hours Weeks of Num. Value Rent Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Status completed. Birthplace Work Work Work Work Worked Unemploy. Occupation Industry 247 900 Czajkowski John Head M W 36 M 3 Poland No No 28 Longshoreman Shipping Vegetable 247 Czajkowski Mary Wife F W 35 M 3 Poland No Packer Packing House 247 Czajkowski Frank Son M W 14 S 7 Poland No 247 Czajkowski Rita Daughter F W 13 S 6 Maryland No Street 245 1000 Stapleton Patrick Head M W 56 W 5 Maryland No No 40 Street Cleaner Cleaning 245 Stapleton Andrew Son F W 25 S 9 Maryland No No 42 Bill Distributor Public Utility 245 Stapleton Anna Daughter F W 20 S 9 Maryland No Mother-in- 245 Hermann Anna Law F W 84 W 8 Maryland No 243 800 Kahler William Head M W 40 M 5 Maryland No No 24 Pear Heater Steel Mill 243 Kahler Cecelia Wife F W 36 M 3 Poland No 243 Kahler William Son M W 6 S 0 Maryland No 243 Kahler Edward Son M W 3 S 0 Maryland No 241 12 Caulfield Anntoinette Head F W 62 W 4 Germany No Sewing Machine Coat Pad 241 Caulfield Margaret Daughter F W 32 S 5 Maryland No No 40 Operator Manufacturer 241 Rotunno Martha Daughter F W 36 D 8 Maryland No No 51 Auditor Credit Office 241 Rotunno Marie Grandchild F W 13 S 5 Maryland No 241 Rotunno Delores Grandchild F W 9 S 3 Maryland No 237 Brannan Elizabeth Head F W 56 W 0 Maryland No 237 Brannan James Son M W 26 S 0 Maryland No Yes 235 600 Rybarczyk Anna Head F W 44 W 3 Maryland No Chemical 235 Rybarczyk John Son M W 19 S 7 Maryland No No 40 Laborer Manufacturer Belt 235 Rybarczyk Michael Son M W 17 S 7 Maryland No No 40 Errand Boy Manufacturer Oyster 233 Marko Anna Head M W 64 W 4 Poland No Yes 18 Shucker Packing House 233 Marko Michael Son M W 27 S 6 Mississippi No 56 Laborer Iron Foundry 231 700 Schuhart Henry Head M W 76 W 7 Germany No 231 Schuhart William Son M W 43 S 5 Maryland No No 24 Box Nailer Box Factory 231 Schuhart Marie Daughter F W 40 S 7 Maryland No Marine Towing Ship 231 Schuhart Carn Son M W 33 S 4 Maryland No No 60 Fireman Firm Retail Bakery 231 Schuhart Harry Son M W 31 S 7 Maryland No No 48 Bakery Store

140

Highest Public House Home Monthly Marital grade At Emerg. Seeking Other Hours Weeks of Num. Value Rent Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Status completed. Birthplace Work Work Work Work Worked Unemploy. Occupation Industry 231 Wacker Marie Grandchild F W 15 S 6 Maryland No No 34 231 Schuhart Mary Grandchild F W 7 S 0 Maryland No No 40 231 Schuhart Helen Grandchild F W 5 S 0 Maryland No No 24 Copper 229 400 Ratajczak Henry Head M W 42 M 0 Maryland No No 40 Laborer Refinery 229 Ratajczak Rose Wife F W 40 M 0 Maryland No Chairwoman Bank Office Ice Box 229 Ratajczak Henry Son M W 19 S 6 Mississippi No Laborer Manufacturer 229 Ratajczak Bertha Daughter F W 15 S 7 Maryland No 227 500 Kolb Martin Head M W 49 M 2 Maryland No Yes 40 Pipe Fitter Public Utility 227 Kolb Frances Wife F W 46 M 0 Poland No 227 Kolb Marion Son M W 16 S 7 Maryland No 34 New Worker 227 Kolb Stanley Son M W 14 S 7 Maryland No Food 225 15 Majka Joseph Head M W 32 M 4 Maryland No No 44 Shipping ???? Warehouse 225 Majka Emma Wife F W 24 M 8 Maryland No 225 Majka Frances Daughter F W 4 S 0 Maryland No 223 600 Evers Henry Head M W 50 M 2 Maryland No No 16 Huckster Retail Produce City Harbor 223 Evers Lena Wife F W 45 M 2 Maryland No No 44 Janitress Board 223 Evers George Son M W 21 S 4 Maryland No No 20 Huckster Retail Produce 221 Szaimaida Michalina Head M W 72 W 0 Poland No 221 Marcinko Lottie Daughter F W 43 M 0 Poland No 221 Marcinko Theresea Grandchild F W 2 S 0 Maryland No Sewing Machine Pants 221 Bayer Laura Grandchild F W 20 S 8 Maryland No No 40 Operator Manufacturer 221 Bayer George Grandchild M W 19 S 7 Maryland No 219 500 Goralski Caroline Head F W 40 W 8 Maryland No Window 219 Goralski James Son M W 22 S 7 Maryland No No 24 Cleaner Hospital 219 Goralski Jennie Daughter F W 17 S 7 Maryland No 219 Goralski Edward Son M W 14 S 6 Maryland No 219 Goralski Helen Daughter F W 11 S 3 Maryland No 219 Goralski Josephine Daughter F W 8 S 0 Maryland No Steamship 217 800 Teller Frank Head M W 36 M 6 Maryland No No 40 Stevedore Line 217 Teller Helen Wife F W 34 M 5 Maryland No No 26 Pickle Packer Pickle Packers 217 Teller Francis Son M W 12 S 6 Maryland No 217 Teller Irene Daughter F W 8 S 2 Maryland No

