Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum

UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM

Vol.12 No. 1 1989

Zoogeography of the fishes from Indochinese Inland waters with an

annotated check-list

Maurice Kottelat

Contents

Introduction 1

and 2 Geographical scope terminology

Check-list 3

Discussion

A. Generalities 21

B. Inter-basin connections ; 34

C. Heuristic comments on some ichthyogeographical theories involving South-East Asia 37

Bibliography 43

INTRODUCTION Smith (1945) for Thailand, Taki (1974) for the Mekong

According to an unpublished bibliography of Indochi- basin in Laos and Kottelat (1985) for the cyprinids of nese freshwater fishes that I completed, 930 native Kampuchea. Day (1875-78, 1888) is still the last com- fish species are known to occur in the inland waters plete reference to Burmese and Indian fishes; Jaya- of the Indochinese Peninsula, certainly making it one ram (1981) presents a more recent compilation for In- of the areas with the most diverse ichthyofauna. diaand Burma, but as far as Burma is concerned, the

The study of this rich fish fauna is still in the discov- coverage cannot be satisfactory as the author had ac- ery and survey stage and there is presently no up-to- cess only to material collected before 1940. Mohsin & date reference work for this area. There are few use- Ambak’s (1983) book on western Malaysian fishes ful identification guides for the various countries: suffers from several important flaws (see for example 2

Zakaria-Ismail, 1983) and appears to be merely a Fonds National Suisse pour la Recherche Scienti-

summary of the [few] specimens collected by the au- fique.

thors. At the border of our area, Weber & de Beau-

fort’s (1913-1916) monographs on Cypriniformes and

AND Siluriformes are still the major source of information GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE TERMINOLOGY

The is the fish fauna on Indonesian freshwater fishes; Inger & Chin (1962) present discussion centered on

of the Peninsula, the and Salween ba- present a useful reference for Sabah. Chevey & Le- Malay Mekong

reference for sins outside of the Chao and Mae masson (1937) is the classical fishes of China, Phraya

the Red River basin; the recent book by Mai Dinh Khlong basins in Thailand and coastal streams in the

natural Yen (1978) on fishes of northern Viet Nam should re- intervening areas. This is not a unit, but these

limits set conditions which place it, but there are several drawbacks to a wider are by political prevent

work in some basins. The basins in use of it: the nomenclature is outdated, it does not adjacent adjacent

take into consideration works done in the Chinese the Indochinese Peninsula (Red River, Irrawaddy) will

be dealt with in Red River basin, it uses names first published (?) in only more general discussions.

In and this government reports and which are not available and geographic zoogeographic literature,

has been known it has an almost confidential distribution (not to men- area as Indochinese Peninsula, re-

tion the language problems which is recurrent when spectively Indochinese Subregion, since last century.

working with South-East Asian litterature)(Kottelat, in According to Prashad (1929), this terminology has

opress). Systematic ichthyology in South China is been introduced by Crosse & Fischer (1876:335) as

Indo-Chinoise'. In recent some biolo- now progressing at an accelerated pace and beside province years,

to word not recently published books on fishes of Guangxi gists were unwilling use the Indochina, for

but because it is simi- (Anon., 1981) and Hainan (Anon., 1986), a book on precise biological reasons, very

Yunnanesefishes is in press. lar to the former Indochine Française (a name first in-

The present work is a tentative to summarize the troduced in 1888 for the reunion of former French col-

in available data on fish taxonomy and fish distribution onies and protectorates South-East Asia:

in the Indochinese Peninsula. The relations of this Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, Cambodia, Laos [from fauna with its counterparts in adjacent waters will also 1893] and Kouang-Tcheou-Wan territory [from 1900 be discussed. to 1943]). Considering its unambiguous etymology

