47048-002 Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment (Draft)

Project Number: 47048-002 January 2015

People’s Republic of China: Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project

Prepared by the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Government for the Asian Development Bank

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 31 October 2014) Currency unit – Yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1635 $1.00 = CNY6.1145

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank GHG Greenhouse gas BOD5 5-day biochemical oxygen demand GRM Grievance redress mechanism CNY Chinese Yuan HPG Hubei Provincial Government COD Chemical oxygen demand IA Implementing Agency DO Dissolved oxygen MOE Ministry of Environment EA Executing Agency PMO Project Management Office EIA Environmental impact assessment EIR Environmental Impact Report RP Resettlement Plan EIT Environmental Impact Table SOE State Owned Enterprise EMP Environmental Management Plan SPS Safeguard Policy Statement EPB Environmental Protection Bureau WHO World Health Organization FSR Feasibility Study Report WRB Water Resources Bureau FYP Five Year Plan WTP Water Treatment Plant GDP Gross domestic product WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES oC degree centigrade m2 square meter dB decibel m3/a cubic meter per annum km kilometer m3/d cubic meter per day km2 square kilometer mg/kg milligram per kilogram kW kilowatt mg/l milligram per liter L liter mg/m3 milligram per cubic meter m meter t metric ton t/a ton per annum

NOTE

(i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 II. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 A. Background ...... 7 B. Project Rationale ...... 7 C. The Proposed Project ...... 8 D. Environmental Safeguards ...... 9 E. Data Sources ...... 9 III. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 10 A. Planning Context ...... 10 B. PRC Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 10 C. Implementation Arrangements ...... 12 D. Asian Development Bank Environmental Requirements ...... 12 E. Assessment Standards ...... 13 1. Evaluation against Ambient Standards ...... 13 2. Evaluation Standards for Construction Activities ...... 14 3. Evaluation Standards for Operations ...... 15 4. Area of Influence ...... 16 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 17 A. Project Overview ...... 17 B. Output 1: Improved Water Pollution Control ...... 18 1. Sewage Pipe Network: Enshi City ...... 18 2. Sewage Pipe Network: Lichuan City ...... 20 3. Wastewater Connections to Households ...... 21 4. WWTPs: Enshi City ...... 21 5. WWTP: Lichuan City ...... 23 6. WWTPs – Existing Facilities ...... 25 7. Pilot Project on Non-point Source (NPS) Pollution ...... 26 C. Output 2: Enhanced Flood Management ...... 26 1. Flood Control and Riverbank Remediation ...... 31 2. River Dredging ...... 34 3. Dredge Spoil Temporary Storage and Treatment Sites ...... 36 4. Non-structural Flood Control Measures ...... 40 5. River Maintenance Program ...... 40 6. Wetland Creation ...... 41 7. Ancillary Facilities of River Rehabilitation ...... 42 8. Lichuan Water Source Protection Zone ...... 42 D. Landscaping Supplies and Technique ...... 43 E. Land Requirements ...... 45 V. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA) ...... 46 A. Sub-Regional Environmental Setting ...... 46 1. Climate ...... 46 2. Geology ...... 46 3. Landform ...... 46 4. The Qing River Basin ...... 46 B. Physical Environment at the Project Sites ...... 48 1. Ambient Air Quality at all Project Sites ...... 48 2. Noise Environment ...... 50 3. Water Quality ...... 51 4. Water Volumes and Flooding ...... 52 5. In-stream Sediment Quality ...... 56 C. Biological Environment of the Project Area ...... 62 1. Vegetation communities and flora ...... 62 2. Terrestrial Fauna ...... 65 3. Aquatic Fauna ...... 68 4. Protected Areas, reserves, and physical cultural resources ...... 69 D. Socio-economic Profile of the Project Area ...... 70 1. Population ...... 70 2. Ethnic Minorities ...... 71

3. Public Facilities ...... 71 4. Poverty ...... 71 E. Climate Change ...... 72 VI. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 74 A. Impacts Associated with Project Location, Planning, and Design ...... 74 1. Direct Losses from the Project’s Footprint ...... 74 2. Economic Displacement ...... 75 B. Detailed Design and Pre-Construction Phase: Measures to be Undertaken ...... 75 C. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Construction Phase ...... 76 1. Improved Water Pollution Control ...... 76 1.1 Sewer Pipe Network ...... 76 1.2 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ...... 79 2. Enhanced Flood Management ...... 80 2.1 Riverside Embankments, Landscaping and Facilities ...... 80 2.2 River Dredging ...... 82 2.3 Water Source Protection ...... 86 2.4 Worker and Community Health and Safety ...... 86 D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Operational Phase ...... 87 1. Output 1: Improved Water Pollution Control ...... 87 1.1 Sewer Pipe Network ...... 87 1.2 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ...... 87 2. Output 2: Enhanced Flood Management ...... 90 2.1 Hydrological Impacts from Embankments...... 90 2.2 Water Source Protection ...... 91 E. Greenhouse Gas Production by the Project...... 91 F. Adaptation to Climate Change ...... 94 G. Induced and cumulative impacts and benefits ...... 95 VII. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 97 A. Output 1: Water Pollution Control ...... 97 1. Location of the new WWTP for Enshi City ...... 97 2. Wastewater treatment process ...... 97 3. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes ...... 98 B. Output 2 Comprehensive Rehabilitation of the River ...... 100 1. Embankment Construction ...... 100 2. Dredge Spoil Dewatering Processes ...... 100 3. Dredged Sludge Disposal ...... 100 VIII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 101 A. Information Dissemination ...... 101 B. Public Consultations ...... 102 C. Future Plans for Public Participation ...... 106 IX. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 107 X. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 108 A. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 108 B. Risks and Assurances ...... 109 C. Conclusion ...... 111

ATTACHMENT 1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 112 A. Introduction ...... 1 B. Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation ...... 1 C. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 3 D. Project Readiness ...... 9 E. Monitoring and Reporting ...... 9 F. Training ...... 13 G. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 13 H. Cost Estimates ...... 17

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Introduction 1. The Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Government (ETMAP) of Hubei Province has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide investment and technical assistance support for the Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project. The project will help the ETMAP: (i) improve living conditions by providing a cleaner water environment to residents along the upstream of Qing River; and (ii) improve protection against flooding and soil erosion for urban and rural residents along the Qing River. The project will be implemented along sections of the Qing River in two cities within the ETMAP, Enshi and Lichuan. The project is part of the ADB-PRC Country Operations Business Plan for 2012–2014 and is included in ADB’s 2013 non-lending pipeline. Under the ADB Safeguard Policy (SPS, 2009) the project is classified Category A for environment, requiring preparation of an environmental impact assessment (EIA).

2. This EIA is based on information in the domestic EIA and Feasibility Study Report (FSR) as well as fieldwork conducted between February and November 2014 by a consultant team for the project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA). PPTA fieldwork included river condition surveys and inspection of all proposed sites for construction, dredge spoil storage and treatment, and river embankment and dredging. The EIA includes an environmental management plan (EMP) (Attachment 1), which will be the key guiding document for environmental-related issues in the construction and operational phases of the project.

B. The Project 3. The proposed project comprises four outputs: 1 - improved water pollution control in Enshi and Lichuan Cities; 2 - enhanced flood management and river rehabilitation; 3 - improved capacity for wastewater management; and, 4 - project management support and capacity development (Table ES.1).

4. Water pollution control will be improved by a construction program in both cities to complete the sewage service coverage of existing and new growth areas and increase the capacity and performance of wastewater treatment plants. This will comprise the construction of an extensive wastewater pipe network, construction and upgrade of pumping stations, and construction and expansion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

5. Flood management will be enhanced by a program of river dredging and embankment along the Qing River and its tributaries to improve water flow and increase flood protection capacity. The dredged river sections will also have rehabilitated riverbanks. Riverbank improvements will be through the development of embankments as landscaped habitats and recreational areas, wetland construction, and improvements of water source protection (Lichuan City).

Table ES.1: Summary of Project Outputs and Construction Components Output Component City Content 1. Improved water 1.1 Pipe network Enshi i. Construction of 37.4 km trunk sewers pollution control ii. Construction of 116.7 km branch sewers iii. Construction of Gaoqiaohe pumping station Lichuan i. Construction of 28.9 km trunk sewers ii. Construction of 48.2 km branch sewers iii. Replacing pumps at No.1 pumping station iv. Upgrading the existing No.3 pumping station v. Construction of No. 5 pumping station 1.2 WWTPs Enshi i. Construction of a new Dashaba WWTP with a capacity of 50,000m3/d

Output Component City Content ii. Extension of Hongmiao WWTP (Stage 2) for an additional capacity of 30,000 m3/d iii. Construction of sludge treatment system, located in Dashaba WWTP Lichuan i. Extension of the existing Lichuan WWTP for an additional capacity of 50,000m3/d 2. Enhanced flood 2.1 Flood control Enshi i. River embankment and landscaping. Total management and riverbank length of both sides is 66 km remediation Lichuan i. River embankment and landscaping. Total length of both sides is 49.3 km 2.2 River dredging Enshi i. Total volume of river dredging is 607877 m3 Lichuan i. Total volume of river dredging is 352415 m3 2.3 River Enshi i. Construction of 4 ancillary facilities Restoration and Lichuan i. Construction of 4 ancillary facilities ancillary facilities ii. Construction of water source protection zone of No. 1 WTP. 3. Improved capacity of Enshi i. Survey of pipe network and pollution wastewater Lichuan sources management ii. Construction of wastewater pipeline GIS system 4. Project management Capacity building Both Management support, capacity development Source: Project FSR, August 2014

6. Because of the multitude of activities and large areas over which they will occur, it is not meaningful to compile a long list of individual sensitive receptors. Instead, in the assessment of impacts, distances over which impacts will be experienced are identified (e.g for noise, dust and odor) and sensitive receptors within these distances are identified. For the loss of land uses and habitats along the rivers, the actual footprint of disturbance has been calculated from field survey. For impact assessment of hydological changes downstream as a result of flow alterations from the combination of project components, the downstream area of influence for both cities is limited to the downstream city boundary.

C. Baseline Environment

7. Baseline environmental sampling and descriptions of existing conditions are presented for the project’s area of influence in both Enshi and Lichuan cities. This area is centered on the reaches of the Qing River in the cities, its major tributaries, and the riverbanks incorporating the construction sites of embankments, wetlands and WWTPs. Additionally, the construction of the sewage network will be located in existing urban areas and development sites.

8. Baseline information was collected and assessed for ambient conditions of air, noise, water, hydrology and flooding, and in-stream sediments. Air quality and ambient noise levels met the PRC and international standards for residential areas and in-stream sediment quality met the PRC standard for disposal of dredge spoil at landfill. The baseline measurements for water quality and flooding reinforced the need for the project. Water quality in the project waterways was consistently lower than national “Class III”, implying relatively low quality, and 20-year recurring floods impact large urban and city center areas in Lichuan and extensive riverbank areas in both cities.

9. Biological baseline assessments included documentation of habitats, vegetation communities, and fauna, especially along riverbanks and within the river channel. Due to the long history of human activity in both Enshi and Lichuan, most habitats are highly modified. Small, scattered patches of modified habitat occur in parts of the project area, mainly comprising riverbank stands of vegetation up to 20 m wide. No riparian areas within the

project scope qualify as critical habitat or natural habitat as defined by the SPS (2009). Fauna species richness is low and no national-level protected species have been recorded. At least 15 fish species in the project area lay eggs on aquatic plants, and these will be subject to temporary habitat loss from dredging and riverbank remediation. None of these are rare, threatened or listed protected species, and populations in the project area appear to be low due to the modified nature of most channel sections. Freshwater turtles may occur in or near the project area, and although the likelihood of large populations is low due to the degraded habitats of the project river sections, mitigation measures are included to protect any individuals found and to re-establish riverine habitats as part of embankment design.

D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures 10. Construction. The construction of the sewer pipe network in both cities will occur along the Qing River and tributaries as well as along the streets in the built-up areas of the cities. Dust and noise are the main concerns due to the proximity of residences. Mitigation measures and construction management prescriptions have been identified to address this. The WWTPs are more distant from residential areas and impact mitigation for these sites focus on protection of the riverine environment. The extension of Lichuan WWTP adjoins a housing area, necessitating the installation of noise and dust barriers.

11. Potential impacts of the planned river dredging include damage to in-channel habitats and aquatic fauna, elevated levels of sediments within and downstream of the dredge sites, release of pollutants in the channel sediments, and inappropriate disposal of dredge spoil. The following mitigation measures will be taken during construction to minimize impacts to water quality and in-channel habitats: (i) operating in short river sections to minimize the extent of disturbance at any one time; (ii) for dredging in the small tributaries, using coffer dams to divert flow, so that spoil removal is “dry”; (iii) for dredging in the Qing mainstream and larger tributaries, employing special underwater suction dredge cutter heads which are designed to limit suspended solids dispersion to 15 m; (iv) dewatering and treatment of dredge spoil prior to disposal, which will reduce the spoil volume by up to two-thirds (~66%); (v) transport of the treated spoil in small trucks, to reduce road damage and maintain road safety; (vi) compliance with quality of in-channel sediment with the PRC standard for disposal at landfill (confirmed by sampling during the PPTA phase and strengthened by a second round of sediment sampling before construction begins); (vii) timing – dredging will only be conducted in the dry season (September to March), the time of lowest water depth and slowest flow, and be completed by early February to allow at least two months for the disturbed bottom sediments to settle and stabilize before May, when rainfall doubles from the previous month and flow rates increase; and (vii) re-establishment of habitats (below).

12. Dredging, as well as the construction of extensive riverside embankments for flood control and bank remediation, will impact in-channel habitats and areas of modified habitat. For the in-channel habitats, long term impacts on fish and sediment invertebrates are anticipated to be minimal, with organisms re-establishing soon after project completion, due to the presence of more intact and protected aquatic habitats up-stream. For the riverbank habitats, a range of embankment designs were reviewed during project preparation. Designs which maximize the re-establishment of native vegetation, rocks, and wood debris (which provide habitat for frogs, turtles, and invertebrates) were selected. Small constructed wetlands will also be established and will incorporate fringing aquatic plants. A wetland specialist will be recruited by the PMO to inspect and ensure compliance with the habitat design features upon completion of each section of embankment and the constructed wetlands. An aquatic invertebrate sampling program is being conducted in the project dredging sites to provide a baseline for monitoring during project construction and operation. These, and mitigation measures to minimize construction disturbance to fauna and flora, are included in the EMP.

13. Operations. Potential impacts from project operations mainly relate to the control of sewage influent quality and air emissions from the WWTPs, and a lack of maintenance of project structures, including the river embankments. City governments and EPBs will monitor and enforce the relevant PRC standards for compliance of industrial effluent before discharge to sewers. For WWTP air emissions, these have been modelled, and safe distances to residents under the PRC standard calculated. Hongmiao WWTP extension and Dashaba WWTP have no impacts, but the Lichuan WWTP extension required an amended plant layout and the resettlement of nine dwellings to comply. For the embankments, these will be maintained by the City Garden Bureaus, while the Water Resource and Aquatic Products Bureaus will develop river maintenance programs for the rivers and channels to be rehabilitated. The project will include capacity building for inspection and repair of embankments, removing flow obstructions, clearing overgrowth of floating vegetation, managing riverbank vegetation, and illegal disposal of solid waste. For aquatic invertebrates, a sampling program will be conducted twice a year to monitor the recovery of these organisms in the dredged channel sections, and for comparison against the baseline survey. Community environmental supervision and flood management teams will be established by the project, which will work with the communities and sanitation bureaus to implement environmental awareness programs (for appropriate waste disposal) and provide more frequent litter collection.

E. Cumulative and Indirect Impacts 14. Cumulative impacts and benefits relate to the extent of infrastructure to be conducted along the Qing River in Enshi and Lichuan Cities. The current project will achieve 100% completion of master plan targets for WWTP capacity, increase WWTP treatment standards and significantly expand the Enshi and Lichuan City sewage pipeline coverage. The project, when combined with existing embankments, will result in flood risk reduced from a 1 in 4 year to 1 in 20 year recurrence interval, providing, by 2020, a total city area of 5.6 km2 and 3.4 km2 in Enshi and Lichuan respectively protected against 1 in 20 year floods. The project will directly improve the living conditions of a large number of residents: at least 40,000 households will receive new and/or improved sewage pipeline coverage and 70,900 households will be protected from flooding up to 1:20 flood recurrence interval. Future city development will be on the landward side of the river embankments, to protect and maintain the river corridor as an environmental and recreational asset for the cities.

15. Enshi and Lichuan Cities are currently experiencing intensive economic development, and the current project forms only one component of this. Long-term cumulative changes in the hydrological regime seem likely, with a key concern being that increasing embankment and dredging, combined with climate change, will increase flow velocities and/or volumes downstream, presenting risks to downstream communities. Several factors suggest that these risks will be manageable, certainly compared with lowland sections of the Qing River further downstream and which are subject to higher levels of development and modification: the modeled hydrological impacts (including consideration of predicted increases in rainfall and/or flood intensity) of the current project are minor; river flows in the project area are already regulated due to dams; increasing government awareness and activity for land use planning, water resources management, and solid waste control will partly offset the potential impacts of altered flows; and, the natural geographic conditions immediately downstream of Enshi (steep-sided valleys for 70 km) limit the space for residential areas or agriculture, and do not support large riverside settlements.

F. Climate Change 16. Greenhouse gas emissions. The project will generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through use of fossil fuels and electricity for machinery and vehicles, and emissions from dredge spoil exposed to the air. However, the project will utlize existing equipment in the cities which will be diverted to the current project (and therefore unlikely to

result in large new GHG emissions in the context of existing city developments). The exposure of dredge spoil to the air will be limited by daily disposal in landfill, where it will be mixed with organic matter to reduce methane emissions per unit volume in the landfill sites.

17. The main net generation of GHGs from the project will be from the operation of the wastewater components. Before emission savings measures, the total estimated GHG emission by the project is 100,180 t/yr CO2e. This is already lower than might be anticipated compared with other treatment processes, because the treatment process selected for the WWTPs (Modified A/A/O) emits less N2O than other methods and requires the least amount of energy. To further reduce this total, the project is implementing several design and operational measures: the adoption of variable frequency drive controllers for pumps in WWTPs and pumping stations to achieve energy savings; and, operational control of treatment processes to reduce N2O emissions. These measures will reduce the estimated net GHG emission from the project to 96,926 t/yr CO2e. This will be further reduced as operational experience in sludge handling is put into practice. The operators of the WWTPs will monitor their yearly GHG emissions, to evaluate and improve on the performance of the mitigation measures and report to the PMO.

18. Adaptation to climate change. Potential climate change risks and adaptation measures have been identified by the project and incorporated into component designs. Predicted higher rainfall and flood frequencies mean that the wastewater components must cope with higher water volumes and the river management components must withstand recurrent floods and provide flood protection.

19. For the wastewater interception and collection network, the higher risk of increased runoff volumes from initial rainwater has been taken into account in the design of the wastewater interception system, separating stormwater and wastewater systems so that only a maximum 20% increase in water volume in the sewer pipes will occur as a result of storm runoff. The risk of increased flooding has been included in the siting and design of the project WWTPs above the 1 in 50 return flood level. Design of the increased treatment capacity of WWTPs also allows for maximum runoff from initial rainstorm. The WWTP capacities are for wastewater volumes to 2030 and cover the 20% volume increase in storm events.

20. For the flood management and riverbank restoration, the high risk of flood events caused by more frequent annual and seasonal precipitation identified in the project climate change analysis, have been incorporated into embankment designs. All embankment heights are based upon the design flood height plus a 0.7 m safety margin. Local increase in water velocity in floods has been accounted for in the engineering design of embankments.

G. Public Consultation

21. Two rounds of information dissemination and two rounds of public consultation were conducted for the project. Government stakeholders and riverside residents and farmers were consulted. Comments from participants gave examples of problems and pollution sources along the river. Residents and stakeholders in Lichuan identified the value of their existing riverside vegetation for bank stabilization and flood protection. Respondents generally thought that the project would improve livelihoods and the local environment. Participants supported the need to reduce water pollution and improve the river environment. A key issue discussed was the need for long-term environment monitoring and management along the river to avoid environmental degradation and amenity decline after the project is completed. This issue is addressed in the project through training of relevant bureaus for maintenance of the new structures, and environmental monitoring. Future public consultation during project implementation, planned by the Project Management Office (PMO), is described in the EMP.

H. Grievance Redress Mechanism 22. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed in compliance with the SPS requirement to address environmental, health, safety, and social concerns associated with project construction, operation, and leasing arrangements. The GRM also facilitates a timely and effective response to any complaints from affected persons.

I. Environmental Management Plan 23. The EMP (Attachment 1) brings together all the mitigation measures for the identified impacts as well as pre-construction requirements, and construction and operational management prescriptions. The EMP also includes the GRM and an environmental monitoring program, to monitor and report on the environmental performance of construction and operations. The program forms part of a comprehensive set of environmental management documents. The EMP includes institutional responsibilities, training needs, reporting schedules and implementation costs. It will include the program for future public consultation.

J. Risks and Assurances 24. The diverse range of project activities are intended to reduce pollution of waterways and improve the riverside environment, but will require full and effective implementation of the EMP to mitigate potential impacts, especially to the river environment. Project loan assurances have been developed which strengthen the implementation of pre-construction readiness procedures, inclusion of the EMP in tenders and bids, compliance with laws and regulations, monitoring and reporting, and GRM implementation. Assurances to guarantee the addition of household connections to link with the project’s sewage network, management of the Lichuan drinking water source protection zone, the control of industrial wastewater quality entering the sewer, and the use of advanced dredge technology to minimize turbidity, are also included.

K. Conclusion

25. It is concluded that full and effective implementation of the safeguard measures described in this EIA will combine to minimize adverse environmental impacts of the project, and contribute to the project achieving its goal of improved water pollution control and enhanced flood management. The EMP and loan assurances ensure that these measures are implemented in an appropriate institutional framework and are supported through comprehensive training, monitoring and reporting arrangements.

II. INTRODUCTION A. Background

26. The Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (ETMAP) of Hubei Province is located in the upstream region of the Qing River basin. The Qing River is a major tributary of the Yangtze River, and is the key water source for the cities of Lichuan and Enshi. In recent decades, water quality of the Qing River has declined due to rapid urbanization. In Enshi and Lichuan cities, water quality has declined to Class IV and V,1 which may only be used for agricultural and industrial uses. Major pollution sources include agricultural runoff, livestock waste, municipal ewater and domestic wastewater from towns and villages. Upstream of Enshi and Lichuan cities, the Qing River watershed is mountainous with high seasonal rainfall and rapid runoff. This, combined with increasing urbanization, results in regular flooding.

Figure II.1: Project Location

27. The ETMAP government has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide investment and technical assistance support for the Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project. The proposed project will help the ETMAP: (i) improve living conditions by providing a cleaner water environment to residents along the upstream of Qing River, including the rural poor; and (ii) improve protection against flooding and soil erosion for urban and rural residents along the Qing River. The project is included in ADB’s 2013 nonlending pipeline as indicated in ADB’s PRC Country Operations Business Plan, 2012–2014.

B. Project Rationale

28. Due to aging and incomplete coverage of the wastewater collection systems in Enshi and Lichuan cities, large volumes of untreated municipal wastewater are discharged directly into the Qing River and its tributaries. Under-investment in urban infrastructure and wastewater systems has resulted from ETMAP’s depressed economic conditions. Continuing

1 Surface Water Ambient Quality Standard (GB3838－2002)

deterioration of the water quality poses a threat to public health for local residents, who rely on the river for water supply and recreational use. The degraded water environment also threatens riparian and aquatic ecosystems.

29. Flood control embankments along the Qing River are limited in Enshi and Lichuan cities, and both experience extensive flooding. Since the 1950s, at least nine major floods have occurred, which resulted in significant loss of lives and property. There has also been severe riverbank erosion as a result of high intensity rainfall, the hydraulics of the mountain terrain, and siltation of parts of the Qing River and its tributaries. Following national flood control standards, flood control infrastructure in Enshi and Lichuan cities should provide protection against 20 year floods in the short term and 50 year floods in the long term.

30. Although some progress has been made in pollution control and flood protection, several fundamental problems remain unresolved due to inadequate resources of the local government to implement national and provincial master plans for flood control and water quality. These include: (i) inadequate and aging wastewater collection systems; (ii) insufficient risk management of flooding and riverbank erosion; and (iii) lack of an integrated approach to pollution control, water resource management, and land use planning.

C. The Proposed Project

31. The proposed project will support: (i) rehabilitation and extension of the existing wastewater network system of Enshi and Lichuan to ensure proper connections and intercept urban wastewater more effectively; (ii) expansion of wastewater treatment plants to meet the increasing need for city wastewater treatment; (iii) stabilization of river banks and improvement of flood control facilities; and (iv) capacity building and improved institutional arrangements for integrated pollution control, water resource management, and land use planning. These objectives are addressed in the following planned project outputs.

32. Output 1: Improved water pollution control at Enshi and Lichuan cities. The output will include improvement of wastewater collection systems and expansion of existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Existing waste water collection networks will be rehabilitated and extended and sewer systems will be constructed in new urban areas. In Enshi, a total of 154 kilometers (km) of interceptors and new sewer pipes will be installed, an existing WWTP will be expanded to provide additional capacity of 30,000 m3/d, and a new WWTP of 50,000 m3/d will be constructed, including advanced sludge treatment and disposal of 102 tons/d. In Lichuan, 77 km of interceptors and new sewer pipes will be installed, an existing pump station upgraded, and an existing WWTP upgraded to 50,000 m3/d.

33. Output 2: Enhanced flood management. This will include: (i) construction of about 116 km of embankment with riverside amenities in selected urban sites in both cities; (ii) tailoring of sections of the river embankment for flood control and reduced river bank erosion, using a mixture of designs (e.g. vegetated buffer zones, wetlands, forest belts, bio-substrate concrete revetment); and (iii) dredging 80 km of silted sections of Qing River and tributaries to increase the capacity for carrying flood water and to reconnect habitats as needed.

34. Output 3: Improved capacity of wastewater management. This will include: (i) non- structural measures for water quality control and flood risk management, including an integrated water resources management system, riparian and wetland restoration, solid waste management, early flood warning system, land use planning and flood risk mapping, and GIS system; (ii) a pilot participatory program to reduce non-point source pollution by improving farming practices; (iii) public education and participation; (iv) institutional strengthening through training to improve environmental monitoring and enforcement.

35. Output 4 project management support and capacity development. This will include: (i) consultant support for project management; (ii) institutional and capacity strengthening for project management and maintenance of the infrastructure; and (iii) provision of equipment for project management.

36. As part of the loan, project support includes the facilitation of an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach, incorporating cross-sectoral water treatment, urbanization, and environmental issues, institutional and financial management, and capacity development for project implementation and operation. The development of a full IWRM program is beyond the scope of this project, however components of the project addressing wastewater and river management have been described in the context of how they address the major issues of the regional-level water resource issues in Enshi and Lichuan and how they are integrated. It is intended that this exercise (documented in DFR Supplementary Document SD06: Landscape Level Integrated Water Resources Management) will serve as a starting point for an IWRM plan and approach for the upper Qing River Basin.

D. Environmental Safeguards

37. The project is classified Category A for environment under the ADB Safeguard Policy (SPS, 2009), requiring preparation of an EIA. The EIA includes an environmental management plan (EMP) (Attachment 1). This is the key guiding document for environmental-related issues in the construction and operational phases of the project. The potential impacts of project components are identified in the EIA, and mitigation and protection measures to avoid, reduce, and/or mitigate these impacts to acceptable levels are described in the EMP. The EMP also defines the roles and responsibilities of relevant institutions, procedures, and the EMP budget.

38. Implementation of the EMP will be coordinated by the Project Management Office (PMO). It will be implemented in the construction phase by the implementing agencies (IAs) and construction contractors and in the operations phase by the operation and maintenance units for the built facilities. The EMP will be incorporated within technical specifications for the construction contractors, and will be available to the detailed design team to ensure the pre-construction mitigation measures are included in the final project design.

E. Data Sources

39. The primary source of data for this report is a domestic EIA, prepared by the Hubei Academy of Environmental Sciences (a nationally certified EIA design institute), based on infrastructure design in the Feasibility Study Report. The final draft domestic EIA was provided to the PPTA team on 13 August 2014. Supplementary data was collected by the PPTA environment team including river condition surveys (Enshi, 1–4 February 2014; Lichuan, 14–15 May 2014) and inspections of all dredge spoil storage and treatment sites and embankment sites (1–3 September 2014). Other data sources include: (i) technical report on fish of the Qing River (Professor Houyi, Enshi Prefecture Aquaculture Research Division, 16 September 2014); (ii) PPTA linked documents (LD) Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy (LD8) and Resettlement Plan (LD11) and supplementary documents (SD) Enhanced Flood Protection Management (SD2), Riparian and Wetland Ecosystems (SD3) and Technical Notes on Climate Change (SD6). Data presented in tables and figures in this EIA are from the domestic EIA unless stated otherwise.

III. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. Planning Context

40. The PRC’s 12th Five Year Plan (FYP; 2011-2015) supports the long-term goal of building a harmonious and moderately prosperous society through livelihood improvement and regionally balanced and environmentally sustainable growth. This project is in line with the following master plans developed in response to the FYP:

 Twelfth Five-Year Plan Economic and Social Development in Enshi recommends accelerated management of medium and small rivers in key areas; promotion of upland flood control projects and Qing River management; and implementation of urban flood control in Enshi, Lichuan, Laifeng and Badong Counties.  Twelfth Five-Year Plan of Water Resources Development in Enshi requires "Qing River mainstream and medium and small river flood control standards should meet the national standards; completion of hydrological, meteorological, and geological monitoring and warning systems; protection of mountain flood-prone areas; improvement of flood control and drainage in major towns and flood protection zones to meet national standards; and repair of dam reinforcement for the damaged reservoirs." For flood control projects: “accelerate the implementation of integrated management of the Qing, Youshui, Loushui, Yu, and Tangya Rivers and other important tributaries of the Yangtze River; accelerate management of medium and small rivers to meet national flood control standards. Strengthen urban water management emphasizing urban flood control in Enshi and Lichuan. Strengthen and improve decision-making systems across the states on flood and drought prevention, and improve the flood control and drought emergency response capacity."  Lichuan City Master Plan (2012-2030). According to the plan, the city population will be 0.22 million in 2016-2020 with a land area of 19.5 km2. The plan includes extension of the Lichuan WWTP, elevation of treatment level, and extension of the sewage pipe network. The plan requires flood control standards for the city to meet the national 20 year standard and other urban areas to meet the 10 year standard.  Enshi City Master Plan (2011-2030). This plan delineates the city sewage network and sub-catchments, and forecasts population levels, water demand, and wastewater discharge. The plan also requires the standard for urban flood control of 50 years.  Enshi City Special Drainage Plan (2013-2015). Hongmiao WWTP was approved as a supporting facility for the Economic Development Zone in the northern part of Enshi after the Master Urban Plan was approved. This WWTP and its proposed extension were not considered by the Master Urban Plan, and so is included in the Special Drainage Plan.

41. The PRC’s 13th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2016-2020), which will cover most of the project’s implementation period, is under national review. Key themes include the need to bring pollution levels under control. The discussion of environmental issues for reform in the Third Plenum report2 concentrates almost entirely on ecosystem protection and restitution as an equally important objective with pollution control and waste management.

B. PRC Legal and Administrative Framework

42. The administrative framework for EIA in the PRC comprises national, provincial and local (county) environmental protection authorities. The national authority is the Ministry of

2 CCP Central Committee Resolution–Concerning Some Major Issues in Comprehensively Deepening Reform. 15 November 2013.

Environmental Protection (MEP), which promulgates laws, regulations and technical guidelines on EIA and pollution prevention and control, and is represented at the provincial level by the Environmental Protection Department (EPD). These are usually delegated authority by MEP to approve EIA reports for provincial construction projects, except for those with national interest and/or inter-provincial projects. County-level Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) enforce environmental laws and conduct environmental monitoring. In the project, the Hubei Provincial EPD will approve the domestic EIA and the Enshi and Lichuan City EPBs will be involved in compliance monitoring of the project EMP.

43. The project will involve a range of works: pipe-laying, WWTP construction, river dredging, embankment construction and water source protection. PRC laws, regulations, technical guidelines and standards regulate the way in which environmental protection and environmental impact assessment for construction projects must be implemented, as well as technical guidelines on pollution control for construction and operation of facilities. The following national laws, regulations, guidelines, and standards, apply to the project.

44. Laws. The following list of PRC laws govern the way in which the environmental management of the project must be implemented. (i) Environmental Protection Law, adopted on December 26, 1989. (ii) Environmental Impact Assessment Law, September 1, 2003 (iii) Law on Evaluation of Environmental Effects, adopted October 28, 2002. (iv) Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, adopted February 28, 2008. (v) Law on Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, adopted April 29 2000. (vi) Law on Noise Pollution of the Environment, adopted October 29, 1996. (vii) Land Administration Law, adopted on January 1, 1999. (viii) Law on Prevention of Solid Waste Pollution (April 1996). (ix) Wild Animal Protection Law, August, 2004. (x) Cultural Relics Protection Law, 2002.

45. Regulations and Proclamations. The following PRC regulations support the environmental laws: (i) Management of Environmental Protection in Construction Projects, promulgated by Decree No. 253 of the State Council on November 29, 1998. (ii) Enforcement Regulations of Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, promulgated by Decree No. 284 of the State Council, March 20, 2003. (iii) Directory for the Management of Different Categories of Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment, (MEP Order No. 2), October 1, 2008. (iv) Compendium of China’s Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection, issued on June 1, 2004. (v) Circular of Strengthening Management of Environmental Impact Assessment against Risks, (2003) No. 152 issued by State Environmental Protection Administration of the PRC. (vi) Measures on Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment, promulgate on March 18, 2006 by State Environmental Protection Administration of the PRC.

46. Guidelines. The following PRC guidelines support the implementation of environmental laws for relevant activities: (i) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Evaluation-General Principles (HJ/T2.1-2001). (ii) Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guideline (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93, HJ/T2.4-1995, HJ/T19-1997). (iii) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Evaluation - Air Environment (HJ2.2-2008), Surface Water Environment (HJ/T2.3-93), Acoustic Environment (HJ/T2.4-2009), and Non-polluting Ecological Impact (HJ/T19-1997).

(iv) Technical Guideline for Delineating Source Water Protection Areas, SEPA, 2007 (v) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment: Public Participation (public comment version, January 2011).

47. Standards. The following PRC national standards set the levels of environmental performance required for relevant activities: (i) Technical Guideline for Construction Project Environmental Risk Assessment (HJ/T 169-2004). (ii) Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-1996). (iii) Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012) [replaces GB 3095-1996 on January 1, 2016]. (iv) Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996). (v) Environmental Quality Standard for Noise (GB 3096-2008). (vi) Technical Specifications to Determine the Suitable Areas for Environmental Noise of Urban Area, (GB/T 15190-94). (vii) Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002). (viii) Quality Standard for Ground Water (GB/T 14848-93). (ix) Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for Boundary of Construction Site (GB 12523-2011). (x) Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996). (xi) Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002) (includes creation of a green buffer zone around the plant). (xii) Quality Standard of Gardening and Greening Sludge disposed from Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant, (CJ248-2007). (xiii) Design Standard for Control of Leachate from Landfill (CJJ17-2001).

C. Implementation Arrangements

48. The Executing Agency (EA) is the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (ETMAP) and is responsible for the implementation of the entire Project.

49. The Enshi Prefecture Project Management Office (PMO) has been established within Enshi Prefecture Development and Reform Committee (DRC), under the leadership of a Project Leading Group (PLG). The PMO will assist the PLG with policy guidance, institutional coordination, and overall monitoring of the Project progress in accordance with ADB guidelines and the Loan Agreement. The PMO reports directly to ETMAP government represented by the PLG. City level PMOs have been established within the Enshi and Lichuan City DRCs. The city PMOs will assist the PMO for the component preparation and implementation in its own city.

50. There are two Implementating Agencies (IAs), the Enshi Urban Construction and Investment Co. Ltd and Lichuan City Urban Construction and Investment Co. Ltd. An Implementing Division will be established within the IAs for wastewater collection and treatment and the project river components, supported by other company divisions for project design, procurement, contract administration and construction management.

51. The institutional framework for the EIA approval process is as follows: (i) the ETMAP Environment Protection Department (EPD) is responsible for EIA evaluation and final approval; (ii) the ETMAP Environment Protection Bureau (EPB) will conduct the environmental management and supervision, including implementation of the EMP.

D. Asian Development Bank Environmental Requirements

52. The project underwent initial appraisal during project preparation and under the ADB Safeguard Policy (SPS, 2009) was classified as Category A for environment. The SPS

defines Category A projects as “likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment is required.” The EIA requirements include description and assessment of environmental, ecological, and cultural values, a project level grievance redress mechanism, climate change mitigation and adaptation, health and safety requirements, stakeholder consultation and participation, and an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that includes an implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators. The draft EIA is posted on the ADB public website at least 120 days before consideration by the ADB Board of Directors.

E. Assessment Standards

1. Evaluation against Ambient Standards

53. The environmental standards system that supports the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations in the PRC can be classified into two categories by function—ambient environmental quality standards, and pollutant emission and/or discharge standards. ADB’s SPS requires projects to apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHS).3 For noise and air quality, PRC standards are more stringent than the EHS. PRC ambient acoustic quality standards are in categories not directly comparable to the classification of the World Health Organization, but the standard limits are not significantly different. For this assessment, where EHS standards exist for parameters and are relevant, they are used in parallel with PRC standards in this assessment.

54. The Hubei Provincial Environmental Protection Department (EPD) has nominated the environmental quality classes for the project and has forwarded them to the ETMAP Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) as the “Applicable Standard of EIA of ADB Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project” (Table III.1).