141

Highest Public House Home Monthly Marital grade At Emerg. Seeking Other Hours Weeks of Num. Value Rent Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Status completed. Birthplace Work Work Work Work Worked Unemploy. Occupation Industry 213 300 Evers Henry Head M W 28 M 3 Maryland No No 16 Huckster Retail Produce 213 Evers Margaret Wife F W 26 M 5 Maryland No No 32 Pickle Packer Pickle Packers 213 Evers Johanna Daughter F W 2 S 0 Maryland No Tug Boat Sand & Gravel 211 500 Nadolny John Head M W 39 M 5 Maryland No No 54 Fireman Manufacturers Sewing Machine Underwear 211 Nadolny Viola Wife F W 34 M 5 Maryland No No 34 Operator Manufacturer Stamping Machine Shoe 211 Nadolny Eleanor Daughter F W 18 S 7 Maryland No No 42 Operator Manufacturer 211 Nadolny Viola Daughter F W 15 S 8 Maryland No 211 Nadolny Edward Son M W 11 S 5 Maryland No 211 Nadolny Gilbert Son M W 8 S 1 Maryland No Automobile 209 16 Jagelski Walter Head M W 31 M 5 Maryland No No 40 Insulator Manufacturer 209 Jagelski Mary Wife F W 29 M 2 Maryland No 209 Jagelski Dolores Daughter F W 8 S 1 Maryland No 209 Jagelski Constance Daughter F W 6 S 0 Maryland No 209 Jagelski Walter Son M W 5 S 0 Maryland No Structural 207 750 Leiben John Head M W 29 M 8 Maryland No No 40 Painter Steel Mill Specialty Tin Can 207 Leiben Bertha Wife F W 30 M 6 Maryland No No 32 Painter Manufacturing 207 Leiben Dolores Daughter F W 7 S 1 Maryland No Paint 205 12 Saierski Frank Head M W 38 M 7 Illinois No Yes 18 Painter Contractor 205 Saierski Rose Wife F W 27 M 5 Pennsylvania No 205 Saierski Frank Son M W 9 S 1 Maryland No 205 Saierski Bertha Daughter F W 7 S 0 Maryland No 205 Saierski Evelyn Daughter F W 5 S 0 Maryland No 205 Russo Vincent Lodger M W 31 M 7 Michigan No No 32 Scaler Ship Yard 212 20 Michocki Edward Head M W 28 M 4 Poland No No 32 Spellhand Steel Mill 212 Michocki Hazel Wife F W 27 M 7 Maryland No 212 Michocki Richard Son M W 6 S 0 Maryland No 214 11 Schmidt Walter Head M W 52 M 3 Poland No No 24 Stevedore Shipping 214 Schmidt Catherine Wife F W 51 M 0 Poland No Federal Soil 214 Schmidt Walter Son M W 21 S 7 Maryland Yes No 104 Field Laborer Conservation Federal Soil 214 Schmidt Milton Son M W 18 S 7 Maryland No Yes 96 Field Laborer Conservation