It seemed to me of interest to of produce a study (between India and China) and its long use in geo- the state of the art of systematic ichthyology and zoo- graphical, geological and biogeographical literature,

in South-East Asia at time when geography a some by western as well as local scientists (e.g. Lekagul & of the borders of tighest the world are opening again, McNeely, 1977; Gressitt.1970), I see every reason for

if it is At time when rich- even only slightly. a natural using it, at least as a geographical term. It has the

ness and diversity is vanishing quickly, especially in great advantage of clarity (the Peninsula between In- the tropical areas, there is an acute need for ex- dia and China) and conciseness (shorter than the

within and all borders. changing information, through vague 'mainland South-East Asia' or than the enu-

The most basic need for exchanging biological infor- meration of included countries and parts of countries).

mation is a consistent of nomenclature, which, Moreover, there has never been a proposal for a sub-

be reached course, can only by in-depth systematic stitute name, or none which has been widely accept-

research. It seems that the Oriental ichthyofauna is ed.

now attracting interest again and it appeared worth to Malay Peninsula is used for Western Malaysia and

survey the state of the art of our knowledge in fish Peninsular Thailand south of the Isthmus of Kra. systematics and distribution in this area. This is the Krupp (1987:233) found the term Oriental best actual way to catalogue needs. "somewhat misleading since it may refer to any re-

the final of the of this During stages preparation gion between the Middle East and Japan". He pro- work, from I was supported by grant 83.501.0.87 posed the name Indoasiatic as a substitute; Indoa- 3

siatic should refer "to the 'Indian' parts of Asia: India, strictly to whole taxonomie units. For example, Ostari-

Indochina and Indonesia, thus covering exactly the ophysi are mostly primary division freshwater fishes,

Ariidae and Plotosidae and the area which is presently ascribed to the Oriental re- but the catfish families

South gion". For various reasons, I can not follow him: 1) I subfamily Aspredininae of Aspredinidae (a

American the East found that there must be very important reasons for family) are peripheral or marine;

which have Asian Tribolodon also in salt replacing the names of old concepts met cyprinid genus occurs

the Oriental waters. On the other hand, some species and a very wide and general usage; Region genera

families in freshwa- (or Oriental Realm) is one of them; since its introduc- of otherwise marine occur only

the Go- tion by Wallace (1876) it has been widely used and ters, far upstream from the sea (for example accepted; 2) I do not find Oriental misleading; 3) in- biidae Rhinogobius chiengmaiensis, R. mekongianus, troduction of an unnecessary replacement name is etc.). following list includes all fishes which have just likely to create misunderstanding; 4) it is not clear The

collected in inland of the Indochinese what is meant by the "Indian" part of Asia; apparently been waters pe-

ninsula above. As usual in similar this only refers to the root Indo- in Indochina and In- as defined listings,

had be set. The most ambigu- donesia; 5) the Oriental Region also includes the Phi- some arbitrary limits to

is the limit between fresh and marine lippine Islands (and South China and Taiwan for most ous one always

of and the Oriental waters. I thought it better to be too inclusive than too groups plants animals); 6) Region exclusive and decided include estuaries not does not include Indonesia east of Sulawesi; 7) there I to (but

Oriental Lake in Peninsu- is already another replacement name for the plume waters). Songkhla (Tale Sap)

lar Thailand a problem with its different Realm of Wallace: Blanford (1901) suggested to use posed specific

whose varies in and time; Elwes (1873) Indo-Malaya, a name which has not sub-basins salinity space

the divisions of Sirimontaporn been adopted (see comment by Mani, 1974:700). using topographical

fishes of sub-basins IV, V and VI are includ- Toponymy for Thailand and eastern Burma follows (1984),

ed. In these sub-basins, the water is either fresh all the official transcription on the 1501 S 1:250.000 ser-

the or brackish in the dry season only. ies of topographic maps of Thailand, except for the year The distribution in the various basins is recorded by Mekong (alternative spellings and names: Mékong,

the following abbreviations (Fig.1): MA, Malay Penin- Mae Khong, Mae Nam Khong, Ménam Khong, Mae-

sula (Western Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand); S, kong, Lancantsang, Lancang-jiang) and Salween

Mae Khlong basin; CP, Mae Nam (Salouln, Salouen, Mae Nam Salawin, Nu-jiang), for Salween basin; MK,

