7 Landscape and Visual
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Penmanshiel Wind Farm RES 7 Landscape and Visual Introduction and Overview Strategic Landscape Planning Guidance 7.1 The Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) for wind farms forms one of the key components of the EIA process required by the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) 7.6 The site area is located within ‘Zone 1’ of Scottish Natural Heritage’s Strategic Guidance for Onshore (Scotland) Regulations 2011 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘EIA Regulations’). The results of the Wind Farms as it contains no national or local landscape designations and is not within the search area assessment allow consideration of the proposed development against the relevant local planning for wild land. The area is close to the Drone Hill Wind Farm which is currently under construction policies which seek to protect the landscape resource and visual amenity. This section has been and within close proximity of the Berwickshire Coastline AGLV. The assessment will be required to produced by Chartered Landscape Architects at AMEC Environment and Infrastructure Limited. examine potential landscape and visual effects in respect of this receptor. Zone 1 is defined as follows: 7.2 The objective of this assessment has been to determine the landscape and visual effects of the proposed development on the existing landscape resource and visual amenity. The following 7.7 ‘Lowest natural heritage sensitivity identifies areas at the broad scale with least sensitivity to wind landscape and visual receptors have been assessed: farms with the greatest opportunity for development, within which overall a large number of developments could be acceptable in natural heritage terms, so long as they are undertaken • landscape character, key characteristics, and elements; sensitively and with due regard to cumulative impact.’ • designated landscapes; and • views and visual amenity experienced by residents, tourists, visitors, recreational and road users. Supplementary Planning Guidance 7.3 The assessment process has encompassed the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of 7.8 Specific guidance on wind energy development in the Scottish Borders is set out in the Supplementary the proposed wind farm and has included design iteration and re-assessment of the residual effects. Planning Guidance on Wind Energy (Scottish Borders Council, 2011). The SPG recognises that for most The design and assessment process has sought to achieve an acceptable compromise between wind farm proposals: maximising energy capture and achieving an acceptable design in terms of landscape and visual 7.9 ‘Landscape and visual impacts are usually significant and most wind farm proposals are likely to raise effects. cumulative landscape and visual impacts to some degree.’ 7.4 The assessment has also included cumulative assessment and considers the additional cumulative 7.10 The SPG goes on to identify areas of constraint for wind energy development. The Spatial Strategy for effect that would be generated by the proposed wind farm in combination with other existing, the Scottish Borders is ranked as follows: consented and proposed wind farms. The Drone Hill Wind Farm (consented and currently under • Area of Significant Protection; construction) has been assessed as though it is already existing and is illustrated as such in the • Moderate Constraints (Higher); visualisations and photomontages, where the Drone Hill Wind Farm has been photomontaged into the • Moderate Constraints (Lower); existing view. • Area of Search with Minor Constraints; and 7.5 The Chapter is structured as follows: • Area of Search. • Strategic Landscape Planning Guidance 7.11 The strategy indicates that the proposed wind farm is located within an area that is predominantly • Methodology ranked as Moderate Constraints (Higher), although turbines 14 and 15 are within Areas of Significant • Consultation and Scope of Assessment Protection and turbine 1 is within Area of Search with Minor Constraints (see figure 4.1 for turbine • Baseline Description numbers). The Areas of Significant Protection which overlap the peripheral parts of the site are likely • Mitigation Inherent in the Proposed Scheme to be those areas with theoretical visibility from the A1 and A1107, which are identified as visual • Viewpoint (VP) and ZTV Analysis receptors in the SPG report. • Residual Landscape Effects 7.12 The SPG also lists the Berwickshire Coastal Path from Dowlaw to Pease Bay (Core Path 2) as a receptor • Residual Visual Effects of significant strategic importance in this area. • Summary of and Evaluation of Residual Landscape and Visual Effects 7.13 This variation in potential landscape capacity and constraints for wind farm development is noted and • Conclusions the design process has taken due account of the landscape and visual receptors identified in the SPG • References as well as many others within the study area (Chapter 3: Design Evolution and Alternatives and paragraphs 7.71 to 7.97) . 