142

Highest Public House Home Monthly Marital grade At Emerg. Seeking Other Hours Weeks of Num. Value Rent Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Status completed. Birthplace Work Work Work Work Worked Unemploy. Occupation Industry 214 Schmidt Elizabeth Daughter F W 15 S 10 Maryland No 214 Schmidt Theresa Daughter F W 11 S 3 Maryland No 214 Schmidt Dolores Daughter F W 10 S 3 Maryland No Toothbrush Machine Toothbrush 214 11 Sienkie Cecelia Daughter F W 23 M 5 Maryland No No 40 Operator Manufacturer Freight 216 13 Kouneski Alfred Head M W 27 M 8 Maryland No No 48 Truck Chauffer Transportation 216 Kouneski Katherine Wife F W 24 M 5 Pennsylvania No 216 Kouneski Veronica Daughter F W 7 S 0 Maryland No 216 Kouneski Amelia Daughter F W 5 S 0 Maryland No 216 Kouneski Alfred Son M W 4 S 0 Maryland No 216 Kouneski Carroll Son M W 3 S 0 Maryland No 216 Kouneski Dominick Son M W 7 S 0 Maryland No 218 800 Oleszczuk Joseph Head M W 41 M 3 Poland No No 35 Stevedore Shipping 218 Oleszczuk Mary Wife F W 35 M 5 Poland No 218 Oleszczuk Irene Daughter F W 14 S 8 Poland No 218 Oleszczuk Cecelia Daughter F W 7 S 1 Maryland No 218 Oleszczuk Mildred Daughter F W 4 S 0 Maryland No 218 Oleszczuk Regina Daughter F W 1 S 0 Maryland No 220 12 Fraczkowska Stella Head F W 53 M 0 Poland No Clothing 220 Fraczkowska Zigmund Son M W 23 S 6 Delaware No No 34 Suit Presser Manufacturer Clothing 220 Fraczkowska Sophie Daughter F W 18 S 6 Maryland No No 45 Suit Marker Manufacturer 220 Fraczkowska Jennie Daughter F W 15 S 6 Maryland No 220 Fraczkowska Edward Son M W 12 S 2 Maryland No 222 700 Fraczkowski Adam Head M W 31 M 6 Poland No No 16 Stevedore Shipping Office Public 222 Fraczkowski Tillie Wife F W 30 M 6 Maryland No No 30 Chairwoman Utility 222 Fraczkowski Dolores Daughter F W 8 S 1 Maryland No 222 Fraczkowski Doris Daughter F W 7 S 0 Maryland No Shirt 222 Guarilla Eva Sister F W 30 M 5 Poland No No 32 Shirt Presser Manufacturer 224 12 Kruszewski Joseph Head M W 56 W 0 Poland No 224 Kruszewski Cecelia Daughter F W 20 S 6 Maryland No 224 Kruszewski Mary Daughter F W 18 S 6 Maryland No 224 Kruszewski John Son M W 13 S 5 Maryland No 226 1000 Rykaczewski Edward Head M W 30 M 6 Maryland No No 55 Longshoreman Shipping 226 Rykaczewski Frances Wife F W 25 M 6 Maryland No

