BOTANY: 2017 Section “A” (Multiple Choice Questions) Q1. Choose The
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Only Write Down the Correct Answer Next to the Appropriate Question Number on Your Answer Sheet
BOT1B10– November 2015 FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY and PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY MODULE PLANT DIVERSITY BOT1B10 CAMPUS APK EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2015 DATE SESSION 14/November/2015 08:30 – 11:30 EXAMINER: PROF A. MOTEETEE INTERNAL MODERATOR: MRS J. WILLIAMSON DURATION: 3 HOURS MARKS: 120 ____________________________________________________________________________________ NUMBER OF PAGES: 11 PAGES INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS _____________________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 1 [10] Choose an answer that matches the question the best: Only write down the correct answer next to the appropriate question number on your answer sheet. 1.1. Apart from food and beverages, plants provide human beings with: a) Oxygen, nitrogen, construction materials b) Medicines, essential oils, oxygen, fuel c) Paper, wool, cotton, silk d) Herb and spices, carbon, sodium, fodder for animals 1 BOT1B10– November 2015 1.2 Gymnosperms bear their seeds on the surfaces of: a) Leaves b) Cones c) Stems d) Fruits 1.3 Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on what for reproduction? a) Water b) Soil c) Grass d) Sun 1.4 Plants that have xylem and phloem are known as: a) Seed plants b) Photosynthetic plants c) Vascular-plants d) Non-vascular plants 1.5 Which on the following is the stalk by which the leaf blade is attached to the stem? a) Peduncle b) Pedicel c) Inflorescence d) Petiole 1.6 Seed plants use __________ and ___________ to reproduce. a) Pollen and seed b) Seeds and water c) Food and water d) Leaves and petals 1.7 -
1Lecture Notes 2013
5/24/13 Week 8; Monday Lecture: Monocots Part I: Some animal pollinated monocots Monocots are monophyletic! Traditional primary division is between Dicots and Monocots Trait “Dicots” Monocots # cotyledons 2 cotyledons 1 cotyledon stem ring of vascular bundles scattered vascular bundles vascular cambium often present no vascular cambium habit woody or herbaceous primarily herbaceous (no true wood) leaves simple or compound usually simple venation net veined: pinnate, palmate parallel (or striate) leaf narrow usually broad, often sheathing insertion (wrapping around the stem) roots primary --> secondary primary roots abort; adventitious roots, too adventitious roots only taproot or fibrous usually fibrous flower parts parts in 4’s, 5’s, or ∞ (rarely 3) parts in 3’s pollen monosulcate or tricolpate monosulcate Today we will look at some of the more important families of animal pollinated monocots found in the temperate zone Overhead of monocot phylogeny based on rbcL - distribution of monocot groups. Chase et al. 2000, overhead Page 57 5/24/13 Lab only; limited discussion here. Show: “Plants are Cool, Too” video Araceae - Arum family (109 gen/2830 spp) 1) herbs (some epiphytes) 2) lvs simple or compound; broad and having an apparent petiole (‘pseudo-lamina’) development not same as in a dicot leaf blade 3) calcium oxalate crystals usually present – physical deterrent to herbivory 4) Inflorescence consisting of - spathe - bract (often colorful) surrounding the flowers - spadix - axis on which the flowers are borne (male above; female below, -
Plant Systematics Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