Table III.1: Environmental quality classes in the project area Variable Scope Function Classes Air Urban area of Lichuan and Enshi Class II of GB3095-2012 Boundary of WWTP Class III of GB12348-2008 Noise Residential area Class II of GB3896-2008 Primary protection area of water resource of centralized domestic drinking water: Class II Surface Water Qing River and tributaries of GB3838-2008 Other area: Class III of GB3838-2008 Ground Water All project areas Class III of GB/T14848-93

55. The ambient air quality standard for the rural areas where components are to be sited has been nominated by the EPD as Class II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095- 2012). Parameter concentration limits are in Table III.2. These are similar to EHS targets for SO2 and NO2 but are less stringent than the EHS targets for PM10.

Table III.2: Ambient Air Quality Grade II Standard Pollutant Time Standard (mg/m3) EHS* (mg/m3) Annual average 0.06 SO2 Daily average 0.15 0.125-0.05 (0.02 guideline) Unit hour average 0.50

3 World Bank Group. 2007. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines General EHS Guidelines. World Bank, Washington.

Annual average 0.10 0.07-0.03 (0.02 guideline) PM 10 Daily average 0.15 0.075-0.15 (0.05 guideline) Annual average 0.08 0.04 guideline NO2 Daily average 0.12 Unit hour average 0.24 0.20 guideline Daily average 4.0 n/a CO Unit hour average 10.0 n/a *Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines: General EHS Guidelines. World Bank

56. Noise environment for the project’s settings will be evaluated against Class II and III standards of the Environmental Quality of Noise Standard (GB3096-2008) (Table III.3). The PRC standards are more stringent than those of EHS.

Table III.3: Sound Environmental Quality Standards. unit: dB (A) Standard Value Applicable Class Day-Time Night-Time Class II (Residential, commercial and industrial mixed area) 60 50 Class III (Industrial site boundaries) 65 55 EHS* 70 70 *Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines: General EHS Guidelines. World Bank

57. For water quality assessment, the ambient environmental standard applied in this EIA is Surface Water Ambient Quality Standard (GB3838－2002) Classes II and III (Table III.4). There is no EHS guideline or target for water quality in this context.

Table III.4: Surface Water Ambient Quality Standards (Unit: mg/L) Standard DO BOD COD NH3-N Coliform/l (GB3838-2002) – Class II 6 3 15 0.5 2000 (GB3838-2002) – Class III ≥5 ≤4 ≤20 ≤1.0 10000

58. Groundwater quality will be assessed against Class III standards in Quality Standards for Groundwater (GB/T14848-1993) (Table III.5). There are no equivalent EHS targets.

Table III.5: Quality standards for groundwater Item pH Permanganate Index Total Nitrate Nitrogen Fluoride Total E.coli Class III 6.5-8.5 ≤3.0 mg/L ≤Hardness450 mg/L ≤20 mg/L ≤1.0 mg/L ≤3.0x103/L

2. Evaluation Standards for Construction Activities

59. For the project construction, air pollutants from dust and earthworks should comply with the Grade II standard in Air Pollutant Comprehensive Emission Standard (GB16297- 1996). Construction of the pipeline network will be in residential areas and other public areas. Construction at WWTP sites is in peri-urban and rural precincts. Dust pollution caused by construction shall be controlled to keep the quality of ambient air. The standard pertaining to this scope of assessment is Grade II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996).

60. Construction noise will be assessed against the standards in Construction Site Noise Limits (GB12523–1990), which sets noise limits for different activities (Table III.6).

Table III.6: Construction Site Noise Limit (Unit: Leq[dB(A)]) Noise Limit Construction Period Major Noise Source Day Night Earthwork and stone work Bulldozer, excavators and loader 75 55 Piling Pile driving machines 85 Prohibited Structure Concrete mixer, vibrator and electric saw 70 55 Finishing Hoist and lifter 65 55

61. Construction activities may cause vibration impact, and should comply with the Standard for Urban Area Environmental Vibration (GB10070–88) (Table III.7).

Table III.7: Vertical (Z) Vibration Standard Value for Various Urban Areas (Unit: dB) Scope of applicable area Day Night Residential, cultural and educational area 70 67 Mixed area and commercial center 75 72

62. The standard for odor arising from the temporary storage and treatment of sediment spoil from dredging in the Qing River and tributaries is Classification of Temporary Odor Intensity (Table III.8). The limit for acceptable temporary odor is 2.5 – 3 in the scale.

Table III.8: Classification of Temporary Odor Intensity Intensity Sensory Intensity of Odor 0 No odor 1 Very faint odor (detection threshold) 2 Weak odour which can determine the property of gas (confirm threshold concentration) 3 Significant odor easily smelt 4 Strong odor 5 Very strong odor

63. The standard for discharge of water from the treatment of dredge spoil is in “Table 4” of GB8978-1996 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard for plants constructed or modified after 1 January 1999. Suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorous are the main indicators.

64. The standard for disposal of dredge spoil to landfill is Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant - Sludge Quality for Co-landfilling (GB/T23485-2009) (Table III.9).

Table III.9: Disposal Standard (GB/T23485-2009) for Treated Sediment Spoil pH Cr Ni Cu Zn As Cd Pb Hg Mineral oil Volatile phenol Cyanide Moisture — mg/kg content% 5-10 1000 200 1500 4000 75 20 1000 25 3000 40 10 60

3. Evaluation Standards for Operations

65. Waste Water Management component. Quality of water from the three project WWTPs will comply with Discharge Standard for Municipal Wastewater (CJ3082-1999). Standards for noise and odor are Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008) Class II and Emission Standard for Odor Pollutants (GB14554– 93) Class II respectively. Standards for odor levels at WWTP boundaries are in Table III.10.

Table III.1: 0 Boundary Standard of Odor Pollutants Class I Class II GB14554-93 Controlled Pollutants Unit GB14554-93 New Sites Existing Sites Ammonia mg/m3 1.0 1.5 2.0 Hydrogen sulfide mg/m3 0.03 0.06 0.10

66. WWTP discharges will meet Class 1A of Discharge Standards of Pollutants for Municipal WWTPs (GB18918-2002) listed in Table III.11.

Table III.1 1: Design Inflow and Effluent Quality Parameter CODCr BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP Discharge (mg/l) ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5 ≤15 ≤0.5

67. River Improvement and Flood Management component. The focus of the assessment will be on the water environment. Flood management works will comply with Flood Protection Standards (GB50201-94). In accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Guidelines - Surface Water, assessment of surface water belongs to Class III of Surface Water Ambient Quality Standard (GB3838–2002).

68. Water source protection. The drinking water source protection zone of No.1 WTP in Lichuan is designated a water source protection area by the Technical Specification of Drinking Water Source Protection Areas Classification of Hubei Province under the PRC Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (1984) Article 20. The zone covers the river and riverbanks for a distance of 1000 m upstream and 100 m downstream of the WTP intake, taking in any drains or other discharges from building or properties adjoining the river. The management regulations for the zone are:

 New buildings or expansion of existing buildings which direct their wastewater into the river are prohibited.  Repair or renovation of riverside buildings and businesses must include measures which reduce or curtail any existing wastewater or polluted runoff water from them into the river.  All existing direct wastewater discharge outlets into the zone are to be closed and sewage redirected to WWTPs.  No use of the river for loading or unloading of goods and material (including garbage, manure or fecal wastes or poisons) at docks or riverside facilities.

4. Area of Influence

69. The project’s construction activities will occur throughout the urban and built up areas of Enshi and Lichuan for the extensive network of pipe-laying, and along all waterways including riverbanks, riverside lands and riverbeds within the two city areas for embankments, dredging, riverside facilities and trunk sewer laying. There will be 154 km of pipe-laying in Enshi and 77 km in Lichuan. The riverbed of the Qing and tributaries will be dredged for a total length of 81 km in the two cities combined and embankments built along a total of 116 km of riverbanks. In three places along the Qing River, WWTPs will be constructed. The entire area of construction activity is estimated to occur within an area of 13 km2 in Enshi and 5.5 km2 in Lichuan.

70. Due to the multitude of activities and large areas over which they will occur, it is not meaningful to compile a long list of individual sensitive receivers. Instead, in the assessment of impacts, distances over which impacts will be experienced are identified (e.g for noise, dust and odor) and sensitive receivers within these distances are identified. For the loss of land uses and habitats along the rivers, the footprint of disturbance has been calculated from field survey.

71. Some hydological changes downstream as a result of flow alterations from the combination of project components will occur. However, Figure V.2 shows the landscape through which the Qing River flows downstream from both Lichuan and Enshi. Between Lichuan and Enshi the river flows entirely through montainous terrain and gorges for 70 km without agriculture or settlements or identifiable beneficial river users. It is the same for the Qing River reaches downstream of Enshi. For the purposes of impact assessment therefore, the downstream area of influence for both cities is limited to the downstream city boundary.

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

A. Project Overview

72. The proposed project comprises four outputs: (i) Output 1 - Improved water pollution control in Enshi and Lichuan; (ii) Output 2 - Enhanced flood management and river rehabilitation; (iii) Output 3 - Improved capacity of wastewater management; and, (iv) Output 4 - project management support and capacity development (Table IV.1).

73. Water pollution control will be improved by a targeted construction program to complete the sewage service coverage of existing and new growth areas in the cities and increasing the capacity and performance of wastewater treatment plants in both cities. This will comprise the construction of an extensive wastewater pipe network, constructing and upgrading pumping stations and constructing and expanding WWTPs. The project will specifically contribute to the Enshi and Lichuan Master Plan targets as follows: (i) 100% completion of the target for wastewater treatment capacity i.e. 240,000 m3/d by 2020. Treatment capacity in 2014 is 110,000 m3/d. The project will meet the gap of 130,000 m3/day by increasing treatment capacity by 80,000 m3/day in Enshi (currently 60,000 m3/day) and by 50,000 m3/day in Lichuan (currently 20,000 m3/day). The project is also supporting associated increase in treatment standard, from Class 1B to 1A (the highest possible), and sludge dewatering; (ii) expansion of the Enshi wastewater pipeline network: the Enshi Master Plan (2012-203) target is 387 km; existing coverage is 23 km; the project will add 154 km, resulting in 46% coverage of the target 10 years before the completion date of 2030; (iii) expansion of the Lichuan wastewater pipeline network: the Lichuan Master Plan (2009-2020) target is 123 km; existing coverage is 17.5 km; the project will add 77 km, resulting in 77% coverage of the total target.

74. Flood management will be enhanced by a program of river dredging and embankment construction on Qing River and its tributaries in Enshi and Lichuan to improve water flow and increase flood protection capacities. River rehabilitation will be achieved through the development of embankments as landscaped habitats and recreational areas, wetland construction and improvement of water source protection (Lichuan).

Table IV.1: Summary of Project Outputs and Construction Components Output Component Location Content 1. Improved water 1.1 Pipe network Enshi City iv. Construction of 37.4 km trunk sewers pollution control v. Construction of 116.7 km branch sewers vi. Construction of Gaoqiaohe pumping station Lichuan City vi. Construction of 28.9 km trunk sewers vii. Construction of 48.2 km branch sewers viii. Replacing pumps at No.1 pumping station ix. Upgrading of the existing No.3 pumping station x. Construction of No. 5 pumping station 1.2 WWTPs Enshi City iv. Construction of a new Dashaba WWTP with a capacity of 50,000m3/d. v. Extension of the Hongmiao WWTP (Stage 2) for an additional capacity of 30,000 m3/d. vi. Construction of sludge treatment system, located in Dashaba WWTP. Lichuan City ii. Extension of the existing Lichuan WWTP for an additional capacity of 50,000m3/d. 2. Enhanced flood 2.1 Flooding Enshi City ii. River embankment and landscaping. The management control and total length of both side is 66 km riverbank Lichuan City ii. River embankment and landscaping. The remediation total length of both side is 49.3 km

Output Component Location Content 2.2 River Enshi City ii. Total volume of river dredging is 607877 m3 dredging Lichuan City ii. Total volume of river dredging is 352415 m3 2.3 River Enshi City ii. Construction of 4 ancillary facilities Restoration and Lichuan City iii. Construction of 4 ancillary facilities ancillary facilities iv. Construction of water source protection zone of No. 1 WTP. 3. Improved capacity Enshi City iii. Survey of pipe network and pollution of wastewater Lichuan City sources. management iv. Construction of wastewater pipeline GIS system Source: Project FSR, August 2014

75. Output 4 (capacity building) includes: (i) consultant support for project management; (ii) institutional and capacity strengthening for project management and operation, and maintenance of the infrastructure; (iii) external resettlement and social monitoring; and (iv) provision of equipment for project management.

B. Output 1: Improved Water Pollution Control

1. Sewage Pipe Network: Enshi City

76. The proposed works for Enshi include: (i) construction of 41 km interception sewer trunk lines with diameter of DN400-1500 mm and 117 km sewers with diameter of DN400- 800 mm; amd (ii) construction of the Gaoqiaohe pumping station.

77. Interception sewers. The interception sewers pipe network will be constructed along the Daishui River in the Longfeng wastewater area (served by the Hongmiao WWTP), the Gaoqiao River basin in the Gaoqiao River wastewater area (to be served by the Dashaba WWTP) and the Sha River and Longdong River in the Qingshuling and East wastewater areas (served by the Luyuanguanpo WWTP). Trunk sewer lines will also be laid in the southern portion of the city (Qingshuling area) along the Qing River, where none currently exist. These wastewater areas are illustrated in Figure IV.1. Specifications are in Table IV.2.

Table IV.2: Interception Sewers in Enshi City Area River Start Point End Point Route Length Pipe Diameter (m) (mm) Longfeng Daishui Intersection of 19 Road Intersection Daishui Left bank of 8866 DN1000 wastewater and 30 Road River / Longfeng Ave Daishui River area Intersection of 19 Road Opposite bank of Inverted siphon 29x2 DN400 and 30 Road Daishui River Intersection of Daishui Opposite bank of Inverted siphon 57x2 DN400 River and Longfeng Ave Daishui River Intersection of Longfeng Hongmiao WWTP Along Longfeng 3545 DN1200 and Fengxiang Avenues Avenue East of Hongmiao West of Hongmiao Inverted siphon 33x2 DN600 diversion canal diversion canal Gaoqiao River Gaoqiao Confluence of Gaoqiao Confluence of Gaoqiao Left bank of 3238 DN1000 wastewater and Zhizi Rivers and Gaojing Rivers Gaoqiao River area Gaoqiao Confluence of Gaoqiao Confluence of Gaoqiao Inverted siphon 36x2 DN600 and Gaojing Rivers and Gaojing Rivers Gaojing Confluence of Gaojing Confluence of Gaojing Along left bank of 3166 DN1000 River and Gaoqi Avenue and Gaoqiao Rivers Gaojing River Gaoqiao Confluence of Gaoqiao Northwest of junction of Along left bank of 227 DN1500 and Gaojing Rivers Gaoqiao / Qing Rivers Gaoqiao River Qingshulin Sha Intersection of planned Confluence of Sha and Along right bank of 1928 DN800 wastewater Road 24 and Sha River Longjia Rivers Sha river

area Confluence of Sha and Confluence of Sha and Along Sha River 5273 DN1000

Area River Start Point End Point Route Length Pipe Diameter (m) (mm) Longjia Rivers Longdong Rivers Longdong Confluence of Sha and Confluence Longdong Along river; 2399 DN1000 Longdong Rivers and Yulong Rivers connect to existing trunk sewer Extended Qing 343 m downstream of rail- No.3 Group of Along the road 3452 DN600 segment of the way bridge and Qing River Qifengba Village Qing River No.3 Group of Qifengba Junction of Yanshui Along right bank of 1528 DN800 Village and Qing Rivers Qing River Junction of Yanshui and Northwest of junction of Along right bank of 6891 DN1000-1400 Qing Rivers Gaoqiao / Qing Rivers Qing River Northwest of junction of Gaoqiaohe pumping Along right bank of 98 DN1500 Gaoqiao and Qing Rivers station Qing River North of Gaoqiao River South of Gaoqiao River Inverted siphon 76x2 DN1200 South of Luyuanguanpo South of Inverted siphon 443 DN800 WWTP; left bank Qing Luyuanguanpo WWTP; right bank Qing River As above As above Inverted siphon 117x2 DN600 Gaoqiaohe Qing Gaoqiaohe Pumping Dashaba WWTP Along river 2075x2 DN1000 Pump station station to Dashaba WWTP Source: Project FSR, August 2014

Figure IV.1: Location of Wastewater Plants and Service Areas in Enshi City

Longfeng Wastewater Area (Daishui River)

Hongmiao WWTP

Qingshulin Wastewater Area (Shahe River)

East Wastewater Area (Longdong River)

GaoqiaoWastewater Area (Gaoqiaohe River) Luyuanguanpo WWTP (existing)

Dashaba WWTP

Source: Project FSR, August 2014

78. New sewers. New sewers will connect pipelines from individual households and deliver the sewage to larger interception sewers. The project new sewers in the wastewater areas of Longfeng, Gaoqiaoge and Qingshulin will have a total length of 116,716 m.

79. Wastewater pumping stations. The project will construct two wastewater pumping stations. (i) Hongmiao Pumping Station: located at the intersection of Zhanqian Road (railway station road) and the planned Longfeng Avenue, to elevate part of the wastewater in the region. Design capacity is 2.5×104 m3/d. (ii) Gaoqiaoge Pumping Station: located northwest of the junction of Gaoqiao and Qing Rivers, which will collect wastewater from the service area of the new Dashaba WWTP. Design capacity is 15×104 m3/d. At the WWTPs, stormwater and sewage flows will be fully or partly separated, as follows: (i) at Dashaba and Lichuan WWTPs, the sewage will be partly separated from stormwater. During storms, up to a 20% and 30% increase in rainwater in Dashaba and Lichuan WWTPs respectively will be able to enter the sewage pipelines; (ii) at Hongmiao WWTP, the project will construct 100% separate pipeline networks for stormwater and sewage.

2. Sewage Pipe Network: Lichuan City

80. The proposed works for Lichuan include: (i) construction of 29 km interception sewer pipe with diameter of DN300-1000mm and 48 km branch sewer pipe with diameter of DN400-600mm; (ii) upgrading the existing No.3 pumping station, and new construction of No.5 pumping station.

81. Interception sewers. Interception sewers will be constructed along both sides of the Qing River and two branches (Sandao and Yuanbao Rivers). These will link with existing interception sewers in some parts of the city center and along the river. The new network will be mainly in the upstream and downstream parts of the urban area (Table IV.3).

Table IV.3: Interception Sewers in Lichuan Area River Start Point End Point Route Length Pipe diameter (m) (mm) North Qing Intersection Roads 4 and 7 Opposite bank Inverted siphon 50x2 DN300 area Opposite bank of Qing River No.2 Longtan Bridge Left bank of Qing 1805 DN500 of the intersection of River Planning Roads 4 and 7 Intersection of planned 1 No.2 Longtan Bridge Left river bank 1645 DN500 road and Laolongdong Road Qingjiang Avenue Number 1 Wastewater Left river bank 210 DN500 Pumping Station Opposite bank of Qing River Number 2 Wastewater Left river bank 1830 DN1200 of No. 1 Wastewater Pumping Station Pumping Station Intersection of North Binjiang Number 2 Wastewater Left river bank 2845 DN1200 Road and Binjiang Avenue Pumping Station Intersection of planned 15 Number 5 Wastewater Inverted siphon 80x2 DN300 Road and No.2 Longtan Pumping Station Bridge West part Qing Intersection of planned 17 Number 1 Wastewater Right river bank 195 DN600 of the city road and xicheng road Pumping Station Sandao Planning 2 Road Right bank of Qing Right bank Sandao 1678 DN600 No.5 Pumping Station Intersection of Roads Pressure pipe, 120 DN400 17 and 29 along the road Planned Road17 Xicheng Road Along the road 150 DN500 Intersection of Planned Intersection of Roads Along the road 1197 DN600 Road 29 and Xicheng Road 17 and 6 Cheng Economic Yuanbao Yi-wan railway Planned Road 2 Right river bank 3893 Dn500 develop- Planned Road 2 Planned Road 13 Right river bank 1060 DN600

Area River Start Point End Point Route Length Pipe diameter (m) (mm) ment zone Planned Road 13; right bank Planned Road 13; left Inverted siphon 67x2 DN400 of river bank of river Yi-Wan Railway Planned Road 13 Left river bank 4695 DN500 Qing Intersection of Planned Road Tenglong Avenue Right bank of 285 DN600 13 and left bank Yuanbao Yuanbao River River Intersection of planned No. 3 Wastewater Inverted siphon 105x2 DN400 Road 13 / Tenglong Avenue Pumping Station Jiaoyu Sandao Guojia Yi-Wan Railway Left bank 3442 DN500 Sandao Left bank Right bank Inverted siphon 50x2 DN300 Sandao Guojia Planned Road 2 Right bank 3153 DN500 Source: Project FSR, August 2014

82. New sewers. The project will renovate wastewater pipelines in the old city area of Lichuan, construct new pipelines to connect some of the combined network to the interception sewers and rebuild broken pipelines. Most of the new city area has been built with new sewage pipelines, so the project will construct interception sewers and new sewers in the older suburban area where there is no or inadequate coverage. In Lichuan, new new sewers will have a total length of 48,188 m. Other ancillary facilities will includes sewage tube wells, overflow wells and inverted siphons across the river.

83. Pumping station construction and renovation. Upgrading the Number 3 Pumping Station, the capacity will be 0.19m3/s in 2020 and 0.35 m3/s in 2030. The new Number 5 Pumping Station will have a capacity of 0.028m3/s in 2020 and 0.13 m3/s in 2030.

3. Wastewater Connections to Households

84. For buildings and communities where property owners or developers having legal title can be identified, pipes connecting the buildings and communities to the sanitary sewers will be installed by the property owners or developers in accordance with a regulation issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. For the other communities, pipes connecting communities to the sanitary sewers will be installed under the project and financed by Enshi and Lichuan Cities.

4. WWTPs: Enshi City

85. Enshi WWTP components will comprise: (i) construction of a new Dashaba WWTP with a capacity of 50,000 m3/d; (ii) extension of Hongmiao WWTP (Stage 2) for an additional capacity of 30,000 m3/d; (iii) sludge advanced treatment facilities and structures will be included in Dashaba WWTP for Enshi City. Locations of the planned WWTPs in Enshi City are shown in Figure IV.2. The inflow and outflow designs of the new Dashaba WWTP and expanded Hongmiao WWTP are in Table IV.4. The quality of the discharged treated wastewater from both plants will meet Class IA standard of GB18918-2002.

Table IV.4: Quality of raw wastewater and outflow of WWTPs in Enshi City Parameter CODCr BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP Dashaba WWTP Inflow（mg/L） 350 150 220 25 30 3 Outflow（mg/L） ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5（8） ≤15 ≤0.5 Treatment rate（%） ≥85.7 ≥93.3 ≥95.5 ≥80.0 ≥50.0 ≥83.3 Hongmiao WWTP Inflow（mg/L） 250 120 150 25 30 3 Outflow（mg/L） ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5（8） ≤15 ≤0.5 Treatment rate（%） ≥80.0 ≥91.7 ≥93.3 ≥80.0 ≥50.0 ≥83.3

Figure IV.2: Location of Project WWTPs in Enshi

Source: PPTA Team from data in FSR

86. Wastewater treatment process. Both plants in Enshi City will adopt an Anerobic/Anoxic/Oxidation (A/A/O) process for secondary treatment, and flocculating sedimentation followed by filtration, disinfection and deodorizing for tertiary treatment. The process is illustrated in Figure IV.3. The same process is used in the Lichuan WWTP.

Blower unit

Coarse grid/ Influent Fine screen/ Improve Secondary Coagulation and Cloth filter/ Discharge influent pumping grit d A/A/O clarifier sedimentation UV station chamber disinfection

Recycled Sludge sludge

Sludge well

Waste sludge Restoration Dewatering Dehydration tank unit

Supernatant Leachate Influent stream Sludge processing and reuse

Figure IV.3: WWTP Process Diagram

87. Sludge treatment and disposal. The new Dashaba WWTP will include a sludge processing plant which will treat sewage sludge from all sewage plants in Enshi City. The design treatment process is the “continuous belt dewatering” process (Chapter VII–Analysis of Alternatives). The FSR reports that the total wastewater capacity of 16×104 m3/d in Enshi City in 2020 will produce 63 t/d of wet sludge (moisture content 80%). After advanced treatment, the sludge amount will be reduced to 28 t/d with a moisture content of 45%.

88. Currently, all sewage sludge in the two cities is sent to landfill for disposal after dewatering but with no further treatment. The equipment for advanced sludge treatment for Enshi City will be incorporated in the new Dashaba WWTP. It will have a capacity of 102 t/d (moisture content 80%), and will produce 37 t/d of treated sludge (moisture content 45%). The treated sludge will be used for cover earth in landfill at the Enshi City Municipal Solid Waste Yard.

5. WWTP: Lichuan City

89. The project will include the extension of the existing Lichuan WWTP providing an additional capacity of 50,000 m3/d. The extension will be located on available land adjoining the plant. The extension will increase the plant’s capacity and add tertiary treatment to raise the discharge quality from class 1B (currently) to class 1A. The location of the WWTP in Lichuan City is shown in Figure IV.4. The inflows and design outflows of the expanded Lichuan WWTP are shown in Table IV.5.

Table IV.5: Quality of raw wastewater and outflow of Hongmiao WWTP Parameter CODCr BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP Inflow（mg/L） 250 120 150 25 30 3

Outflow（mg/L） ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5（8） ≤15 ≤0.5 Treatment rate (%) ≥80.0 ≥91.7 ≥93.3 ≥80.0 ≥50.0 ≥83.3

Figure IV.4: Location of Lichuan WWTP Extension

Source: PPTA Team from data in FSR

90. Wastewater treatment process. This project adopts an Anerobic/Anoxic/Oxidation (A/A/O) process for secondary treatment, and flocculating sedimentation followed by filtration for tertiary treatment (Figure IV.3).

91. Sludge treatment and disposal. The total wastewater capacity of 7×104m3/d in Lichuan City in 2020 will produce 27.5 t/d of wet sludge (moisture content 80%). After treatment (using “continuous belt dewatering”, the sludge amount is reduced to 12.23 t/d which a moisture content of 45%. The equipment for sludge advanced treatment is already in the Lichuan WWTP. It has a capacity of 27.5 t/d (moisture content 80%), and will produce 12.23 t/d of treated sludge (moisture content 45%). The treated sludge from the Lichuan plant is currently used in municipal gardens and landscaping and cover earth in the Lichuan Municipal landfill depot. The additional treated sludge from the expanded WWTP will exceed the needs of civic landscaping and will all be used as cover earth at the municipal landfill.

6. WWTPs – Existing Facilities

92. Project WWTP constructions in Enshi and Lichuan include extensions to existing facilities. These are (i) Stage 2 of the existing Hongmiao WWTP in Enshi and (ii) Stage 2 of the existing Lichuan WWTP. The ETMAP EPB has advised that the domestic EIA for the existing Lichuan WWTP was approved on 5 August 2003 and that it has been operating in compliance since that time. The Stage 1 Hongmiao WWTP, which is currently under construction, received environmental approval on 29 September 2009.

7. Pilot Project on Non-point Source (NPS) Pollution

93. The project is implementing a 2-year non-point source (NPS) pollution pilot program to demonstrate methods to reduce the use of agricultural chemicals, establish an information system to track the amount of organic fertilizer purchased by local farmers, develop community regulations and practices on NPS, and strengthen solid waste collection. The program includes: (i) demonstrating and trialing best management practices (BMPs) to reduce NPS pollution caused by agricultural run-off, and (ii) increasing awareness and engagement of the local rural/agricultural community in efforts to improve water quality in the river by reducing pollution in areas that will not be covered by the new sewerage network but are major contributors of COD, TN and TP. The project includes a two-year water and soil quality monitoring program, to detect any changes which may occur during the project.

94. The pilot is focusing on a single village, Xinjie, 29 km upstream from the Enshi city center. Details of the development and planning of the pilot project are in DFR Supplementary Document: SD04 Draft 2-Year Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control Program for Pilot Community. There is no direct link of this pilot with the project civil works, as the village was the only one (of several contacted) which wished to be a pilot. Nonetheless, the pilot is intended to demonstrate measures which can be applied elsewhere in the project area.

C. Output 2: Enhanced Flood Management

95. Flood control and riverbank remediation will be undertaken through a combination of riverbed dredging to increase the flow capacity of waterways and construction of embankments to provide 1 in 20 year flood protection to all city areas and 1 in 50 year protection for built-up areas. Locations of dredging and embankment in Enshi and Lichuan are in Figures IV.5–IV.6.

Figure IV.5: Location of Dredging and Embankment Components in Enshi City

Figure IV.5a

Figure IV.5b

Figure IV.5c

Figure IV.5d

Source: Project FSR, August 2014

Figure IV.5a: Dredging and Embankment Components in Enshi North

Figure IV.5b: Dredging and Embankment Components in Enshi Midtown (1)

Figure IV.5c: Dredging and Embankment Components in Enshi Midtown (2)

Figure IV.5d: Dredging and Embankment Components in Enshi South

Figure IV.6: Location of Dredging and Embankment Components in Lichuan City

Figure IV.6c Figure IV.6a

Figure IV.6b

Source: Project FSR, August 2014

Figure IV.6a: Dredging and Embankment Components in Lichuan West

Figure IV.6b: Dredging and Embankment Components in Lichuan Midtown

Figure IV.6c: Dredging and Embankment Components in Lichuan East

1. Flood Control and Riverbank Remediation

96. In Enshi City a total of 66.3 km of riverbank will be engineered for flood contol and riverbank remediation in the form landscaped embankments. These works will provide protection for a 1 in 50 year flood event for the Qing River, and 1 in 20 year event protection for tributaries entering the Qing within Enshi City. These are listed in Table IV.6. Embankment types have been designed by the Design Institute to suit riverbank conditions, intended ecological role and available space. They are illustrated in Figure IV.7.

Table IV.6: Flood Control and Riverbank Remediation in Enshi Length of Flood Length of right Embankment River Extent left bank control bank (m) type (m) standard Hongqi Bridge to mouth of A1, A2, B1, B2, Qing 4706 4644 Daishui River 1 in 50 B3 Shiziyan (Enshi No.2 Middle years A1, A2, B1, B2, Qing 609 675 School) to Lianzhu Bridge B3 Shuangyantang Village to Daishui 7175 7187 A!, A2, B1, C mouth of Qing River Daishui; Jiupan Jinlong Bridge to mouth of 674 663 A1, B1 Ditch Daishui River Daishui; Jianshe Avenue to mouth of 258 249 A1, B1 Xiangshui Ditch Daishui River Source to the south gate of Longdong 4033 4002 A1, A2, B1, B3, C Nationalities College Behind Wuyang Middle 1 in 20 Longdong 0 137 B3 School years Jinshan Avenue to mouth of Yulong 1145 1157 A1, B1 Longdong River Sha Whole river 10220 10215 A1, A2, B1, B2 River mouth to 2 km point Longjia 2012 2011 A1, A2 upstream River mouth to Yueliangyan Gaoqiao 1708 1799 A1, B1, C Power Transformer station Gaojing Shinanmingdu Section 365 373 A1, A2, B1

97. In Lichuan City a total of 49.3 km of riverbank will be engineered for flood contol and riverbank remediation in the form landscaped embankments. These works will provide protection for a 1 in 20 year flood event for the Qing River and tributaries entering the Qing within Lichuan City area. These are listed in Table IV.7.

Table IV.7: Flood Control and Riverbank Remediation in Lichuan Length of Length of Flood Control Embankment River Scope Left Bank Right Bank Standard Type (m) (m) Sanduxia to upstream of Qing 9610 9274 A1, A2, B1, C Ximen Bridge 200 m downstream of Ximen Qing 2492 2525 A1, A2, B1, C Bridge to Huangshi Bridge Guojiacitang (Shanmu Weir) Sandao 4884 4857 A1, A2, B1, C to river mouth 1 in 20 years Qinglong Bridge to river Yuanbao 6027 6382 A1, A2, B1, C mouth 6# group of Muzhan Village Guilong and 3# group of Zhamu 1686 1679 A1, B1 Village to river mouth

Figure IV.7: Embankment Types Type A1: Criss-crossing concrete slope with grass planting (“green concrete”). This type is for the protection of farmland.

Type A2: Broken slope between green concrete and sloping turfed areas – surplanted by pedestrian and bike tracks. This applies to open bank areas with moderate slope.

Type B1: Stone masonry revetment and turf combination. This applies to steep slopes where protection is required for buildings and residents.

Type B2: Stone masonry retaining wall above a green concrete revetment of 1: 3 slope with a 3m wide platform to grow aquatic plants. This type is cut into a steep slope, with fill behind the retaining wall for the amenity of local residents.

Type B3: reinforced concrete retaining wall, with fill behind between 5 m spaced concrete buttresses. Only to protect specific assets - for steep banks abutting residential buildings subject to destabilizing river erosion and undercutting due to high velocity water.

Type C: Combination of riprap beach, low gabion wall and green concrete slope with planting. A small wall bounds a level landscaped area for the amenity of nearby residents. Suitable for wide banks subject to erosion.

2. River Dredging

98. In Enshi City, the total length of planned river dredging is 51 km, and the total wet volume of dredge spoil will be 607,877 m3. The dredging will be five months duration, and the dredging and sludge treatment capacity is 2,500 m3/d. The treatment method will be separation of garbage (for landfill disposal) and dewatering of silt by continuous belt dewatering machine. The runoff water will be treated with aluminum potassium sulfate polyacrylamide as a flocculant.4 This has a removal efficiency of 83.3% of COD and 76.9% of turbidity from the supernatant.5 Nutrients, predominantly phosphorus and ammonium nitrate (NH3-N), will remain in the supernatant and be returned to the river as tailings water. Each site will process about 300 m3 dredge spoil per day, resulting in 100 m3 per day after dewatering. The dewatered and treated dredge spoil will be transported to the Enshi Municipal Landfill for disposal. Table IV.8 lists the Enshi dredging sections. Figure IV.5 shows their locations.

Table IV.8: River Dredging in the Enshi Section of Qing River and Tributaries Length Area Average Wet Volume Dry Volume River Scope 2 3 3 (m) (m ) Depth (m) (m ) (m ) Xiakou Bridge to Lianzhu Qing 14307 1716835 0.28 480714 160238 Bridge Shuangyantang Village to Diashui 7193 374036 0.15 56105 18701 confluence with Qing River Jiupan Jinlong Bridge to confluence 687 4466 0.1 447 149 Ditch with Daishui River

4 A substance that causes colloids (aggregates) to come out of solution; here, sediment in the liquid dredge spoil. 5Clear liquid above sediment or precipitate.

Length Area Average Wet Volume Dry Volume River Scope 2 3 3 (m) (m ) Depth (m) (m ) (m ) 50 m upstream of Jianshe Xiangshui avenue to confluence with 287 1148 0.1 115 38 Ditch Daishui River Longdong Village to Longdong Longdong 9334 121342 0.25 30336 10112 River Mouth of Yulong River to Yulong 1206 3015 0.2 603 201 Jinshan Avenue Mouth of Sha and Longdong Sha 10220 64386 0.3 19316 6438 Rivers to the source River mouth to 1.92 km Longjia 2096 4192 0.32 1341 447 upstream Yueliangyan transformer Gaoqiao substation to confluence with 1927 48753 0.1 4875 1625 Qing River Liangcha River to confluence Gaojing 3801 46752 0.3 14026 4675 with Qing River Total 51058 2384925 607877 202625 Source: Project FSR, August 2014

99. In Lichuan City, the total length of the river dredging is 30 km, and the total wet volume of dredge spoil will be 352,415 m3. The designed process duration is five months, and the dredging and sludge treatment capacity is about calculated at about 2,500 m3/d. The treatment method will be the same as for Enshi (dewatering and treatment of runoff water with flocculants). After treatment the amount of dredge spoil will be reduced to one third of its original volume.The planned disposal method is for the dewatered and treated dredge spoil to be transported to the Lichuan Municipal Landfill. Table IV.9 specifies the dredging sections for Lichuan and Figure IV.6 shows their locations.

Table IV.9: River Dredging in the Lichuan Section of Qing River and its Tributaries – length, area, and average depth of dredging and wet volume of dredge spoil Length Area Average Depth Wet Volume Dry Volume River Scope 2 3 3 (m) (m ) (m) (m ) (m ) Sanduxia to Huangshi Qing 11927 417445 0.45 187850 62616 Bridge Huangshi Bridge to No.2 Qing 5356 321360 0.4 128544 42848 Tenglong Bridge Guojiacitang (Shamuyan) Sandao 4580 38930 0.25 9733 3244 to river mouth Qinglong Bridge to Yuanbao confluence with Qing 5952 77376 0.3 23213 7737 River Zhamu Village to Huilong confluence with Qing 2050 12300 0.25 3075 1025 ditch River Total 29,865 867,411 352,415 117471

Source: Project FSR, August 2014

100. Dredging methods. (i) In the small river tributaries where flow and water depth is low, the dredging will be undertaken using cofferdam diversions of the water, to maintain water flow, and working in the dry riverbed, section-by-section. A long arm backhoe or excavator will operate on the riverbed, removing sediment and depositing it directly onto trucks for the short haul to temporary storage and treatment sites. Where excavators cannot operate, manual labout will be employed. (ii) In the Qing River mainstream and the larger tributaries (Daishe and Yandao Rivers) underwater dredging will be employed. The excavated material

will be pumped from the dredger pontoon through pipes to the riverbank storageand treatment sites (if nearby) or trucks for short haul transport to the storage sites.

101. The underwater dredging will be undertaken section-by-section to reduce impact on the waterway by disturbed silt. The “West Lake” suction dredge cutter head recommended in the domestic EIA Report will be adopted. This design of suction dredger has a design SS dispersion range of 15m after during operation.