Chao Praya basin; ME, Mekong basin; SE, coastal which the usual English names and spellings have

streams of South-East Thailand and Kampuchea; A, been retained for clarity.

coastal streams of Annam. Distribution is not indicat-

ed if the species is euryhaline. Some special habitats

CHECK-LIST are indicated as follow: eur, euryhaline (occasional

Myers (1949, 1951) distinguished freshwater fishes immigrants, brackish waters, estuarines, etc.); mon,

into primary, secondary and peripheral divisions ac- montane (range restricted to hill stream; cave, species cording to their tolerance of salt water. Primary fresh- restricted to subterranean waters. Our poor knowl-

fishes freshwater fishes which of the of water are obligatory edge, or lack of knowledge, ecology most are physiologically unable to enter saltwater and are species precludes a thorough listing of habitat prefer-

freshwater thus unable to cross seas. Secondary fish- ences.

es live almost exclusively in freshwater but tolerate The reader is referred to Smith (1945), Weber & de

for sea water. Peripheral freshwater fishes are those liv- Beaufort(1911 -1962) and Day (1875-1878) biblio-

ing in both fresh and salt waters, thus readily able to graphical references to original descriptions of spe-

be cies in Indonesia cross seas; they may diadromous, sporadic, sea- occuring Thailand, and India re-

sonal or permanent inhabitants of freshwaters. spectively. For all species not reported by these

I the reference the de- These divisions are not absolute and do not apply authors, provide to original 4

MA scription; in the following list, these species are rec- MK, ognized by the reference to the page number of the Family MEGALOPIDAE laoensis Rob- original description [example: Dasyatis Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet,1782) eur erts & Karnasuta, 1987 (p. 162)]. For bibliographic in- Family ANGUILLIDAE formation relating to Tirant (1885), I refer to the page Anguilla australis Richardson, 1841 eur number in the 1929 reprint edition (Chevey,1929). I Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 eur

Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel.1847 eur decided to exclude the bibliographic references for A single record from Hué by Chevey (1935:1423). species discussed in Smith, Weber & de Beaufort and Day in order to save place. Family OPHICHTHIDAE Ophichthus apicalis (Bennett, 1916) eur Unless otherwise acknowledged, the comments Ophichthus rutidoderma (Bleeker,1852) eur and informations or distribution are on synonymy Pisodonophis boro (Hamilton,1822) eur mine. Family CONGRIDAE

Muraenesox cinereus (Fors[s]kal,1775) eur

Family CARCHARHINIDAE Family MURAENIDAE See Compagno (1984) for a synopsis of the family. Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède.1803) eur Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes, in Müller & Hen-

Ie, 1839) eur Family CHIROCENTRIDAE

A single record from Saigon River at Thu-dau-mot by Chirocentrus dorab (Fors[s]kal,1775) eur

Tirant (1885 [1929:61]). Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, in Müller & Hen- Family CLUPEIDAE

Ie, 1839) eur See Whitehead(1985) for a synopsis of the family. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard,1824) eur Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822) eur Reported from freshwaters in Perak River by H.W. Anodontostoma thailandiae Wongratana,1983 (p. 394) Smith (1931:281) eur Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppel,1837) eur Clupanodon thrissa Linnaeus,1758 eur

Reported, as Scoliodon palasorrah, from freshwaters Clupeichthys aesarnensis Wongratana,1983 (p.388) ME

in Perak River by H.W. Smith (1936). Clupeichthys perakensis (Herre,1936) (p.5) MA

Scoliodon laticaudus Müller& Henle,1838 eur Clupeoides borneensis Bleeker.1851 eur?, ME, CP

Corica laciniata Fowler,1935 eur Family PRISTIDAE Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen

Pristis pristis Linnaeus,l7sß eur ciennes,1847) eur Gonialosa modesta (Day, 1869) eur?, S

Family DASYATIDAE Gonialosa whiteheadi Wongratana,1983 (p.394) eur?, S

Dasyatis laoensis Roberts & Karnasuta,l9B7 (p.162) ME Herklotsichthys dispilonotus (Bleeker,1852) eur Himanturableekeri (Blyth,1860) eur Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) eur? A single record from Songkhla Lake by Hora Nematalosa gatatheae Nelson & Rothman,1973 (p. 158)