CORE PAPER- VIII PLANT SYSTEMATICS ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY UNIT - III Rubiaceae Systematic position Class-Dicotyledons Sub class -Gamopetalae Series –Inferae Order - Rubiales Family-Rubiaceae Distribution of Rubiaceae: It is commonly known as Madder or Coffee family. It includes 6000 species and 500 genera. In India it is represented by 551 species. The members of this family are distributed in tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions. Vegetative characters Habit and Habitatat. Trees -Adina cordifolia Shrubs- Gardenia (mostly), some are twinners- Paederia Climbers -Uncaria Herbs -Gallium Epiphytic eg Hymenopogon parasiticus Helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic, or hydrophytic (Limnosipanea). Majority are perennials a few annuals, cultrivated as well as wild Root –branched tap root Stem- aerial,erect or weak, cylindrical or angular herbaceous Gallium or woody ,armed with spines Randia dementorum ,glabrous,pubescent hairy or smooth Stephegyne, branched, dichasial cymein Gallium. Leaf - Cauline and ramal Leaves stipulate. Stipules interpetiolar (between the petioles , or intrapetiolar; between the petiole and axis .leafy Gallium divided Borreria hair like Pentas sometimes fused to form a sheath GardeniaPetiolate, subsessile or sessile Gallium Leaves opposite Cinchona or whorled Gallium simple; Lamina entire; Cinchona opposite decussate Ixora ), reticulate Floral characters: Inflorescence- Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’, or solitary (less often); in cymes, or in panicles, Cinchona or in heads (rarely, e.g. Morindeae, Gardenia). The ultimate inflorescence units compound cyme MussaendaInflorescences with involucral bracts (when capitate), or without involucral bracts; Flowers -Bracteate Gardenia ebracteate Cinchona Bracts persistant –Hymenopogan Pedicellate,subsessile Gardenia sessile RandinBracteolate or ebracteolate, complete or incomplete actinomorphic,, Rarely Zygomorphic Randeletin bisexual unisexual Coprosma , epigynous regular; mostly 4 merous, or 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. -
Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: a Tabular Comparison
Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 12-2019 Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Flowering Plant Families of Northwestern California: A Tabular Comparison" (2019). Botanical Studies. 95. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/95 This Flora of Northwest California-Regional is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLOWERING PLANT FAMILIES OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A TABULAR COMPARISON James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University December 2019 Scientific Name Habit Leaves Sexuality • Floral Formula Common Name Fruit Type • Comments Aceraceae TSV SC:O U-m [P] • K 4-5 C 4-5 A 4-10 G (2) Maple Paired samaras • leaves often palmately lobed Acoraceae H S:A U-m • P 3+3 A 6 or G (3) Sweet Flag Berry • aquatic; aromatic rhizomes Aizoaceae HS S:AO B • P [3] 5 [8] A 0-4 Gsi (2-5-4) Ice Plant Capsule (berry-like) • fleshy; stamens divided, petaloid Alismataceae -
11-FLOWER DIAGRAMES, FORMULAS and FLOWER SYMETRY FLOWER FORMULAS and DIAGRAMES
11-FLOWER DIAGRAMES, FORMULAS AND FLOWER SYMETRY FLOWER FORMULAS and DIAGRAMES 1. FLOWER FORMULAS Floral formula is a means to represent the structure of a flower using numbers, letters and various symbols, presenting substantial information about the flower in a compact form. It can represent particular species, or can be generalized to characterize higher taxa, usually giving ranges of organ numbers. Floral formulae are one of the two ways of describing flower structure developed during the 19th century, the other being floral diagrams. Apart from the graphical diagrams, the flower structure can be characterized by textual formulae. A floral formula consists of five symbols indicating from left to right: Floral Symmetry Number of Tepal Number of Sepals Number of Petals Number of Stamens Number of Carpels Tepals Sepals Patals Stamen Carpels P K C A G The parts of the flower are described according to their arrangement from the outside to the inside of the flower. If an organ type is arranged in more whorls, the outermost is denoted first, and the whorls are separated by “+”. If the organ number is large or fluctuating, is denoted as “∞”. 2. FLOWER DIAGRAMES Floral diagram is a graphic representation of flower structure. It shows the number of floral organs, their arrangement and fusion. Different parts of the flower are represented by their respective symbols. Rather like floral formulas, floral diagrams are used to show symmetry, numbers of parts, the relationships of the parts to one another, and degree of connation and/or adnation. Such diagrams cannot easily show ovary position. FLOWER SYMMETRY Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. -