102. Disposal in landfill. The Enshi and Lichuan Municipal Landfill stations are managed by the Enshi and Lichuan Environment and Sanitation Bureaus. Both bureaus have confirmed that: (i) the capacity of both landfill sites (900,000 m3 and 1,326,000 m3 respectively) is sufficient to receive the total dry volume of the project dredge spoil for Enshi and Lichuan (202,626 m3 and 106,800 m3 respectively); (ii) as per PRC law, both sites are required to comply with Design Standard for Control of Leachate from Landfill (CJJ17-2001), including the maintenance of an impermeable layer; and (iii) leachate runoff will be collected through small constructed channels in the landfill pit, subjected to pre-treatment in an on-site holding pond, then sent to the wastewater treatment plants (via existing pipelines) for final treatment.

3. Dredge Spoil Temporary Storage and Treatment Sites

103. There are five riverbank sites in Enshi and three in Lichuan for the temporary storage and dewatering of sediment from the dredging operations in the Qing mainstream and tributaries. These sites are between 3000 and 4000 m2. Each will accommodate, over the five month dredging period, an average total of 100,000 m3 of wet dredge spoil. The daily processing rate (including dredging and on-shore treatment) will be 2,500 m3 per day. The dried and treated sediment will be continuously hauled away from the sites by trucks for disposal. The sites are listed in Table IV.10. Locations are shown in Figures IV.8 and IV.9. All sites have been approved by the ETMAP Environmental Protection Department.

Table IV.10: Dredge Spoil Temporary Storage and Treatment Sites Site Location Dredging Sites Serviced Enshi City 1 Ai's House Field: right bank, upstream Longdong River Dredge spoil from Longdong and Yulong Rivers 2 Yantang Cove: right bank of Sha River Dredge spoil from Sha River and its tributary Longjiawan River 3 Right bank of Daishui River opposite Caersyan Hill Dredge spoil from Daishui River and tributaries 4 Riverside cropping land of Dalongtan Village Group 1 Dredge spoil from upstream Qing River 5 Lianzhu bridge: junction of Gaoqiao / Qing Rivers Dredge spoil from downstream Qing River Lichuan City 1 Right bank, Qing River, near Longtan Village Group 2 Dredge spoil from upstream Qing River 2 Right bank, Qing River, upstream of Sandao / Qing Dredge spoil from Sandao River, Huilonggu Rivers junction, near Muzhan Village Group 2 River and midstream Qing River 3 Right bank of Qing River, upstream of junction with Dredge spoil from Yuanbao River and Yuanbao River, Shanmucun Village Group 1 downstream Qing River

104. The domestic waste landfill site of Enshi City is located in Jiugangling village area, Gaoqiaoba County, Liujiaoting Town, 8.5 km from the city. The domestic waste landfill site for Lichuan is located in the Dongcheng administrative village area, Yangliu County, 5 km from the city centre of Lichuan. The frequency of truck journeys is calculated at eight return trips per site per day over the 5 month dredging period at both Enshi and Lichuan. Haulage journeys to these disposal sites are listed in Table IV.11 and shown in Figs. IV.8–IV.9.

Table IV.11: Dredge Spoil Haulage Journeys Site Site Distance Route to Landfill

to Landfill Enshi 1 Daishui River and 23.9 km 318 National Road-Qifeng Road-Tusi Road-Gongnong Road- Eryan Mountain Hangkong Road-Yeting Road-Longlingong Road-Landfill site 2 Daishui River mouth 19.5 km 318 National Road-Qifeng Road-Tusi Road-Gongnong Road- Hangkong Road-Yeting Road-Longlingong Road-Landfill site 3 Sha River 17.8 km Jinziba Road-Tuqiao Road-Wuyang Road-Gongnong Road- Hangkong Road-Yeting Road-Longlingong Road-Landfill site 4 Longdong River 13.0 km Longdong River Road-Tuqiao Road-Wuyang Road-Gongnong Road-Hangkong Road-Yeting Road-Longlingong Road-Landfill site 5 Gaoqiao River 7.3 km Bagong River Road-Longlingong Road-Landfill site Lichuan 1 Yuanbao River mouth 3.5 km Liangqiao Road-Tenglong Road-Dongcheng Road-landfill site 2 Yuanbao River mouth 5.9 km Qing River Road-Dongcheng Road-Landfill site 3 Qing River-Longtan 7.0 km Pushuang Road-Puan Road-West city Road-Qing River Great Bridge Brige-East City Road-Landfill site Source: LDI report, September 2014

Figure IV.8: Temporary Dredge Spoil Storage and Treatment Sites and Haulage Routes – Enshi Source: LDI report, September 2014

Figure IV.9: Temporary Dredge Spoil Storage and Treatment Sites and Haulage Routes – Lichuan Source: LDI report, September 2014

4. Non-structural Flood Control Measures

105. Both Enshi and Lichuan city governments have established a “Flash Flood Disaster Monitoring and Warning System”. Under this program, six meteorological stations and one county-level rainstorm warning platform have been constructed. Under the project, an integrated flood early warning system for Enshi and Lichuan will be included in the consulting services for the project as one of the key non-structural measures. This will build on the current hydrological data and monitoring system, adding: (i) forecasting and warning services over a wider area (to cover all city areas); (ii) communications and warning facilities for residents; (iii) emergency response plans; and (iv) improved institutional capabilities for the operating units. The technical specifications of the system will include an IT operation platform and a decision-support system which integrates flood warning and forecast services and spatial meteorological and hydrological networks in real time.

106. The project will also assist the Enshi and Lichuan city governments to identify potential approaches for improved land use planning and development controls in flood- prone areas. This may include adjustment of the existing flood and river management master plans based on results of flood risk mapping and incorporation of land use controls in local regulations. The specifications and planning for these non-structural flood control programs are described in the DFR and DFR Supplementary Document SD02: Flood Management Technical Analysis. Review of the master plans will also help include climate change considerations. During the project preparation phase, the consultant team made presentations to the executing agency on flood risks, predicted climate change, and the importance of including flood risk mapping in the master plans to inform land use planning. These issues were also emphasized to the government by the ADB team in the reconnaissance mission i.e. since the earliest stage of project planning. The government initially did not wish to consider these issues for the project but subsequently: (i) agreed that these additional reviews will be included in the project; (ii) clarified that existing structures along the river will not be removed (including due to relocation expenses) but future development will seek to avoid the riverbanks and flood-risk zones.

5. River Maintenance Program

107. The project will assist the Water Resource and Aquatic Products Bureaus in Enshi and Lichuan to develop river maintenance programs for the rivers and channels to be rehabilitated. Assistance will include capacity building and institutional development. Activities covered by the capacity building will include inspection and repair of embankments, removing flow obstructions, clearing overgrowth of floating vegetation, and managing riverbank vegetation. The program will also include procedures for identifiying and reporting on harmful activities to the rivers including (i) reduce the capacity of the rivers, (ii) interfering with water flow, (iii) polluting the water (e.g. unauthorized construction and encroachment, illegal dumping of solid waste, and wastewater discharges).

108. The project will assist the PMO and local governments to establish community environmental supervision and flood management teams (CESFMT) to raise awareness of: (i) early flood warning and response in pilot communities in Enshi and Lichuan; and (ii) improper disposal of solid waste (to avoid disposal in the river). Teams will be set up in a total of eight pilot communities that are seriously affected by flooding (three urban and one rural in each city). Activities will include relocation of neighborhood garbage disposal sites, development of community-funded garbage collection and disposal systems, cooperation with the local sanitation bureaus for provision of large disposal bins and more frequent garbage collection and public awareness-raising.

6. Wetland Creation

109. In Enshi City, two wetlands will be constructed. One on the Sha River, 500 m upstream of the junction of Longjiawan Stream and Shahe River and the other on the southern side of Longfeng Transformer Station on the Daishui River. Wetland construction on the Sha River includes widening the river channel and formation of a gradually deepening riverbed to provide a gradation of wetland habitats, planted with local wetland plant species. The small wetland on the southern side of Daishui River and Longfeng Electricity Substation will be built as a narrow fringing wetland along the base of the bank comprising mainly reed beds. In both cases, the terrestrial edges will be landscaped with native trees, shrubs and grassland species abutting the wetland with lawns, tracks and picnic areas on the landward side.

110. In Lichuan City, wetlands to be constructed include a midstream island wetland at the junction of Yuanbao and Qing Rivers, a fringing wetland in association with a waterfront plaza on the western bank of Huilong Ditch just before it meets the Qing River, and a fringing wetland at the junction of Sandao and Qing Rivers. The midstream island wetland will include terrestrial forest, shrubs, and riparian vegetation and reeds. The fringing wetlands will comprise reedbeds and aquatic plants.

111. Constructed wetland locations are shown in Figures IV.5–IV.6. A typical cross-section design for the project constructed wetlands, including plant species and a gradation of aquatic-to-terrestrial habitats, is in Figure IV.10.

Table IV.12: Constructed Wetlands Location Construction Area (m2) Enshi City River widened, forming open On Sha River, 500 m upstream of junction Longjia waters and extensive wetland 36287 and Sha Rivers areas South side of Longfeng transformer substation of Construction of fringing wetlands 2168 Daishui River Lichuan City Central island in river mouth where Yuanbao River Island wetland in Qing River 8502 flows into Qing River midstream East side of river mouth where Sandao River flows Construction of fringing wetlands 1115 into Qing River West side of river mouth where Huilong Ditch flows Fringing wetland in association with 800 into Qing River a waterfront plaza

Figure IV.10: Typical Cross-section of a Constructed Wetland

112. The planned wetlands have been sited in the concave of river bends and confluences with tributaries. Here where there is relatively calm water, a range of micro-elevations can be established to ensure that with the rising and falling of the river level, there will still be a mix of shallows and deeper water.

7. Ancillary Facilities of River Rehabilitation

113. These are landscape and recreational facilities associated with the river embankments. They comprise open paved areas for community events and group recreation (“waterside plaza”), open grassed areas for passive recreation, piers and waterfront viewing platforms, decorative ponds and pedestrian bridges.

Table IV.13: Ancillary Facilities Location Construction Area (m2) Enshi City 500 m upstream of Longjia River to the intersection Waterfront plaza 6019 of Longjia and Sha Rivers, on the east bank South side of Longfeng transformer substation of Waterfront plaza, in association 4401 Daishui River with fringing wetlands About 2000 m upstream of Sha River to the Waterfront lawn 2707 intersection of Longjia and Sha Rivers Lichuan City Central island in the river mouth where Yuanbao Pedestrian bridge to island 250 River flows into Qing River Both banks of the upstream of Huangshi Bridge Waterfront plaza 22320 West side of river mouth where Huilong Ditch flows Waterfront plaza 2186 into Qing River East side of the river mouth where Sandao River Waterfront platform, in association 1116 flows into Qing River with fringing wetlands

8. Lichuan Water Source Protection Zone

114. Works in support of the water source protection zone of Lichuan No.1 water treatment plant will include protection of the riverbanks from unauthorized use and disturbance as well as closing current untreated sewage drains which discharge into the river. After these works, the water source protection zone will be extended to 3000 m upstream (an additional 2000

m) and to 700 m downstream (an additional 500 m) from the intake. Table IV.15 details the works. Figure IV.10 shows the existing zone and the extensions to the source protection zone. Expansion of the water source protection zone will not cause any resettlement or economic displacement: the regulations relate specifically to prohibiting discharge of waste into the river and use of the channel itself.

Table IV.15: Water Source Protection Zone Water Source Protection Area Construction Quantity Remark Upstream Downstream Riverbank Integrated with rehabilitation and 5,000 m riverbank stabilisation engineering Height of the Riverbank 5,000 m separation barrier is Additional 2,000 m Additional 500 m separation barrier 1.8 m upstream from the downstream from the Integrated with Qing existing 1000 m existing 200 m protection 2 Greening 5,000 m River riverbank protection zone zone landscaping Integrated with Closure of existing Lichuan wastewater raw sewage n/a interception drainage ditch component Source: Project FSR, August 2014

Figure IV.10: Changes to Water Source Protection Zone, Lichuan City

Source: LDI report, September 2014

D. Landscaping Supplies and Technique

115. Conceptual landscape designs and allocation of embankment types to specific localities has enabled the Design Institute to identify quantities of nursery stock which will be required (Tables IV.16–IV.17). Landscaping of the riverbank embankments and wetlands will comprise native species, including those listed in section V.C.2 as part of the existing

remnant natural vegetation of the project area. Contractors will acquire landscape supplies from local nurseries and suppliers as part of materials procurement.

Table IV.16: Landscape Species and Quantities for Wetlands and Riverbank Facilities Area (m2) Species Planting Density Enshi Lichuan Aquatic Plants Floating Macrophytes Nymphaea tetragona 1-2head /m2 3382 1691 Trapa natans 20/ m2 1660 840 Nelumbo nucifera 9/ m2 1500 765 Ipomoea aquatica 25/ m2 765 378 Emergent Aquatic Plants Phragmites australis 4/ m2 1224 612 Acorus calamus 5-10bud/ m2 1692 815 Typha orientalis 6/ m2 2330 1081 Canna indica 6/ m2 1216 610 Scirpus triqueter 9/m2 2154 1089 Lythrum salicaria 12-16bundles/ m2 1235 610 Scirpus validus 12-16bundles/ m2 2325 1160 Thalia dealbata 4/ m2 1875 652 Arundo donax var. versicolor 1-2bundles/ m2 2330 1177 Iris tectorum 6/m2 2330 1048 Submerged Plants Potamogeton malaianus 3-4bud/bundle, 20－30bundles/ m2 3319 1660 Ceratophyllum demersum 20/ m2 2351 1107 Hydrilla verticillata 10-15bud bundle,10bundles/ m2 1897 965 Vallisneria natans 40/ m2 2681 1189 Terrestial Plants 2 Malus halliana 30/ m 2510 1255 Cercis chinensis 30/ m2 1687 844 Buxus sinica 30s/ m2 2885 1561 Metasequoia glyptostroboides According to landscape design 147 plants 77 plants Pterocarya stenoptera According to landscape design 196 plants 1255 plants Crytomerya japonica According to landscape design 99 plants 844 plants Total landscaped area 47760 28180 Source: LDI advice, October 2014

Table IV.17: Landscape Species and Quantities for Embankments Area (m2) Species Planting Density Enshi and Lichuan* Aquatic Plants Floating Macrophytes Nymphaea tetragona 1-2head /m2 6600 Trapa natans 20/ m2 7400 Emergent Aquatic Plants Phragmites australis 4/ m2 4896 Acorus calamus 5-10bud/ m2 6768 Typha orientalis 6/ m2 8354 Canna indica 6/ m2 4877 Scirpus triqueter 9/m2 8620 Lythrum salicaria 12-16bundles/ m2 4940 Scirpus validus 12-16bundles/ m2 2325 Thalia dealbata 4/ m2 9377 Arundo donax var. versicolor 1-2bundles/ m2 9125 Iris tectorum 6/m2 8978 Submerged Plants Potamogeton malaianus 3-4bud/bundle, 20－30bundles/ m2 9957 Ceratophyllum demersum 20/ m2 6915 Hydrilla verticillata 10-15bud bundle,10bundles/ m2 5689

Area (m2) Species Planting Density Enshi and Lichuan* Vallisneria natans 40/ m2 8043 Terrestial Plants 2 Malus halliana 30/ m 12558 Cercis chinensis 30/ m2 8467 Buxus sinica 30/ m2 14425 Metasequoia glyptostroboides According to detailed landscape design 1220 plants Pterocarya stenoptera According to detailed landscape design 850 plants Crytomerya japonica According to detailed landscape design 1080 plants Photinia parviflora According to detailed landscape design 1100 plants Acer palmatum According to detailed landscape design 960 plants Cinnamomum camphora According to detailed landscape design 1450 plants Lawn Bermuda + Lolium perene 60695

Total landscaped area 164405 *Enshi and Lichuan have the same areas of wetlands and landscaped facilities. Source: LDI, October 2014

116. The Enshi and Lichuan City Garden Bureaus will be the operating and maintenance units for the landscaping and natural habitats of the embankments and wetlands. The IA for the project has engaged these bureaus to also supervise the planting and layouts of the wetlands, riverbank facilities and embankments. Following the recommendations from the PPTA team, on 29 October 2014 the PMO advised that for the construction phase of the project it will strengthen the the existing technical expertise of the City Garden Bureaus by hiring a technical consultant with riverine ecology expertise to work with them.

E. Land Requirements

117. The revised FSR summarizes the land take, both permanent and temporary, for all project components (Table IV.18).

Table IV.18: Land Requirements for Project Components Area Land Take (ha) Location Project Output Project Component (ha) Permanent Temporary Water Pollution Pipe Network 19.36 19.36 Treatment System WWTP 6.41 6.41 River Dredging riverbed 238.49 238.49 Comprehensive River Embankment 29.73 29.73 Enshi Improvement Riverbank Facilities and Wetlands 5.16 5.16 City Construction Site Areas 1.77 1.77 Temporary Dredge Spoil Storage and Treatment Areas 1.53 1.53 Construction Access Roads 0.32 0.32 Subtotal 302.77 60.98 241.79 Water Pollution Pipe Network System 12.75 12.75 Treatment System WWTP 4.34 4.34 River Dredging riverbed 86.74 86.74 Lichuan Comprehensive River Embankment 30.52 30.52 City Improvement Riverbank Facilities and wetlands 4.23 4.23 Construction Site Areas 1.14 1.14 Temporary Dredge Spoil Storage and Treatment Areas 1.21 1.21 Subtotal 140.93 51.84 89.09 Total 443.70 112.82 330.88 Source: Project FSR revised August 2014

V. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA)

A. Sub-Regional Environmental Setting

1. Climate

118. The climate of Enshi and Lichuan is humid subtropical monsoon characterized by high levels of precipitation and humidity and low summer heat. The mountainous setting results in plentiful fog, cloud and low annual sunshine days (Table V.1).

Table V.1: Climate Indicators Parameter Enshi City Lichuan City Average annual temperature 16.2 oC 16.7 oC Average annual rainfall 1470 mm 1600 mm Average annual humidity 81% - Average annual sunshine 1212 hours 1409 hours Rainy season May-September Peak rain time June-July

2. Geology

119. The Enshi-Lichuan area is located in the northwestern part of the Sichuan-Hunan Depression. The surface geology of the area is entirely made up of uplifted and heavily eroded sedimentary strata from the Silurian to the Recent (Triassic) periods. Limestone predominates, with karst formations of cliffs, caves and tunnels in the mountainous areas surrounding both cities. Limestone is the soil parent material of approximately 65% of the ETMAP area, with Silurian shale over about about 15% of the area and quartz sandstone and sandstone over another 8%. The remainder is a mosaic of deep alluvium and red sandstone alone the wider river valleys including the city areas of Enshi and Lichuan.

3. Landform

120. The Enshi region is made up of the Wushan Mountain in the north, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast and middle belonging to the Miaoling group, and the Dalou mountains in the west. Due to the effect of neotectonic movement, large areas of steep sided mountains formed with local fault depressions. Weathering has lead to a multistage surface fault basin and precipitous valleys. The peaks are highest in the northeast part of the prefecture at 3000 m. Over most of the area, elevations range from 1200 to 2000 m. The river valleys where the cities of Enshi and Lichuan are located have river plain areas of varying width and secondary river terraces, providing a layered landform suitable for cropping and orcharding.

4. The Qing River Basin

121. The Qing River originates from Longdonggou in Wangying Town at the eastern side of Qiyue Mountain, passes through Shiba, Wangying, Liangwu, Datang, Yuanbao and the Lichuan urban area. Downstream from Lichuan the river flows underground for 9 km until Heitong. After a series of gorges, it passes through the urban area of Enshi municipality, Badong and Changyang counties then joins the Yangtze River in Yidu Municipality. It is 423 km long and has a drainage area of 17,322 km2. Its route in relation to the Yangtze River is shown in Figure V.1. The route between Lichuan and Enshi is shown in Figure V.2.

HUBEI Yangzte River (3 Gorges Dam section)

Qing River Wuhan

Enshi Lichuan

Figure V.1: Location of Qing River and Project Cities

Figure V.2: Qing River between Lichuan and Enshi and Downstream of Enshi

122. Qing River in Enshi City. The Qing River renters Enshi City through Dalongtan Reservoir in the north, then flows south through the city passing through Hongmiao Development Zone, Xiaoduchuan, Wuyang Weir, and Liujiating. The length of this reach is 11 km. The Enshi hydrometric station covers 2,928 km2 or 17.5% of Qing River’s total catchment area, the average annual discharge is 85.2 m3/s, the corresponding runoff is 2.69 billion m3, and annual precipitation is 1515 mm. Enshi’s ground elevation is 415-419 m. 47

There are four tributaries, including Daishui River at the left bank of Qing River, Longdong River at the left bank, Daoqiao River and Bagongxi River at the right bank.

123. Daishui River. Primary tributary of the left bank of the Qing River, which originates from the watershed between Enshi and Sichuan Province, flows through Taiyang, Baiyang, Longma, and Longfeng towns, and joins the Qing River at Xiaolongtan 7 km upstream of the Enshi section. The catchment area is 308 km2, river length is 39.1 km and channel gradient is 10.6%. The river consists of two branches, the Huishui River and Qingshui River.

124. Longdong River. Originates in the Yuxiandong area of Dashuya town and joins the Qing River at Guanpo Village of Wuyangba Town. Its catchment area is 38.5 km2, river length is 15.3 km and main channel gradient is 1.86%.

125. Gaoqiao River. Originates from Maozidong Village of Gaoqiaoba Town, and joins the Qing River at the South Gate Bridge of Liujiaoting. Its catchment area is 147.3 km2, river length is 12.2 km, and main channel gradient is 14.9%.

126. Qing River in Lichuan City. The Qing River mainstream enters Lichuan from Sandu Gorge Reservoir with a total length of 18.74 km, including 10.55 km from Sandu Gorge Reservior to West Gate Bridge, 2.83 km from West Gate Bridge to Huangshi Bridge (where Sandaohe tributary joins), and 5.36 km from Huangshi Bridge to Tenglong Bridge (where Huilonggou and Yuanbao tributary joins). The catchment area of Qing River mainstream is 571.3 km2 upstream of West Gate Bridge, 716 km2 upstream of Yuanbao River estuary, and 818 km2 upstream of Tenglong Bridge. The catchment areas of Sandao River, Huilonggou River and Yuanbao tributaries are 78.7 km2, 45.1 km2 and 101.4 km2 respectively.

B. Physical Environment at the Project Sites

1. Ambient Air Quality at all Project Sites

127. Monitoring of atmospheric environmental quality was conducted by the Enshi Prefecture Environment Monitoring Station. There were seven monitoring sites for each WWTP, with 21 sites in total. Monitoring was continuous over seven days (12-18 May 2014). The results are listed in Table V.2.

Table V.2: Result of Air Quality Monitoring Monitoring Concentration range mg/m3 Standard value* Sample Pollutant 3 location Min Max mg/m Proposed Hongmiao WWTP Phase II 800m upwind SO2 0.019 0.024 0.15 Average daily value of proposed NO2 0.009 0.012 0.08 PM 0.052 0.076 0.3 Hongmiao 10 NH 0.03 0.05 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.003 0.006 0.01 800m SO2 0.018 0.023 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.007 0.013 0.08 proposed PM10 0.049 0.062 0.3 NH 0.05 0.062 0.2 Hongmiao One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.003 0.006 0.01 800m side of SO2 0.019 0.022 0.15 Average daily value proposed NO2 0.01 0.013 0.08 PM 0.05 0.075 0.3 Hongmiao 10 NH 0.04 0.06 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.003 0.006 0.01 SO 0.018 0.023 0.15 800m side of Average daily value 2 NO2 0.007 0.012 0.08 48

3 Monitoring Concentration range mg/m Standard value* Sample Pollutant 3 location Min Max mg/m proposed PM10 0.048 0.062 0.3 NH 0.04 0.07 0.2 Hongmiao One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.002 0.005 0.01 1200m SO2 0.018 0.022 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.01 0.013 0.08 proposed PM10 0.049 0.061 0.3 Hongmiao One-time value NH3 0.04 0.06 0.2 WWTP H2S 0.002 0.004 0.01 1600m SO2 0.018 0.021 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.008 0.011 0.08 proposed PM10 0.05 0.07 0.3 Hongmiao One-time value NH3 0.05 0.06 0.2 WWTP H2S 0.002 0.005 0.01 SO2 0.018 0.022 0.15 Xiaolongtan Average daily value NO2 0.009 0.012 0.08 Village PM10 0.049 0.061 0.3 (180m) One-time value NH3 0.04 0.06 0.2 H2S 0.003 0.005 0.01 Proposed Dashaba WWTP 800m upwind SO2 0.019 0.022 0.15 Average daily value of proposed NO2 0.008 0.012 0.08 PM 0.052 0.072 0.3 Dashaba 10 NH 0.02 0.05 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.003 0.006 0.01 800m SO2 0.018 0.023 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.008 0.011 0.08 proposed PM10 0.049 0.062 0.3 NH 0.04 0.06 0.2 Dashaba One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.003 0.006 0.01 800m side of SO2 0.018 0.021 0.15 Average daily value proposed NO2 0.008 0.012 0.08 PM 0.049 0.061 0.3 Dashaba 10 NH 0.05 0.05 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.003 0.006 0.01 800m side of SO2 0.019 0.023 0.15 Average daily value proposed NO2 0.007 0.012 0.08 PM 0.048 0.062 0.3 Dashaba 10 NH 0.04 0.07 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.004 0.006 0.01 1200m SO2 0.018 0.022 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.01 0.013 0.08 proposed PM10 0.049 0.075 0.3 Dashaba One-time value NH3 0.04 0.08 0.2 WWTP H2S 0.002 0.004 0.01 1600m SO2 0.018 0.02 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.007 0.012 0.08 proposed PM10 0.05 0.061 0.3 Dashaba One-time value NH3 0.04 0.06 0.2 WWTP H2S 0.002 0.005 0.01 SO2 0.018 0.02 0.15 Tanjiaba Average daily value NO2 0.009 0.013 0.08 Village PM10 0.05 0.061 0.3 (184m) One-time value NH3 0.04 0.06 0.2 H2S 0.003 0.005 0.01 Proposed Lichuan WWTP Phase II 800m upwind SO2 0.019 0.024 0.15 Average daily value NO 0.007 0.012 0.08 of proposed 2 PM10 0.048 0.072 0.3 49

3 Monitoring Concentration range mg/m Standard value* Sample Pollutant 3 location Min Max mg/m Lichuan NH 0.03 0.05 0.2 One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.003 0.007 0.01 800m SO2 0.018 0.023 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.01 0.012 0.08 proposed PM10 0.049 0.062 0.3 NH 0.05 0.07 0.2 Lichuan One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.004 0.007 0.01 800m side of SO2 0.018 0.022 0.15 Average daily value proposed NO2 0.009 0.012 0.08 PM 0.05 0.071 0.3 Lichuan 10 NH 0.04 0.06 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.004 0.006 0.01 800m side of SO2 0.018 0.023 0.15 Average daily value proposed NO2 0.009 0.012 0.08 PM 0.059 0.075 0.3 Lichuan 10 NH 0.04 0.07 0.2 WWTP One-time value 3 H2S 0.004 0.006 0.01 1200m SO2 0.018 0.021 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.007 0.013 0.08 proposed PM10 0.049 0.061 0.3 NH 0.04 0.06 0.2 Lichuan One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.002 0.006 0.01 1600m SO2 0.018 0.021 0.15 downwind of Average daily value NO2 0.01 0.013 0.08 proposed PM10 0.052 0.076 0.3 NH 0.04 0.05 0.2 Lichuan One-time value 3 WWTP H2S 0.004 0.006 0.01 Group 9 of SO2 0.019 0.023 0.15 Average daily value Guandong NO2 0.008 0.012 0.08 PM 0.052 0.062 0.3 Village 10 NH 0.04 0.06 0.2 (200m) One-time value 3 H2S 0.003 0.005 0.01 *Class II Standard (Residential Areas) of Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012).

128. The results show that in the project area, the daily average concentration of NO2, SO2, and PM10 meet the requirement of “Ambient Air Quality Standards” (GB3095-2012), and that the ambient levels of NH3 and H2S meets the allowable concentration standards in residential areas in “Design sanitary standard of Industrial Enterprises (TJ 36-79)”.

2. Noise Environment

129. Enshi Prefecture Monitoring Station monitored ambient noise levels around the existing WWTPs in Enshi and Lichuan and at the site of the proposed Dashaba WWTP in Enshi City. Monitoring was conducted 16-19 April 2014 for four consecutive days (Table V.3).

Table V.3: Result Of Noise Monitoring unit：dB(A) Daytime Nighttime Monitoring site 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Hongmiao WWTP 46.5 47.2 48.4 45.5 39.6 40.2 40.2 40.0 Proposed Dashaba WWTP area 46.0 47.0 46.3 48.2 40.0 41.2 40.9 39.5 Lichuan WWTP 45.0 46.1 47.4 46.2 38.7 44.0 38.4 40.0 No. 9 Group of Guandong Village 44.7 41.4 GB3096-2008 Class II Standard 60 50

130. Monitoring results show that the noise at the project site monitoring sites during both daytime and nighttime meet the requirement of Environmental quality standard for noise GB3096-2008 Class II, appropriate for residential areas. It also meets EHS guidelines.

3. Water Quality

131. Water monitoring was conducted by the Enshi Prefecture Monitoring Station in April 2014 in the river sections to be improved, including Qing River in Enshi City, Daishui River, Gaoqiao River, Gaojing River, Longdong River, Yulong River, Longjiawan River, Sha River, Jiupangou River, tributary of Daishui River near by Longfeng transformer station, Qing River in Lichuan City, Sandao River, Huilonggou River and Yuanbao River. Sampling and analysis were conducted according to” Technical Specifications Requirements for Monitoring of Surface Water and Waste Water” (HJ/T91-2002).

Table V.4: Surface Water Monitoring (mg/l) Fecal Monitoring section pH* DO BOD5 COD NH3-N TP TN oil coliform *103/l Enshi 500m upstream of drain outlet of Hongmiao 0.57 0.74 0.38 0.45 0.78 0.56 1.27 0.50 0.54 WWTP 500 m downstream of drain outlet of 0.58 0.48 0.33 0.45 0.72 0.63 1.26 0.50 0.54 Hongmiao WWTP 500m upstream of drain outlet of Gaoqiao 0.43 0.19 0.53 0.60 0.45 0.53 1.08 0.50 0.54 WWTP 500 m downstream of Gaoqiao WWTP 0.41 0.21 0.48 0.60 0.44 0.52 1.25 0.50 0.54 Drain outlet of Lvyuan WWTP 0.40 0.21 0.50 0.70 0.84 0.93 2.35 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Gaoqiao / Qing Rivers 0.46 0.21 0.80 0.95 0.63 1.60 1.42 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Gaojing / Gaoqiao rivers 0.33 0.84 0.33 1.15 0.75 1.64 1.62 0.50 0.54 Lianzhu bridge 0.40 0.29 0.45 0.60 0.46 0.60 1.26 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Longdong /Qing Rivers 0.38 0.76 0.70 0.75 0.48 0.77 1.38 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Yulong / Longdong River 0.43 0.80 0.53 0.65 0.39 0.54 1.08 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Longjiawan/Sha River 0.40 0.70 0.58 0.65 0.33 0.49 1.15 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Qing / Daishui Rivers 0.38 0.64 0.50 0.75 0.45 0.52 1.33 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Daishui River and one branch 0.43 0.37 0.30 0.45 0.33 0.66 1.20 0.50 0.54 near Longfeng transformer substation Intersection of Jiupangou / Daishui Rivers 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.40 0.24 0.54 1.23 0.50 0.54 Hongqi Bridge in Qing River 0.41 0.17 0.30 0.55 0.16 0.48 1.12 0.50 0.54 Lichuan Yangtzeling Village 0.40 0.35 0.28 0.60 0.25 0.43 1.35 0.50 0.54 500 m upstream from water source protection 0.40 0.13 0.33 0.80 0.53 0.93 2.52 0.50 2.70 area of No.1 WTP Water intake of water source protection area 0.43 0.26 0.40 0.80 0.50 0.87 2.44 0.50 2.70 of No.1 WTP Intersection of Sandao / Qing Rivers 0.30 0.76 0.45 0.90 0.43 0.66 1.75 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Huilonggou / Qing Rivers 0.35 0.44 0.40 0.70 0.39 0.61 1.63 0.50 0.54 Huangshi bridge 0.40 0.23 0.45 0.60 0.35 0.43 1.32 0.50 0.54 Intersection of Yuanbao / Qing Rivers 0.40 0.64 0.58 0.85 0.44 0.65 1.45 0.50 0.54 500 m upstream from drain outlet of Lichuan 0.43 0.72 0.45 0.70 0.43 0.58 1.35 0.50 0.54 WWTP Drain outlet of Lichuan WWTP 0.55 0.84 0.80 0.90 0.56 1.08 2.15 0.50 0.54 500 m downstream from drain outlet of 0.33 0.76 0.48 0.75 0.41 0.71 1.77 0.50 0.54 Lichuan WWTP GB3838-2002 Environmental quality 6-9 6 3 15 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.05 2 standards for surface water. Class II GB3838-2002 Environmental quality 6-9 5 4 20 1 0.2 1 0.05 10 standards for surface water. Class III

* pH is expressed as variance from pH=7

132. The major pollutant in Enshi and Lichuan Cities is total nitrogen (TN) (Table V.4), which comes from non-point source pollution (NPS) (85%) and point sources (15%) (PPTA Final Report-Supplementary Appendix 4). The main sources of NPA are livestock waste and excessive use of agricultural chemicals. In Lichuan, the highest TN was measured at the outlet of Lichuan WWTP where the TN is 1.15 times more than the Class III standard. In the Enshi section, the highest TN was measured at the intersection of Gaojinghe river and Gaoqiaohe river where the TN is 0.62 times more than the Class III standard. For other parameters, the water quality at the confluence of the Qing and Gaoqiao Rivers in Enshi is lowest. In addition to TN, COD and TP exceed the standard requirement of Class III of GB3838-2002. COD is 0.15 times more than the standard; TP is 0.635 times more than the standard. The water quality of other monitoring sections is relatively good.

133. For Lichuan City, at the outlet of Lichuan WWTP, TN and TP both exceed the PRC standard. The ratio of maximum concentration to the standard of COD is 0.9 in the intersection where the Huilonggou River flows into Qing River, 0.85 in the intersection where the Yuanbao River flow into Qing River, 0.9 in the drain outlet of Lichuan WWTP, and less than 0.8 in all the other monitoring sections.

134. A water source protection zone exists on the Qing River both upstream and downstream of the Lichuan No. 1 Water Treatment Plant. The water quality in this area should meet GB3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water, Class II standard. However, TN and fecal E.coli exceed the standard. The maximum TN is 1.52 times more than standard, and is in the area 500 m upstream from the water intake of water source protection area of No. 1 WTP. The concentration of fecal E. coli in both the water intake of the water protection area and 500 m upstream is 1.7 times above the standard.

135. Industrial wastewater. This is a key source of pollution in the project area after NPS pollution. Untreated or partially-treated industrial wastewater enters the municipal sewers, resulting in discharge of heavy loads of pollutants in the Qing River. Under PRC law, industries are required to: (i) pre-treat their wastewater; (ii) only when it meets the PRC standard for disposal of industrial wastewater to sewer pipelines, can it be discharged – this standard also includes a PRC standard for biological capacity of WWTPs; and (iii) pays a wastewater treatment tariff. Sediment sampling by the project confirms that industrial effluent containing heavy metal is released into the Qing River. If not addressed, this may reduce the effectiveness of the project, including treatment capacity of the WWTPs. The project is not working with industry, but notes that “the importance and urgency of the operation supervision and management of municipal WWTPs should be adequately recognized and joint efforts should be made with the city and environmental protection authorities to monitor and supervise the quality of industrial wastewater discharged by industrial enterprises into the sewers to ensure its compliance with the Water Quality Standard for Wastewater Discharged into Municipal Sewers” (DFR Supplementary Document SD01: Wastewater Collection and Treatment). A loan assurance addressing this issue has been agreed with the government (Section IV.B.7).

4. Water Volumes and Flooding

136. According to data from Wuziqian, Xiaoshuigou and Pipatan hydrological stations with 51 years of records from 1959 to 2010, the average annual runoff of the river is 743 mm, the average flow at Wuzihqian station is 13.3 m3/s and the average annual flow of Luoshuidong station is 19.8 m3/s. Regular flooding of the upper Qing River is caused by heavy rain between June and September. Based on the data analysis of the Wuziqian hydrological station in Lichuan City, the flood peak is mainly a unimodal flood. However, the greatest 52

damages to the ETMAP occurred from a multimodal flood, in 1982, where the flood convergence time was 8 to 12 hours, and the flow speed in mainstream was below 3 m/s.

137. Flood design for the Qing River. A Feasibility Report for the “Qingjiang River Flood Control Project” was conducted in 2013 (by the Hubei Ginye Co., Ltd) and approved by Hubei Province Water Conservancy Office. It modeled design floods in the mainstream of the Qing River between Enshi and Lichuan, and its tributaries the Sandao, Yuanbao, Daishui and Gaoqiao Rivers.

138. Qing River mainstream in Lichuan. For a 20-year return period the flood peaks at different river sections in Enshi and Lichuan are listed in Table V.5.