(1924:464) needs confirmation eur Himantura imbricata (Schneider,lßol) eur Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) eur Himanturakrempfi (Chabanaud, 1923) (1923a:47) ME, CP Tenualosamacrura (Bleeker,1852) eur

Himantura signifer'Compagno & Roberts, 1982 (p.333) CP, Tenualosareevesii (Richardson,1846) eur

MA Tenualosa thibeaudaui (Durand, 1940) (p.6) ME

Himantura uarnak (Fors[s]kal,l 77s) eur Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen-

Hypolophus sephen (Fors[s]kal,l 77s) eur ciennes,1847) eur

Family OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Family PRISTIGASTERIDAE Scleropages formosus (Müller & Schlegel,1844) MA, SE, A See Whitehead (1985) for a synopsis of the family.

Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson,1839) eur Family NOTOPTERIDAE Ilisha melastoma (Schneider,1801 ) eur Notopterus bland('d'Aubenton,1965 (p.261) ME Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier,1829) eur Notopterus chitala (Hamilton,lB22) ME, CP, S, MK, MA

This name is used for a very widely distributed spe- Family ENGRAULIDIDAE cies; topotypical material from India has a conspicu- Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- ous colour pattern different from the one of Indochi- ciennes, 1848 eur nese and Indonesian material, suggesting that at least Coilia lindmani Bleeker.1858 ME, A, eur? two species might be involved. Coilia macrognathos Bleeker, 1852 eur

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas,1769) A, ME, CP, SE, S, Coilia mystus (Linnaeus,1758) eur 5

South-East Asia. Fig. 1. The river system of

S Salween

MA Malay peninsula MK Mae Khlong CP Chao Phraya SE S.E. Thailand, S.W. Kampuchea

ME Mekong

A Annam 6

1842 is Coilia neglecta Whitehead,1968 (p.33) eur ciennes, a synonym (Fang, 1943:400).

Coilia ramcarati (Hamilton,1822) eur Barbodes foxi (Fowler,1937) ME

Coilia rebentischi Bleeker.1849 eur Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker,1850) ME, CP, SE, MK, MA Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker.1851) eur? Including Puntius viehoeveri Fowler, 1943 (p.26). Inten-

Setipinna breviceps (Cantor, 1850) eur sively cultivated in South East Asia. Setipinna melanochir (Bleeker,l849) eur Barbodes jolamarki (Smith,1934) CP MA Setipinna taty (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Barbodes schwanenfeldii (Bleeker,1853) ME, CP, MK,

1848) eur Barbodes strigatus (Boulenger, 1894) (p.247) Stolephorus baganensis Hardenberg,1931 (p.107)eur A single record (Herre & Myers,1937:64), apparently Stolephorus commersonii Lacepède,1803 eur erroneous, the species being otherwise known from Stolephorus dubiosus Wongratana,1983 (p.400) eur?, MA, North Borneo only. CP Barilius barnoides Vinciguerra, 1890 (p.307) S

Stolephorus indicus (van Hasselt, 1823) eur See discussion in Kottelat (1984c:796). Danio mon-

Stolephorus insularis Hardenberg,1933 (p.260) eur siensis Yang & Huang, in Wu et al., 1964 (p.56) is a Stolephorus tri (Bleeker,1852) eur synonym. Fowler (1958) coined the name B. shanen-

Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- sis to replace B. ornatus of Boulenger (1893), preoc-

nes, 1848) eur cupied by Sauvage (1883). However, Boulenger Thryssa hamiltoni (Gray,1835) eur clearly indicated that the author of the name B. orna-

Thryssa mystax (Bloch, in Schneider,1801) eur tus was Sauvage. Additionally, Boulenger did not de-

Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet,1782) eur scribe this species; he merely listed localities and As specimens. Boulenger did not gave a description, Fowler's reference Family CHANIDAE to that paper does not make the

Chanos Chanos (Fors[s]kal,1775) eur name B. shanensis available. Bariliusbernatziki Koumans,1937 MA

Family CYPRINIDAE Barilius huahinensis Fowler, 1934MA CP Acanthorhodeus deignani Smith,1945 ME Barilius koratensis Smith,1931 ME, Danio Known from Upper Middle Mekong in Laos and Red Barilius nanensis Smith,l94s and (Allodanio)

River basin in Viet Nam (Holcik,1971:29). ponticulus Smith,1945 are tentative synonyms.