Basic Botany
Basic Botany - Flower Structure The Birmingham Botanical Gardens & Glasshouses Brief Descriptions of Activities Flower Structure • a Study Centre-led activity • Using large-scale models and bee (glove puppet) to take pupils through the basic flower parts and their functions Investigating Floral Structure A wide range of flowers are always on display in the glasshouses. Their structure can be recorded in a variety of ways: • Directed observation through use of questionnaires • Drawing half a flower and labelling its structure • Creating a plan of the flower as if viewed from above • Creating a simple floral formula (this worksheet is using a simplified form of the recording system used by botanists) See worksheets 1-4 at back of booklet. Pollination Mechanisms • An extension of this work is to look at a variety of ways in which plants are designed in order to attract different pollinators See ‘A Guide To Pollinators’ at back of booklet. • Busy Bees. This is a game where pupils act out pollination See worksheet 5 at back of booklet Guide To Pollinators “Bee Flowers” Typically yellow, blue or purple. They produce pollen and lots of nectar, are often marked with lines and blotches and are sweetly scented at certain times of the day. “Butterfly Flowers” Vivid colours, often purple, red or white. Usually open during the day with a long thin corolla tube, lots of nectar and a strong scent. “Moth Flowers” Often white, p ink or pale yellow, open at night and have a heavy scent. “Wasp Flowers” Often pinkish or dirty red, with horizontal or drooping cups into which the short tongued wasp can push its head. -
Sample Chapter
CHAPTER 2 Description of Plants PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DESCRIPTION HABIT: Natural locality of plants. • Ornamental plants: Plants cultivated for its beauty rather than its use. e.g. Marigold, Gladiolus etc. • Food crop: For economic use e.g. Maize, Rice, Apple etc. • Wild crop: Grow or produced without human care. e.g. Wild rice (Zizania aquatica), Wild rye (Elymus spp.). HABITAT: Place where a plant lives and grows. • Annual: Occurring every year. e.g. Rice, Brinjal etc. • Biennial: Occurring every two years. e.g. Raddish, Turnip etc. • Perennial: Present in all seasons of year i.e. continual. e.g. Mango, Rose etc. NATURE: Inherent or basic character. • Herb: Bushy, non-woody, erect, prostrate and decumbent. e.g. Mint, Hyacinth etc. • Shrub: Several stemmed, medium-sized woody plant. e.g. Jasmine, Rose etc. • Tree: Stout, woody trunk with few or no branches on its lower part, perennial. e.g. Mango, Pine, Banyan etc. • Clums: Nodes and internodes clearly visible. e.g. Bambusa These may be a) Deciduous—Falling off leaves annually. b) Evergreen—Having foliage leaves which remain green. c) Perennial—Persists for several years. Root Organ of a plant which grows downwards, away from light and towards water. It doesn’t bear leaves and buds but has protective apex called root cap. 10 Introduction to Pharmacognosy • Assimilatory root: Roots become green and serve for photosynthesis. e.g. Trapa • Tuberous root: Swollen, root without any definite shape. e.g. Sweet potato • Fasciculated root: Several tuberous roots occur in cluster at the base of stem. e.g. Dahlia • Nodulous root: Tuberous root becomes suddenly swollen at apex. -
JUDD W.S. Et. Al. (1999) Plant Systematics