143

Highest Public House Home Monthly Marital grade At Emerg. Seeking Other Hours Weeks of Num. Value Rent Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Status completed. Birthplace Work Work Work Work Worked Unemploy. Occupation Industry 226 Rykaczewski Robert Son M W 2 S 0 Maryland No 226 Rykaczewski Doris Daughter F W 8 S 0 Maryland No 228 800 Gorski Joseph Head M W 45 M 0 Poland No No 54 Longshoreman Shipping Sewing Machine Pants 228 Gorski Mary Wife F W 40 M 0 Illinois No No 11 Operator Manufacturer Road 228 Gorski Joseph Son M W 17 S 5 Maryland Yes 52 Construction Construction 228 Gorski Stanley Son M W 15 S 9 Maryland No 228 Gorski Milton Son M W 14 S 6 Maryland No 228 Gorski Victoria Daughter F W 2 S 0 Maryland No Federal Furniture Furniture 230 12 Kropfelder John Head M W 49 M 8 Maryland Yes 48 Reconditioner Repair 230 Kropfelder Catherine Wife F W 45 M 8 Maryland No Junior Service Nursery 230 Kropfelder Anna Daughter F W 18 S 9 Maryland Yes 43 Worker School 230 Kropfelder George Son M W 17 S 8 Maryland No Soap 232 700 Schmuckler Morris Head M W 39 M 9 Maryland No No 32 Floor Foreman Manufacturer 232 Schmuckler Theresa Wife F W 42 M 8 Maryland No Cushion Cover Cushion Cover 232 Schmuckler Dorothy Daughter F W 17 S 9 Maryland No No 32 Examiner Manufacturer 232 Schmuckler Mildred Daughter F W 15 S 6 Maryland No 232 Schmuckler Rita Daughter F W 11 S 2 Maryland No 232 Schmuckler Charlotte Daughter F W 3 S 0 Maryland No Mother-in- 232 Kowalski Rose Law F W 73 W 8 Poland No 232 Ebert Frederick Stepchild M W 23 S 9 Maryland No No 40 Marine Painer Shipyard Oyster Oyster Packing 234 700 Lewandowski Ignatius Head M W 59 M 3 Poland No Yes 2 Shucker House Vegetable Can Vegetable 234 Lewandowski Mary Wife F W 51 M 0 Maryland No No 12 Packer Packing House 234 Lewandowski Albert Son M W 15 S 7 Maryland No 234 Lewandowski Marie Daughter F W 13 S 5 Maryland No 234 Lewandowski Richard Son M W 8 S 0 Maryland No Furniture Furniture 236 800 Pieczynski Joseph Head M W 38 M 3 Maryland No No 32 Refinisher Upholstering Vegetable Can Vegetable 236 Pieczynski Helen Wife F W 37 M 7 Maryland No No 16 Packer Packing House 236 Pieczynski Dorothy Daughter F W 14 S 7 Maryland No

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Highest Public House Home Monthly Marital grade At Emerg. Seeking Other Hours Weeks of Num. Value Rent Last Name First Name Relationship Sex Race Age Status completed. Birthplace Work Work Work Work Worked Unemploy. Occupation Industry Oyster Oyster Packing 238 800 Dombrowski Frank Head M W 56 M 2 Maryland No Yes 2 Shucker House 238 Dombrowski Caroline Wife F W 50 M 3 Poland No Furniture Furniture 238 Dombrowski Raymond Son M W 21 S 9 Maryland No No 32 Upholster Upholstering Sewing Machine Pants 238 Kilkowski Marie Daughter F W 31 M 5 Maryland No No 28 Operator Manufacturer 238 Kilkowski Bernardine Grandchild F W 8 S 1 Maryland No 238 Kilkowski Joan Grandchild F W 2 S 0 Maryland No Asphalt 240 10 Wiatrowski Ignatius Head M W 37 M 1 Maryland No No 40 Truck Chauffer Distributor 240 Wiatrowski Margaret Wife F W 29 M 4 Virginia No 240 Wiatrowski Anna Daughter F W 8 S 0 Maryland No 240 Wiatrowski Dorothy Daughter F W 7 S 0 Maryland No 240 Wiatrowski Gloria Daughter F W 5 S 0 Maryland No 240 Wiatrowski Eugene Son M W 3 S 0 Maryland No 240 Wiatrowski Patricia Daughter F W 2 S 0 Maryland No 240 Wiatrowski Robert Son M W 1 S 0 Maryland No 242 700 Roman Stella Head F W 48 W 0 Poland No No 32 Pickle Packer Pickle Packers Chemical Chemical 242 Roman Regina Daughter F W 17 S 6 Pennsylvania No No 42 Bottler Manufacturer 242 Roman Leonard Son M W 14 S 6 Pennsylvania No Apprentice Excavating 244 15 Tremper Herman Head M W 29 M 4 Maryland No No 24 Engineer Mud and Dirt 244 Tremper Marie Wife F W 25 M 4 Maryland No 244 Tremper Herman Son M W 2 S 0 Maryland No Marine Towing 246 1100 Gniazdowski Walter Head M W 35 M 4 Louisiana No No 60 Fireman Vessels 246 Gniazdowski Augusta Wife F W 33 M 4 Maryland No 246 Gniazdowski Dolores Daughter F W 11 S 4 Maryland No 246 Gniazdowski Richard Son M W 4 S 0 Maryland No

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