Albulichthys albuloides (Bleeker.1855) ME, CP, MK Barilius ornatus Sauvage, 1883 CP Albulichthys krempfi Pellegrin & Chevey,1927 (p.304) Barilius infrafasciatus Fowler,1934 is a synonym (Kot-

is a synonym (Kottelat,1985a556). telat, 1984c:794). CP Amblypharyngodon atkinsoni (Blyth,1860) S Barilius pulchellus Smith,1931 ME, and B. Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus (Bleeker,1851) ME, CP, MA Barilius bhuddaeFowler,1934 pellegrini Fang,

Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson,1844) (MA introduced) 1938 (p.587) are synonyms (Chu, 1984:97; Kotte- nammuensis Aspidoparia morar (Hamilton,!822) S lat,1984c:796). Daniops Yen,1978 (p. Lai Balantiocheilos melanopterus (Bleeker.1851) CP, ME, MA 123) and D. macropterus Yen, 1978 (p. 124) from

Chau on the Black River in Viet Nam, quite Thai fisheries officers consider this species as extinct upper

in Thailand. close to the divide with Mekong, are probably syno-

Bangana almorae (Chaudhuri,1912) (p.438) S nyms. MK Bangana devdevi (Hora, 1936) (p.324) S Brachydanio albolineatus (Blyth,1860) ME, S, SE, MA, Danio Smith, 1931 and Danio (Brachydanio) Labeo devdevi H0ra, 1936was proposed for the Bur- pulcher

tweediei/Brittan, 1956 (p.41) are mese and Thai fish formerly identified as L. dyochei- apparently synonyms. lus (Hamilton,1822) by Mukerji (1936:55). Hora (1936: Brachydanio jayarami (Barman,1985) (p.31) S kerri MA 324) did not indicate types or type-locality. His materi- Brachydanio (Smith,1931)

al is the same as used by Mukerji, which are thus Brachydanio nigrofasciatus (Day, 1869) S

syntypes. Brachydanio shanensis (Hora, 1928) S S Bangana pierrei (Sauvage, 1880) (p.233) ME, CP Brachydanio sondhii (Hora & Mukerji,1934) (1934a:128) Carassius Discussed in Kottelat (1984c:802). Osteochilus tatumi auratus (Linnaeus,1758) (A introduced) Fowler, 1937, Labeo lippus Fowler,1935, L. cheveyi Catla catla (Hamilton,1822) (MA introduced) siamensis CP, ME Fowler, 1937 and L. behri Fowler, 1937 are possibly Catlocarpio Boulenger,1898

The is in need of revision. S synonyms. genus a critical Chagunius bayleyi Rainboth,1986 (p. 10) Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Chanodichthys flavipinnis (Tirant, 1883) (p.98) A ME nes,1842) MA Chela caeruleostigmata (Smith,1931) CP, Chela mouhoti is The genus has been revised by Banarescu (1980); Smith,1945 a synonym (Banares-

see also Kottelat (1984c). cu,1971a: 17).

Barbichthys nitidus (Sauvage, 1878) (1878b:241) ME, CP, Chela laubuca (Hamilton,1822) S, MA, MK, CP, ME, SE, A MK Clupea huae Tirant, 1883 (p.98) and Laubuca siamen-

1939 Barbodes altus (Günther, 1868) ME, CP sis Fowler, are synonyms (Kottelat,1987a:12;

Generic nomenclature follows Rainboth (1981). Banarescu,1971a:16)

Barbodes balleroides (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Chela maassi (Weber & de Beaufort, 1912) MA ciennes, 1842) ME, CP, MA Cirrhinus chinensis Günther,l868 CP, ME