Table V.5: Flood Peaks along the Qing River River section Catchment area (km2) Peak flow (m3/s) Wuziqian on Qing River 513 1064 Sandao River upstream 571.3 1140 Sandao River downstream 650 1240 Yuanbao River upstream 716.6 1321 Yuanbao River downstream 818 1440 Pipatan on Qing River 824 1447 Luoshuidong 836 1461 Source: PPTA DFR Supplementary Document SD2

139. Qing River mainstream in Enshi. The urban section of the Qing River design is for a 50 year return period flood. Two existing reservoirs, Yaojiaping (below Lichuan City; flood control capacity of 80 million m3) and Dalongtan (above Enshi City; flood control capacity of 27 million m3) regulate the downstream flow to below 3000 m3/s. Therefore, the Qing River 50-year flood peak in Enshi is considered to be 3000 m3/s.

140. Main Tributaries of Qing River in Enshi City. The tributaries of the Qing River within the Enshi city area have small local watersheds over which rainfall is evenly distributed. The flood peak for these tributaries and reaches of the Qing River within the city is therefore calculated using the same 24 hr rain storm. The 20-year flood peak is shown in Table V.6.

Table V.6: Flood Peaks (1 in 20 year) for Main Tributaries of The Qing River in Enshi City River section Catchment area River length (km) River gradient (%) Peak flow (m3/s) Sandao River (km78.72) 16.8 29.0 503 Yuanbao River 101 20.9 21.0 588 Daishui River 490.0 41.0 8.8 1895 Gaoqiao River 56.7 19.8 37.1 459 Longdong River 38.5 15.3 1.86 243 Source: PPTA DFR Supplementary Document SD2

141. Flood maps for 1 in 20 year and 1 in 50 year events for Enchi City and Lichuan City are in Figures V.3–V.6.

Map 1

Map 2

Map 3

Map 4

1 in 20 year flooded area at present 1 in 20 year flooded area after dredging 1 in 50 year flooded area at present 1 in 50 year flooded area after dredging Flooded area after the river project implementation

Figure V.3: General Map of Enshi Flood Analysis Source: Project FSR, August 2014

Figure V.4: Enshi Flood Analysis: Map 1 Figure V.5: Enshi Flood Analysis: Map 2

Figure V.6: Enshi Flood Analysis: Map 3 Figure V.7: Enshi Flood Analysis: Map 4

1 in 20 year flooded area at present Figure V.8: Flood Analysis 1 in 20 year flooded area after dredging Lichuan City East Flooded area after the river project implementation

Figure V.9: Flood Analysis Lichuan City West

Source: Project FSR, August 2014

5. In-stream Sediment Quality

142. The quality of in-channel sediments to be removed as dredge spoil was sampled on 5–6 March 2014, to ensure compliance with a range of standards and suitability for disposal. The sampling strategy was designed to cover the highest potential contamination levels in

the sediment: sampling points along the Qing River and tributaries included river sections subject to runoff from sources of potential pollution (domestic, commercial, agricultural). Sampling locations and sources of potential pollution are shown in Figures V.10–V.11.

Figure V.10a: Sampling Locations and Pollution Areas – Dianshe River (Enshi North)

Source: LDI, September 2014

Figure V.10b: Sampling Locations and Pollution Areas – Qing and Longdong Rivers (Enshi)

Figure V.10c: Sampling Locations and Pollution Areas – Qing and Shahe Rivers (Enshi)

Figure V.10d: Sampling Locations and Pollution Areas–Qing and Gauqiao Rivers (Enshi South)

Figure V.11a: Sampling Locations and Pollution Areas – Qing River (Lichuan West)

Figure V.11b: Sampling Locations and Pollution Areas – Qing and Sandao Rivers (Lichuan East)

143. Parameters for the analysis of sediment samples covered 26 indicators:  physical and chemical index: pH, moisture content, volatile matter, calorific value, total alkalinity;  total nutrient: total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK);  organic matter; 59

 heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc(Zn), nickel (Ni), boron (B), barium (Ba); and,  organic pollution index: alkyl mercury, fluoride, mineral oil, volatile phenol, cyanide, hexachlorocyclohexane, DDT.

144. Sampling results are shown in Table V.6. Significant results for the design and management of sediment re-use or disposal are as follows:

 The levels of hexachlorocyclohexane and DDT meets the requirement of the Class II standard of Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995).

 Heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, Ni and B), and mineral oil levels comply with the allowable content in neutral and alkaline soil under Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge for Agricultural Use (GB 4284-84). Overall, the dredge spoil meets the farmland use standard.

 The levels of heavy metals, mineral oil and organic content meets the requirements and limits of The Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant - Sludge Quality for Afforestation in Gardens or Forests (GB/T23486-2009). At a number of points, however, the nutrient requirement is above standard.

 The levels of heavy metals, and mineral oil meets the requirement and limit of The Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants - Sludge Quality for Disposal to Landfill (GB/T23485-2009). The content of volatile phenols or cyanide at each monitoring point meets the requirement and limit on Table 2 of GB/T23485- 2009. After dewatering to lower than 60%, the sediment at each point will be used for landfill mixed with municipal solid waste in the municipal landfill plant.

 The PRC Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge for Agricultural Use (GB 4284- 84) is the most stringent PRC standard for soils and sludge, and is designed to ensure that heavy metals and other contaminants do not enter the food chain through uptake by crops and vegetables. The standard is more stringent than the US EPA standard endorsed by the US Department of Agriculture.6 Heavy metal levels in samples from all locations comply with the PRC standard. Sediment samples taken from near the outfalls of the existing Souchuang and Lichuan WWTPs have elevated levels of Ni, Cu and B, although still within standard. These sites are both in the Qing mainstream where dredging will use a low disturbance suction head (Section IV.C.2) to minimize release of sediment into the water column. At the temporary storage and treatment sites where sediment from these locations will be treated (Enshi site 5: Lianzhu Bridge; and Lichuan site 1: near Longtan Village), the spoil will be kept at a pH above 6.5 during dewatering to prevent the cationic metals (Ni and Cu) from entering solution in the tailings water.

6 USDA. 2000. Heavy Metal Soil Contamination. Urban Technical Note No.3.

Table V.6: Sediment Sampling of Qing River and Tributaries

Mineral oil Mineral ocyclohex Hexachlor Moisture Moisture Cyanide Organic Organic

content Volatile phenol matter ane River Location pH Cr Ni Cu Zn As Cd Pb Hg B TK TP TN DDT

— mg/kg % mg/kg 1 Daishui Longfeng Bridge 6.78 115.18 82.12 91.01 271.01 19.13 0.25 57.18 0. 21 85.67 3.07 0.72 4.54 7.14 80.44 632.12 3.54 1.3 0.0071 0.006 Intersection, Longdong 2 Longdong 6.56 180.04 107.27 77.32 321.4 26.27 1.55 141.07 0.81 88.69 5.01 0.33 5.44 30.33 82.35 823.98 7.62 2.11 nd 0.0071 flows into Qing River 3 Gaoqiao Nanmen Bridge 7.03 191.87 118.63 157.38 326.55 21.24 1.47 138.93 1.13 90.12 3.11 0.8 7.34 32.16 79.37 987.39 8.79 3.25 0.021 0.0062 South gate of 4 Longdong 7.11 178.45 65.91 176.12 294.17 17.32 0.34 57.33 0.99 59.32 2.13 0.4 1.92 8.66 82.15 821.78 3.58 0.89 0.011 0.011 Nationalities College Intersection, Sha / 5 Sha 7.05 109.77 76.51 69.14 226.13 22.11 0.68 50.72 0.41 76.88 2.45 0.59 3.43 12.15 81.23 639.1 4.36 0.94 0.0081 0.0081 Longjiawan Rivers 6 Enshi Souchuang WWTP 6.59 277.85 184.07 431.91 591.13 54.1 4.94 141.8 5.25 131.75 6.12 3.49 25.77 63.12 78.9 1897.56 29.3 6.89 0.0067 0.0076 7 Qing Hongqi Bridge 6.84 67. 20 45.21 51.5 118.24 7.32 0.09 29.09 0.15 54.68 1.88 0.11 0.53 4.1 71.47 216.37 nd nd nd nd 8 Lichuan Heli Bridge 6.71 102.19 87.91 69.72 206.36 12.17 0.27 39.14 0.51 87.63 2.04 0.43 1.9 6.18 81.48 398.12 2.69 1.19 0.01 nd River mouth, Sandao 9 Lichuan 7.07 185.36 71.17 83.23 281.07 16.8 0.31 59.27 0.33 91.32 2.33 0.68 2.82 11.35 82.79 891.02 1.29 0.68 nd 0.012 flows into Qing River Lantianlu Bridge, 10 Lichuan 6.99 173.33 85.11 62.41 298.68 18.11 1.33 44.8 0.63 69.87 2.18 1.26 5.67 12.99 83.54 795.3 3.29 0.09 0.027 0.0064 Yuanbao River 23.0 11 Lichuan Lichuan WWTP 6.94 288.71 158.96 499.15 573.14 52.67 4.68 138.79 5.36 140.03 5.6 3.2 27.75 61.98 77.86 1563 5.32 0.013 0.0058 8 12 Lichuan Shuangjing Village 7.04 191.78 74.57 138.36 351.45 27.34 0.74 98.07 0.85 79.36 4.35 0.81 4.74 28.24 81.73 1132.56 6.32 1.31 0.009 0.027 Class II - GB15618-1995 6.5~7.5 —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— 0.5 0.5 GB4284-84 ≥6.5 1000 200 500 1000 75 20 1000 15 150 —— —— —— 3000 —— —— —— —— GB/T23486-2009 ≥6.5 1000 200 1500 4000 75 20 1000 15 150 TK+TP+TN≥3 ≥25 40 3000 —— —— —— —— GB/T23485-2009 5~10 1000 200 1500 4000 75 20 1000 25 —— —— —— 60 3000 40 10 Note. GB15618-1995 = Environmental quality standard for soils. GB4284-84 = Control standards for pollutants in sludge from agricultural use. GB/T23486-2009 = The disposal of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant - Sludge quality for afforestation in gardens or forests. GB/T23485-2009 = The disposal of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant - Sludge quality for co-landfilling.

C. Biological Environment of the Project Area

1. Vegetation communities and flora

145. Vegetation communities. The natural vegetation of the Enshi-Lichuan subregion is classified in the “Flora of China”7 as a combination of Temperate and Subtropical Terrestrial vegetation zones. These comprise coniferous forests, dry and moist broadleaf forest, grasslands and shrublands. The literature notes that plant taxa in the area comprise 35% subtropical types and 52% temperate types. Using the community classification system in the “Flora of China”, vegetation in the project area has been divided into four groups, six types and 11 communities (Table V.11).

Table V.11: Terrestrial Natural Vegetation in the Enshi-Lichuan Subregion Community Group Type Dominant Distribution Co-dominant species species Cunninghamia lanceolata, Crytomerya japonica, Pinus Liquidambar formosana, Ligustrum lucidum, Limestone hills Coniferous Warm coniferous massoniana Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Melia azedarach, forest forest Symplocos sumuntia, Photinia parvifolia Cunninghamia Litsea pungens, Mallotus apelta, Debregeasia Limestone hills lanceolata edulis Deciduous Pterocarya Lower slopes, Rosa multiflora, Rubus setchuenensis broadleaf forest stenoptera river terraces Broadleaf Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia, Carpinus forest Evergreen Cyclobalanopsis Lower slopes, viminea, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Litsea broadleaf forest glauca river terraces pungens, Schima superba Temperate Indocalamus Carex sp., Cotoneaster acutifolius Lower slopes, Bamboo bamboo forest longiauritus river terraces forest Warm bamboo Phyllostachys Coriaria sinica, Rhus chinensis, Loropetalum Lower slopes, forest heterocycla chinense, Miscanthus horidulus river terraces Glochidion puberum, Rosa laevigata, Vitex Lower slopes, Coriaria sinica negundo var. cannabifolia river terraces Vernicia fordii, Glochidion puberum, Buxus Lower slopes, Rhus chinensis sinica, Rhamnus utilis river terraces Loropetalum Forsythia suspense, Lespedeza bicolor, Rhus River terraces, Bush thicket and Shrubland chinense chinensis, Miscanthus horidulus floodplain herbfield Calystegia hederacea, Rubia dolichophylla, Miscanthus River terraces, Artemisia capillaries, Aster ageratoides, horidulus floodplain Atractylodes Lancea River terraces, Indocalamus longiauritus / Siegesbeckia glabrescens floodplain Source: Enshi domestic EIA, supplemented by PPTA team

146. Natural vegetation in the project area mainly occurs along the riverbanks of the Qing River and tributaries. A rapid assessment was conducted along the Qing River and tributaries in Enshi and Lichuan by the PPTA team to map the riverbank vegetation types in the project area. A total of 57.4 km of riverbank in Enshi and 31.68 km in Lichuan were mapped. All vegetation is secondary growth and the native species remaining (Table V.11) are widespread, and have colonized the banks along with weeds and exotic plantings. Most riverbanks and adjacent lands have been modified by agriculture, settlement and livestock grazing, and mainly comprise crop cultivation or engineered “hard” banks with weeds or planted ornamentals (Table V.12). The dominant land categories along the riverbanks are agriculture (crops and orchards) (45% and 64% of riverbanks in Enshi and Lichuan respectively) and wasteland (weeds and fill) and developed land (53.5% and 64.5%

7 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx

respectively). Natural vegetation (“disturbed natural vegetation” and “remnant natural vegetation”) comprise only 6.2% and 10.9% of riverbanks in Enshi and Lichuan respectively. Most of this vegetation occurs in steep gorges where no work is planned (Figures V.12– V.13).

Table V.12: Riverbank Land and Vegetation. Enshi City Lichuan City Habitat Land Cover Riverbank Riverbank Description Description Value length (m)* length (m)* Crop cultivation Corn, rice, wheat, sweet potato, 21335 Corn, rice, wheat, sweet potato, 570 None soybean, cabbage, radish, (37%) soybean, cabbage, radish, (1.8%) pumpkin, ginger, tomato pumpkin, ginger, tomato Cropping with Crops as above. Riverside trees 2032 Crops as above. Riverside 17266 Low - riverbank trees commonly: Populus alba, (3.5%) trees: Populus alba, Salix (55%) Modified Planatus orientalus, Pterocarya babylonica, Crytomerya stenoptera japonica, Cinnamomum camphora, Metasequoia (occasional) Orchards Orchard crops are mainly orange 2540 Orchard crops are mainly 1299 None (Citrus maxima) and pear (Pyrus (4.4%) orange (Citrus maxima) and (4.1%) pyrifolia) pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) Orchards with No areas of orchards with 0 Fruit trees as above. Riverside 1299 Low - riverbank trees riverbank trees trees: Populus alba, Salix (4.1%) Modified babylonica, Crytomerya japonica, Metasequoia (occasional) Waste ground Populus alba, Planatus 4064 Populus alba, Salix babylonica, 570 Low - – planted trees, orientalis, Pterocarya stenoptera (7%) Crytomerya japonica (1.8%) Modified weeds Disturbed Broadleaf communities with 2540 Broadleaf communities: 3453 Modified natural bamboo and grasses: Robinia (4.4%) Robinia sp, Cyclobalanopsis (11%) vegetation sp, Cyclobalanopsis sp., Litsea sp, Crytomerya japonica, Litsea pungens, Rhus chinensis, pungens, Symplocos sumuntia, Debregeasia edulis, Mallotus apelta, Rhus Indocalamus longiauritus, chinensis, Debregeasia edulis Miscanthus horidulus Remnant Where Qing River and tributaries 1016 No remnant natural vegetation 0 Modified natural cut through limestone gorges, in (1.7%) vegetation the north and south of Enshi City, the conifer communities extend to the riverbanks: Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Crytomerya japonica, Indocalamus longiauritus, Rhus chinensis, Debregeasia edulis Urban/commer Weeds and grasses. Occasional 17779 Weeds and grasses. 855 None cial – low planted Populus alba (31%) Occasional planted Populus (2.7%) density alba Urban/commer 6096 3168 None cial – high n/a (10.6%) n/a (10%) density Parkland 254 Ornamental trees non-native 3168 None n/a (0.4%) (10%) * Linear distance of riverbank along which the vegetation type occurs.

147. Aquatic flora. Common aquatic plants in the Qing River and tributaries in Enshi and Lichuan cities were identified by the EIA Institute and PPTA team during fieldwork, and include: Alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides, Bengal waterdropwort Oenanthe sp., Water caltrop Trapa natans, Water milfoil Myriophyllum spikatum, Bamboo-leaved pondweed Potamogeton malaianus, Eel grass Vallisneria spp. and Water thyme Hydrilla spp. The most common are Vallisneria spp., which grows in masses on rocks in shallow moving water, and Hydrilla spp. which colonises the quiet edges of pools and shorelines.

148. Rare and threatened flora. One species recorded in the region has high conservation status, the Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides, a nationally protected (Level I) species. This is the sole living species of the genus (other species known only through the fossil record). It was discovered in Lichuan County in 1944. Small populations persist in Lichuan County, the largest of them (estimated at 4,500 individuals) in the Xiaohe valley.8 The locations are in sheltered mountain valleys. It is a popular ornamental species and has been planted in many Lichuan streets and riverside gardens. The species does not occur naturally in the project area and the project will not have any impact on wild populations.

Figure V.12: Riverside Vegetation and Figure V.13: Riverside Vegetation and Landcover Landcover - Enshi - Lichuan Source: PPTA Team river condition survey, February-May 2014

149. Critical, natural, and modified habitat. The domestic EIA assessed the ecological impact rating of the project in accordance with the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment Ecological Impact (HJ19-2011 - Table 1). Under the guideline criteria, the project is located in a built-up area, has an engineering length of less than 100 km and area

8 LePage, B.A., C.J. Williams & Hong Yang, eds. 2005. The Geology and Ecology of Metasequoia. Topics in Geobiology: 22.

less than 20 km2, and is not in or adjoining an ecologically sensitive area.9 It is therefore rated Ecological Impact Grade III (the lowest level).

150. The riverbank vegetation survey found that, due to the long history of human activity along the rivers in both Enshi and Lichuan, there are no riparian areas within the project scope which qualify as “critical habitat” or “natural habitat” as defined by the SPS (2009). The survey identified small areas of modified habitat (Table V.12), comprising modified vegetation.

151. The SPS requires that projects encroaching upon modified habitats will exercise care to minimize any further conversion or degradation of such habitat, and will, depending on the nature and scale of the project, identify opportunities to enhance habitat and protect and conserve biodiversity as part of project operations.

2. Terrestrial Fauna

152. Fauna surveys were conducted by the EIA Institute in January and February 2014. Their methodology was comprised sampling selected “typical” habitats along the riverbanks and making opportunistic observations of fauna, supplemented by a desktop review, in particular the “China Amphibian Field Guide" (1999), "China Reptile Field Guide" (2002), "China Bird Guide" (1995), and "Complete Chinese Vertebrates" (2000). The following is therefore a representative inventory rather than an exhaustive one, but is considered adequate for the limited habitat values of the study area (see section C.4 above). The inventory used a quantity grading method to record relative abundance (Table V.13).

Table V.13: Index Applied to Identify Relative abundance of Fauna in Project Area Population Status Symbol Notes The number per unit area in the survey accounting for more than 10% Locally dominant +++ of the total number of animals identified. The number per unit area in the survey accounting for 1-10% of the Locally common ++ total number of animals identified. The number per unit area in the survey accounting for less than1% of Locally rare + the total number of animals or only single sightings.

153. Species richness. A total of 134 terrestrial fauna species was documented, comprising six frog species, 14 reptiles, 104 birds and 10 mammals (Tables V.14–V.15). Compared with the Shennongjia Nature Reserve in the Daba and Wudang Mountains on the northern boundary of ETMAP (which supports 336 species of terrestrial vertebrates including 200 bird species and 30 reptile species), species richness in the project area is low. This probably reflects the degraded condition and limited extent of natural habitats in the project area.

Table V.14: Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Project Area Class Order Family Species Amphibia 1 4 6 Reptilia 2 7 14 Aves 13 34 104 Mammalia 6 8 10 Total 22 53 134

Table V.15: Preliminary List of Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Project Area Local Protection Order/Family Species Habitat Local distribution status level

9 Natural and cultural conservation areas protected by law including nature reserves, scenic spots, World Heritage sites, farmland protection areas, essential grasslands, forest parks, geological parks, wetlands, natural forests.

Local Protection Order/Family Species Habitat Local distribution status level Amphibia (6 frog species) Bufonidae Bufo gargarizans Wet forest Widespread +++ Provincial Ranidae Rana limnocharis Ponds, paddy, East Asia +++ Provincial Rana nigromaculata Paddy, rivers Widespread +++ Provincial Rana plancyi Pond, paddy Widespread +++ None R. tigrina lateralis Stream, paddy, pond Widespread ++ None Rhacophoridae Microhyla ornata Paddy, ponds East Asia + Provincial Hylidae Hyla chinensis Shrubs, farmland East Asia ++ None Reptiles (3 turtles, 7 lizards, 3 snakes) Chinemys reevesii Ponds, paddy, reservoir Widespread + Provincial Emydiade Cuora flavomarginata Forest edge, river, lake East Asia + None River, lake, pond, Provincial Trionychidae Pelodiscus sinensis Widespread + reservoir Eumeces chinensis Secondary forest, shrub East Asia + Provincial Scincidae E. elegans Grassland East Asia +++ None Lygosoma indicum Secondary forest, shrub East Asia ++ None Takydromus None Grass or woods East Asia + sexlineatus Lacertidae Takydromus wolteri Shrubs, weeds Palaearctic + None Eremias argus Sandy soils, barren hills Palaearctic + None E. rufodorsata Paddy, fields Widespread ++ Provincial Colubridae Dinodon rufozonatum Fields, hills Widespread ++ Provincial Elapidae Bungarus multicinoctus Paddy, meadows East Asia + Provincial Viperidae Agkistrodon blomhoffii Secondary forest, shrub Widespread ++ None Birds Phalacxocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo Lakes, rivers Widespread in winter +++ Provincial Egretta garzetta Paddy, pond, reservoir East Asia; in summer ++ Provincial Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Plains, swamps, paddy East Asia; in summer ++ None Anatidae Aythya fuligula Rivers, lakes Palaearctic; in winter + None PRC Accipitridae Buteo buteo Fields, plains, forest Palaearctic; in winter + Grade II Phasianidae Phasianus colchicus Fields, plains Palaearctic ++ Provincial Amaurornis akool Reeds, grass,paddy East Asia ++ None Rallidae Gallinula chloropus Marshes, shrubs Widespread in winter ++ Provincial Vanellus cinereus Lakes, rivers, paddy East Asia; in summer ++ None Charadrius Provincial Charadridae Banks of rivers and lakes Widespread; in summer + alexandrinus Vanellus vanellus Lakes, rivers, paddy Palaearctic; in winter ++ Provincial Laridae Chlidonias hybrida Lakes, rivers, paddy Palaearctic; in summer +++ None Glareolidae Glareola maldivarum Lakes, rivers, paddy Palaearctic; in summer + Provincial Streptopelia chinensis Urban and rural habitats East Asia ++ Provincial Columdidae S. orientalis Mountains, hilly woods Widespread ++ None Caculidae Cuculus canorus Open woodlands Widespread in summer + Provincial Alcedo atthis Rivers, lakes, paddy Widespread ++ None Alcedinidae Ceryle rudis insignis Forest rivers East Asia + None Ceryle lugubris Forest mountain streams East Asia + None Upupidae Upupa epops Forest, plains, farmland Widespread in summer + Provincial Alaudidae Alauda gulgula Grasslands, plains Widespread + None Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Urban, rural Palaearctic; in summer +++ Provincial Motacilla alba Wide range of habitats Palaearctic ++ None Montacillidae Motacilla cinerea Wide range of habitats Palaearctic; in winter + None Anthus spinoletta Grassland, farmland Palaearctic; in winter + None Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus sinensis Woodland, gardens East Asia ++ None Lanius schach Hills, plains, farmland Palaearctic; in summer ++ Provincial Laniidae Lanius cristatus Woodland, shrubland Palaearctic; in summer + Provincial Dicruridae Dicrurus macrocercus Woods, shrubs, farmland East Asia; in summer ++ Provincial Sturnidae Sturnus sericeus Forest edges East Asia +++ Provincial

Local Protection Order/Family Species Habitat Local distribution status level Sturnus cineraceus Open fields Palaearctic; in winter ++ None Acridotheres Provincial Farmland East Asia ++ cineraceus Pica pica sericea Villages, fields Palaearctic ++ Provincial Corvidae Cyanopica cyana Woodland, pine forests Widespread ++ Provincial Garrulus glandarius Pine/broad-leaved forest East Asia + Provincial Wet deciduous broad- Provincial Turdus merula Widespread ++ leaved forest Turdidae Saxicola tstejnegeri Fields, shrubland Widespread; in summer + None Turdus naumanni Forest, gardens, orchards Palaearctic; in winter + Provincial Garrulax sannio Scrub, forest East Asia + None Old World Babbler Garrulax perspicillatus Dwarf shrubs of hillsides East Asia ++ None Garrulax canorus Bamboo thickets East Asia + Provincial Paradoxornis None Paradoxomithidae Thorny bushes, shrubs Widespread ++ webbianus Phylloscopus Broad-leaved and None Silviidae Palaearctic; in winter + proregulus coniferous forests Paridae Parus major actatus Mountain forest, plains Widespread ++ Provincial Fingilliade Fringilla montifringilla Forest, meadow, orchards Palaearctic; in winter + None Emberiza pusilla Hills, meadows, farmland Palaearctic; in winter + None Enberizidae Emberiza cioides Meadows, farmland Palaearctic + None Mammals Erinaciediate Erinaceus europaeus Roots, fallen logs, rocks Palaearctic ++ None Vespertilionidae Pipistrellus pipistrellus Roofs, caves East Asia ++ None Leporidae Lepus capensis Shrub, farmland Widespread +++ None Muridae Mus musculus Urban, rural, farmland Widespread +++ None Rattus flavipectus Residential areas East Asia +++ None R. niviventer Hill shrubland, forest East Asia +++ None Sciuridae Calosciurus erythraeus Secondary forest, shrubs East Asia + Provincial Hystricidae Hystrix hodgsoni Hill forest East Asia ++ Provincial Nyctereutes East Asia Provincial Canidae Mountains, lowlands + procyonoides Prionailurus Widespread Provincial Felidae Mountains, lowlands ++ bengalensis Mustelelidae Mustela sibirica Mountains, lowlands Widespread ++ None

154. Rare, threatened and/or protected species. The majority of terrestrial fauna in the project area are common and widespread species which occur across central-southern PRC and/or elsewhere in East Asia. One species (a bird, Common Buzzard Buteo buteo) is a national-level protected species and 37 species are provincial-level protected species (four frogs, six reptiles, 23 birds and four mammals; Table V.15). The Common Buzzard is a wide- ranging species which is seasonally common over much of the PRC and East Asia. The species is probably an occasional visitor to the project area and will not be impacted by the project. Species which may be impacted by the project are frogs, aquatic reptiles (turtles) and some wetland birds. All documented frog and wetland bird species are relatively widespread and the project area does not support sufficient habitat for large populations of these species.

155. The three turtle species, Chinemys reevesii, Cuora flavomarginata and Pelodiscus sinensis, are categorized by the IUCN Red List as globally Endangered (C. reevesii and C. flavomarginata) and Vulnerable (T. sinensis). The global decline of these and virtually all Asian turtle species is largely due to illegal wildlife trade and loss or degradation of habitat. There is no site-specific information on the status of these species in the project area. Given that extensive human activity occurs along the river banks in Enshi and Lichuan towns, it seems unlikely that large breeding populations would be present, as compared with more

intact river sections further upstream. Mitigation measures to protect any turtles found during construction are included in the EMP.

3. Aquatic Fauna

156. Fish. The following analysis is based on a technical report by Professor Houyi of the Enshi Prefecture Aquaculture Research Division, commissioned by the PMO in August 2014. It was prepared through a desktop review of existing information and a recent survey on the Qing River by the Institute of Hydrobiology (Chinese Academy of Sciences). At least 70 fish species (including subspecies) occur in the Qing River in Lichuan and Enshi cities (Table V.16). The dominant families are the Cyprinidae (carp; 43 species, accounting for >60% of the total), Barbinae (the barbs; 14 species) and Cobitidae (loaches; eight species) (Table V.16). The species composition of the Qing River has scientific interest related to natural distributions e.g. Schizothorax sinensis and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (which belong to subspecies living in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and the families Homalopteridae and Barbinae (which are characteristic of the upper Yangtze River and tributaries in Yunnan). None of the fish species in the project area are listed as national or provincial-protected species.

157. The report identified fish species distributed in the Enshi and Lichuan river reaches, their relative population sizes, feeding habits and egg-laying habits (Table V.16).

Table V.16: Fish Inventory and Local Status in the Project Area Species Local Distribution Status Feeding Habitat for Eggs Leptobotia tientaiensis Enshi + generalist riverbed Botia superciliaris Enshi +++ generalist riverbed Parabotia fasciata Enshi + generalist riverbed Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist riverbed Parabotia potanini Enshi + generalist riverbed Paucacobitis sp Enshi + generalist riverbed Triplophysa grahami Enshi + generalist riverbed Oreias dabryi Enshi + generalist riverbed Phoxinus lagowskii Enshi, Lichuan + generalist plant surfaces Ctenopharyngodon idellus Enshi, Lichuan +++ herbivorous floating Elopichthys bambusa Enshi, Lichuan ++ carnivorous floating Opsariichthys bidens Enshi, Lichuan +++ carnivorous floating Zacco platypus Lichuan + carnivorous floating Ochetobibus elongatus Enshi ++ generalist floating Squaliobarbus curriculus Enshi, Lichuan + generalist riverbed Hemiculter bleekeri Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist floating Culter oxycephaloides Enshi +++ generalist floating Sinibrama wui Lichuan +++ generalist plant surfaces Parabramis pekinensis Enshi +++ plants plant surfaces Xenocypris argentea Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist floating Plagiognathops microlepis Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist plant surfaces Rhodeus ocellatus Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist gills of shellfish Rhodeus spinalis Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist gills of shellfish Pseudorasbora parva Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist plant surfaces Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis Enshi +++ generalist plant surfaces Gnathopogon herzensteini Enshi + generalist plant surfaces Gnathopogon argentatus Enshi, Lichuan + generalist plant surfaces Gnathopogon taeniellus Enshi, Lichuan + generalist floating Coreius heterokon Enshi + generalist floating Abbottina rivularis Enshi + generalist riverbed Abbottina kiatingensis Enshi + generalist riverbed Platysmacheilus nudiventris Enshi + generalist floating Saurogobio dabryi Enshi + generalist floating Barbodes caldwelli Enshi + generalist floating

Species Local Distribution Status Feeding Habitat for Eggs Spinibarbus sinensis Enshi, Lichuan ++ generalist floating Percocypris pingi Enshi, Lichuan + generalist floating Acrossocheilus parallens Enshi + generalist floating Acrossocheilus longipinnis Enshi, Lichuan + generalist floating Acrossocheilus monticolus Enshi + generalist floating Varicorhinus macrolepis Enshi + generalist floating Onychostoma sima Enshi, Lichuan ++ generalist riverbed Onychostoma lini Enshi ++ generalist riverbed Tor brevifilis Enshi + generalist riverbed Rectoris luxiensis Enshi + generalist floating Garra pingi Lichuan + generalist floating Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus Lichuan + generalist riverbed Schizothorax sinensis Enshi ++ generalist gills of shellfish Cyprinus carpio Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist plant surfaces Carassius auratus Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist plant surfaces Sinogastromyzon sechuanensis Enshi + generalist riverbed Vanmanenia pingchowensis Enshi + generalist riverbed Gastromyzoninae Lichuan + generalist riverbed Lepturichthys fimbriata Lichuan + generalist riverbed Silurus asotus Enshi, Lichuan +++ carnivorous riverbed Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Enshi, lichuan +++ generalist plant surfaces Pseudobagrus vachelli Enshi +++ generalist plant surfaces Pelteobaggrus nitidus Enshi + generalist plant surfaces Leiocassis truncatus Enshi + generalist plant surfaces Leiocassis crassilabris Lichuan + generalist plant surfaces Liobagrus marginatus Enshi + generalist plant surfaces Glyptothorax fukiensis Enshi + generalist riverbed Euchiloglanis davidi Enshi + generalist riverbed Euchiloglanis kishinouyei Enshi ++ generalist riverbed Monopterus albus Enshi, Lichuan +++ generalist riverbed Siniperca chuatsi Enshi, Lichuan +++ carnivorous floating Siniperca scherzeri Enshi + carnivorous floating Hypseleotris swinhonis Enshi, Lichuan + generalist floating Rhinogobius clarki Enshi, lichuan + generalist floating Source: Report by the Enshi Prefecture Aquaculture Research Division, Sept. 2014

158. Overall, fish populations are low. The 2013 statistical yearbook reports yearly fisheries production for the Qing River reach in Enshi of 546 tons and for Lichuan, 154 tons.

159. The fish species potentially vulnerable to impact by project activities are the riverbed egg-laying fish, which will be impacted by dredging, and the fish which glue their eggs to aquatic plants, which will be potentially impacted by embankment works. The least vulnerable are fish which lay floating eggs, which comprise about 50% of species present.

160. Aquatic plankton and invertebrates. An aquatic invertebrate sampling program is being conducted in the project dredging sites to provide a baseline for monitoring during project construction and operation (Section VI.C.2.2).

4. Protected Areas, reserves, and physical cultural resources

161. The ETMAP supports five reserves and two cultural sites:

 Tenglong Cave (6.8 km from Lichuan City). Believed to be the longest monomer karst cave system in the world. The Qing River runs underground for 9 km in a parallel, drowned cave system. It is a AAAA National Tourist Scenic Site.  Enshi Grand Canyon (40 km northwest of Enshi City). Its sheer limestone cliffs stretch for hundreds of kilometers. It is an AAAA National Tourist Scenic Site.

 Xingdoushan National Natural Reserve (southwest of Hubei). Covers parts of ETMAP and Xianfeng prefecture. Total area 68,339 ha, divided into the eastern Xingdoushan area and a western river area. This is a “wild biological” category of natural reserve.  Seven Sisters Mountain National Nature Reserve (Wuling Mountains in southwest Hubei Province). Includes the Qing River headwaters and You River basin. The reserve borders Hefeng County to the east, connecting Hunan Badagongshan National Nature Reserve core area on the south. This is a “forest ecosystem” category of reserve. Total area of 34,550 ha.

 Metasquoia Forest Reserve. Supports a wild population of 4,500 individuals of this recently discovered rare species. Located at Moudao Village, 25 km northwest of Lichuan City.  Yumu Village (40 km northwest of Lichuan City). Inhabited by 500 Tujia ethnic minority. The gate building of the stockaded villages is constructed on a cliff. There are 10 tombs of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and other ancient buildings.  Building Group in Dashuijing Village (47 km northwest of Lichuan City). The building group consists of the Ancestral Temple and the Manor of the Li family (with characteristics of Tujia architecture).

162. None of these sites are within the impact areas of the project. The closest, Tenglong Cave, is 6.8 km from the border of Lichuan city and 8 km from the nearest project construction site. No physical cultural resource sites are known to occur in the project area: none were detected during fieldwork and none are listed in the Hubei Provincial Culture Department list of sites. Procedures for chance-finds are included in the EMP (Attachment 1).

D. Socio-economic Profile of the Project Area

1. Population

163. Population indicators for Enshi City, Lichuan City and the ETMAP are in Table V.7.

Table V.7: Land and Population of Enshi and Lichuan (2012) Area 2 Region 2 # Households Population Rural Urban Male Female Density/km km ETMAP 24,000 1,381,919 4,032,518 3,450,579 581,939 2,103,164 1,929,354 168 599,302 209,295 416,348 392,249 Enshi 3972 274,220 808,597 204 (74%) (26%) (52%) (49%) 777,366 138,496 482,037 433,825 Lichuan 4603 312,798 915,862 199 (85%) (15%) (53%) (47%) Source: Enshi Prefecture Statistics Yearbook 2013.

164. The population breakdown of the districts which comprise the project areas in Enshi and Lichuan is in Table V.8. The population in the project area (311,480) in the four Enshi districts accounts for 38.5% of total population in Enshi City. These are predominantly urban areas (82.8% urban population) reflecting the densly built-up character of the Qing River valley in Enshi City. By contrast, the districts which make up the project area in Lichuan City have only 25% of the city population, with a lower proportion of urban dwellers (62.6%), indication the more open, semi-rural nature of the Lichuan City area.

Table V.8: Land and Population in Project Areas (2013) Sub-district/ Total area Farm Land Total City 2 Rural Urban Male Female Township (km ) (mu) Population Enshi Liujiaoting 83 9900 43095 23794 19301 21686 21409 Wuyangba 116.21 22120.54 164060 46967 117093 85311 78749 Xiaoduchuan 37 2627 37516 7317 30199 19133 18383

Longfeng 286.47 54809 66809 60197 6612 34807 32002 Subtotal 522.68 89456.54 311480 138275 173205 160937 150543 Lichuan Duting 34.5 6919 70060 22665 47395 35598 34462 Dongcheng 30.6 7010 70124 34427 35697 35763 34361 Liangwu 420 76350 70832 67663 3169 37176 33653 Yuanbao 55.49 21304 19977 18909 1068 10885 9092 Subtotal 540.59 111583 230993 143664 87329 119422 111568 Source: Sub-district/Town leader interviews and PMO.

2. Ethnic Minorities

165. Enshi Prefecture is a Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (ETMAP). The ETMAP population is ethnically diverse, comprising 45% Han, 46% Tujia and 6.5% Miao ethnic groups (2012 census data). In 2012, the ethnic minority population of Enshi City was 43.9%, comprising the Tujia (38.31%), Dong (1.32%) and Miao (0.7%). In Lichuan, the ethnic minority population accounted for 53.22% of the total of which the majority were Tujia (52.43%) and Miao (6.07%). The Tujia, Miao and other ethnic minorities in Enshi Prefecture and the two project cities largely reside in scattered settlements and mixed with Han people.