CHAPTER8 Phylogenetic Relationships of Angiosperms he angiosperms (or flowering plants) are the dominant group of land Tplants. The monophyly of this group is strongly supported, as dis- cussed in the previous chapter, and these plants are possibly sister (among extant seed plants) to the gnetopsids (Chase et al. 1993; Crane 1985; Donoghue and Doyle 1989; Doyle 1996; Doyle et al. 1994). The angio- sperms have a long fossil record, going back to the upper Jurassic and increasing in abundance as one moves through the Cretaceous (Beck 1973; Sun et al. 1998). The group probably originated during the Jurassic, more than 140 million years ago. Cladistic analyses based on morphology, rRNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences do not support the traditional division of angiosperms into monocots (plants with a single cotyledon, radicle aborting early in growth with the root system adventitious, stems with scattered vascular bundles and usually lacking secondary growth, leaves with parallel venation, flow- ers 3-merous, and pollen grains usually monosulcate) and dicots (plants with two cotyledons, radicle not aborting and giving rise to mature root system, stems with vascular bundles in a ring and often showing sec- ondary growth, leaves with a network of veins forming a pinnate to palmate pattern, flowers 4- or 5-merous, and pollen grains predominantly tricolpate or modifications thereof) (Chase et al. 1993; Doyle 1996; Doyle et al. 1994; Donoghue and Doyle 1989). In all published cladistic analyses the “dicots” form a paraphyletic complex, and features such as two cotyle- dons, a persistent radicle, stems with vascular bundles in a ring, secondary growth, and leaves with net venation are plesiomorphic within angio- sperms; that is, these features evolved earlier in the phylogenetic history of tracheophytes. -
Flora-Lab-Manual.Pdf
LabLab MManualanual ttoo tthehe Jane Mygatt Juliana Medeiros Flora of New Mexico Lab Manual to the Flora of New Mexico Jane Mygatt Juliana Medeiros University of New Mexico Herbarium Museum of Southwestern Biology MSC03 2020 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA 87131-0001 October 2009 Contents page Introduction VI Acknowledgments VI Seed Plant Phylogeny 1 Timeline for the Evolution of Seed Plants 2 Non-fl owering Seed Plants 3 Order Gnetales Ephedraceae 4 Order (ungrouped) The Conifers Cupressaceae 5 Pinaceae 8 Field Trips 13 Sandia Crest 14 Las Huertas Canyon 20 Sevilleta 24 West Mesa 30 Rio Grande Bosque 34 Flowering Seed Plants- The Monocots 40 Order Alistmatales Lemnaceae 41 Order Asparagales Iridaceae 42 Orchidaceae 43 Order Commelinales Commelinaceae 45 Order Liliales Liliaceae 46 Order Poales Cyperaceae 47 Juncaceae 49 Poaceae 50 Typhaceae 53 Flowering Seed Plants- The Eudicots 54 Order (ungrouped) Nymphaeaceae 55 Order Proteales Platanaceae 56 Order Ranunculales Berberidaceae 57 Papaveraceae 58 Ranunculaceae 59 III page Core Eudicots 61 Saxifragales Crassulaceae 62 Saxifragaceae 63 Rosids Order Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae 64 Rosid I Order Cucurbitales Cucurbitaceae 65 Order Fabales Fabaceae 66 Order Fagales Betulaceae 69 Fagaceae 70 Juglandaceae 71 Order Malpighiales Euphorbiaceae 72 Linaceae 73 Salicaceae 74 Violaceae 75 Order Rosales Elaeagnaceae 76 Rosaceae 77 Ulmaceae 81 Rosid II Order Brassicales Brassicaceae 82 Capparaceae 84 Order Geraniales Geraniaceae 85 Order Malvales Malvaceae 86 Order Myrtales Onagraceae -
Scholar (Botany) University of Baluchistan Session:2017-2018
Mr.Hameedullah kakar M.sc: scholar (botany) university of Baluchistan session:2017-2018 FLOWER DESCRIPTION SOME IMPORTANT TERMS Parts of Flowers • The pistil has three parts: stigma, style, and ovary. • The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the pistil; it traps and holds the pollen. • The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma. • The style leads down to the ovary that contains the ovules. Classification of FLOWERS: • Complete: flowers possessing petals and sepals • Incomplete: flowers possessing either petals or sepals • Perfect: flowers containing both pistil and stamen • Imperfect: flowers containing either the pistil or stamen Parts of Flowers • A complete flower has a stamen, a pistil, petals, and sepals. • An incomplete flower is missing one of the four major parts of the flower, the stamen, pistil, petals, or sepals. Parts of Flowers • Flowers can have either all male parts, all female parts, or a combination. • Flowers with all male or all female parts are called imperfect (cucumbers, pumpkin and melons). • Flowers that have both male and female parts are called perfect (roses, lilies, dandelion). Students