Barbus bramoides Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- The species is redescribed by Banarescu (1972a: 7

in of critical 254). The genus is badly need a revision. Fowler,1937 are apparently synonyms (Banares- Osteochilus prosemion Fowler,1934 and Labeo stig- cu,1986:145-147). ME mapleura Fowler,1937 are tentatively considered as Crossocheilus siamensis; (Smith, 1931) MA,

Banarescu considered idellus in Cuvier & Va- synonyms. (1983:14) O. pro- Ctenopharyngodon (Valenciennes,

semion as a subspecies of C. mrigala without provid- lenciennes, 1844) (MA, Introduced) in in & Va- ing evidences. Leuciscus molitorella Valenciennes, Cyclocheilichthys apogon (Valenciennes, Cuvier

Cuvier & Valenciennes,1844 is presently a nomen du- lenciennes,1842) A, ME, CP, SE, MK

of the armatus in Cuvier & Va- bium; it might be a senior synonym present Cyclocheilichthys (Valenciennes, MA species. A Chinese species identified as C. molitorella lenciennes, 1842) ME, CP, MK, SE, ME has been released in Singapore and Malaysia (Herre Cyclocheilichthys enoplos Bleeker,1850 CP,

& Myers,1937:59; Mohsin & Ambak, 1983:106). Cyclocheilichthys dumerili Sauvage, 1881 (p.163) and Cirrhinus jullieni Sauvage, 1878 ME Barbus enoploides Tirant, 1885 (1929:157) are syno- in The species commonly identified as C. jullieni fish- nyms (Kottelat, 1984c:800; 1987a:9). eries littérature is Henicorhynchus siamensis Sauv- Cyclocheilichthys furcatus Sontirat,1985 (p.43) ME

age,1881 (Kottelat,1984c:803). Cyclocheilichthys heteronema (Bleeker,1853) MA Cirrhinus macrosemion (Fowler, 1935) ME, MK, CP? Cyclocheilichthys lagleri Sontirat,1985 (p.45) CP

Osteochilus spilopleura Fowler, 1935 is apparently a Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker,1853) ME, CP, MK, MA synonym; Banarescu (1983:16) treated it as a syno- SE,

S, CP, ME, mon nym of C. jullieni but did not provide evidences. Cyprinion burmanicus (Vinciguerra, 1890) Cirrhinus microlepis Sauvage, 1878 ME, CP See Howes (1982:331) for generic position. Scaphio- and Cirrhina aurata Sauvage, 1878 and Labeo pruol Tir- dontopsis acanthopterus F0w1er,1934 Onychosto-

and Labeo macracanthus & 1936 ant, 1885 (1929:154) are synonyms (La- ma Pellegrin Chevey, (1936a: The in need of beo) aurovittatus Sauvage, 1878 (1878b:239) is a ten- 24) apparently are synonyms. genus is

tative critical revision. See also Banarescu synonym (Kottelat, 1984c:797,802; 1987a:14). a (1980). Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) S Cyprinus carpioLinnaeus,1758 (CP, ME, MA, A, intro-

Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton,!822) CP?, MA? duced)

Records of Günther (1868:74), Smith (1931:186; Cyprinus intha Annandale, 1918 (p.47) S, ME?

1945: 270), Fowler (1934a: 115) and Duncker (1904: Danio aequipinnatus (M'Clelland.1839) S, ME, MA, mon A in critical revision. The 176) need confirmation. Most might refer to Henico- genus great need of a type rhynchus siamensis. species of Danio, Cyprinus dangila Hamilton,1822, rerio Cosmochilus harmandi Sauvage, 1878 ME, CP seems to have great affinities with Brachydanio

Papillocheilus ayuthiae Smith,1945 and C. pellegrini (Hamilton,lB22). Tentative synonyms: Leuciscus line- olatus affinis Da- Durarid, 1940 (p. 10) are synonyms (Kotle- Blyth,lBsB, Perilampus Blyth,lB6o, lat,1984c:799). nio browni Regan,l9o7 (p.305) and Danio strigillifer

Crossocheilus burmanicus Hora,1936 (p.324) S Myers,l924 (p.l).