3. Public Facilities

166. The accessibility of public facilities has been improved for the local population. In 2012, the rate of resident access to tap water exceeded 90% in Enshi and Lichuan (Table V.9). The treatment rate of solid waste was above 90% on average in Enshi and Lichuan. However, the treatment rate of wastewater in Lichuan was significantly low, 44%. In comparison, the treatment rate of wastewater was 90.1% in Enshi City and 74.2% in ETMAP.

Table V.9: Level of Urban Public Facilities (2012) % Population % Population % Treatment % Treatment Per Capita Area Per Capita City with Access with Access Rate of Rate of Solid of Paved Roads Public Green to Tap Water to Gas Wastewater Wastes (m2) Areas (m2) ETMAP 100 86.25 74.24 97.59 8.24 8.39 Enshi 100 84.22 90.87 100 7.15 11.14 Lichuan 92.9 85.37 44.04 92.54 8.14 5.17 Sources: Enshi Prefecture Statistics Yearbook 2013.

4. Poverty

167. Two county-level cities of Enshi and Lichuan are national identified poverty counties. By the end of 2012, in Enshi City total urban poor population was 8,699, accounting for 4.2% of total urban population, and rural poor population was 208,800, accounting for 34.8% of total rural population. In Lichuan the total urban poor population was 6,492, accounting for 4.7% of total urban population and rural poor population was 216,000, accounting for 27.8% of total rural population (Table V.10).

Table V.10: Poverty Population in Enshi/Lichuan (2012) Rural As % of Urban As % of Total rural Total urban poverty rural poverty total population population population population population population Nation-wide 674149546 99976378 14.9 665575306 21450000 3.2 Hubei 8196100 26872300 30.5 30917700 1277592 4.1 Pronvince Enshi 1299000 3450579 37.6 581939 47223 8.1 Prefecture Enshi City 599302 208800 34.8 209295 8699 4.2 Lichuan City 777366 216000 27.8 138496 6492 4.7

Source: www.mca.gov.cn; www.cpad.gov.cn; Enshi and Lichuan Civil Affairs Bureaus; Enshi and Lichuan Poverty Reduction Offices.

168. According to the Enshi and Lichuan Civil Affairs Bureaus, in 2013, 7,680 urban people in the project sub-districts/township in Enshi were poor (income below 330 CNY/month), representing 4.4% of the total urban population. In Lichuan in 2013, 8,254 urban people in project sub-districts/townships were poor, representing 9.5% of the total urban population.

E. Climate Change

169. To review historical climate trends (especially for severe storms, floods and drought), data on annual, monthly and daily precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and mean temperature was compiled from the Enshi meteorological station, for the period 1951 to 2012. Mean annual runoff was calculated from Water Resource Bulletin in Enshi Prefecture and the mean monthly potential evapotranspiration (PET) over 1961-1990 was calculated using Thornthwaite’s formula. Due to insufficient records on historical severe storms, floods and droughts in Enshi, these three types of events were derived from daily precipitation data at the Enshi station. The likelihood of average number of events in 10 years was calculated by 10-year moving-sum method over 1951-1990. Historical change trends were calculated using a linear regression method. Projected climate change scenarios were then calculated using “Climate 1-stop” for the period of 2031-2040, and from downscaled IPCC5 (CMIP5; using four pathway scenarios, RCP26, RCP45, RCP60 and RCP80) data for the period of 2041-2060, respectively.

170. Historical trends. The analysis of historical data indicated the following.  Annual mean temperature increased by +0.033oC/10 years, a little lower than mean values (+0.17oC/10 years) for Hubei Province (Wang, 2011).10  The slope of increasing trend of annual maximum temperature was higher than mean and minimum temperature in Enshi Prefecture.  The average annual precipitation in Enshi Prefecture displayed a small decreasing trend.  The average number of severe storms (daily rainfall >100mm) was 7.95 in the period of 1961-1990. And the likelihood of severe storms showed an increasing trend with a slope of 16.1%.  The average number of floods (including moderately intensive, intensive and very intensive floods) was 16.38 in the period of 1961-1990. And the likelihood of flood events showed an increasing trend was 11.6%.  The average number of droughts (including moderately intensive, intensive and very intensive droughts) was 11.52 in the period of 1961-1990. And the likelihood of drought events showed an increasing trend was 4.0%.

171. Projected climate change. The projection climate change trends are summarized as follows.  Annual mean temperature is projected to increase by 1.5oC in 2031-2040 and by 1.8 oC (RCP26), 2.1 oC(RCP45), 1.8 oC(RCP60) and 2.6 oC(RCP85) in 2041- 2060. The projected annual average maximum and minimum temperature are slightly higher than the annual mean temperature in the period of 2041-2060. Generally, projected temperature increases in autumn and winter are higher than that in spring and summer.

10 Wang G.M. 2011. Analysis on climatic characteristics in temperature and precipitation over 47 years in Hubei Province. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Lanzhou University, Gansu. (In Chinese with English abstract).

 Average annual precipitation is projected to increase slightly by 1.6% in the period of 2031-2040, and by 3.0% (RCP26), 3.5% (RCP45), 0.2% (RCP60), and 3.3% (RCP85) in the period of 2041-2060, in comparison with historical data (1961- 1990). In terms of monthly projected precipitation, it is likely to decrease in September, October, November and December, and increase from January to August.

 The annual average PET is projected to increase by 9.1% in the periods of 2031- 2040, and by 12.7% (RCP26), 15.6% (RCP45), 12.5% (RCP60) and 20.2% (RCP85) in the period of 2041-2060 respectively. The annual average runoff is projected to increase by 2.1% in the period of 2031-2040, and by 0.2% (RCP60) – 4.0% (RCP45) in the period of 2041-2060.

 The frequency (average number of events in 10 years) of severe storms is projected to increase slightly by 0.9% in the period of 2031-2040, by 2.2% (RCP26), 2.8% (RCP45) and 2.5% (RCP85) in the period of 2041-2060 respectively; and decrease slightly by 0.5% (RCP60) in the period of 2041-2060. The probability of severe storms is projected in accordance with the projected slightly increasing precipitation.

 The frequency (average number of events in 10 years) of flood is projected to increase by 9.5% in the period of 2031-2040, by 7.8% (RCP45) – 10.8% (RCP60) in the period of 2041-2060 respectively.

 The frequency (average number of events in 10 years) of droughts is projected to increase by 5.4% in the period of 2031-2040, by 3.9% (RCP60) – 7.3% (RCP45) in the period of 2041-2060 respectively. The probability of droughts is projected to increase which is consistent with the increasing temperature and higher rates of evapotranspiration.

VI. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

172. This section identifies and assesses the potential for adverse environmental and environment-related social impacts that may occur during the project construction and/or operational phases, and the mitigation measures to be implemented. The duration of impacts assessed in this EIA covers the construction and operational phases of the project. Construction works are expected to start in 2015. An operational phase of 5 years has been nominated by the PMO.

A. Impacts Associated with Project Location, Planning, and Design

1. Direct Losses from the Project’s Footprint

173. Areas of riverbank vegetation and land cover to be affected by the project were estimated using the percentage figures for vegetation or land cover type in Table V.12, combined with land take figures in Table IV.16. To estimate the area of disturbance for embankment construction, an average disturbance width of 20 m from the river was applied. For the dredge spoil, the footprint for each riverside storage and treatment site was 3,000 m2 in Enshi and 4,000 m2 for Lichuan. For the WWTPs, the construction footprint was based on the FSR designs. Estimates of permanent and temporary land take, for different land use classes, is in Table VI.1.

Table VI.1: Permanent and Temporary Land Occupation by Land Cover Type Permanent Land Take (ha) Temporary Land Take (ha) Land Cover Enshi Lichuan Enshi Lichuan Crop cultivation 17.31 0.89 1.72 0.03 Cropping with riverbank trees 1.65 26.65 0.38 1.18 Orchards 2.06 2.0 0.1 0.45 Orchards with riverbank trees 0 2.0 0 0.05 Waste ground – Planted trees and weeds 3.3 0.89 0.46 0.03 Disturbed natural vegetation 2.06 5.33 0.1 0.16 Remnant natural vegetation 0.82 0 0.04 0 Urban and commercial – low density 14.42 1.33 0.68 0.04 Urban and commercial – high density 0 0 0 0 Parkland 0 0 0 0 Totals 41.62 39.09 3.30 2.35 Source: PPTA Team, adapted from river condition survey and data from FSR

174. The occupation of farmed land (crops and orchards) in both cities is c.59 ha (Table VI.1.). Only 7% of that is temporary use and will return to agriculture following construction. More crop/orchard land will be lost in Lichuan than Enshi, due to Lichuan’s more rural setting. The loss of agricultural land assets, with or without resettlement, is covered in the project Resettlement Plan, where informed consent, compensation, acquisition process and disputes settlement is prescribed (DFR Linked Document LD11, “Resettlement Plan”).

175. Total loss of remnant natural vegetation (0.82 ha) is low. This is because most undisturbed natural vegetation only occurs along the riverbank in steep, inaccessible places where no embankments are planned. The areas of remnant natural vegetation potentially disturbed are only in Enshi and occur in the middle reaches of the Sha River where it cuts through wooded hills. Embankment work here will be minimal because of the terrain, but detailed planning of the embankments at this fine scale is not yet available.

176. Disturbed vegetation and waste ground, both characterized by scattered regrowth trees, bamboo, weeds and grasses, will be impacted – a total of 5.36 h in Enshi and 6.22 h in Lichuan. The least disturbed parts of this land cover are “modified habitat” (Section V.D).

Marginal modified habitat is also provided by the fringing riverbank trees which border much of the riverside agriculture in Lichuan.

177. Asset acquisition and resettlement. Based on the Project FSR and resettlement impact survey, the resettlement impacts under the Project arise from the river embankment component and the wastewater component; the river dredging component does not involve any land acquisition and resettlement impacts. The project will acquire a total of 86.57 ha land, and 148.61 ha will be occupied temporarily. The project will demolish 12,778 square meters of housing. It will affect 5,793 people, 1,645 of these will lose more than 10% of their productive assets and/or be physically displaced. A resettlement plan has been prepared which complies with ADB’s SPS and related laws and regulations of the PRC. The ETMAP has endorsed the resettlement plan and disclosed the relevant information to affected people. The plan was also disclosed on ADB’s website. Financal loss subsidies and resettlement compensation will be paid to affected persons before the construction activities start and the livelihood restoration arrangements will be executed based on the plan.

178. The PPTA social survey found that the Tujia and Miao ethnic minority households are spatially and financially integrated with the Han population in the project area (DFR Linked document LD8, “Poverty Reduction and Social Strategy”). Project construction does not involve the disturbance of any ethnic cultural or religious buildings and it is predicted that the construction activities will not hinder any religious activities or festivals. The ethnic minority groups will receive benefits of the same level from the Project as the other urban residents of both Enshi and Lichuan (DFR Linked Document LD11). The Project is not anticipated to result in any impacts to traditional lands, or the dignity, human rights, culture, or livelihoods of the Tuija and Miao groups in the project area.

2. Economic Displacement

179. The main informal economic activity that will be impacted by the project is the opportunistic growing of crops on unused land beside the river, sometimes in very narrow bands of collected alluvium at the base of high riverbanks. The resettlement plan has inventoried these lands and the PMO has confirmed that they will be included in the compensation plan for loss of assets.

180. A second informal activity identified during field survey is the collection of decorative stones for on-selling to landscaping suppliers from shallow parts of the Qing mainstream south of Hongqi Bridge. This is a low level activity undertaken by individuals carrying the stones in back baskets. This area of the river will be subject to dredging, which will include the currently shallow areas. This will curtail the activity in this location and force the stone collectors to move to adjoining undredged areas further upstream.

B. Detailed Design and Pre-Construction Phase: Measures to be Undertaken

181. During the PPTA period the following environmental management measures were implemented to ensure that appropriate plans and documentation to guide environmental performance of construction and operation are in place: (i) completion of two rounds of public consultations in each subproject locality on environmental issues, poverty, resettlement and the Grievance Redress Mechanism; (ii) approval of the domestic EIA by Hubei Province EPD; and (ii) approval of the project EIA and resettlement plan by the executing agency and ADB, confirming compliance with respective policies and regulations.

182. The following measures will be implemented in the pre-construction phase of the project to ensure the project’s environment management readiness. i. Finalization of detailed site plans for project construction – especially relating to embankments, landscaping and pathways;

ii. Capacity building, including (a) appointment of a qualified environment officer within the PMO for the implementation phase; and (b) hiring of loan implementation environment consultants (LIEC) within loan administration consultant services by the PMO; iii. Establishment of environmental management units in the two IAs with appropriately skilled staff; iv. Updating the EMP. The mitigation measures defined in the project EMP (Attachment 1) will be updated (if necessary) based on the final technical design. This will be the responsibility of the PMO; v. Contract documents. All tender documents for construction will include the EMP obligations, including the environmental monitoring program. This will be the responsibility of the local design institute, with support of the PMO and the LIEC; vi. Environmental protection training. The LIEC, in conjunction with the PMO environmental officer and prefecture EPB, will provide training on implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to the IAs and their contractors. This will be organized by the PMO.

C. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Construction Phase

183. Impacts and mitigation measures for the construction phase of the project are discussed below under the headings of the major sectoral components. Each mitigation measure is carried forward into the EMP in Attachment 1.

184. Contractor Performance and Site Management. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures, the IA will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications will be included in the bidding documents to contractors; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the terms of reference for bidders; (iii) dredge spoil holding and treatment sites, material haulage routes, and waste disposal arrangements will be defined in the construction tender documents as appropriate; and (iv) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful head contractor will prepare a Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan, based on the EMP, including a site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the IA.

185. A plan for environmental training for contractors, especially related to environmental management, is included in the EMP. The contractor will take reasonable measures to minimize the impact of construction on the environment.

1. Improved Water Pollution Control

1.1 Sewer Pipe Network

186. The following impacts and mitigation measures refer to construction impacts which are common to all pipe-laying construction. All will require earthworks, soil stabilization, dust and noise control as well as management of the impacts from machinery operation, transport and haulage of building materials and the domestic needs of the work force.

187. Trunk pipes will be laid along riverbanks. Construction will be coordinated with dredging (of tributaries) and embankment construction. In this way, impacts from earthworks and access for pipe-laying will be covered by the site environmental management measures for these activities which will be undertaken in the same locations. The FSR maps of the planned sewage grid layout shows that branch sewer pipes will traverse the urban areas of the sewage service areas. They will be laid along existing urban streets and sensitive receivers will be all residents within range of dust fall and noise. As pipe-laying proceeds

along streets most residents and commercial properties in the planned service areas will be potentially impacted. To address this, the following mitigation measures will be implemented.

188. Trenches will be dug, pipes laid, and the trenches closed, in the same operation. This will ensure that open trenches are not left over an extended period to pose a safety risk or to erode and cave-in. No horizontal directional drilling is planned. Construction safeguards for pipeline-laying will be implemented; including soil stabilization, dust and noise control as well as management of the impacts from machinery operation, transport and haulage of materials.

189. Dust. Pipe-laying sites will potentially produce fugitive dust from material haulage, concrete mixing, excavation and general site usage – especially under windy conditions. The domestic EIA has calculated total suspended particulate (TSP) levels downwind of construction based on an average wind speed of 2.3 m/s. TSP from the construction sites will be 8.90 mg/m3 50 m downwind and 1.65 mg/m3 100 m downwind. Only at a distance of 150 m downwind will dust levels meet the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) two-day average level of 0.3 mg/m3.

190. Dust will be suppressed during construction by routine water spraying of all active work areas, including access roads, twice per day. Material stockpiles and concrete mixing equipment will be equipped with dust shrouds. The operators will regularly maintain the shrouds to ensure their effective operation. Vehicles carrying soil, sand, or other fine materials around the construction sites will be covered.

191. Noise. Noise will occur during construction due to construction machinery operation and transport activities. Construction will involve bulldozers, graders, excavators, concrete- mixing plants, and other heavy machinery. Noise intensity from these large machines is typically 80-100 decibels at the site (measured 5 m from the operating machinery). The major construction machinery noise testing values from Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of the Acoustic Environment (HJ/T2.4-2009) are in Table VI.4.

Table VI.4: Testing Values of Construction Machinery Noise Distance between Measuring Site Machine Type Maximum Sound Level dB (A) and Construction Machinery (m) Paver 5 87 Bulldozer 5 100 Roller/compactor 5 86 Excavator 5 98

192. Noise levels at different distances have been calculated for machinery and equipment use and are shown in Table VI.5.

Table VI.5: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance Noise from the sound source different from the Source Daytime Night Source predicted values (db) strength (db) Distance (m) Distance (m) 20 m 50 m 100 m 150 m 200 m 300 m 400 m 600 m Excavator 98 72 64 58 54 52 48 46 42 25 141 Bulldozer 100 74 66 60 56 54 50 48 44 32 178 Mixer 96 70 62 56 52 50 46 44 40 20 112

193. The results show that if construction machinery is used singly, the impact distance is 40 m away from the source during the day and 125 m at night. These impacts meet the PRC standard of Construction Site Environmental Noise Emission Standards (GB12523-2011). However, it will often be the case that a number of machines will be at use simultaneously

during construction, and the cumulative noise impact will be larger. The domestic EIA has calculated the minimum complying distance for noise from multiple machines as 50 m in daytime and 300 m at night.

194. For some locations of trunk pipe-laying, and all locations of branch pipe-laying, residential areas will be within these impact distances. Although the noise impacts will be transient and temporary the following mitigation measures will be conducted: (i) construction at night is prohibited or limited to low-noise activities and first subject to consultation with communities; (ii) during daytime construction, the contractor will ensure that: (a) noise levels from equipment and machinery conform to PRC standard GB12523-2011, and machinery is well-maintained to minimize noise; (b) equipment with high noise and high vibration will not be used in urban areas and only low noise machinery or equipment with sound insulation is employed. For sensive receptors such as schools and medical centers temporary anti-noise barriers will be installed when works are within 100 m of them; (iii) prior to such works, residents will be notified by the PMO and/or contractors and any site-specific concerns or working arrangements addressed. If residents request ear protection equipment for temporary use, this will be provided.

195. Gaseous air pollution. Construction machinery on all sites will consume petrol and diesel, releasing gaseous PM10, CO, and NOx. Equipment will be maintained to a high standard to ensure efficient running and fuel-burning. High-intensity equipment will be provided with tail gas purifiers. Atmospheric monitoring will be carried out during the construction period. All vehicle emissions will be in compliance with relevant PRC emission standards.

196. Spoil Disposal. Pipe-laying will make maximum use of spoil through balancing excavation and fill volumes. The total earthworks and surplus spoil from the subprojects are summarized in Table VI.6.

Table VI.6: Excavation, Backfill and Surplus Spoil (unit: m3) City Excavation Backfill Surplus Disposal of Surplus Enshi 403,101 314,319 79,752  Fill at Dashaba WWTP site  14,966  Embankments on Qing upstream  39,917  Embankments on Diashu River  24,869  Urban construction sites  9,030 Lichuan 321,497 255,953 58,974  Embankments on Qing upstream  58,974 of Ximen Bridge

197. Surplus spoil will be fully used in other project construction sites, except for 9,030 m3 in Enshi which will be used for fill in construction sites within the city.

198. Construction Wastewater. Construction wastewater will be produced from the maintenance and cleaning of mechanical equipment and vehicles, water from mixing and curing concrete, cooling water, and lost water and soil during the construction period which is discharged as pollutants. The mixed effluent, comprised mainly of inorganic wastewater, usually comprises suspended solids, but, if discharged in an improper manner, has the potential to impact existing water bodies. Oil-containing wastewater can arise from machinery repairs. The domestic EIA has noted typical suspended solid (SS) concentration at comparable (but unnamed) construction sites is 300 mg/l, and oil 20 mg/l.

199. Construction wastewater will not be discharged onto the surrounding soil or into the river. Sedimentation tanks will be held on site and, after settling out of solids, the upper clear liquid will be recycled for spraying the construction site (dust control), and the waste residue in the tank will be cleared and transported to designated landfills. Oil-containing wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the sedimentation tank. After site

treatment, construction wastewater will comply with (GB8978-1996) Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard.11 The indicative pollution parameters are total suspended solids (TSS) and oil/petrochemical residues. These will be periodically monitored as part of the EMP.

200. Traffic Management. Construction traffic for the pipe-laying component has potential to cause temporary traffic congestion and inconvenience and safety issues to residents. Construction will be undertaken section by section, which will improve efficiency and reduce the potential safety hazard during construction. A traffic control and operation plan will be prepared by the contractor in consultation with the local traffic management authority prior to any construction. The plan will include provisions for diverting or scheduling construction traffic to avoid morning and afternoon peak traffic hours and regulating traffic at intersections.

201. Construction Camps Solid Waste. For pipe-laying the construction workforce will be centralized since individual work sites will be of short duration. Contractors will provide portable toilets at construction sites. For sewage, the portable toilets will be emptied and the contents transported by truck to Luyuanguapo WWTP (in Enshi) or Lichuan WWTP (in Lichuan). For litter, construction contractors will provide sufficient garbage bins at strategic locations and ensure they: (i) cannot be accessed by animals (e.g. rodents, insects, dogs); (ii) are emptied regularly (using the city solid waste collection system and landfill); and (iii) do not overflow.

202. Hazardous and Polluting Materials. Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses will be prepared and implemented as part of the Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and cleanup installations; (ii) vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and refueling will be carried out in paved areas with spill cleanup kits, so that spilled materials will not seep into the soil; (iv) oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; (v) fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 300 m from stormwater drains, the Qing River or any of its tributaries.

203. The contractors fuel suppliers will be properly licensed, follow proper protocol for transferring fuel, and be in compliance with Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods (JT 3145-88).

1.2 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)

204. The range of potential construction impacts and mitigation measures described for the pipe-laying are relevant to earthworks and site activities the construction of WWTPs, except that their more isolated locations means that there are fewer sensitive receptor sites and therefore construction noise and dust are less significant issues for neighbors.

205. Noise. The nearest sensitive receptors to the three WWTP sites are listed in Table VI.6. The analysis in the EIA of noise produced by construction machinery 150 m away is 62- 66 dB. It is therefore concluded that construction noise in both day and night would meet the requirement Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90) at the nearest sensitive receptor of 55 dB at night and 65 dB in the daytime for the Hongmiao WWTP extension and Dashaba WWTP new construction.

11 The standard provides the upper limit for pollutant concentrations and the total allowed water discharge for industries and construction sites.

206. For the extension of the Lichuan WWTP, the No. 9 Group of Guandong Village is within the impact distance and will be subject to higher noise levels. At this site, construction at night will be strictly prohibited. During daytime construction, the contractor will ensure that: (i) noise levels from equipment and machinery conform to the PRC standard of GB 12523- 90, and properly maintain machinery to minimize noise; and (ii) temporary anti-noise barriers will be installed to shield the nearby residences.

Table VI.6: Location of Nearest Sensitive Receivers to WWTP Sites Site Nearest sensitive receivers Distance Hongmiao WWTP extension Xiaolongtan Village 180m-280 m Dashaba WWTP new construction Tanjiaba village 184m-442 m Lichuan WWTP extension Group 9 of Guandong Village 20 m

207. Construction Wastewater and Pollutants. Since the two existing WWTPs which will be extended (Hongmiao and Lichuan) and the site of the new Dashaba WWTP are all on the banks of the Qing River, any construction wastewater produced on the construction sites, leakage of construction material (i.e. concrete), and oil leaks from machinery, may enter the river and cause increases in suspended matter and pollution levels.

208. Site planning, management and safeguards will be needed to prevent these impacts: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials shall be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds and cleanup installations; (ii) vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling shall be properly carried out so that spilled materials do not seep into the soil; (iv) oil traps shall be provided for service areas and parking areas; and (v) fuel storage and refilling areas will be located on the part of the construction site furthest from the river; and material stockpiles will be protected against wind and runoff waters which might transport them to the river. Contractors will provide portable toilets at the WWTP construction sites.

209. Some soil erosion is expected during the construction phase when surface vegetation and soil are removed. Soil erosion can also occur after completion of construction in areas where site restoration has been inadequate. Erosion control measures implemented will include interception drainage to protect disturbed surfaces from surface flows. Construction plans will include erosion control prescriptions for construction work areas, including (i) constructing intercepting ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and diverting runoff from sites to existing drainage; (ii) limiting construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds; and (iii) stabilizing all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on. All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites.

210. Construction camps solid waste. These will have the same requirements as for the construction camps for the pipe-laying construction including the provision of portable toilets and garbage collection facilities. However, due to their more isolated location the contractor will also set up temporary canteens at the site. These will include grease traps and holding tanks to be pumped out and sent to operating sewage treatment plants.

2. Enhanced Flood Management

2.1 Riverside Embankments, Landscaping and Facilities

211. Earthworks. Earthmoving equipment will be used in these areas to configure fill into embankments and landscaped amenity areas. Wastewater runoff impacts and their mitigation during construction will be similar to those for WWTP sites (which are on

riverbanks) – with the same emphasis on the control of runoff and hazardous waste (including cement slurry) to protect the adjacent aquatic environments of the Qing River and tributaries.

212. Dust. Earthworks, terrain shaping and topdressing of embankments and riverside amenity areas will generate dust in similar concentrations to that calculated for the pipe- laying activities. In most localities however, construction of embankments will occur in peri- urban and agricultural areas. Table VI.1 shows that for Enshi 65% of the impacted riverside land is non-urban. For Lichuan, the impacted riverside land is 97% non-urban. In both cities the most impacted land cover type will be agricultural. For these lands therefore distance from residents and sensitive receotor sites will be sufficient to avoid impacts.

213. For the embankment construction sites in Enshi, on riverbanks categorized as low density urban and commercial, protection against fugitive dust will be provided by water spraying of unstabilized earth surfaces twice daily and covering of all stockpiled materials.

214. Noise. For noise impacts, the embankment construction in non-urban areas will cause no disturbance to sensitive receptors. None are located within the daytime distance of significant noise from earthmoving equipment, cranes and mixers (62-66 dB at 150 m).

215. Loss of terrestrial and riparian habitat. Embankment construction will occupy some areas of modified habitat of scattered regrowth trees, bamboo, weeds and grasses, as well as the narrow bands of fringing riverbank trees. These areas may support some fauna e.g. frogs, lizards and snakes. Construction will also disturb fauna (e.g. wetland birds) foraging in the river. Most documented species are widespread and already utilize the modified habitats in the project area, and may recolonize the rehabilitated areas readily. Three turtle species may occur along the Qing River construction areas, although likely in small numbers if at all (Section V.C.2). If present, they would be vulnerable to loss of habitat from dredging and embankment and direct mortality from construction.

216. Seven different designs for the project embankments take a variety of forms (Figure IV.7). These are “ecological” designs which include use of a range of flora and some riverine habitats i.e. use of rocks, logs and reedbeds. These have not been designed for particular species of fauna, but are anticipated to provide habitat niches for a wide range of birds, reptiles, amphibian and small mammals. In the final design, special provision will be made in the embankment designs and landscaping to ensure specific habitats for turtles and other fauna is provided. A monitoring program to check and adjust these habitats is required by the EMP. The operating and maintenance units (city Garden Bureaus) will provide monthly monitoring reports to the PMO on the survival and growth of planted trees, shrubs and herbs, with replacement and corrective actions as necessary. The performance of built habitat niches will also be reported monthly, with animal counts. In all cases, the taking or harming of any wildlife by construction workers will be strictly prohibited.

217. Fish which lay their eggs on plants occur in the project area (15 species; Table V.16). The extent of breeding in the specific river sections of the project is unknown. If any breeding does occur during construction, dredging and embankment would cause temporary impacts from elevated sedimentation and loss of aquatic plants in shoreline shallows. These temporary potential impacts will be offset by: (i) the constructed wetlands to be built in the Enshi and Lichuan river reaches; and (ii) extensive use of embankment Type C (Figure IV.7), which will be installed in many river and tributary reaches (Table IV.6 and IV.7).

218. Invasive species. Most habitats in the project area are highly modified and degraded, weeds are prevalent, and the fauna community is largely characteristic of disturbed landscapes in central PRC (Section V.C). The project earthworks do not involve the import or export of soil from the project area (which might introduce or spread soil-based organisms).

All project re-vegetation will use only native species, and which are locally sourced. The plant species to be used are listed in Tables IV.16-17 (Section V.C). As a further safeguard, a project assurance has been developed (Section X.B) to prohibit the use of any plant species classified in the PRC as weeds, as defined by the China National Invasive Plant Database (http://www.agripests.cn; 229 species) and by the Ministry of Environment Protection and Chinese Academy of Sciences (19 species). Weeding as part of maintenance of the re- vegetated project areas is included in the EMP (Items 2.6 and 3.4 in Table A1.2). Given the existing conditions and these safeguards, an invasive species management plan is not considered necessary.

2.2 River Dredging

219. Impacts from the release of suspended solids into the water column will be minimized by the construction practices (Section IV.C.2). In summary:  Dredging will take place section-by-section, to minimize the extent of the disturbance area at any one time.  Dredging in the small tributaries will use coffer dams to divert flow, and spoil removal will take place in the “dry” sections of the stream bed.  Dredging in Qing mainstream and larget tributaries will employ special underwater suction dredge cutter heads which are designed to limit SS dispersion to 15 m.

220. The domestic EIA has identified a more advanced dredge head which can reduce the dispersion distance of suspended solids to 5 m. It has recommended the procurement and use of this suction dredge cutter head (from the Netherlands) and this has been included in the FSR as the preferred arrangement. Use of advanced dredge equipment to ensure minimal impact downstream from suspended solids will be set as a loan assurance.

221. Dredging operations are scheduled to take place in the dry season (September to March) so that water depth will be low and the flow rate slow. It will commence in the early dry season (September) in the upper reaches of tributaries and finish in both cities by early February to allow at least two months for the disturbed bottom sediments to settle and stabilize before May, when rainfall doubles from the previous month and flow rates increase. The upstream sections dredged earlier in the season will have longer to recover and consolidate.

222. Impacts on aquatic ecology. The main potential impacts on the aquatic ecosystem during dredging are (i) the physical removal of the benthic layer and any organisms it may contain, including food of benthic filter feeders; (ii) localized loss of habitat for riverbed- dwelling fish; and (iii) the effects on organisms in the water column through increased turbidity near the dredge head.

223. Dredging activities will therefore cause temporary impacts to benthic fauna over at least 310 ha of riverbed in Enshi and Lichuan cities combined. Re-deposition of suspended solids and natural siltation over succeeding flood seasons will replace the lost topmost riverbed layer quickly. Given the numerous tributaries of the Qing River and extensive upstream sections where no dredging will occur, biological recovery is expected soon after dredging through recolonization.

224. Table V.16 identifies 22 species of fish in the river reaches of Enshi and seven species in Lichuan which lay their eggs on the riverbed. While these species will suffer temporary loss of habitat, the re-establishment of the benthic environment will restore them.

225. No baseline exists for phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic invertibrates and micro- organisms potentially impacted by these activities. A baseline sampling program is currently (November-December 2014) being implemented by the Hubei Wuhan Environmental

Monitoring Station, commissioned by the PMO. The PPTA team has provided the sampling locations for the survey. Three points in the Qing River mainstream will be sampled in each city, representing upstream, mid-city and downstream river reaches. The survey will focus on phytoplankton, zooplankton (Rotifers, Cladocera, Copepods and Nauplii), mollusks, crustations and aquatic insects, and determine their relative abundance, based on a one- time sample. This sampling and reporting in included as a pre-construction measure in the EMP and is set as a project loan assurance.

226. The monitoring program in the EMP includes regular repeat sampling of these organisms to check on the recovery of the aquatic environment.

227. Sediment quality of dredge spoil. River dredging will produce a total of 607,877 and 352,415 m3 of dredge spoil in Enshi and Lichuan respectively. The domestic EIA has sampled the sediment quality of the dredge spoil (Table V.6). The sampling locations were chosen to represent the most polluted sections of the river – points where runoff from domestic and commercial areas and agricultural areas are likely to accumulate (Figs V.10– V.11). The sampling found that sediment from all project river sections meet the requirement of Table 2 of Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants - Sludge Quality for Disposal to Landfill (GB/T23485-2009) and can be safely disposed to landfill.

228. To strengthen these findings, a second round of sediment sampling will be conducted, before construction begins. This will re-sample the original points as well as new sites. The Enshi Environmental Monitoring Station has been contracted to undertake the sampling. The Enshi and Lichuan EPBs will supervise and report on the results to the PMO. Sampling locations have been defined (Figures VI.1 and VI.2) and the additional sampling is confirmed as part of the EMP (Attachment 1). In the event this second round of sampling detects spoil which does not meet the PRC discharge standard for landfill disposal, the spoil, after being dredged, will be pre-treated at the dewatering site and tested again for compliance, prior to transport to the landfill site.

Figure VI.1: Additional Sampling points for River Sediment, Enshi

Source: LDI, August 2014

Figure VI.2: Additional Sampling points for River Sediment, Lichuan

229. Temporary storage and treatment sites for dredge spoil. Dredge spoil will be stored and treated at eight nominated riverbank sites along the waterways: five in Enshi and three in Lichuan (Section IV.C.3; Table IV.10). Locations are shown in Figures IV.8 and IV.9. Four of the five sites in Enshi City and all three sites in Lichuan City are currently cultivated for vegetables. Site 3 in Enshi (Table IV.C.3) is presently unused and supports weeds and grasses). Sites will be used temporarily, with the sediment being transported to landfill after treatment. All of these areas will, after construction is completed, be covered by riverside embankment developments. Compensation to owners and occupiers for lost agricultural assets is included in the Resettlement Plan.

230. Tailings water from dredge spoil dewatering and treatment. The following analysis considers the supernatant from the spoil dewatering and its return to the river. After treatment with flocculants, the supernatant will be retained in a settling tank before discharge to the river. The supernatant water will be monitored for compliance with Table 412 – Standard of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) for suspended solids (SS).13 If the supernatant water does not meet the discharge standard for SS, settling time will be extended and/or increased dosage of flocculents will be applied until the SS discharge standard is met.

231. An indication of the total potential impact on the receiving waters can be achieved by comparing the scale of pollutants in the total predicted flow of tailings water from all sites of 2,000 m3/d during the dredging program14 with the minimum average flow of the Qing River in the dry season of 253 m3/s. Table VI.7 shows the predicted concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) remaining in the tailings water and its effect on the water quality of the Qing River. TN and TP concentration in Qing waters will increase by a negligible extent – TP remains well below the standard limit and TN still exceeds it.

Table VI.7: Predicted Concentration of Pollutants in Runoff Water from Dredge Spoil and Effect on River Water Quality Qing River Proposed dredge spoil storage GB3838- 2002 Dry season Average Water emission Predicted Concentration Parameter Class III average flow concentration from dredge concentration in river 3 3 standard (m /s) (mg/l) spoil (m /s) (mg/l) (mg/l) TP 0. 5 0.11 0.5000052 0.2 253 0.012 TN 1.9 12.72 1.90051 1.0 Source: PPTA team

232. Transport of Treated Dredge Spoil. Transportation routes from the treatment sites to landfill in both cities are shown in Figures IV.8 and IV.9. The EIA Institute has calculated an average truck movement frequency of eight return trips per site per day for the duration of construction (one per hour) (Section IV.C.3). This is based upon 10 ton truck loads. This light loading is chosen to minimize road damage and smaller trucks will be able to operate more safely on neighborhood roads. With proper maintenance of vehicles and strict covering of loads, impacts will be low on all nominated roads except for the final parts of the route where all vehicles will use a single road.

233. Odors. During the dredging process there will be a distinct odor on the bank. The standard for odor arising from the temporary storage and treatment of sediment spoil is from PRC Classification of Temporary Odor Intensity and is a sliding scale from 0 (no odor) to 5 (very strong odor). The odor level from the dredge spoil treatment site is predicted to be 2

12 for construction sites or plants constructed or modified after 1 January 1999 13 SS is the indicator parameter rather than nitrogen or phosphorous (the main issues of concern) because: (i) it is less costly to analyze; (ii) settling of the SS removes excess nutrients through adsorption to particles. 14 Data from FSR.

beyond 30 meters, with a slight odor, below the detection threshold standard (level 2.5-3.5); it is almost odorless beyond 50 meters. The dewatering and treatment process is mainly carried out from the early winter to the late spring since the cold weather limits the flocculation process. The spoil dewatering and treatment is temporary, and the shortest distance to the nearest sensitive site is 207 m (Xiaolongtan Village). Therefore, the odor produced during the storage and treatment will have a limited impact on the surroundings.

234. In order to minimize odor, trash will be separated from the dredge spoil and then transported directly to local landfills. Trash will not be stockpiled along the riverbank or anywhere in the project sites. Transport of the dried and treated dredge spoil to landfill will be undertaken in covered trucks.

2.3 Water Source Protection

235. Turbidity generated during dredging and the flow of tailings water from dredge spoil treatment sites upstream of Lichuan No.1 Water Plant would have a detrimental effect on the water quality at the inlet of the plant. This has been addressed in the work plan by providing for the shut-down of the No.1 plant during the dredging and construction period. During this time, all Lichuan water will be provided by the No.2 WTP.

236. Enshi’s domestic water supply is drawn from the Dalongtan Reservoir, which is on the Qing River upstream of the city reaches. There is therefore no impact on water sources from project activities.

2.4 Worker and Community Health and Safety

237. The objective of environmental health and safety is to provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and disease. It also covers the establishment of preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety of local communities. It is therefore a combination of occupational health and safety of staff/workers at the subproject facilities and community health and safety of people living nearby or potentially affected by failures or poor operation of facilities.