7-1 Volume 2: Main Report Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Penmanshiel Wind Farm RES Methodology • Cumulative landscape effects: where the addition of the proposed Penmanshiel Wind Farm would lead to an additional or cumulative landscape effect, in combination with one or more wind 7.14 The methodology for the LVIA has been undertaken in accordance with the methodology set out in farms. Appendix 7.1 . It conforms to the Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Second 7.19 Visual effects are concerned wholly with the effect of development on views, and the general visual Edition (GLVIA, 2002). Additional guidance has been taken from the following publications: amenity. The visual effects are identified for different receptors (people) who would experience the • Siting and Design of Wind farms in the Landscape, Version 1 (Scottish Natural Heritage, 2009); view at their places of residence, during recreational activities, at work, or when travelling through • Visual Assessment of Wind Farms: Best Practice (University of Newcastle and Scottish Natural the area. The visual effects may include the following: Heritage, 2002); and • Visual effect: a change to an existing static view, sequential views, or wider visual amenity as a • Guidance for the Assessment of Cumulative Landscape and Visual Impacts Arising from Wind farm result of development. Developments – Version 2 (SNH Advisory Services, 2005). • Cumulative visual effects: the cumulative visibility of development change and in particular the • The SNH document Visual Representation of Wind Farms: Good Practice Guidance provides cumulative visibility of more than one wind farm, which may combine to have a cumulative visual guidance on the production of graphics, including Zones of Theoretical Visibility and effect. photomontages, for wind farm assessments. 7.20 Essentially the level of landscape and visual effect (and whether this is significant) is determined 7.15 In addition, the LVIA has made reference to a number of relevant planning documents including the through consideration of the ‘sensitivity’ of the landscape or visual receptor to the proposed Scottish Government’s web based Planning Advice Note (PAN) on Onshore Wind Turbines, previously development and the ‘magnitude of change’ caused by the proposed development, in this case the PAN 45 Renewable Energy Technologies, Scottish Planning Policy (SPP), and Scottish Borders Council construction of a wind farm and associated infrastructure; the operation of the wind farm for a period (SBC) Development Plan Policy, in particular Structure Plan policy D4 Renewable Energy Development of 25 years; and subsequent decommissioning. and Supplementary Planning Guidance on Wind Energy. 7.21 The process involves iterative design and re-assessment of any remaining, residual effects that could Defining the Study Area not otherwise be mitigated or ‘designed out’. Landscape or visual sensitivity specific to this development is ranked from high, medium, low to negligible (with negligible as the lowest or least 7.16 The SNH guidance advises that the Study Area for wind turbines of this height should be based on an sensitive) and the magnitude of change is ranked from high, medium, low, negligible to zero as area 30 km distance from each of the proposed turbine locations. The Study Area is illustrated in indicated in Table 7.1. The type of effect is also considered and may be direct or indirect, temporary Figure 7.1 and in order to achieve the SNH guidelines, covers a circular area of 30.925 km radius from (reversible) or permanent, cumulative, and positive, neutral, or negative. Where relevant, mostly in the site centre (minimum 30 km distance from each of the proposed turbine locations). relation to cumulative effects, the probability of an effect is also stated. 7.17 It is important to note that the boundary of the Study Area is not the limit of potential visibility in 7.22 The landscape and visual assessment unavoidably involves a combination of both quantitative and clear weather conditions. Rather it is an area defined by SNH, on the basis of research to determine a qualitative assessment and wherever possible has sought to gain a consensus of professional opinion suitable Study Area for the assessment of wind farms, which would contain all potential significant through consultation, peer review, and the adoption of a systematic, impartial, and professional landscape and visual effects. assessment approach. Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 7.23 In accordance with the EIA Regulations, it is