Hora (1936) used burmanicus on p.319 and burmani- Danio annandaleiChaudhuri,1 908 (p.125) S, ME, CP, mon- that the Parabarilius laoensis & cas on p. 324. As first reviser, I assume sec- Tentative synonyms: Pellegrin 1940 and ond spelling is a typographic error and I retain bur- Fang, (p. 118) Daniops myersi Smith,l94s

manicus as the correct spelling. Banarescu (see also Kottelat, 1982c:525).

(1986:153) described C. horai, considering that C. Danio kakhienensis Anderson,lB7B (p.868) S

burmanicus was not available. This is not correct. Danio regina Fowler, 1934 MA S Hora clearly proposed the name for the 'Assamese' Danio spinosus Day,1869

form of C. latius sensu Mukerji (1934:52) and thus the Eirmotus octozona Schultz,1959 (p.11) CP? from name is available; Hora did not designate type speci- Originally described Central Thailand, this spe- cies has since been trom Borneo. The mens, but as he mentions material reported by Vinci- only reported

Hora Hora & based is be- guerra (1890:280), (1921:183), Mukerji original report, on aquarium material, (1935:389) and Mukerji (1932:283; 1934:52), these lieved to be erroneous (Kottelat,1982a). bicolor 1931 CP are syntypes. Epalzeorhynchos (Smith, ) Crossocheilus caudiguttatus Fowler,1934 CP Epalzeorhynchos frenatus (Fowler,1934) CP, ME

Crossocheilus cobitis (Bleeker,lBs3) MA, ME? Labeo erythrura Fowler,1937 is a synonym according

is in need critical revision. Crossochei- to Sontirat The genus of a (1980:698). Epal-lus pseudobagroides Duncker,l9o4 (p. 176) and Epalzeorhynchos kalopterus (Bleeker, 1 85 1 ) MA ME zeorhynchos kalliurus Smith, 1945 are possibly syno- Epalzeorhynchos munensis (Smith,1934) S nyms (Banarescu, 1986:149). Esomus ahli Hora & Mukerji,1928 (p.47) Crossocheilus langei Bleeker,1860 MA Esomus altus (Blyth,1860) S

Crossocheilus oblongus Kuhl & van Hasselt, in van Has- Esomus caudiocellatus Ahl,1924 (p.43) S?, MA?

selt, 1823 MA, CP This species is known only from the types which were

Epalzeorhynchos stigmaeus is considered as a sub- aquarium specimens without locality information. species by Banarescu (1986:144). Esomus longimana (Lunel,1881) (p.296) ME, SE, CP, MA Crossocheilus reticulatus (Fowler,1934) ME, CP, MK Esomus goddardi Fowler, 1937 is apparently a syno-

Crossocheilus tchangi Fowler, 1935, C. reticulatus nym.

1935 and coat- Esomus Ahl,1924 (p.43) MA? Fowler, (nec Fowler, 1934) esiTylognathus malayensis 8

This species is known only from the types which were er, 1935 is a synonym (Karnasuta, 1982:199).

aquarium specimens. Ahl (1924:43) gives the follow- Labeo gonius (Hamilton,1822) S

ing type locality: "Malayische Halbinsel Oder Archi- Labeo indramontri Smith, 1945 CP

pel ?". Probably not valid, but its status cannot be cleared be-

Esomus metallicus Ahl,1924 ME, CP, SE, MK, MA fore Asian Labeo are revised. Garra cambodgiensis (Tirant, 1884) (p.1 70) ME, CP, SE, Labeo rohita (Hamilton,1822) (MA introduced) MK, MA Labeo sinkleri Fowler,1934 CP Garra taeniata Smith, 1931, G. spinosa Fowler, 1934, Labiobarbus burmanicus (Day, 1878) S, MA?, MK?