238. The civil works contractors will implement adequate precautions to protect the health and safety of the workers and community. Signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles and excavations, and raising awareness on safety issues. At the end of each day, all sites and equipment will be made secure (through fencing and/or lock-down of equipment) to prevent public access.

239. The contractors will also implement precautions to protect the health and safety of construction workers. The occupational health and safety risks will be managed by applying measures in the following order of preference: avoiding, controlling, minimizing hazards, and providing adequate protective equipment. Each contractor’s Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan will include measures for health and safety for personnel. The plan will be submitted to the PMO for review and appraisal and will include the following provisions for health and safety: i. Personal protection. Provide personal protection equipment (PPE) appropriate to the job, such as safety boots, helmets, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, and ear protection, in accordance with relevant health and safety regulations, for workers. ii. Emergency Preparedness and Response. An emergency response plan to take actions on accidents and emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies associated with hazardous material spills and similar events will be prepared, and submitted to the IA for review and appraisal. A fully equipped first-aid base in each construction site will be provided.

iii. Records Management. A Records Management System will be established to document occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents, that: (a) includes a tracking system to ensure that incidents are followed-up; (b) can easily retrieve records; and (c) can be used during compliance monitoring and audits. The system will be backed up on at least one external hard drive to protect records against loss or damage. iv. Safety communication. Ensure that safety, rescue and industrial health matters are given a high degree of publicity to all persons regularly or occasionally on the Site. Posters drawing attention to site safety, rescue and industrial health regulations will be made or obtained from the appropriate sources and will be displayed prominently in relevant areas of the site. v. Training, awareness and competence. Train all construction workers in basic sanitation and health care issues, general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work.

D. Impacts and Mitigation Measures in the Operational Phase

240. Impacts and mitigation measures for the operational phase of the project are discussed below under the headings of the major relevant components. Each measure is carried forward into the EMP in Attachment 1.

1. Output 1: Improved Water Pollution Control

1.1 Sewer Pipe Network

241. Noise from pump houses. The pump stations will have a buffer distance of at least 15 m from the nearest household and will use low-noise water pumps with noise levels controlled to within 55 dB(A) at a distance of 1 m from the pump house. No houses are less than 15 m from the pumping station sites in either city. The closest, in Lichuan, is 65 m from the pumping station (No. 3). Noise levels at all houses in the vicinity of pumping stations comply with the PRC standard and the World Bank Group EHS standard for residential areas.

1.2 Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)

242. Effluent discharge. The WWTP extensions at Hongmiao (Enshi) and Lichuan and the newly constructed Dashaba WWTP in Enshi are designed to discharge high quality treated effluent, since they all discharge into the Qing River directly. The discharge quality will meet the highest standard, Class 1A, of Discharge Standards of Pollutants for Municipal WWTPs (GB18918-2002).

243. The wastewater generated in the service areas will be from domestic, commercial and light industrial premises15. The FSR and domestic EIA have predicted the WWTP influent quality based on the most recent three years of data and Enshi Urban Zone Water Supply and Drainage Plan (Drainage Section) (2011-2030 draft). Further verification of the design influent volume and quality parameters will be undertaken during the detailed design phase.

244. For industrial wastewater, although the project is not working directly with industry, a project assurance has been agreed with the executing agency to: (i) ensure that industries contain adequate on-site pre-treatment processes; and (ii) monitor and supervise the quality of industrial wastewater discharged by industrial enterprises into the sewers to ensure

15 In 2012, GDP composition ratios in ETMAP for the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors were 25.9%, 34.1%, and 40% respectively

compliance with the Water Quality Standard for Wastewater Discharged into Municipal Sewers (Section X.B).

245. Compliance monitoring at the WWTPs will be undertaken prior to and during plant operation to ensure that treated discharges meet Class 1A of Discharge Standards of Pollutants for Municipal WWTPs (GB18918-2002) (see Table III.11). This is reflected in the EMP. Table VI.8 shows the design inflow and discharge for the plants.

Table VI.8: Design Inflow and Discharge Standard for Effluent Quality Parameter CODCr BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP New Dashaba WWTP Influent (mg/l) 350 150 220 25 30 3 Discharge (mg/l) ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5 ≤15 ≤0.5 Treatment Rate % ≥85.7 ≥93.3 ≥95.5 ≥80.0 ≥50.0 ≥83.3 Hongmiao WWTP Extension Influent (mg/l) 250 120 150 25 30 3 Discharge (mg/l) ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5 ≤15 ≤0.5 Treatment Rate % ≥80.0 ≥91.7 ≥93.3 ≥80.0 ≥50.0 ≥83.3 Lichuan WWTP Extension Influent (mg/l) 250 120 150 25 30 3 Discharge (mg/l) ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤5 ≤15 ≤0.5 Treatment Rate % ≥80.0 ≥91.7 ≥93.3 ≥80.0 ≥50.0 ≥83.3

246. In Chapter V, the quality of the Qing River receiving waters is provided (based on sampling in April 2014). The quality of the receiving waters includes the effects of lower quality discharges of wastewater from the existing WWTPs and the additional general discharge of untreated sewage directly into the river, bypassing the existing WWTPs. The new WWTPs will therefore clean up the receiving waters in two ways: (i) by discharging into the river a treated effluent which is significantly higher in quality than that of the receiving waters; and (ii) by the upgrade and extension of sewage reticulation into previously unsewered areas.

247. Air emissions. Odor generated during sewage treatment (including sewage grating room, sedimentation tank, oxidation pond, secondary sedimentation tank) will impact upon the environment within and around the plant area. The concentration of odor is related to wastewater quality, and its dispersal is related to meteorological conditions and terrain. Odor is a composite of pollutants of which ammonia (H2S) and hydrogen sulfide (NH3) are the key parameters for measurement. Two national standards apply: GB14554-93 Malodorous Pollutant Discharge Standards–Class 2 (for evaluation at the plant boundary) and TJ36-79 Design of Industrial Enterprises Hygiene Standards (for evaluation at receiver sites). The standards for the level of odor pollutants at the plant boundaries are defined in Table VI.9.

Table VI.9: Boundary Standard of Odor Pollutants Controlled Class II GB14554-93 Unit Class I GB14554-93 Pollutants New Sites Existing Sites Ammonia mg/m3 1.0 1.5 2.0 Hydrogen sulfide mg/m3 0.03 0.06 0.10

248. The distance from the plant where maximum concentration of these gases will occur has been calculated using the air environmental protection distance computation method regulated in Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment - Air Environment (HJ 2.2-2008). The calculated distances between the source and sensitive receptors are in Table VI.10. The results show that residential areas at the Hongmiao and Lichuan WWTPs will be within the distance of maximum concentration of the gases. However, the maximum predicted concentrations for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide at the nearest distances (219-

320 m) to these areas are 60% and 66% respectively lower than the residential standard (Table VI.10). This confirms that odor standards comply with the relevant standards.

Table VI.10: Maximum Ground-level Concentrations of Odors Name Distance downwind (m) NH3 H2S Hongmiao WWTP 554 0.0762 0.003 Dashaba WWTP 320 0.0881 0.0034 Lichuan WWTP 219 0.0797 0.0031 Standard for residences (TJ36-79) 0.20 0.01

249. In addition to PRC regulations for odor standards, the project also complies with PRC Development of Local Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Standards Technical Methods (GB/T13201-91) standard for health protection distances from odor (Table VI.11). The results show that the Hongmiao and Dashaba plants satisfy the health distance, but the Lichuan extension does not. To comply, the internal arrangement of the Lichuan WWTP extension has been designed so that odor-producing facilities such as the grill well, biological reaction tank and sludge treatment plant are located at the northern end of the site. In addition, detailed design of the plant extension to safeguard neighboring properties from odor is also required as part of the EMP.

Table VI.11: Health Protection Distance Calculations Health Protection Distance (m) Distance to nearest village (m) Plant NH3 H2S Hongmiao WWTP 50 50 150 Dashaba WWTP 50 50 320 Lichuan WWTP Ⅱ 50 50 20

250. Solid waste. Estimated solid waste (excluding sewage sludge) from the WWTPs is listed in Table VI.12.

Table VI.12: Estimated Solid Waste Generation at Wastewater Treatment Plants Daily Products (tons) Annual Products (tons) Dashaba WWTP Screenings 8 2920 Sediment 4 1460 Total 12 4580 Hongmiao WWTP Screenings 9.6 3504 Sediment 4.8 1752 Total 14.4 5256 Lichuan WWTP Screenings 11.2 4088 Sediment 5.6 2044 Total 16.8 6132

251. Primary filtration residue mainly consists of floating solids, discarded plastic, sticks and leaves. Sludge mainly comes from the grit chamber, oxidation channel and secondary settling tank. Primary filtration residue will be dried, baled, and transported to designated landfills for burying by semi-closed dump truck.

252. Noise. Operational noise comes from mechanical equipment such as waste water lift pumping, return sludge pump and grid screen rotation. Cumulative noise from these sources is predicted at 88-95 dB(A). Noise impact will be experienced by employees (see Health and Safety below). The level of external noise at the plants will be lower than the Class III Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008). To further reduce noise levels, and in compliance with the latter PRC standard, a belt of trees and

shrubs will be planted along the WWTP boundaries closest to urban areas. Only native species, and which are locally sourced, will be used for this. The costs of these green belts are already included in the project design cost estimates.

253. Health and safety. Wastewater treatment plant operators and staff are exposed to occupational risks of falls on wet floors or into treatment ponds, pits, clarifiers or vats, splashes of hazardous liquids, or cuts and contusions from equipment, etc. They are exposed to hazards related to work in confined spaces. The following measures will be implemented to safeguard the safety and health of WWTP operators: (i) compulsory use of safety shoes or boots with non-slip soles, protective equipment, and chemical resistant clothing and safety goggles to avoid exposure of skin or eyes to corrosive and/or polluted solids, liquids, gases or vapors; (ii) posting of safety instructions in each workshop regarding the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals; (iii) check electrical equipment for safety before use; verify that all electric cables are properly insulated; take faulty or suspect electrical equipment to a qualified electricity technician for testing and repair; (iv) wearing of respiratory mask in the sludge dewatering and de-odor workshops and when moving and transporting sludge; and (v) adherence to safety instructions concerning entry into confined spaces, e.g., check atmosphere for oxygen or for poisonous gases, use respiratory protection equipment if needed, have a co-worker stand guard in case of need for help, etc. All workers will undergo periodic examinations by occupational physician to reveal early symptoms of possible chronic effects or allergies. Finally, health and safety will be incorporated into the regular staff training programs.

254. Emergency plan. In the PRC the various levels of government have put in place emergency preparedness and response procedures. The National Master Plan for Public Emergency Preparedness and Response was released by the State Council on 8 January 2006. The national master plan establishes the principles, policy and institutional framework for preparing and responding to public emergencies. In turn, provinces have proclaimed master plans for public emergency preparedness and response. As part of project implementation, an emergency preparedness and response plan at each WWTP will be formulated and put in place before each of the WWTPs becomes operational. The emergency preparedness and response plans will uses the provisions of the provincial plan and address, among other things, training, resources, responsibilities, communication, procedures, and other aspects required to respond effectively to emergencies associated with the risk of accidental discharges. Appropriate information about emergency preparedness and response activities, resources, and responsibilities will be disclosed to affected communities.

2. Output 2: Enhanced Flood Management

2.1 Hydrological Impacts from Embankments

255. It is possible that the project embankments (116 km) and dredging (81 km) may result in higher water velocities and/or volumes moving downstream, posing risks to communities and lands downstream of the project area, as well as changes in channel morphology. Climate change may further increase this risk. To assess these potential impacts: (i) modeling of mean annual flood speed before and after the project was conducted for five sections of the Qing River mainstream and large tributaries in the project area; (ii) changes in channel gradient due to the dredging (which will remove 20-40 cm of surface sediments) were considered, especially between Lichuan (upstream) and Enshi (downstream); (iii) the range of embankment types to be developed by the project (and their contribution to higher flow velocity through smooth-sided channels) was considered; (iv) the location of existing dams above and below the project area was mapped; and (iv) the results of climate change analyses were included in the assessment.

256. This assessment found that: (i) the project will result in only small increases (0.1-0.2 meters per second) to mean annual flood velocities downstream of Lichuan and Enshi Cities; (ii) the channel gradient between Lichuan and Enshi (a key potential determinant of downstream flood risk to Enshi City), will not be changed by the project – dredging will maintain the existing gradient; (iii) of the seven embankment designs to be employed, all except one (“type B3”, a reinforced concrete retaining wall; Figure IV.7) are designed to absorb changing water levels and flow velocities through the maximum use of vegetation, graded revetments, and rough and porous textures; for the single exception, this will only be used in short river sections subject to the most severe bank erosion; (iv) dams are located above and below Lichuan and Enshi Cities respectively and directly regulate downstream flows; (v) under climate change, mean annual precipitation is predicted to increase by only 1.6% up to 2040 and 0.2-3.5% up to 2060 (Section V.E); and (vi) downstream of Enshi City, approximately 70 km of the river flows through narrow, steep-sided valleys which do not support river-based settlements.

257. On the basis of this information, it is concluded the project does not present significant risks to downstream residents, lands, or channel morphology.

258. Climate change was also incorporated into the design of the embankments. Embankment height was identified based on: (i) the maximum flood height of 1:50 year floods (for river sections within the inner city areas) and 1:20 year flood heights (for the surrounding river sections); (ii) a safety margin of +70 cm (comprising 20 cm “wave action” and 50 cm safety margin), identified from modeling flood velocities and levels; (iii) modeling calculations assumed a long-term increase of 10-15% in precipitation – considerably higher than the predicted increase in mean annual precipitation of 1.6% up to 2040 and 0.2-3.5% up to 2060 (Section V.E). These results were summed together to calculate the embankment heights for the project river sections. They confirm that design calculations for flood risk make ample provision for potential increases in rainfall and flood levels.

2.2 Water Source Protection

259. The drinking water source protection zone of No.1 WTP in Lichuan is designated a water source protection area by the Technical Specification of Drinking Water Source Protection Areas Classification of Hubei Province under the PRC Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (1984) Article 20. In conjunction with the riverbank and riverbed remediation undertaken by the project, this zone will be extended both upstream and downstream to provide greater protection of the water quality.

260. The project works, which protect the riverbanks and close drains entering the river in this area, will bring the zone into compliance with the technical specifications (listed in section III.E.3) and facilitate their enforcement in the future. Expansion of the water source protection zone will not cause any resettlement, economic displacement, or change in adjoining landuse: the regulations relate specifically to prohibiting discharge of waste into the river and use of the channel itself.

E. Greenhouse Gas Production by the Project

261. The project will generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in a number of ways, including use of fossil fuels and electricity for machinery and vehicles, and emissions from dredge spoil exposed to the air. The project construction phase is unlikely to produce large GHG emissions because: (i) existing construction equipment will be used and diverted to the current project; and (ii) the exposure of dredge spoil to the air will be limited by daily disposal in landfill, where it will be mixed in layers with domestic waste; and (iii) the mixing of dredge spoil with the organic matter in the landfill (which has higher GHG emissions) will reduce the

methane emissions per unit volume in the landfill sites. The main source of GHGs from the project will be from the operation of the wastewater components.

262. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the main GHGs produced during the wastewater treatment processes. The FSR provides an estimation of GHGs produced from the aerobic component of the modified A/A/O process in the WWTPs. The estimation uses an IPCC carbon accounting method based on BOD removal, where the organic matter 16 in the wastewater is decomposed by microbial action, producing CO2. However, there is no estimation of GHG emissions for the anaerobic phase of the treatment since the FSR cites the IPCC advice that “biogenic carbon” should not be included in carbon accounting. Instead, GHG emission from the anaerobic sludge digester is calculated here using the US EPA 17 carbon accounting methodology. The results indicate that, excluding N2O emissions, project GHG emissions for WWTP operation will be around 92,000 t/yr CO2e (Table VI.13).

Table VI.13: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2e) from WWTP Operation (t/yr) WWTP Aerobic Component Anaerobic Component Power Use Total Dashaba 50,000 m3/day 1747 34,615 6227.7 42589 Hongmiao 30,000 m3/day 823.8 20,766 3243.7 24832 Lichuan 30,000 m3/day 823.8 20,766 3243.7 24832 92,253 Source: FSR and PPTA team

263. Secondly, potential N2O emissions in the WWTP treatment process were calculated. The FSR applies the following formula: MN2O=Q(TNinfluent-TNeffluent) FNi×10; where Q is the influent volume and FNi is an empirical emission factor of N2O during nitrogen removal. Total estimated N2O emissions for the project are 6,270 t/yr CO2e (Table VI.14).

Table VI.14: N2O Emissions from WWTP Operation (t/yr) WWTP Total Dashaba 50,000 m3/day 9.5 Hongmiao 30,000 m3/day 5.7 Lichuan 30,000 m3/day 5.7 t/yr N2O 20.9 As CO2e 6,270 Source: FSR and PPTA team

264. Third, power usage in the WWTPs and pumping stations to be built or upgraded by 18 the project was converted to CO2e using the US EPA eGRID method. Total estimated emissions for the project are 1,660 t/yr CO2e (Table VI.14).

Table VI.15: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2e) from Pumping Stations (t/yr) 3 Pumping Station Capacity (m /day) Power Use (kWh/yr) CO2e Emissions (t/yr) Enshi Hongmiao 25,000 233,375 170 Enshi Gaoqiao 150,000 1,400,250 1218 Lichuan Pumping Station 3 30,240 295,212 203 Lichuan Pumping Station 5 11,232 100,740 69 Total 1,660 Source: FSR and PPTA team

16 -3 -3 MCO2=1.62Q(BOD0,aerobic－BODe,aerobic) x 10 －1.56yYtQ (BOD0,aerobic－BODe,aerobic) x 10 17 EPA. 2010. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation for Biogenic Emissions from Selected Source Categories. RTI International, NC. 18 EPA. 2014. eGRID U.S. annual non-baseload CO2 output emission rate, year 2010 data. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

265. Based on these calculations, the total estimated GHG emissions by the project before emission-saving measures (see below) is 100,180 t/yr CO2e. This is already lower than might be anticipated compared with other treatment processes, because the treatment process selected for the WWTPs (Modified A/A/O treatment) emits less N2O than other methods and requires the least amount of energy.

266. To further reduce this total, the project will integrate the following design and operational measures.

i. Adoption of variable frequency drive (VFD) controllers for all pumps (in WWTPs and pumping stations). The PRC is a leader in this technology, which can achieve up to 20% energy savings.

ii. Operational control of treatment processes:  The designed pH under this project is 6.8-7.5 and the concentration of DO is kept above 1.5 mg/l. These measures minimize N2O emission.  Blast aeration is adopted for the Modified A/A/O process under this project, which allows high levels of oxygenation and further reductions in N2O.  Design of sludge retention time (SRT) for this project is based on optimizing pollution removal performance. Shorter SRT will be examined in the operational period to see if it can be achieved without lowering pollution removal performance.  The above points are existing design features for the WWTPs. However the GHG accounting methods do not include these measures, but which can yield significant GHG savings.

267. Power consumption is responsible for a significant part of the GHG emissions of the project (14,400 t/yr). With the installation of VFD controllers on pumps in all project facilities, energy saving of 15-20% can be expected. This will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by at least 2,000 t/yr CO2e.

268. N2O emissions from the project are low due to the treatment process selected. However, every unit reduction in N2O emissions is equivalent to 300 units of CO2 and further minimization of N2O will significantly reduce total GHG production. This will be achieved by the implementation of the operational measures listed above, which have been incorporated in the designs of the WWTPs to be built by the project. A 20% reduction in N2O emissions from a combination of pH control, DO level control and blast aeration will reduce total emissions by 1,254 t/yr CO2e. The third operational measure for N2O reduction, sludge retention time, will be the subject of trials at each plant during the first year of operation. The carrying out of these trials, monitoring and reporting of results are required by the EMP.

269. Net estimated GHG emissions. With the above energy savings, plant designs and treatment processes, the estimated net GHG emission from the project is 96,926 t/yr CO2e. This will be further reduced as operational experience in sludge handling is put into practice.

270. This level of emission is at the threshold of the significant level of GHG generation as defined by the ADB SPS, which is 100,000 t/yr CO2e. The operators of the WWTPs will monitor their yearly GHG emissions, in accordance with internationally recognized methodologies (e.g. the IPCC and websites of a range of international climate change agencies) to evaluate and improve on the performance of the mitigation measures described above and report to the PMO. Results will be included in the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB. These measures are included in the project EMP (Attachment 1).

F. Adaptation to Climate Change

271. A climate change risk assessment was conducted for the project based on the likelihood of change in selected variables (e.g. flood frequency) and the magnitude and severity of such changes on project construction and operation (Section V.C). Three risk levels represented by simple indices (high, medium, low), were used for each assessment. The overall risk to project activities was then defined by the aggregated indices for each type of project activity. The full report is at DFR Supplementary Document SD6. Potential climate change risks were identified and are summarized below.  Wastewater interception and collection network – there is high risk for increased runoff from initial rainwater with urban contaminants; medium risks in increased soil erosion and sediment deposition in the Qing River; and low risk of reduced water availability, infrastructure degradation, and ground subsidence.  Wastewater treatment facilities – there is high risk of more influent with low concentration of pollutants produced during monsoon; medium risk of widespread contamination by flooding; and low risk of increased runoff from initial rainwater with poor water quality, infrastructure degradation, and ground subsidence.  Flood management and riverbank rehabilitation – there is high risk in flood events caused by more frequent annual and seasonal precipitations; low risk of flood events caused by significant increase in precipitation, and ground subsidence.

272. Adaptation measures. The identified risks from climate change have significant implications for project components. The higher rainfall and flood frequencies mean that the wastewater components must cope with higher water volumes and the river management components must withstand recurrent floods and provide flood protection. The following adaptation measures have been incorporated into the design of the wastewater interception network, treatment facilities and riverbank restoration works.

273. Wastewater interception and collection network. Separate stormwater and wastewater systems have been designed to address the increasing risk (under climate change) of increased runoff volumes from initial rainwater along with urban contaminants picked up in the runoff, and medium risks in increased soil erosion and sediment deposition. Sewer interception pipes have been designed to avoid significant increases in volume from storm and runoff events. The design allows for a maximum 10% increase in water volume in the sewer pipes, above which level stormwater is diverted and drained to the river.

274. Wastewater treatment facilities. The risk of higher runoff volumes from initial rainwater, along with urban contaminants picked up in the runoff, and increased flooding frequency, have been included in the siting and design of the project WWTPs, as follows.

 Elevation of the WWTPs above flood level. The Dashaba WWTP has been located above the 1 in 50 return flood level (at the expense of an additional pumping station) to ensure its protection. Hongmiao and Lichuan WWTP components are extensions to existing facilities, both of which are sited above predicted flood levels.  Design of the increased treatment capacity of WWTPs allows for maximum runoff from initial rainstorm. The WWTP capacities are for wastewater volumes to 2030 and cover the 10% volume increase in storm events.  Siting of all WWTPs are adjacent to Qing River, which allows pumping of dilution water from the river in times of extreme drought to protect treatment processes.

275. Flood management and riverbank restoration. The high risk of flood events caused by more frequent annual and seasonal precipitations identified in the climate change analysis have been incorporated into embankment designs for flood control.

 Embankment heights have been designed for the design level flood (1 in 50 year return for built-up areas and 1 in 20 year return for non-urban areas) with an additional 0.2 m margin for wave action plus 0.5 m safety margin (giving an additional height above the design flood level of 0.7 m). This will provide protection against predicted increased flooding die to climate change.  The engineering design of embankments are adapted to asset protection from flooding (robust concrete structures for unstable banks in built up areas and reinforced sloping “green” embankments for non-urban and agricultural lands. The embankments are designed with engineered foundations in concrete and gabions sections to provide strength against the predicted higher frequency of flooding and water velocity.

G. Induced and cumulative impacts and benefits

276. Induced impacts are impacts on areas and communities from unintended but predictable developments caused by a project which may occur later or at a different location. Cumulative impacts are the combined results of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, which together may result in significant adverse and/or beneficial effects that would not be expected in the case of a stand-alone project. For the current project, most potential induced and/or cumulative impacts relate to the type and extent of project infrastructure to be constructed along the Qing River.

277. Induced impacts. The project may result in at least two induced impacts: (i) the facilitation of development in new areas. Project sites include new-growth areas, but only sites already zoned in the city master plans and prepared for development; and (ii) the project embankments may result in conversion of farmland to urban use as flood risk is reduced. However, for sites where the embankments will protect existing agricultural land, they have been designed as low profile (“Type A” design) to maintain prime riverside cultivation and associated livelihoods. The project will not open up new areas for unplanned development.

278. Cumulative impacts and benefits. The following paragraphs focus on cumulative changes to water quality, flood risk, quality of life for residents, management of water resources, and hydrology of the Qing River within and downstream of the project area.

279. Improved water quality. The current project alone is expected to result in an improvement of water quality from Class IV-V (the lowest quality possible) to above Class III. The project-funded sewage pipeline networks and WWTPs will service existing and new growth areas and support the Enshi and Lichuan City Master Plan targets i.e.: (i) the project will achieve 100% completion of targets for WWTP capacity; (ii) increase in WWTP treatment standard from 1B to 1A (the highest possible); (iii) and expansion of the Enshi and Lichuan City sewage pipeline coverage up to 46% (cumulative total 177 km, of the master plan target 387 km) and 77% (94.5 km cumulative total, of the target 123 km) of the Enshi and Lichuan Master Plan targets respectively. These benefits will be supported by continuing government efforts to enforce pollution regulations for local industry and future land use development, which will be located away from the riverbanks.

280. Reduced flood risk. The project, when combined with existing embankments, will result in flood risk reduced from a 1 in 4 year to 1 in 20 year recurrence interval. Since 2002 at least 4–5 km of embankment has been constructed in Enshi and Lichuan Cities respectively, within the city centers; the project will add an additional 116 km embankment

and 81 km of dredging. By 2020, a total city area of 5.6 km2 and 3.4 km2 in Enshi and Lichuan respectively will be protected against 1 in 20 year floods. The benefits of this infrastructure will be accompanied by increased capacity to manage flooding, and public awareness of flood risk management, through the project.

281. Improved quality of life for residents. The project will directly improve the living conditions of a large number of residents, as follows. (i) At least 40,000 households (120,000-160,000 people, assuming one household supports 3-4 people; 2010 population census) will receive new and/or improved sewage pipeline coverage. (ii) At least 70,900 households (c.212,700–283,600 people), comprising 38,300 and 32,600 households in Enshi and Lichuan respectively, will be protected from flooding, at least up to 1:20 flood recurrence interval. For residents of inner city areas this will be even higher, to 1:50 year flood interval. (iii) Future development in the cities will be on the landward side of the river embankments. This will protect and maintain the river corridor as an environmental and recreational asset for the cities.

282. Overall improved management of water resources. The project comprises structural and non-structural measures and a multi-disciplinary approach involving many government agencies and activities with pilot communities. Through the review of master plans (with the aim of improving land use planning), improved government management capacity, training, the project infrastructure, pilot for non-point source pollution, and public awareness for flood risk and solid waste management, the project alone is improving integrated water resources management in both cities. Cumulatively, through its scope, it seems likely the project will directly and indirectly influence many other water resource planning activities in the cities.

283. Long-term impacts to river hydrology. Large-scale infrastructure development for commercial, residential, and industrial expansion is currently occurring throughout both cities. The Enshi and Lichuan Master Plans have targets up to 2020 and 2030 respectively, indicating the current fast pace of development will continue for at least another 5–15 years. The project forms only one component of this much larger development context. By the end of these periods, the sections of the Qing River within Enshi and Lichuan Cities will be almost completely modified. Existing dams and barrages above, below, and within the cities already regulate the river flow. It seems almost certain that long-term cumulative changes in the hydrological regime will occur, if nothing else due to the increased proportion of hard, impermeable surfaces in the cities and higher drainage efficiency to the river, versus natural absorption by soil. This may result in greater flood velocities downstream, accompanied by increases in flood volumes under the small predicted increases in precipitation (Section V.E).

284. However, these impacts are being accompanied by increasing government awareness of the need for land use planning, water resources management, and solid waste control. One clear example of this is the embankment designs in the current project: the government and local design institute has emphasized the need for designs which maximize vegetation and porous surfaces, and only using native species. Combined with the natural geographic limitations for development downstream of Enshi (steep-sided valleys for 70 km with limited space for residential areas or agriculture), long-term cumulative impacts to river hydrology may be more manageable compared with sections of the Qing River further downstream and which are subject to higher levels of development and modification.

VII. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

A. Output 1: Water Pollution Control

1. Location of the new WWTP for Enshi City

285. The service area of the new Enshi City WWTP includes the Qifengba area, Fangjiaba area, Xiaoduchuan area, Xiqu area, Liujiaoting area, Toudaoshui area and Tanjiaba-Dashaba area. Two locations were feasible for the service area:

286. Option 1: The Dashaba group of Tanjiaba Village on the south bank of Qing River. Advantages: (i) existing land use is forest and farm land, with few residents, so there would be little resettlement; (ii) site adjoins the Qing River, which facilitates discharge; (iii) elevation of the WWTP is 432 m and the 50-year flood level is 430 m, so it could maintain a freeboard above the highest design flood level. Disadvantages: (i) elevation of the WWTP would require inclusion of a pump station on the Gaoqiao River; (ii) the cost of long distance pumping to a WWTP at Dashaba would be high and the cost of pipelines would be higher.

287. Option 2: South of the junction of the Gaoqiao River and Qing River. Advantage: elevation is 410 m and the relief is lower, enabling efficient wastewater transfer by gravity without the need for pumping. Disadvantages: (i) the WWTP site is below the 1 in 20 year flood level and would be increasingly vulnerable to flooding with increasing rainfall and storm events predicted in local climate change scenarios; (ii) the trunk pipe serving the WWTP in this site would need to cross the Gaoqiao River at a low level, making it vulnerable to flood waters; (iii) the area is densely populated and site development would require significant levels of resettlement to achieve statutory buffer distances.

288. Option 1 has been selected as the location for the new enshi WWTP.

2. Wastewater treatment process

289. Three treatment processes were compared: the modified aerobic/anaerobic oxygenation process (Modified A/A/O); the oxidation trench process; and the modified sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The Modified A/A/O performs highest against the criteria in Table VII.1 and has been selected as the treatment process for the Dashaba WWTP, Hongmiao extension and Lichuan extension.

Table VII.1: Wastewater Treatment Process Comparison Criterion Modified A/A/O Oxidation Trench Modified SBR Structural High Medium Low complexity Process Biological nutrient removal It has various forms, Operation flexible and can be characteristics composed of pre-anoxic, with good impact regulated according to the anaerobic, anoxic and resistance and stable water quality. Aeration aerobic units. A proven outflow quality /mixture ratio can be technique. Pre-anoxic ditch regulated flexibly by the enhances biological sequencing batch segment to phosphorus removal ensure the TN removal. Supporting unit Blower house and secondary Secondary Blower house should be sedimentation tank should be sedimentation tank installed. installed. should be installed. Operational Equipment and Good automaton, lower labor. Process and operational management structures are minimal, Complex operation and management is simple management is simple higher operator abilit Energy use Lower power consumption Lower oxygenate Higher cost for power efficiency, higher cost consumption for power consumption

Source: PPTA team from data in Enshi domestic EIA, August 2014

3. Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes

290. These processes, coming after the modified A/A/O secondary treatment, are responsible for attaining the pollutant reduction levels to achieve 1A discharge standard. There are three main processes: filtering, disinfection and deodorization. For filtration, the process is mainly chosen for compatibility with the secondary treatment process. For the project WWTPs the riser fiber cloth filtration system is most compatible with A/A/O and has been selected for all project WWTPs. For the disinfection process, although investment, running costs, maintenance and power use are high, the UV disinfection process has advantages over other disinfection processes in terms of installation, usage and fast action. Importantly, for discharge into the Qing River, where environmental improvement is the objective, UV disinfection has advantages over chemical disinfection processes including no residual in the discharge and no chemical storage or handling.

Table VII.2: Comparison of Disinfection Processes Criterion Liquid Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Ozone UV Disinfection Effect Good Very good Very good Good Deodorization No operation Good Good No operation Impact of Ph High Low Medium No Solubility in Water High Very high Low No Residence Time in Water Long Long Short Short Sustainable Disinfection Effect Yes Yes Partial No Disinfection Speed Medium Fast Fast Fast Treated Amount of Water High High Low Low Fe and Mn Removal Effect Not detectable Detectable - Not detectable Ammonia Effect Obvious No No No Raw Material Easily accessible Easily accessible - - Maintenance Easy Easier Complicated Complicated Operational Safety Unsafe Safe Unsafe - Automaticity Common Higher High High Investment Low Low Higher High Equipment Installation Easy Easy Complicated Complicated Installation Area Large Small Large Small Maintenance intensity Low-medium Low Medium High Power Consumption Low Low High High Operation Cost Low Low High High Source: PPTA team from data in Enshi domestic EIA, August 2014 291. Consideration was also given to improving the removal rate of TN to higher than Class 1A standard. This would require one of two processes: (i) expansion of the Modified AAO process in the WWTPs, which would require more space; (ii) increased filtration techniques, which would require higher operational costs, and in turn higher water tariffs to users. It was concluded that treatment to Class 1A standard is most realistic and economical.

292. WWTP deodorization process. For final deodorization, two processes were evaluated: “active oxygen double-ion process” and “biological process”. The active oxygen process out- performs the latter in all criteria (Table VII.3) and has been selected for all project WWTPs.

Table VII.3: Comparison of Deodorization Processes Process Active oxygen double ion process Biological Process Deodorization efficiency High Medium Power consumption Moderate High Investment Moderate High Operation cost Moderate High Land occupation Medium High Maintenance level Low High

Process Active oxygen double ion process Biological Process Safety Safe Potential for toxic gas build-up Source: PPTA team from data in Enshi domestic EIA, August 2014 293. WWTP sludge treatment process. Compared with the plate filter dewatering process and lime semi-dry process, the continuous advanced dewatering process has the advantage of good dewatering effect, high sludge reduction rate, less medicine dosing, continuous and easy operation, etc, which is adopted for this project.

Table VII.4: Comparison of Sludge Treatment Processes Continuous advanced High pressure plate filter lime semi-dry Method dewatering process dewatering process process Volume Sludge reduction ratio could Sludge reduction ratio could be Sludge reduction ratio reduction be more than 60% about 50% is less than 40% Supporting facilities include Supporting facilities Supporting facilities are dilution tank (or concentration are small e.g. sludge Land small e.g. sludge conveyor, facilities + conditioning tank), conveyor, sludge occupation sludge mixer, etc, and land high-pressure pump, etc, of mixer, etc, land occupation is small which land occupation is big occupation is small Chemicals used are 4-8% of Chemical used is 4-10% of the Chemical Chemicals used is 20- the amount of dewatering amount of dewatering sludge, dosing and 35% of amount of sludge, installed power is installed power is high, need to energy cost dewatering sludge, low and power consumption make the sludge from liquid during power consumption is is <50% of plate filter status to solid status, power operation low process. consumption is higher Source: PPTA team from data in Enshi domestic EIA, August 2014 294. WWTP sludge disposal: The project assessed four alternatives for sludge re-use: landscaping; mixing it with landfill; top soil for landfill; and cement kiln co-processing.

i. Landscaping. Sludge can be used for landscaping only after anaerobic digestion, aerobic fermentation stabilization and detoxification treatment. The total amount of NPK must be not less than 30 g/kg, and organic matter content less than 200 g/kg. The sludge from the two cities meets this standard.

ii. Mixed landfill. To successfully mix with municipal solid waste in landfills dewatered sludge needs to incorporate a clay conditioner to eliminate its swelling and water holding capacity, and to avoid rapid increases in the moisture content in rainy season.

iii. Top soil of landfill. Municipal solid waste landfill requires continuous covering on the surface to avoid contact of the garbage with the environment. The function is to reduce surface water infiltration and uncontrolled emission of waste gas, vermin, insects and organism growth, and improve the appearance. The ratio of covering material and landfill total volume is generally 1:4 or 1:3. Sludge mix landfill and top soil sludge should meet PRC standard Mixed Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge Disposal Landfill with Clay (GB / T 23485) and Domestic Landfill Pollution Control Standards (GB 16889).

iv. Cement kiln co-processing. According to the Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge Disposal Technical Guide (Trial) (2011), municipal sludge can be used directly in cement kiln incineration when moisture content is within 60% to 85%. However, the sludge after drying or semi-drying has low heat potential, low ignition point, produces a lot of fly ash, has a short burn time, and is therefore not suitable for high- temperature applications such as the calciner or kiln smoke chamber.

295. A portion of treated sewage sludge has been used in both Enshi and Lichuan for municipal landscaping in the past and this practice will continue. However, the amount of sludge currently produced has already exceeded demand for this use. The increased amount

from the expanded WWTP capacities cannot be disposed of in this way. Local cement producers have declined to use the sludge in their kilns. Accordingly, the sludge will be used in the Enshi and Lichuan sanitary landfill operations as cover soil.

B. Output 2 Comprehensive Rehabilitation of the River

1. Embankment Construction

296. Seven embankment designs have been prepared for this component. They are suited to different riverbank conditions and types of environmental and recreational amenity, and are designed for particular locations and purposes (Tables IV.6-IV.7).

2. Dredge Spoil Dewatering Processes

297. Alternative methods of dredged spoil treatment include natural drying, geotextile tube bag process, and mechanical dewatering. Comparison of processes (Table VII.5) reveals that although the continuous belt dewatering process has higher direct treatment cost, it has low chemical use and power consumption, less land occupation, low cost management, high level of dewatering, and short processing period. This process also results in a product which can be immediately hauled to landfill and is the chosen method of disposal.