are to illustrate the following: • Complete/ Perfect Flower • Incomplete/Perfect Flower • Complete/ Imperfect Flower • Incomplete/ Imperfect Flower Types of Flowers: • As previously mentioned, there are plants which bear only male flowers (staminate plants) or bear only female flowers (pistillate plants). • Species in which the sexes are separated into staminate and pistillate plants are called dioecious. • Most holly trees and pistachio trees are dioecious; therefore, to obtain berries, it is necessary to have female and male trees. Types of Flowers: • Pistillate (female) flowers are those which possess a functional pistil(s) but lack stamens. -
1Lecture Notes 2016
4/24/16 Week 4; Monday Announcements: First lecture exam on Friday; Review session Wednesday at 5:30 Lecture: Rosidae s.l., continued Aceraceae - Maple family (2 gen/113 spp) Aceraceae are included in Sapindaceae in textbook, so be sure to note the restricted circumscription that we use in this class. 1) woody trees or shrubs 2) leaves opposite Mnemonic for remembering opposite leaved woody plants A MAD Cap Horse --> Adoxaceae, Maple, Ash, Dogwood, Caprifoliaceae, Horse chestnut. - typically palmate venation; usually simple, sometimes palmately compound (pinnately compound in Sapindaceae s.s.) 3) Flowers: - 4-5 parted - nectary disk - formed in staminal whorls - flowers bisexual or unisexual, if the latter, then plants either mono- or dioecious, or androdioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, some plants with male flowers only; example Mountain maple – A. glabrum) - may be insect or wind pollinated - fruit of 2 fused carpels each with pronounced wing and dispersed by wind “samaroid schizocarp” Floral formula: * 4-5, 4-5, 4-10, 2, samaroid schizocarp [carpels fused] The family Aceraceae now is included in a larger family, Sapindaceae, which is a paraphyletic ancestral group. The Sapindaceae largely is tropical and has more variation in floral morphology. This expanded family also includes the Hippocastanaceae, the Horse Chestnut or Buckeye family. Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae both are monophyletic, but by recognizing those families as distinct from the traditional Sapindaceae, the Sapindaceae may be paraphyletic. So, the solution adopted by the textbook is to include them all in one family, Sapindaceae. The name “Sapindaceae” is used for the larger group, because it was used as a family name before either of the others. -
Q.P Code: 03079 Answer Key Q.1. A. Choose Correct Option: A. Ramentum B. Actinostele C. Monoecious D. Chalk Gland E. Xerophyt
Q.P Code: 03079 Answer key Q.1. A. Choose correct option: a. Ramentum b. Actinostele c. Monoecious d. Chalk gland e. Xerophytic f. Haploid g. Mesarch h. All of the above i. Reniform j. Trifoliate Q.1. B. Answer in one sentence i. Definition- Chalk gland – 2 marks ii. Casparian thickening – 1 mark definition & 1 mark position – 2 mark iii. Phyllotaxy - Definition–2 mark iv. Cycadales – 2 mark v. Any two types of Stipules with functions – 1 mark each type Q.2. a. Description of Nephrolepis pinna passing through sorus- 6 marks Diagram – 4 marks Q.2.b. Sporangium structure and diagram – 6 marks Dehiscence – 4 marks Q.2. c. Description should include details about Prothallus of Nephrolepis – 7 marks Diagram- 3 marks Q.2. d. Morphology of root – 5 marks Anatomy of root – 5 marks Q.3. a. Microsporophyll of Cycas • Description – 8 marks • Diagram - 2 marks Q.3. b. Alternation of generations in Cycas Description – 5 Marks Diagramatic representation of life cycle – 5 marks Q.3.c. Sporophytic plant body of Cycas Description – 8 marks Diagram of habit – 2 marks Q.3.d. Description for the economic importance of gymnosperms in paper industry – 5 marks Description for the economic importance of gymnosperms in food industry – 5 marks Q.4.a. Venation: • Definition – 1 marks • Types - 5 marks • Diagrams - 4 marks Q.4.b. Incision in simple leaves: • Definition – 1 marks • Types - 5 marks • Diagrams – 4 marks Q.4.c. Systematic position with reasons of family Malvaceae – 3 marks Floral formula – 2 marks General characters – 5 marks Q.4.d.