Table VII.5: Dredge Spoil Treatment Mechanical Dewatering Geotextile Tube Criteria Natural Drying Plate-frame Continuous belt Bag pressure filtration dewatering Low dewatering Gravity pressure The moisture Significant reduction efficiency, long dewatering, low content of the filter effect (moisture content Reduction period for drying dewatering cake is below 60% reduced to <34%), efficiency, long after pressure filter continuous operation, treatment cycle short treatment period Sludge with high Sludge with high Sludge with about The moisture content will water content, water content, 60% moisture be below 34% after Recycling difficult to use, difficult to use, content, difficult to advanced press and potential needs to be stocked needs to be stocked use, needs to be solidification for long time for long time stocked for long time Small occupation area. Large area, the land Large area, the land Site Equipment installed at Large area needs to be level needs to be requirement ground level. Low and isolated elevated requirement for the site Power Low Low High Medium consumption Removal of No removal in No removal in Flocculant dosage is Flocculant dosage is low pollutants process process high Source: PPTA team from data in Enshi domestic EIA, August 2014 3. Dredged Sludge Disposal

298. The disposal of treated dredge spoil can be used as topsoil for landscaping or sent for landfill disposal. In ETMAP, the Qing River flows mainly through mountainous gorges and only has a narrow floodplain and river terrace geomorphology where it flows through the cities of Enshi and Lichuan. These areas support deep alluvial deposits. The PMO and design institutes advised that: (i) there is already a continuous over-supply of fill from building sites and civil works; (ii) there is also a large and ready supply of alluvial topsoiI for landscaping; and (iii) the fine particle size of dredge spoil renders it unsuitable for fill in structural foundations, but allows it to bond with and consolidate domestic solid waste in landfill. As for treated sewage sludge, opportunities for use in landscaping is extremely limited due to an already over-supply. Disposal at landfill is selected as the preferred option for treated dredge spoil from both Enshi and Lichuan.

100

VIII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

A. Information Dissemination

299. The first information disclosure for this project was undertaken by the domestic EIA institute on 2 November 2014, supported by a web page on the Hubei Environment Protection Bureau website describing the planned project. Information disclosure explained the basic specifications of the project construction, work procedure and content of the EIA, main purpose and opportunities for public consultation. The web address is: http://www.hbepb.gov.cn/wsbs/gsgg/hpgs/hpdwhp/201401/t20140102_66278.html.

In translation, the notice reads:

The first publicity of EIA of Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project In accordance with the “Regulations on Environmental Protection Management for Construction Projects, Decree No.253 of the State Council of the PRC”, “Environmental Impact Assessment Law, PRC” and “Interim Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment, State Environmental Protection Bureau 2006 [the 28th]”, information disclosure on the Hubei Enshi Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project, as follows: 1. Project description 2. Environmental impact assessment procedures and main tasks 3. Main items for public comments 4. The main ways for public comments collection 5. Publicity period (details are included under each of these headings)

300. The second information dissemination phase was undertaken by the EIA Institute on August 5, 2014, when the environmental impacts were assessed and mitigation measures formulated. Information disclosures explained the summary of the draft domestic EIA report, and the comments collection for the public. This was also supported by internet disclosure at: http://www.hbepb.gov.cn/wsbs/gsgg/hpgs/hpdwhp/201408/t20140805_71322.html. The web page is translated below.

101

Publicity of EIA Summary of Hubei Enshi Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project In accordance with the “Environmental Impact Assessment Law, PRC” and “Interim Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment, State Environmental Protection Bureau 2006 [the 28th]”, information disclosure on the Hubei Enshi Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project, as follows: 1. Description of the project construction 2. Summary of the possible environment impact caused by the project. 2.1 ecology environment 2.2 surface water 2.3 air 2.4 noise 2.5 solid waste 2.6 social environment 3. Prevention and mitigation for the harmful impact 4. conclusion of the EIA report 5. Ways and period for the public to refer to the summary of EIA 6. Main items for public comments 7. The main ways for public comments collection 8. Publicity period (details are included under each of these headings)

B. Public Consultations

301. First round public consultation. The first public consultation meetings were held on 23 July 2014 in the meeting room of Taoyuan Hotel in Enshi City, and on 24 July 2014 in the meeting room of the Development and Reform Bureau in Lichuan City. They were chaired by the Enshi Prefecture PMO and supported by the domestic EIA Institute and the PPTA national environmental specialist. A total of 111 participants attended (Table VIII.1) including 12 government agencies, community representatives and the public from the cities. Non government participants were riverside residents from both cities, invited by the city PMOs.

102

Figure VIII.1: Discussion Forum in Enshi City

Figure VIII.2: Discussion Forum in Lichuan City

Table VIII.1: Government agencies participated in the meeting No. Government Agency No. Government Agency 1 Enshi Prefecture DRC 7 Water Resource Bureau of Enshi City 2 Enshi Prefecture PMO 8 EPB of Enshi City 3 Enshi Prefecture EPB 9 Development and Reform Bureau of Lichuan City 4 Enshi City urban investment company 10 PMO of Lichuan City 5 Development and Reform Bureau of Enshi City 11 Water Resource Bureau of Lichuan City 6 PMO of Enshi City 12 EPB of Lichuan City Source: PPTA meeting records

302. The meetings explained the basic specifications of the project, EIA process, status of the surrounding environment, potential pollutants and control measures, and ADB requirements on EIA and EMP during the construction and operation stage. The EIA Institute presented the planned mitigation measures to be adopted. All government agencies present expressed their support for the project and readiness to coordinate with the IAs. Other participants expressed support and there was no opposition (Table VIII.2).

Table VIII.2: Round 1 of Public Consultation Undertaken by PMO, EIA Institute and PPTA Team Enshi City Lichuan City Date 23/07 24/07 Participants 57 54 Heard of Project all all Support Project all all Main issues raised  Domestic solid waste collection  Ensure that wastewater currently management to avoid the river polluted; discharged directly into Qing River can be  Pollution source control such as the pig intercepted by the new sewer pipeline farms, car wash shop, and other  Nuisance to the residents caused by organizations whose wastewater wastewater pipeline construction; discharge into Qing River directly;  Vegetation protection along the river bank  Long-term environment supervision and during the construction stage; 103

management after the project is built  Domestic solid waste collection and management along the river. Source: PPTA meeting records

303. Comments from participants during discussion gave examples of problems and pollution sources along the river. Residents and stakeholders in Lichuan confirmed the value of their extensive riverside vegetation. A major issue discussed was the need for long-term environment monitoring and management along the river to avoid environmental degradation and amenity decline after the project is built.

304. Second Round Public Consultation. The second round of public consultation was undertaken in the form of a questionnaire survey, which was conducted in August 2014 after the second round of information disclosure. Two hundred and thirty nine questionnaires were distributed and 100% were returned. They focused on the understanding of the project, and their view on the potential impacts on the environmental, social and economic developments. The breakdown of participants and the results of questionnaire survey are listed in Tables VIII.3 and VIII.4 respectively.

Table VIII.3: Round 2 of Public Consultation Undertaken by PMO, EIA Institute and PPTA Team. Breakdown of Participants Participants Number Ratio％ Male 137 58.1 Gender Female 99 41.9 < 20 1 0.4 21-40 101 42.6 Age 41-60 127 53.6 >60 8 3.4 Primary school 6 2.6 Junior middle school 43 18.5 Education Senior middle school 104 44.6 College degree or above 80 34.3 Education and research 3 1.3 farmer 96 41.7 Profession officer 31 13.5 others 100 43.5

Table VIII.4: Round 2 of Public Consultation Undertaken by PMO, EIA Institute and PPTA Team. Results of Questionnaire Survey Question Comments Number Ratio (%) Yes 207 86.6 1. Do you know the project construction? No 32 13.4 this questionnaire survey 127 53.1 internet publicity 19 7.9 2. How do you know the project? local medium 49 20.5 Others 44 18.4 improve people’s livelihood 110 46 increase employment 10 4.2 3. What is the benefit of the construction? economy development 14 5.9 environment improvement 105 43.9 water pollution 186 77.8 4. What is the main local environmental air pollution 16 6.7 problem? noise pollution 13 5.4 ecological destruction 24 10 air pollution 43 18 water pollution 85 35.6 5. What do you think is the possible noise pollution 41 17.2 environment impact by the project? ecological destruction 49 20.5 Others 21 8.8 104

Question Comments Number Ratio (%) Positive effect 124 51.9 6. What do you think is the impact to your Negative effect 7 2.9 life by this project? unbearable impact 1 0.4 No impact 107 44.8 Support 233 97.5 7. Attitude to the project Oppose 0 0 Don’t care 6 2.5 (1) support construction of sewage pipeline; (2) support for wastewater collection and treatment; (3) full support to the project; (4) increased publicity efforts needed for the river protection; (5) public participation and better management needed; (6) ecology protection and pollution resource control important; (7); serious 8. Additional comments or suggestions pollution upstream of Sanduxia dam needs to be remediated; (8) long-term action for environment protection and water improvement needed; (9) river blocking and domestic solid waste dumped along the bank should be managed; (10) hope this project can be conducted as soon as possible to improve Qing River Source: PPTA meeting records

305. Respondents thought that the project would improve livelihoods and the local environment equally (46% and 44% respectively). On the question of the local environmental problems, 77.8% and 10% indicated water pollution and ecological destruction respectively. The responses by participants agreed with the rationale of the project to reduce water pollution and improve the river environment.

306. The main concerns about impacts caused by the implementation of the project were water pollution (35%) and ecological destruction (20.5%). Mitigation and management of these potential problems are addressed by the project design and EIA, and will be enforced during project contruction through implementation of the project EMP.

307. The responses from both rounds of public consultation, omitting the expressions of support, are listed in Table VIII.5 along with the response by the EIA or project. Only in a few cases did issues concern impacts arising from project implementation. Most issues are addressed by planned project components.

Table VIII.5: Issues Raised in Public Consultation and Project Response Issue Raised EIA and Project Response First round Domestic solid waste collection and management Solid waste removal during dredging and along the river. embankment works. O&M Unit of embankments to remove rubbish regularly. CESFMT* to assist. Pollution source control such as the pig farms, car Non-point source pollution pilot will demonstrate wash shop, and other organizations whose opportunities for control. wastewater discharge into Qing River directly. Long-term environment supervision and Capacity building for O&M Units built in to the management after the project is built. project. Project assurances emphasize long term supervision and management. Ensure that wastewater currently discharged All direct sewer outlets to the river will be directly into Qing River can be intercepted by the intercepted and directed to WWTPs. Separate new sewer pipeline. stormwater and sewage pipes will prevent overflow. Nuisance to the residents caused by wastewater Construction impact mitigation measures included pipeline construction. in EMP. Vegetation protection along the river bank during Mature riverbank trees to be retained. Removed the construction stage. riverbank vegetation to be replaced and augmented with landscape planting on embankments and new wetlands. Second round Public participation and better management CESFMT* to work in flood warning, response and 105

Issue Raised EIA and Project Response needed and increased publicity efforts needed for awareness as well as rubbish removal in the river protection. collaboration with sanitation bureaus. Ecology protection and pollution control important. Ecological losses will be minimized, due to significant existing habitat modification. Habitat establishment and enhancement is a major aim of riverbank rehabilitation. Litter in Sanduxia weir (downstream of junction of Litter and polluted sediments will be removed by Qing and Dianshui Rivers) needs to be removed. the project dredging. Long-term action for environment protection and Project is significant part of ETMAP long term water improvement needed. plans for river improvement. Project assurances emphasize long term supervision and management. River blocking and domestic solid waste dumped Will be addressed through a combination of along the bank should be managed. dredging, rubbish removal, bank remediation and restoration of impeded flows. * Community Environmental Supervision and Flood Management Teams

C. Future Plans for Public Participation

308. Public consultation to identify any public concerns will continue throughout detailed design, construction and operation phases. The PMO will be responsible for organizing five public consultations, including one before the construction starting, once per year during the construction stage, and one after construction completion, to collect the residents’ opinion on the environment impacts during construction. The future public consultation program is included in the project EMP.

106

IX. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

309. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed in compliance with ADB’s SPS (2009) requirement to address environmental, health, safety, and social concerns associated with project construction, operation, land acquisition, and leasing arrangements. The GRM is designed to achieve the following objectives: (i) provide channels of communication for local communities to raise concerns about environment- and social- related grievances which might result from the project; (ii) prevent and mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts to communities caused by project construction and operation, including those associated with resettlement; (iii) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships between the project agencies and local communities; and (iv) build community acceptance of the project. The GRM is accessible to all members of the community, including women, youth, and poverty-stricken residents. Multiple points of entry are available, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, e-mail, and social media.

310. Public grievances related to project construction to be addressed by the GRM may include damage to public roads, residences, and/or interruption of public services, dust emissions, noise, soil erosion, inappropriate disposal of waste materials, and safety for the general public and construction workers. Public grievances related to involuntary resettlement may relate to the lack, or un-timely payment of, compensation monies, other allowances, and/or lease monies as per entitlements described in the resettlement plan and associated documents.

311. The GRM meets the regulatory standards of the PRC that protect the rights of citizens from construction-related environmental and/or social impacts. Decree No. 431 Regulation on Letters and Visits, issued by the State Council of PRC in 2005, codifies a complaint acceptance mechanism at all levels of government and protects the complainants from retaliation. Based on the regulation, the former State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) published updated Measures on Environmental Letters and Visits (Decree No. 34) in 2006.

312. Currently in Hubei Province (and generally in the PRC), when residents or organizations are negatively affected by a development, they may complain, by themselves or through their community committee, to the contractors, developers, the local EPB, provincial EPD, or by direct appeal to the local courts. The weaknesses of this system are: (i) the lack of dedicated personnel to address grievances; and (ii) the lack of a specific timeframe for the redress of grievances. The project GRM addresses these weaknesses.

313. The details of the GRM, including a time-bound flow chart of procedures, are included in the project EMP (Attachment 1 of this EIA).

107

X. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures

314. Pre-construction. The following measures will be implemented in the pre-construction phase of the project to ensure the project’s environment management readiness. i. Finalization of detailed site plans for project construction, especially for embankments, wetlands, and landscaping, and, the habitat design features for flora and fauna. ii. Capacity building, including (a) appointment of a qualified environment officer within the PMO for the implementation phase; and (b) hiring of loan implementation environment consultants (LIEC) within the loan administration consultant services. iii. Establishment of environmental management units in the two IAs with appropriately skilled staff. iv. If necessary, the mitigation measures in the project EMP (Attachment 1) will be updated based on the final technical designs. This is the responsibility of the PMO. v. All tender documents for construction will include the EMP, including the environmental monitoring program. This is the responsibility of the PMO and design institute, supported by the LIEC. vi. Training. The LIEC, with the PMO Environment Officer and prefecture EPB, will train the IAs and contractors on implementation and supervision of the environmental mitigation measures. This will be organized by the PMO.

315. Land affected by the project. The riverside land most affected by the project is agricultural (vegetables and orchards). The occupation of farmed land in both cities is just under 59 hectares, with only a small proportion (7%) of that temporary use and returning to agriculture following construction. More cropping/orchard land will be lost in Lichuan than Enshi, due to Lichuan’s more rural setting. The loss of agricultural land assets, with or without resettlement, is covered in the project Resettlement Plan, where informed consent, compensation, acquisition process and disputes settlement is prescribed.

316. Total loss of remnant natural vegetation is low (0.82 h). This is because most disturbed natural vegetation only occurs along the riverbank in steep, inaccessible places where no embankments are needed or planned. The areas of remnant natural vegetation potentially disturbed are only in Enshi and occur in the middle reaches of the Sha River where it cuts through wooded hills. Embankment work here will be minimal because of the terrain, but detailed planning of the embankments at this fine scale is not yet available.

317. A total of 5.36 ha and 6.22 ha of degraded and modified habitats will be cleared in Enshi and Lichuan respectively. This comprises scattered regrowth trees, bamboo, weeds, grasses, and wasteground. The least disturbed parts of this land cover are “modified habitat”. Marginal modified habitat is also provided by the fringing riverbank trees which border much of the riverside agriculture in Lichuan.

318. Construction. The construction of the sewer pipe network in both cities will occur along the Qing River and tributaries as well as along the streets in the built-up areas of the cities. Dust and noise are the main concerns due to the proximity of residences. Mitigation measures and construction management prescriptions has been identified to address this. The sites of WWTP constructions are more distant from living areas and impacts mitigation in these sites focus on protection of the riverine environment. The extension of Lichuan WWTP however adjoins a housing area, necessitating the installation of noise and dust barriers.

319. The construction of extensive riverside embankments for flood control and bank remediation will impact areas of modified habitat and will result in temporary loss of habitat

108

for any resident fauna. Small fauna with limited mobility, including frogs and lizards, may be most at risk. Any freshwater turtles present in the river channels may be at risk from temporary habitat loss or elevated sediments. Fauna habitats will be incorporated in the detailed design of embankment features and monitored in the EMP, as well as protection of any animals found during construction.

320. Dredging of river reaches has a number of potential impacts which have been examined. The main potential impacts arise from the quality of dredge spoil, its handling and treatment, and its final disposal. Sampling and analysis of sediment in situ has shown that it is able to comply with the PRC standard for disposal at landfill. A second-round of sediment sampling will be conducted to expand the findings of the first round. The dewatering and treatment of dredge spoil prior to disposal will not further contaminate the river waters, nor will odor or noise impact on any sensitive receptors. Transport of treated spoil will be in small trucks to reduce road damage and increase safety.

321. Long term impacts of dredging on fish populations have been found to be minimal, with the benthic environment and organisms anticipated to re-establish soon after project completion, due to the presence of more intact aquatic environment upstream.

322. Operations. Air emissions from the WWTPs have been modeled and safe distances to residents under the PRC standard calculated. Hongmiao WWTP extension and Dashaba WWTP have no impacts, but the Lichuan WWTP extension required an amended plant layout and resettlement of nine dwellings to comply.

323. The continuing management and monitoring of the landscaped embankments and wetlands will be critical to their success both as habitats and recreational amenities.

324. Environmental Management Plan. The EMP brings together all the mitigation measures for the identified impacts as well as pre-construction requirements, construction and operational management prescriptions. The EMP also includes (i) a GRM to ensure affected people have a timely response to their complaints and (ii) an environmental monitoring program, designed in the PPTA phase, to monitor and report on the environmental performance of construction and operations. The program forms part of a comprehensive set of environmental management documents. The EMP includes institutional responsibilities, training needs, reporting schedules and costs for implementing the mitigation measures and the monitoring requirements. It will include the program for future public consultation.

B. Risks and Assurances

325. The diverse range of project activities are intended to reduce pollution of waterways and improve the riverside environment, but will require full and effective implementation of the EMP to mitigate potential impacts, especially to the river environment. The following project loan assurances have been developed to strengthen the implementation of pre- construction readiness procedures, inclusion of the EMP in tenders and bids, compliance with laws and regulations, monitoring and reporting, and the GRM implementation. The ETMAPG refers to the ETMAP Government.

i. The ETMAPG shall cause the Enshi City Government (ECG) and Lichuan City Government to ensure that the preparation, design, construction, implementation and operation of the project and all project facilities comply with (a) all applicable laws and regulations of the Borrower relating to environment, health and safety; (b) the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement for the environment; and (c) all measures and requirements set forth in the project EIA, the EMP, and any corrective or preventative

109

actions (i) set forth in a Safeguards Monitoring Report; or (ii) as subsequently agreed between ADB and ETMAPG. ii. Pre-construction readiness. The PMO will implement the following measures in the pre-construction phase to ensure the project environment management readiness: (i) appoint a qualified environment officer for the PMO; (ii) recruit at least one loan implementation environment consultant (LIEC) (under the loan administration consultant services); (iii) arrange a contractual agreement with the Wuhan Environment Monitoring Station (Wuhan EMS) to conduct the monitoring listed in Table A1.4 of the EMP; (iv) ensure that the IA has arranged contractual agreements with the local EMS’s to conduct the monitoring listed in Table A1.4 of the EMP. iii. Tendering and contracts. The PMO will ensure that all construction tenders, plans and contracts include the EMP obligations, including the environmental monitoring program. iv. Reporting. During construction: (a) the IA will provide regular (e.g. monthly) environmental monitoring reports to the PMO; (b) the PMO will submit to ADB semi- annual environmental reports in a format acceptable to ADB throughout project implementation. v. Training. Before and during subproject construction, the PMO will conduct training on implementation of the project EMP to the city PMOs, IA and contractors. vi. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). The PMO will ensure that the project GRM for environmental and social matters is established with clear procedures to receive, resolve, and document any grievances. The GRM will be established and fully operational at least two months before the start of any construction activities. vii. Water source protection zone of the Lichuan No. 1 Water Treatment Plant (WTP). The government will enforce the regulations for the WTP protection zone, including the discharge of wastewater into the river, in the existing water protection zone as well as the extended zone to be supported by the project. viii. Sewage network connections. HPG and ETMAPG shall ensure, and shall cause the Project Implementing Agencies to ensure that the Housing and Construction Bureau and Planning Bureau timely plans and constructs all the necessary connections to households once the Project interceptor and branch sewers constructions are completed. ix. Dredging. For the project dredging in the Qing River mainstream, the IAs will use an advanced dredge cutter head designed to minimize the dispersion of suspended solids to less than 15 m. x. Industrial effluent. To ensure the effectiveness of the project activities to reduce water pollution, the city governments and EPBs will: (a) identify the key polluting industries which discharge untreated industrial effluent into the Qing River; (b) ensure that industries contain adequate on-site pre-treatment processes; (c) monitor the quality of industrial wastewater discharged by industrial enterprises into the sewage system and compliance with PRC Water Quality Standard for Wastewater Discharged into Municipal Sewers; and (d) take action against non-compliant industrial enterprises. xi. Use of native plant species. For all project embankments, constructed wetlands, landscaping, planting of green belts at wastewater treatment plants, and post- construction rehabilitation, the project will only use native plant species and which are

110

locally sourced. This is to strengthen the rehabilitation of natural habitats and to avoid the introduction of non-native invasive weeds. The lists of plant species for use are in Tables IV.16-17 (Section V.C) of this EIA.

xii. Invasive species. To further avoid the risk of spreading weeds, pest animals, and/or soil-based organisms, the project will: (a) prohibit the use of any plant species classified in the PRC as weeds, as defined by the China National Invasive Plant Database (http://www.agripests.cn; 229 species) and by the Ministry of Environment Protection and Chinese Academy of Sciences (19 species); (b) prohibit the introduction of soil, rocks, or plants from outside the Enshi and Lichuan City boundaries; (c) ensure that construction soil and dredge spoil is disposed within the city boundaries; (d) ensure that project vehicles and machinery are washed down before leaving the city boundaries.

xiii. Wetland specialist. The PMO will recruit a wetland specialist to: (a) design the habitat- specific features of the embankments and constructed wetlands, focusing on creating breeding and foraging habitats for native flora, fish, amphibians, and turtles; (ii) inspect the new structures immediately after completion, and while the contractor and machinery is presen, to ensure compliance with the habitat designs. Monitoring details are in Table A1.4 of the project EMP (Attachment 1 of this EIA).

xiv. Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting specialist. The PMO will recruit a GHG accounting specialist to: (a) introduce a GHG monitoring system for the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs); (b) train the IAs and WWTPs in the monitoring; (c) work with the WWTPs to further reduce GHG emissions through improved operational practices; and (d) facilitate the calculation and reporting of the monitoring results. Monitoring details are in Table A1.4 of the project EMP (Attachment 1 of this EMP).

C. Conclusion

326. It is concluded that full and effective implementation of the safeguard measures described in this EIA will combine to minimize adverse environmental impacts of the project, and contribute to the project achieving its goal of improved water pollution control and enhanced flood management. The EMP and loan assurances ensure that these measures are implemented in an appropriate institutional framework and are supported through comprehensive training, monitoring and reporting arrangements.

111

ATTACHMENT 1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE HUBEI ENSHI QING RIVER UPSTREAM ENVIRONMENT REHABILITATION PROJECT

People’s Republic of China

Prepared by the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Government for the Asian Development Bank

112

Table of Contents A. Introduction ...... 1 B. Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation ...... 1 C. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 3 D. Project Readiness ...... 9 E. Monitoring and Reporting ...... 9 F. Training ...... 13 G. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 13 H. Cost Estimates ...... 17

ANNEX A. DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE: PMO ENVIRONMENT OFFICER ...... 19

ANNEX B. DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE: LOAN IMPLEMENTATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT...... 21

This is an attachment to the Initial Environmental Examination Report, which is an official document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of the ADB website (www.adb.org).

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgement as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

A. Introduction

1. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is for the Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project. It summarizes the potential project environmental impacts and defines mitigation measures and monitoring requirements for the design, construction, and operational stages of the project. It also defines the institutional arrangements and mechanisms, roles and responsibilities of different institutions, and costs for EMP implementation. The EMP seeks to avoid, reduce, and/or mitigate adverse impacts and risks. The EMP is based on the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and domestic environmental assessment report.

2. The EIA and EMP have been disclosed on the ADB public website (www.adb.org) since November 2014 and are also included in the Project Administration Manual (PAM). The EMP will be included as a separate annex in all bidding and contract documents. The contractors will be informed of their obligations to implement the EMP, and to provide for EMP implementation costs in their bids for project works.

3. The EMP includes a monitoring program. Monitoring results will be used to evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts; (ii) the performance of the environmental protection measures and compliance with relevant laws and regulations; (iii) trends of impacts; and (iv) overall effectiveness of the EMP.

B. Institutional Arrangements and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation

4. Executing Agency. The Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (ETMAP) of Hubei Province is the executing agency for the project.

5. Project Leading Group. The executing agency has set up a Project Leading Group (PLG) to facilitate liaison with project agencies and to assist in complaints resolution in the GRM. The PLG is headed by the governor of ETMAP and includes representatives from relevant government departments of ETMAP, including the Development and Reform Commission (DRC) and bureaus of finance, land resources, construction, environmental protection, water resources, and resettlement. (Table A1.1).

Table A1.1: Project Leading Group Name Agency Group Leader Yang Tianran Governor of ETMAP Standing Deputy Group Leaders Dong Yongxiang Standing Vice Governor of ETMAP Deputy Group Leader Chen Xiaoyan Vice Governor of ETMAP Group Members Liao Yushi Secretary Chief of ETMAP Li Guoqing Mayor of Enshi City Government Zhang Tao Mayor of Lichuan City Government Tian Jinpei Director General of Enshi Prefecture DRC Wang Jinwei Director General of Enshi Prefecture Finance Bureau Chen Xin Director General of Enshi Prefecture Land Resources Zhang Yong Director General of Enshi Prefecture Housing and Urban Rural Development Yang Nianhan Director General of Enshi Prefecture EPB Deng Shengzhi Director General of Enshi Pref Water Resource and Aquatic Production Bureau Zheng Donglai Director General of Enshi Prefecture Commerce Bureau Zhang Anjun Director General of Enshi Prefecture Auditing Bureau Li Keming Director General of Enshi Prefecture Forest Bureau Huang Hongwei Director General of Enshi Prefecture Resettlement Bureau Long Shikui Director General of Enshi Prefecture Work Safety Bureau

Name Agency Xie Chongli Deputy President of Enshi Prefecture Branch of People’s Bank of China

6. Project Management Office. The executing agency has established a Project Management Office (PMO) within the Enshi Prefecture DRC. The PMO will be responsible, on behalf of the executing agency, for day-to-day management of the project and implementation of the EMP. The PMO will be supported by two city-level PMOs – one for the Enshi project component and one for the Lichuan project component.

7. PMO Environment Officer. The PMO has established the position of a PMO Environment Officer to coordinate EMP implementation. The terms of reference for this position are in Annex A. The PMO, through the PMO Environment Officer and in coordination with the Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant (see below), will do the following. (i) Translate the EMP into Chinese language and ensure that it remains consistent with this original version in English language. (ii) Ensure that the two implementing agencies (see below) understand their roles for EMP implementation and allocate budgets as necessary. (iii) Prepare selection criteria for the project bidding procedures to ensure the EMP is included in tenders by the PMO and bids by applicants. These criteria will include clear directions for bidders on how to include actions and budgets for the EMP in their bids, enabling fair and transparent comparison between bids. (iv) Review tenders for conformance with selection criteria for EMP implementation. (v) Prepare clauses to be included in the contractual terms and conditions for contractors to ensure full and effective implementation of the EMP. (vi) Monitor the progress of all agencies for EMP implementation. (vii) Implement the Grievance Redress Mechanism (Section G). (viii) Prepare and submit semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB.

8. Implementing Agencies (IAs). There are two IAs for the project, one each for Enshi and Lichuan: the Enshi Urban Construction and Investment Co. Ltd (EUCIC; owned by Enshi City and Prefecture Governments); and the Lichuan City Liangli Urban Construction and Development Co. Ltd (LCLUCD; which has a joint office with the Lichuan City Housing and Urban Rural Development Bureaus). The IAs will implement project components, administer and monitor contractors and suppliers, and be responsible for construction supervision and quality control at each subproject site. Implementing departments within the companies have been set up, including administration, engineering, safeguards, planning and financing and information management divisions. These departments worked with the PPTA consultants and design institutes during loan processing and will work with the PMO and LIEC during loan implementation. Each IA has assigned an Environment Officer and a Social Officer to work with their PMO counterparts.

9. Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS). In Enshi and Lichuan Cities, the EMS of the Environment Protection Bureau (EPB) will be contracted by the city IA to implement the external environmental monitoring program described in this EMP. The PMO will supervise this monitoring. Each EMS will report to the local EPB and PMO.

10. Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant (LIEC). A LIEC will be hired under the loan implementation consultancy services. The terms of reference for this position are in Annex B. The LIEC is essential to completion of environmental pre-construction activities and should be recruited as soon as possible after loan effectiveness. The LIEC will assist the PMO Environmental Officer with the following.

 Assist the PMO and IAs to integrate the EMP mitigation and management measures into construction contracts and arrangements.  Ensure that relevant sections of the project EMP are incorporated in the construction

contract documents.  Assist the PMO to establish and publicize the grievance redress mechanism (GRM).  Develop procedures to (i) monitor and report on the EMP implementation progress; and (ii) record and collate complaints and resolution under the GRM.  Provide support and training to PMO, IAs and contractors on the specific requirements of the EMP as required.  Assess the environmental readiness of project components prior to implementation.  Conduct regular EMP compliance assessments, undertake site visits as required, identify any environment-related implementation issues, and propose necessary responses in corrective action plans.  Assist PMO to prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring progress reports for submission to ADB.

C. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

11. Potential environmental issues and impacts during the project pre-construction, construction and operation phases, and corresponding mitigation measures, are summarized in Table A1.2. These measures were developed jointly by the PMO, design institute (DI), EIA Institute and PPTA team during the project preparation phase. The domestic EIA provided a list and costs for mitigation and environmental measures, and these have been adapted to the more detailed itemization included in Table A1.2. The costs total for mitigation and management measures in the domestic EIA have been retained in this EMP.

Table A1.2: Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Item Environmental Mitigation Measure Who Who Issues and Impacts Implements Supervises Pre-construction 1.1 Feasibility Detailed design i. Finalize detailed designs for all infrastructure. IAs, LDI PMO and Design (embankments, ii. Include habitat features for aquatic flora, turtles, frogs, in the design of embankments and landscaping stage dredging, iii. PMO recruit a wetland specialist to: (a) design these fauna-specific habitat features; (b) inspect the features Wetland PMO landscaping, WWTPs) once completed, to ensure compliance with the designs. specialist

Verify design influent volume, quality, and ability of planned treatment processes to achieve 1A discharge. IAs, LDI PMO Confirm amended layout of Lichuan WWTP extension. Locate odor-generating and noise-producing facilities IA, LDI PMO furthest from residences. Public consultations Conduct consultation on the EMP in each city, including environmental issues, poverty, resettlement, and GRM EIA Institute PMO Resettlement Plans Finalize RP for each subproject to required ADB and PRC standards. PMO PPTA team (RP) i. Establish a resettlement office comprising local government officials to manage the resettlement process. ii. Conduct community consultation programs and ensure information is disseminated about entitlement based on the Land Administration Law. iii. Ensure that all relocation and resettlement activities are completed before construction starts on any subproject. 1.2 Establish support Contract a Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant (LIEC) PMO ADB Implementation positions Contract Enshi and Lichuan EMS for external monitoring of construction and operations. PMO LIEC Support Establish i. Appoint PMO Environment Officer PMO, IAs PMO environmental staff ii. Establish environmental management units in the two IAs with appropriately skilled staff positions 1.3 Update EMP Review EMP on need for updating due to any changes in final engineering design. For changes in project PMO, IAs PMO, ADB, Construction locations, sites, or other changes that may cause new or greater environmental impacts or involve additional LIEC Preparation affected people: the PMO will conduct additional environmental assessment and public consultation. The revised Stage EIA reports will be submitted to the PMO, EPB and ADB for approval and disclosure. Land-take Update Resettlement Plan and incorporate into the detailed design. PMO LIEC, ADB confirmation Confirm sediment Conduct second-round of sediment sampling. Re-sample at the original points and sample new points described IAs PMO, LIEC quality in the EIA – Figures VI.1 and VI.2. Baseline for aquatic Finalize sampling of Qing River mainstream at three points in each city to establish monitoring baseline for Hubei PMO invertebrate phytoplankton, zooplankton, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic insects. Submit report to PMO and ADB Wuhan EMS monitoring Contract documents i. Prepare clauses referring to this EMP and include in the terms of reference for construction tenders & contracts. IAs with LDI PMO, LIEC ii. Prepare environmental contract clauses for contractors, especially the EMP and monitoring plan. Grievance Redress i. Implement the GRM described in this EMP. PMO ADB Mechanism (GRM) ii. Establish complaints recording procedures within PMO. iii. Publicize GRM at all construction sites. Construction site i. Prepare Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan (SEMSP), including health and safety plan See Contractors IAs, PMO

Item Environmental Mitigation Measure Who Who Issues and Impacts Implements Supervises planning EIA-Section VI.C.2. ii. Assign site environmental health and safety officer iii. IAs and PMO review and approve each SEMSP Environmental Provide training on implementation of this EMP to all relevant agencies, especially the IAs and contractors. LIEC, Enshi PMO, ADB Protection Training and Lichuan EPBs Construction 2.1 Water Domestic wastewater Contractor provides portable toilets at construction sites. Toilets are emptied regularly and sewage transported to Contractors IAs, PMO from construction WWTP. sites Construction i. Settling ponds and oil-water separators implemented. Contractors IAs, PMO wastewater (pouring ii. Recycled water is used to spray for dust control. concrete,repairs etc) iii. Residues are removed from site and disposed in municipal landfills. is managed Handling of i. Guidelines for handling and disposal, including spill responses, are prepared and included in the SEMSP. Contractors IAs, PMO hazardous and ii. Construct storage facilities (including fuel and oil storage), with bunds and clean-up equipment. harmful materials iii. Fuel supplier is properly licensed and follows the proper protocol for transferring fuel, and complies with JT 3145-88 (Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods). iv. Vehicles and equipment are parked in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water. v. Vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and refueling are carried out so that spilled materials do not seep into the soil or into water bodies. vi. Fuel storage and refilling areas are at least 300 m from stormwater drains, Qing River and its tributaries. vii. Oil traps for service areas, and parking areas. 2.2 Air Generation of dust by i. Transport containers and vehicles carrying soil, sand or other fine materials to and from the sites are covered. Contractors IAs construction activities ii. Materials storage sites are covered or sprayed with water. iii. Water is sprayed on bare earth surfaces at construction sites and access roads twice daily. iv. All roads and tracks used by vehicles of the contractors or any subcontractors or supplier are kept clean and clear of all dust, mud, or extraneous materials dropped by vehicles. Air emission from i. Equipment and machinery is maintained to a high standard to ensure efficient running and fuel-burning. High- Contractors IAs vehicles and horsepower equipment will be installed with tail gas purifiers to ensure emissions be in compliance with PRC- equipment GB16297-1996. ii. A regular inspection and certification system for equipment and machinery is initiated. Odor from dredge i. Dredge spoil is separated into sediments and trash. Contractors IAs spoil ii. Trash is transported directly to the landfill sites and is not stockpiled along the river or any project site. iii. Spoil management sites will be clearly demarcated. iv. Transport of the dried and treated dredge spoil to landfill is undertaken in covered trucks daily. 2.3 Noise and Noise from vehicles i. Noise levels from equipment and machinery conform to PRC standard GB12523-2011. Contractors IAs Vibration and construction ii. Install portable noise shields near sensitive receptors such as schools and medical centers.

Item Environmental Mitigation Measure Who Who Issues and Impacts Implements Supervises machinery iii. Prohibit noise-generating construction work between 2000 and 0600 h. iv. If construction noise needs to continue into the night, the contractor must first consult with the PMO, IAs, and local communities and obtain their agreement and if necessary provide compensation 2.4 Solid waste Domestic waste from i. Provide appropriate waste storage containers. Contractors IAs construction sites ii. Trash collection bins are regularly sprayed with pesticides to reduce flies. iii. Wastes are stored away from water bodies and regularly hauled to a suitable landfill or designated dumping site. Construction wastes Construction wastes that cannot be reused will be regularly transported off-site for disposal, and not allowed to Contractors IAs cause adverse accumulate on site over long periods. impacts on surrounds. 2.5 Soil erosion Erosion from i. Construct interception ditches and drains to prevent runoff entering construction sites, and to divert runoff from Contractors IAs and stability construction sites sites to existing drainage. ii. Limit construction and material handling during rain and high wind. iii. Stabilize all cut slopes, embankments, and other erosion-prone working areas while works are going on. iv. All earthwork disturbance areas shall be stabilized within 30 days after earthworks have ceased at the sites. v. Preserve existing vegetation where no construction activity is planned. Handling and disposal Confirm quality of treated dredge spoil against GB/T23485-2009 to ensure safe disposal at landfill. IAs PMO of dredge spoil 2.6 Flora and Habitat retention i. Loss of any existing natural vegetation at WWTP sites and riverbank trees in embankment construction will be IAs PMO Fauna replaced by the same species in WWTP landscaping and in habitat re-establishment in embankments. Invasive species ii. i. Ensure that all plant species used for the embankments, constructed wetlands, and landscaping are the agreed IAs PMO list of native, locally sourced species in Tables IV.16 and IV.17 of the EIA. ii. Clear any large infestations of weeds in the construction sites. Fauna protection Any fauna found during construction, especially turtles, will be immediately reported to the EPBs and PMO IAs, PMO Environment Officer, photographed, and released on the same day in the nearest suitable habitat. contractors, PMO Inspection of i. Upon completion of each river embankment section and/or constructed wetland, the wetland specialist inspects Wetland PMO completed the new structures to ensure compliance with the habitat design-features (see Item 1.1). specialist embankments for ii. In the case of non-compliance, the contractor will correct the structures to be in compliance. compliance with fauna iii. The wetland specialist will provide a brief report to PMO. habitat designs 2.7 Social and Traffic management – i. Select haulage routes to reduce disturbance to regular traffic. PMO, IAs, PMO Cultural all components ii. Trucks hauling treated dredge spoil to landfill will have light loads (not exceeding 10 t per trip), and fully contractors covered. iii. Divert or limit construction traffic at peak traffic hours. iv. At all times, safe and convenient passage is given to community vehicles, pedestrians, and livestock to and from side roads. Work camp health i. Ensure construction sites, canteens, food, water and food handling, and toilets, are maintained under hygenic Contractors IAs

Item Environmental Mitigation Measure Who Who Issues and Impacts Implements Supervises and hygiene conditions ii. Construction site operations comply with PRC State Administration of Worker Safety Laws and Regulations. Community safety i. Place signs around the construction areas to provide safety advice and warnings. Contractors IAs ii. Ensure sites and machinery are off-limits to the general public. iii. For residential areas next to construction (especially loud noise), ensure residents are aware of the duration and nature of works, potential hazards, and offer to provide ear plugs/dust masks/other basic safety equipment. Construction site i. To the furthest extent possible, protect all persons and nearby property from construction accidents. Contractors IAs safety ii. Comply with all national and local safety requirements and any other measures necessary to avoid accidents. iii. Provide protective equipment and clothing (goggles, gloves, respirators, dust masks, hard hats, steel-toed boots) for construction workers and enforce their use. iv. Ensure sites and machinery are sealed or closed at night. v. Provide signs showing directions to the various construction works, to minimize on-site vehicle activity. vi. During heavy rains / emergencies, suspend all work. Cultural, physical and If a cultural artefact is unearthed, stop work at the site and immediately report the matter to the IAs, PMO and Contractors IAs, PMO natural heritage local Cultural Relics Preservation Bureau for guidance on next steps. protection 2.8 Unexpected If unexpected environmental impacts occur during project construction phase, immediately inform the PMO; IA PMO impacts assess the impacts; and update the EMP Operation 3.1 Water Performance testing Prior to commissioning of the new and extended WWTPs, test the functioning of the WWTPs and ability to WWTP O&M PMO of WWTP processes achieve Class 1A discharge standard. Units Wastewater i. Install wastewater quality monitoring devices for real-time monitoring at WWTPs WWTP O&M PMO discharged without ii. Establish real-time monitoring framework Units meeting relevant requirements /standards Water source Enforce the Lichuan City regulations for WTP No. 1: Lichuan City ETMAP protection (Lichuan i. “Renovation projects for riverside buildings and businesses must reduce the the amount of pollution discharge Government No.1 WTP) from current levels. ii. Close all direct wastewater discharge outlets and re-direct to WWTPs. iii. No riverside loading or unloading facilities to be constructed which include the handling of garbage, manure or fecal waste or toxic or hazardous substances.” 3.2 Air Odor from WWTPs i. Equip odor generating facilities with ventilation or odor containment. WWTP O&M PMO ii. Implement regular sludge removal and avoid stockpiling. Units iii. Institute regular check, repair and maintenance of all treatment facilities and equipment. Noise produced i. Design and implement noise absorbing, noise reduction, noise insulation and vibration reduction measures. WWTP O&M PMO during wastewater Adopt low noise level equipment. Units treatment – ii. Create green buffer zone/noise absorption zone along WWTP boundaries using native trees and shrib planting.

Item Environmental Mitigation Measure Who Who Issues and Impacts Implements Supervises mechanical At Lichuan WWTP expansion, provided a native vegetation barrier along the southern boundary >10m. equipment 3.3 Solid Waste Separate and manage Develop and implement a solid waste handling process covering packaging, transportation, and disposal in WWTP O&M PMO solid waste from landfill. Units inflow sewage Sludge retention time i. In the first year of operation, WWTP operators will undertake trials to shorten SRT to see if it can be achieved WWTP O&M PMO and GHG emissions without lowering pollution removal performance. Trials will be monitored and reported to the PMO. Results will be Units incorporated into WWTP operating procedures. ii. A standardized GHG accounting method will be identified and applied to calculate total annual GHG emissions, as described in Section VI.E of the EIA. iii. Annual GHG accounting will be included in the progress reports to PMO and semi-annual environmental progress reports to ADB. 3.4 Flora and Manage the built i. Maintain the landscaping – watering, weeding, stabilizing, survival and growth of planted trees, shrubs and City Garden PMO fauna habitats – landscaped herbs, with replacement and corrective action as necessary. Bureaus embankments and ii. Provide security and surveillance to guard against misuse, theft and littering. constructed wetlands iii. Regularly remove litter and transport to landfill. Monitor post- i. Repeat the baseline sampling survey in the same sites-see Table A1.4. Hubei PMO construction recovery ii. Compare findings with the baseline sampling survey. Wuhan EMS of aquatic iii. Provide report to PMO and ADB. invertebrates 3.5 Emergency WWTP maintenance Prepare an emergency preparedness and response plan before each WWTP is operational. The plan will WWTP O&M PMO preparedness and health and safety include staff training, resources, responsibilities, communication, procedures, and other aspects required to Units and response of surrounding respond effectively to emergencies. residents 3.6 Health and Health and safety of i. Compulsory use of safety equipment and clothing as necessary, including shoes or boots with non-slip soles, WWTP O&M PMO safety WWTP operating staff protective and chemical resistant clothing, safety goggles Units ii. Wear respiratory mask in sludge dewatering and de-odor workshops and when moving and transporting sludge; iii. Posting and briefing on safety instructions for the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals, and entry into confined spaces 3.7 Unexpected All areas If unexpected environmental impacts occur during project operations, immediately inform the PMO; assess the WWTP O&M PMO impacts impacts; and update the EMP Units Sources: PPTA Team; Enshi domestic EIA 2014. ADB = Asian Development Bank, DI = design institute, EIA = Environmental Impact Assessment, EMS = Environmental Monitoring Station, EPB = Environment Protection Bureau, ETMAP = Enshi Tuija Miao Autonomous Prefecture, IA = Implementing Agency, DI = Design Institute, LIEC = Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant, O&M = Operation and maintenance, PMO = Project Management Office, RP = Resettlement Plan,SEMSP = Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan, SRT = Sludge Retention Time, WTP = water treatment plant, WWTP = Waste Water Treatment Plant.

D. Project Readiness

12. Before construction, the LIEC will assess each IA’s readiness in terms of environmental management based on a set of indicators (Table A1.3) and report it to ADB and PMO. This assessment will demonstrate that environmental commitments are being carried out and environmental management systems are in place before construction starts, or suggest corrective actions to ensure that all requirements are met.

Table A1.3: Project Readiness Assessment Indicators Indicator Criteria Assessment Yes LIEC is in place Environmental No Supervision in place Yes Qualified EMS contracted by city PMOs No Compliance with loan The borrower complies with loan covenants related to project Yes covenants and design and environmental management planning No assurances Public involvement Meaningful consultation completed Yes effectiveness No GRM established with entry points Yes No Bidding documents and contracts incorporating the Yes Contracts with environmental activities and safeguards listed as loan No environmental safeguards assurances Site construction planning Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan prepared Yes (environmental) for each work site by the IAs and contractors. No Dredge sediment quality Additional sediment sampling at dredge sites undertaken and Yes confirmed compliance with standard for landfill disposal confirmed No PMO has recruited a wetland specialist; habitat-specific designs Yes Habitat features of for the embankments and constructed wetlands have been No embankments and completed; the designs have been integrated in the embankment constructed wetlands engineering designs; the contractor has fully included them in their plans. Aquatic environment Baseline biological indicators of the aquatic environment of the Yes baseline established Qing River mainstream established. No The required funds have been set aside for EMP implementation Yes EMP financial support by each IA No EMS = Environment Monitoring Station, IA = Implementing Agency, LIEC = Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant, PMO = Project Management Office, SEMSP = Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan. E. Monitoring and Reporting

13. Three types of project monitoring will be conducted under the EMP. (i) Internal monitoring. To be conducted by the IAs and their contractors. (ii) External monitoring. To be conducted by the EMS of Enshi and Lichuan Cities. (iii) Compliance monitoring. To be conducted by the LIEC.

14. Internal environmental monitoring includes the monitoring of air quality and noise at all construction sites as well as the quality of discharged water, odor and treated sediment quality at dredge spoil treatment sites. During operations, internal monitoring will cover quality of treated wastewater and sludge from the WWTPs and the progress of embankment and wetland landscaping. External monitoring (i) covers many of the same parameters and is a verification of the internal monitoring, (ii) also measures effects at sensitive receptors and ecosystems, and (iii) will monitor the re-establishment of the aquatic habitat after river works. Compliance monitoring is independent evaluation of the overall progress of the entire EMP – see Para. 17.

15. Table A1.4 shows the environmental monitoring program designed for this project, defining the scope, location, parameter, duration and frequency, and responsible agencies, for monitoring during the construction and operational stages. Monitoring needs were identified in the environmental assessment and also reflect the requirements of national regulatory standards. Monitoring costs are estimates based on the experience of the PPTA team and PMO from other projects in Hubei Province and elsewhere in the PRC. These costs were discussed and agreed by the PMO and PPTA team during loan processing. ADB will oversee project compliance on the basis of the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports provided by the PMO and site visits as required.

16. The results of the environmental monitoring will be compared with relevant PRC performance standards in Table A1.5. Non-compliance with these standards will be highlighted in the monitoring reports. Monitoring results will be submitted to the PMO and then reported by the PMO to ADB in semi-annual environmental monitoring reports (prepared with the support of the LIEC – Table A1.6).

Table A1.4: Environmental Monitoring Program for Project Duration Monitoring Frequency Who Who Item Parameter Monitoring Location and Duration Implements Supervises Pre-construction River pH, TP, TN, Zn, All current and new One sample per site IAs PMO sediment Cu, Pb, Hg, As, sampling points (see analysed before baseline Cd Figure VI.1 and VI.2 construction commences in EIA) Aquatic phytoplankton, Threes sites in One-time sampling: Hubei Wuhan PMO baseline zooplankton, upstream, midstream November-December EMS mollusks, and downstream of 2014 crustaceans and Qing River in Enshi aquatic insects and Lichuan CONSTRUCTION STAGE Internal monitoring Dust and TSP, LAeq At construction site One 24-hr* continuous IAs and PMO noise boundaries sampling period each contractor week, during construction activity Odor H2S, NH3 Nearest residence 1 day (24-hr* continuous IAs and PMO from each dredge sampling) per week, contractor spoil treatment site (5 during construction activity in Enshi; 3 in Lichuan) Surface SS, TN, TP Discharge water from Once day per week during IAs and PMO water quality each dredge spoil construction activity contractor treatment site Solid waste Organic matter, Treated dredge spoil Once per week IAs and PMO Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, ready for disposal. At contractor As, Cd moisture each treatment site (5 content, phenols, in Enshi; 3 in Lichuan) mineral oil, External monitoring Dust and TSP, LAeq At nearest sensitive 1 day (24-hr* continuous EMS PMO noise receptor for each sampling) per month construction site during construction activity Surface SS, flow velocity (i) For SS: selected (i) For SS: 2 times per EMS PMO water quality points 200 m week at each site. and flow downstream of active (ii) For flow velocity: 12 dredging operations times per year (once a month) – to detect any seasonal changes) Solid waste Organic matter, Treated dredge spoil Once per month at each EMS PMO Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, ready for disposal. At site As, Cd moisture each treatment site (5 content, phenols, in Enshi; 3 in Lichuan)

Monitoring Frequency Who Who Item Parameter Monitoring Location and Duration Implements Supervises mineral oil, Fauna Compliance of River embankments Immediately upon Wetland PMO habitat the new and constructed completion of each specialist structures with wetlands section or site, and while the fauna-habitat contractor and machinery designs are present OPERATIONAL STAGE Internal monitoring Waste water pH, COD，BOD, At outlets of WWTPs Continuous routine WWTP O&M PMO, Enshi quality NH3-N, TN, TP, monitoring Units Prefecture E.coli, EPB Solid waste Organic matter, At Dashaba and Weekly WWTP O&M PMO, Enshi (sewage Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg, Lichuan WWTP Units Prefecture sludge) As, Cd moisture sludge treatment EPB content, phenols, units. Sludge ready mineral oil for landfill disposal. External monitoring Air quality – NH3, H2S Nearest residence 2 days per month for 12 EMS PMO, Enshi odor from each WWTP consecutive months. Prefecture Monitoring can cease EPB when 100% compliance is achieved 3 consecutive times at the same site GHG Total CO2e At all WWTPs Starting at operation of GHG PMO emission emissions of the each WWTP: 4 times per accounting 3 WWTPs – see year for first 2 years; then specialist Section IV.G of once a year for 3 years EIA Noise LAeq At all WWTP 2 days per month for 12 EMS PMO, Enshi boundaries consecutive months. Prefecture Monitoring can cease EPB when 100% compliance is achieved 3 consecutive times at the same site Surface SS, flow velocity At entrance of all 12 times per year (once a Hubei Wuhan PMO, Enshi water quality tributaries dredged by month), to detect any EMS (or local Prefecture and flow project + Qing River, seasonal changes) EMS?-but then EPB including downstream other money of Enshi and Lichuan needed) Cities Aquatic phytoplankton, Threes sites in Twice per year, in July Hubei Wuhan PMO, Enshi habitat zooplankton, upstream, midstream and November**, for 3 EMS Prefecture quality mollusks, and downstream of years after completion. EPB crustaceans and Qing River in Enshi Two samples per site. aquatic insects and Lichuan

Table A1.5: Monitoring Indicators and Applicable PRC Standards Phase Indicator Standard Construction Dust and noise at Construction Site Noise Limits (GB12523－1990) construction site boundary Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for Boundary of Construction Site (GB 12523-2011) Dust and noise at sensitive Class II Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-1996) receptors Class II and III standards of the Environmental Quality of Noise Standard (GB3096-2008) Odor (NH3, H2S) Emission Standards for Odor Pollutants (GB 14554-93) Discharge water quality Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996) Table 4 (dredge spoil treatment sites) Treated dredge spoil Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants - quality Sludge Quality for Disposal to Landfill (GB/T23485-2009) Table 2. Surface water quality Surface Water Ambient Quality Standard (GB3838－2002) Class III

Phase Indicator Standard Operation Odor (NH3, H2S) at Emission Standard for Odor Pollutants (GB14554－93) Class II WWTPs Noise at WWTPs Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB 12348-2008) Wastewater discharge from Discharge Standard for Municipal Wastewater (CJ3082-1999) WWTPs Sewage sludge Disposal of Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants - Sludge Quality for Disposal to Landfill (GB/T23485-2009) Table 2. Built habitats Survival rate of planted vegetation >75% (embankments and Comparison against baseline fauna species present (section V.D.1 wetlands) EIA) Aquatic habitats Comparison against baseline established pre-construction.

17. Compliance evaluation. Independent evaluation of the compliance with EMP measures will be undertaken by the LIEC. The PMO will report the LIEC’s independent evaluation to ADB on the project’s adherence to the EMP, along with information on project implementation, environmental performance of the contractors, and environmental compliance through quarterly project progress reports and semi-annual environmental monitoring reports (Table A.6). The LIEC will support the PMO in developing the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports. The reports should identify any environment related implementation issues and necessary corrective actions, and reflect these in a corrective action plan. Operation and performance of the project GRM, environmental institutional strengthening and training, and compliance with all covenants under the project will also be included in the report.

18. Environmental acceptance reporting. Following the PRC Regulation on Project Completion Environmental Audit (MEP, 2001), within three months after the completion of major components, an environmental acceptance report for each shall be prepared by a licensed environmental monitoring institute. The report will be reviewed and approved by the Enshi Prefecture EPB and reported to ADB (Table A1.6). The environmental acceptance reports of the component completions will indicate the timing, extent, effectiveness of completed mitigation and of maintenance, and the needs for additional mitigation measures and monitoring during operations.

Table A1.6: Reporting Plan Reports From To Frequency Pre-construction Phase Project Project Readiness report LIEC ADB Once before readiness construction Construction Phase Internal Environmental monitoring report IAs PMO, LIEC Monthly monitoring External Environmental monitoring report Enshi and ETMAP EPB, Monthly monitoring Lichuan EMS PMO, IAs Compliance Environment progress and PMO, LIEC ADB Semi-annual monitoring monitoring reports Acceptance Environmental acceptance report Licensed ETMAP EPB Once; within 3 report acceptance months of institute completion of physical works Operational Phase Internal Environmental monitoring report IA PMO, LIEC Quarterly monitoring (first three years of operation)* Compliance Compliance with EMP measures LIEC ADB Quarterly monitoring report (first year of operation) External Environmental monitoring report Enshi and ETMAP EPB, Quarterly monitoring (first three years of operation)* Lichuan EMS PMO, IAs Progress report Environmental progress report PMO ADB Semi-annual

Reports From To Frequency ADB = Asian Development Bank; EPB = Environment Protection Bureau; EMS = Environmental Monitoring Station; LIEC = Loan Implementation Environment consultant; PMO = Project Management Office * 3 years monitoring from the date of the acceptance report. Reporting frequencies were discussed and agreed between the PMO, IAs and EPD in August 2014.

F. Training

26. The capacity of the PMO and IAs and their Environment and Social Officers to implement this EMP will be strengthened through training. Initially the training will be in formal workshops then will continue with on the job training by the LIEC. The formal training will cover EMP implementation, supervision, and reporting, and the Grievance Redress Mechanism (Table A1.7). Training will be facilitated by the LIEC with the support of other experts under the loan implementation consultant services. Attendees from the IAs will be staff from their environmental units and supervising engineers.

27. Training of WWTP operation and maintenance unit supervisors in environmental safeguards, occupational safety and greenhouse gas emission reduction will be undertaken by a contracted wastewater treatment specialist.

Table A1.7: Training Program Training Attendees Contents Times Total No. Days trainees EMP PMO, IAs, EMP roles and responsibilities, Once prior to, and 4 16 implementation contractors monitoring, supervision, reporting once after, the first procedures, review of experience year of project (after 12 months) implementation Grievance PMO, IAs, Roles and responsibilities, Procedures Once prior to, and 2 16 Redress contractors once after, the first Mechanism year of project implementation Environmental PMO, IAs, Pollution control on construction sites Once (during project 2 20 protection and ETMAP EPB (air, noise, waste water, solid waste) implementation) monitoring WWTP WWTP O&M Operation of treatment processes, Once (before plant 2 10 operation supervisors environmental safeguards and safety commissioning) safeguards (UV disinfection operation) WWTP WWTP O&M Sludge retention time and greenhouse Once (before plant 1 10 operation - SRT supervisors gases. Optimising performance and commissioning) and GHG low emissions. Constructed PMO, IAs, Management and maintenance of the Once prior to, and 2 20 wetlands and CGB, constructed wetlands and fauna once after, the first embankments WRAPBs habitats of the project embankments year of project implementation CGB = City Garden Bureau, SRT = Sludge Retention Time, WRAPB = Water Resource and Aquatic Products Bureaus.

G. Grievance Redress Mechanism

28. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) has been established as part of the project EMP to receive and manage any public environmental and/or social issues which may arise due to the Project. The PMO will ensure that potentially affected communities are informed about the GRM at an early stage of the project. During the project preparation phase, the IAs, PMO and ETMAP EPB personnel received training on the GRM from the PPTA team.

29. The PMO is the lead agency responsible for overall management, implementation, and reporting of the GRM. The PMO Environment and Social Officers coordinate the GRM and: (i) instruct the IAs and contractors on their responsibilities in the GRM; (ii) establish a simple registry system, to document and track grievances received (including forms to record complaints and how they have been resolved); and (iii) report on progress of the GRM in the semi-annual environmental monitoring and progress reports to ADB.

30. Each IA has assigned a member of staff, who is responsible for implementation of the GRM and other relevant aspects of the EMP. Tasks include keeping a record of complaints. At least two months before construction commences, these contacts will be publicized at each IA construction site and forwarded to local village committees to ensure that entry points to the GRM are well known.

31. GRM readiness procedures prior to start of construction. To be successful and reduce the likelihood of public concerns, the following measures will be implemented before any construction: 1) On-site procedures: (i) all contractors and work staff will be briefed by the PMO on the GRM. Contractors and workers will be instructed to be courteous to local residents and, in the event they are approached by the general public with an issue, to immediately halt their work and report the issue to the foreman; (ii) at least one sign will be erected at each construction site providing the public with updated project information, the GRM process, and contact names and details for the GRM entry points. 2) Non-project agencies: Prior to project construction, the PMO and will notify all relevant agencies about the project and GRM, so that if these agencies receive complaints, they know to contact the PMO and follow up as necessary. This will include, but not be limited to, local EPBs, the local courts, and police.

32. The procedure and timeframe for the GRM is shown in Figure A1.1 and is as follows.

Stage 1 (maximum 10 working days): Affected persons can submit a written or oral complaint to the contractors or IAs. Complaints received by any other institutions will be referred back to the IA for action. The IA will notify the PMO of the complaint within two days. The PMO will enter the complaint in the Complaints Register.

The contractor, in consultation with the IA, attempts to resolve the issue directly with the affected person. Within five working days of receiving the complaint, the agency will provide clear advice to the affected person on the proposed corrective action and by when it will be taken. The corrective action will be implemented not later than 10 working days from receipt of the complaint. The PMO will enter the resolution in the Complaints Register.

If quick corrective action is not possible, or the IA is unsure how to proceed, or the complainant is not satisfied by the initial corrective action, then the complaint will be referred to the PMO for Stage 2.

Stage 2 (maximum 5 working days): For complaints not resolved in Stage 1, Stage 2 is initiated. The PMO Environment Officer, contractor, and IA will meet with the affected person and together discuss the issue and identify possible solutions. At the meeting, a possible solution will be agreed upon. The contractor or IA, as appropriate, will implement the agreed solution and report the outcome to the PMO.

Stage 3 (maximum 10 working days): If Stage 2 is unsuccessful (i.e. no solution can be identified or the affected person is not satisfied with the proposed solution) the PMO will convene a stakeholders meeting and involve the Project Leading Group to ensure that any needed inputs from other project agencies are coordinated. The workshop will identify a solution acceptable to all. The agreed solution will be implemented and a report on the outcome provided to the PMO.

The above steps relate to the construction phase where most complaints will be directed in the first instance to the contractor or IA. During initial operations, complaints will be

received by the operations and maintenance (O&M) units of the facilities.

PMO will inform ADB of all complaints and actions under the GRM and include all relevant documents in its progress reports to ADB.

33. Any costs incurred to receive, document, and address grievances will be paid by the PMO. The grievance procedures will remain valid throughout the duration of project construction and the first two years of project operation.

34. The tracking and documenting of grievance resolutions by the PMO will include the following elements: (i) tracking forms and procedures for gathering information from project personnel and complainant(s); (ii) regular updating of the GRM database by the PMO Environment and Social Officers; (iii) processes for informing stakeholders about the status of a case; and (iv) a simple but effective filing system, so that data can be retrieved for reporting purposes, including reports to ADB.

35. No part of the project GRM affects the existing rights of affected persons to take their complaints to the courts. Also, at any time in this process, an affected person may contact ADB (East Asia Department) directly, including the ADB Resident Mission in the PRC.

36. If the above steps are unsuccessful, people adversely affected by the project may submit complaints to ADB’s Accountability Mechanism. The Accountability Mechanism provides an independent forum and process whereby people adversely affected by ADB- assisted projects can voice, and seek a resolution of their problems, as well as report alleged violations of ADB‘s operational policies and procedures. Before submitting a complaint to the Accountability Mechanism, affected people should make a good faith effort to solve their problems by working with the concerned ADB operations department (in this case, the ADB East Asia Department). Only after doing that, and if they are still dissatisfied, should they approach the Accountability Mechanism.19

19See: www.adb.org/ accountability-mechanism

Figure A1.1: The Project Grievance Redress Mechanism.

Affected Person(s)

Stage 1 Solution 10 days Complaint Complaint Implemented

Contractor IA or O&M Unit Reporting

Unresolved Complaint Forwarded Stage 2 5 days ETMAP PMO (recording and coordination)

Unresolved Complaint Forwarded Stakeholder* Meeting PLG

Action Plan Reporting by PMO to ADB Stage 3 10 days Solution Implemented ADB

* Stakeholders involved will depend upon the nature of the complaint and will include as a minimum the affected person(s), PMO, IA (for the city), City EPB. Other stakeholder agencies relevant to particular concerns can be called upon to contribute through the PLG. Note: AP = affected person, EPB = environmental protection bureau, O&M = operation and maintenance, PMO = project management office; IA = Implementing Agency.

H. Cost Estimates

37. This section provides an estimate of the cost of implementing the EMP. The cost comprises three categories: mitigation measures (Table A1.2); environmental monitoring (Table A1.4); and, training (Table A1.6). Refer to Tables A1.2, A1.4 and A1.6 for more details of each item. Costs are presented for the construction and operational phases of the project over five years. The costs do not include: (i) detailed design revisions and adjustments; (ii) Items 3.1-3.3 and 3.5-3.7 in Table A1.2, which are operating costs of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs); and (iii) the salaries of PMO environment staff. Costs for the mitigation measures are based on estimates in the domestic EIA and the experience of the PPTA team and PMO in other projects. Costs for the monitoring and training are estimates based on the experience of the PPTA team in similar projects and discussed with the PMO.

38. The total estimated cost is CNY4.8 million over five years (Table A1.8). It is anticipated that about CNY2.4 million (51%) will be paid through the construction contractors, CNY1.8 million (37%) paid by the PMO, and CNY0.77 million (11%) from the ADB loan consultant services. The remaining costs would be paid by the Implementing Agencies. Total costs are small given the large scale of the project and when spread over five years.

Table A1.8. Estimated cost (CNY) of implementing the EMP over Five Years. See Tables A1.2, A1.4 and A1.7 for details of activities. Unit No. Total cost Cost per IA IA Contractor Contractor ADB Item Unit cost units 5 years year PMO Enshi Lichuan Enshi Lichuan loan MITIGATION (EMP Table A1.2) PRE-CONSTRUCTION 1.1 Public consultations Meeting 10,000 3 30,000 6,000 15,000 15,000 1.2 LIEC Consultant PM 35,000 12 420,000 84,000 420,000 1.2 Wetland Specialist Consultant PM 35,000 3 105,000 21,000 105,000 1.3 GRM Lumpsum 100,000 1 100,000 20,000 100,000 1.3 Training Lumpsum 100,000 1 100,000 20,000 100,000 CONSTRUCTION 2.1 Domestic wastewater Lumpsum 90,000 1 90,000 18,000 60,300 29,700 2.1 Construction w'water Lumpsum 280,000 1 280,000 56,000 196,000 84,000 2.1 Handling materials Lumpsum 210,000 1 210,000 42,000 140,700 69,300 2.2 Dust management Lumpsum 300,000 1 300,000 60,000 200,000 100,000 2.2 Vehicle emissions Lumpsum 150,000 1 150,000 30,000 100,500 49,500 2.2 Odor Lumpsum 45,000 1 45,000 9,000 30,150 14,850 2.3 Noise and vibration Lumpsum 140,000 1 140,000 28,000 89,600 50,400 2.4 Domestic waste Lumpsum 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 30,000 20,000 2.4 Construction waste Lumpsum 250,000 1 250,000 50,000 160,000 90,000 2.5 Soil erosion Lumpsum 650,000 1 650,000 130,000 429,000 221,000 2.7 Site hygiene Lumpsum 20,000 1 20,000 4,000 10,000 10,000 2.7 Community safety Lumpsum 30,000 1 30,000 6,000 20,100 9,900 2.7 Site safety Lumpsum 25,000 1 25,000 5,000 15,000 10,000 Sub-total Lumpsum 2,995,000 599,000 200,000 15,000 15,000 1,481,350 758,650 525,000 MONITORING (EMP Table A1.4) PRE-CONSTRUCTION Second sediment sampling Lumpsum 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 50,000 Aquatic invertebrates EMS-Wuhan 40,000 1 40,000 8,000 40,000 CONSTRUCTION Internal monitoring Dust and noise Lumpsum 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 Odor Lumpsum 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 Water quality Lumpsum 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 Solid waste Lumpsum 50,000 1 50,000 10,000 25,000 25,000

Unit No. Total cost Cost per IA IA Contractor Contractor ADB Item Unit cost units 5 years year PMO Enshi Lichuan Enshi Lichuan loan External monitoring Dust and noise EMS-local 360,000 1 360,000 72,000 360,000 Water quality+flow speed EMS-local 180,000 1 180,000 36,000 180,000 Solid waste EMS-local 120,000 1 120,000 24,000 120,000 OPERATION External monitoring Air quality EMS-local 120,000 1 120,000 24,000 120,000 Noise EMS-local 60,000 1 60,000 12,000 60,000 GHG emissions Consultant PM 35,000 7 245,000 49,000 245,000 Water quality+flow speed EMS-local 180,000 1 180,000 36,000 180,000 Aquatic invertebrates EMS-Wuhan 115,000 1 115,000 23,000 115,000 Sub-total 1,670,000 334,000 1,470,000 0 0 100,000 100,000 0 TRAINING (EMP Table A1.7) EMP implementation Participant/day 600 80 48,000 9,600 48,000 GRM Participant/day 600 32 19,200 3,840 19,200 Environmental monitoring Participant/day 600 40 24,000 4,800 24,000 WWTP-safeguards Participant/day 1,000 20 20,000 4,000 20,000 WWTP-sludge,GHG Participant/day 1,000 10 10,000 2,000 10,000 Sub-total 121,200 24,240 121,200 0 0 0 0 0 GRAND TOTAL CNY 4,786,200 957,240 1,791,200 15,000 15,000 1,581,350 858,650 525,000 Total USD (USD1=CNY6.1) 784,623 156,925 293,639 2,459 2,459 259,238 140,762 86,066 Proportion of total (%) 100% 37.4 0.3 0.3 33.0 17.9 11.0 EMS = Environmental Monitoring Station; GRM = Grievance Redress Mechanism; LIEC = Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant; PM = person-months; WWTP = wastewater treatment plant. Notes: Item 1.1 (design fauna habitats) – assume 1 month before construction + 2 months during construction. Item 1.3 (training) – costs are for materials and venues (trainer costs already included under Item 1.2-LIEC).

ANNEX A. DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE: PMO ENVIRONMENT OFFICER

I. BACKGROUND

1. Development projects which are assisted by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) routinely require the establishment of a Project Management Office (PMO). The PMO is responsible for project implementation and comprises the provincial and/or municipal agencies involved in the project. Compliance with the Loan and Project Agreements includes implementation of an Environment Management Plan (EMP), which is prepared as part of the project environment impact assessment. The EMP is the critical guiding document to manage, monitor, and report upon potential project environmental impacts. Implementation of the EMP is a full-time task. For this reason, the PMO assigns a full-time officer for this role. These terms of reference describe the requirements for this officer.

II. SCOPE AND DURATION OF WORK

2. The officer will work on behalf of the PMO to implement the project EMP. The officer will report directly to the PMO. The position is for the entire project duration (generally five years).

III. QUALIFICATIONS

3. The officer will have: (i) an undergraduate degree or higher in environmental management or related field; (ii) at least five years of experience in environmental management, monitoring, and/or impact assessment; (iii) ability to communicate and work effectively with local communities, contractors, and government agencies; (iv) ability to analyze data and prepare technical reports; (v) willingness and health to regularly visit the project construction sites and in different seasons; and (vi) ideally, proficiency in spoken and written English.

IV. DETAILED TASKS

4. The PMO Environment Officer will have a detailed understanding of the project EMP and supporting documents, including the domestic environmental reports, the project EIA, and project environmental assurances. The officer will have the following tasks.

(i) Assess whether the EMP requires updating due to any changes in project design which may have occurred after the EMP was prepared.

(ii) Distribute the Chinese language version of the EMP to all relevant agencies, including the implementing agencies, provincial and municipal agencies for environment protection. This should occur at least three months before construction begins.

(iii) Conduct meetings with agencies as necessary to ensure they understand their specific responsibilities described in the EMP.

(iv) Ensure that relevant mitigation, monitoring and reporting measures in the EMP are included in the bidding documents, contracts and relevant construction plans.

(v) Confirm that the Implementing Agencies (IAs) responsible for the internal environment monitoring described in the EMP understand their tasks and will implement the monitoring in a timely fashion.

(vi) At least two months before construction begins, establish and implement the project Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) described in the EMP. This will include: (a) prepare a simple table and budget identifying the type, number and cost of materials needed to inform local communities about the GRM and starting dates and scope of construction; (b) design, prepare and distribute these materials, and plan and conduct the community meetings; (c) prepare a form to record any public complaints; (d) prepare a summary table to record all complaints, including dates, issues, and how they were resolved; and (e) ensure that all relevant agencies, including contractors, understand their role in the GRM.

(vii) Prior to construction, ensure that IAs and their contractors have informed their personnel, including all construction workers, of the EMP requirements. This will include all mitigation measures relating to impacts to air, water, noise, soil, sensitive sites, ecological values, cultural values, worker and community health and safety, respectful behavior when communicating with local communities, and responding to and reporting any complaints.

(viii) During project construction, make regular site visits with LIEC to assess progress, meet with contractors and/or local communities, and assess compliance with the EMP.

(ix) Ensure that all relevant agencies submit required progress reports and information, including environmental monitoring and reports of any issues or grievances.

(x) Compile, review, and store environmental progress reports from the IAs, records of any grievances, and any other relevant issues. Maintain digital copies of all information. When necessary, enter data into summary tables in digital format (e.g. to transfer records of grievances from hard copy forms). Ensure that all information is stored in the PMO filing system, backed up, and can be easily retrieved.

(xi) Prepare semi-annual environment progress reports.

(xii) Work closely with the PMO, IAs, loan implementation consultants, and other agencies and personnel as necessary to conduct these tasks.

V. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

Semi-annual environment monitoring reports, using the template provided by ADB or a domestic format reviewed and approved by ADB.

VI. LOGISTICAL SUPPORT PROVIDED BY PMO TO THE ENVIRONMENT OFFICER

(i) Provision of hard and soft copies of the project EMP, domestic and project environmental reports, feasibility study reports, loan and project agreements, maps, and other supporting materials as necessary to ensure the officer can implement the tasks.

(ii) Vehicle transport, office materials, and other logistical support as necessary for the officer to visit the project construction sites and local communities, arrange and conduct meetings, and prepare and distribute consultation materials.

(iii) Overall coordination, including review of the draft semi-annual monitoring reports and final responsibility for submission of the monitoring reports to ADB.

ANNEX B. DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE: LOAN IMPLEMENTATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

I. BACKGROUND

1. Implementation of the Hubei Enshi Qing River Upstream Environment Rehabilitation Project will be overseen and coordinated by a Project Management Office (PMO), established within the Enshi Prefecture Development and Reform Committee. The PMO will be assisted by a Loan Implementation Consultant team. The Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant (LIEC) will be a part of this team and will assist the PMO with implementation of the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

II. SCOPE AND DURATION OF WORK

2. This position could be a firm or an individual engaged by the PMO. It is an independent position. It is not part of the PMO in-house environmental team or the implementing agencies. The specialist will report directly to the PMO. The position is for the entire project duration (5 years). The LIEC should be recruited as soon as possible after loan affectiveness, as the first task is to confirm project environmental readiness (Table A1.3).

III. QUALIFICATIONS

3. The specialist will have: (i) an undergraduate degree or higher in environmental management or related field; (ii) at least five years of experience in environmental management, monitoring, and/or impact assessment; (iii) familiarity with ADB project management requirements and national environmental management procedures; (iv) ability to communicate and work effectively with local communities, contractors, and government agencies; (v) ability to analyze data and prepare technical reports; (vi) willingness and health to regularly visit the subproject sites; and (vii) proficiency in spoken and written English.

IV. TASKS

Before construction (i) Ensure project environmental readiness, including: (i) checklist in Table A1.3 of the EMP is achieved; (ii) all contractor contracts include, and will comply with, the EMP; and (iii) relevant sections of the EMP are incorporated in construction plans and contracts. (ii) Assist the PMO to implement the GRM, including: (i) establish and publicize the GRM; and (ii) collate and evaluate grievances received. (iii) Develop procedures to: (i) monitor EMP implementation progress; (ii) collate and evaluate data collected in the EMP environmental monitoring program; and (iii) prepare and submit the semi- annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB (to continue until Project Completion Report). (iv) Undertake training of project agencies as required by the EMP training plan. (v) Provide hands-on support and on-the-job training to the PMO, IAs and contractors on the specific requirements of the EMP as required.

During project implementation (i) Undertake site visits to all IAs during subproject construction and operating phase. (ii) Assist in the ongoing public consultation process as described in the project EIA. (iii) Conduct EMP compliance assessments, identify any environment-related implementation issues, and propose necessary responses in corrective action plans. (iv) Undertake training of project agencies as required by the EMP training plan. (v) Assist PMO to prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring progress reports for submission to ADB.