and Fowl- A in need of The records from G. taeniatops Fowler, 1935 G. parvifilum genus great revision. River er,1939 are tentative synonyms (Kottelat,1987a:10). Tapi by Smith (1945:222) and Mae Khlong by Garra fasciacauda Fowler, 1937 ME Johnsen (1963:149) need confirmation. Garra gravelyi (Annandale,1919) (p.133) S Labiobarbus fasciatus (Bleeker,1853) MA, ME? Garra imberbis (Vinciguerra, 1890) (p.277) S, ME, mon Labiobarbus festivus (Heckel,lB43) MA Garra nasuta (M'Clelland,1838) S, CP, ME, MA? Labiobarbus kuhlii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien-

Several species very similar are considered syno- nes,1842) CP

nyms by Menon (1964): Gonorhynchus caudatus Labiobarbus leptocheilus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Va-

M'Clelland, 1839, Garra orientalis Nichols, 1925 lenciennes, 1842) ME, CP, SE, MK, MA

(1925b: 4), Discognathus bourreti Pellegrin,1928 (p. Labiobarbuslineatus Sauvage, 1878 ME, CP, SE, MA 340), Garra fuliginosa Fowler, 1934 and Garra sal- Labiobarbus ocellatus (Heckel,1843) MA weenicaHora & Mukerji,l934 (1934b:365). Discola- Labiobarbussiamensis (Sauvage, 1881) ME, CP, SE, MA

1937 A Labiobarbus beo fisheriFowler, appears closely related too. spilopleura (Smith,1934) ME, CP MA critical revision of the genus is needed. Labiobarbus sumatranus (Bleeker,1852) Garra notata (Blyth,1860) S Leptobarbus hoeveni (Bleeker,1851) A, ME, CP, MK, SE, Hampala disparSmith,1934 ME MA

Kuhl in Hampala macrolepidota & van Hasselt, van Has- Filirasbora rubripinna Fowler, 1937 is a tentative syno- MA selt,1823 ME, CP, SE, MK, nym. Hemiculter krempfi Pellegrin & Chevey,1938 (p. 18) A Lobocheilos bo (Popta,1904) ME, CP, MA

A A in Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky,1855) (p.238) genus need of revision. Kottelat (1985b:265) hy- Squaliobarbus annamiticus Tirant, 1883 (p.97) is a pothesized that there are only two species in most of

synonym (Kottelat, 1987a:17). Indochina: L. melanotaeniaand L rhabdoura.The ge-

Henicorhynchus lineatus (Smith, 1945) ME nus is presently being revised and awaiting definitive Henicorhynchus siamensis (Sauvage, 1881) (p.164) ME, results, I retain the various taxa. CP, A? Lobocheilos cheveyi Smith,1945 ME

in MA The genus is badly need of a critical revision. Kotte- Lobocheilos cornutus Smith,1945

lat (1984c:802) considered that the following taxa are Lobocheilos cryptopogopon (Fowler,1935) CP, ME siamensis de Beau- Lobocheilos davisi ME potential synonyms: Tylognathus (Fowler,1937) fort, 1927 (p.5), T. brunneus Fowler,1934, T. caudima- Lobocheilos delacouri(Pellegrin & Fang,1940) (p.112) ME culatus Fowler,1934, T entmema Fowler, 1934, Cirrhi- Lobocheilos fowleri(Pellegrin & Chevey,1936) (1936b:222)

nus marginipinnis Fowler,1937, C sauvagei ME

Fang,1942 (p.168), Crossocheilus thai Fowler,1944 Lobocheilos gracilis (Fowler,1937) CP (p.49) and H. lobatus Smith,1945. Cyclocheilichthys Lobocheilos melanotaenia(Fowler,1935) CP, ME kontumensis Chevey.1934 (p.32) might be related Lobocheilos nigrovittatus Smith,1945 CP

too. The fish usually identified as Cirrhinus jullieni in Lobocheilos quadrilineatus (Fowler,1935) MA, MK, CP

Thai fisheries littérature is the present species. Lobocheilos rhabdoura (Fowler,1934) ME, CP, MA Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Va- Lobocheilos thavili Smith,1945 CP lenciennes,1844 (MA Introduced) Lobocheilos trangensis (Fowler, 1939) MA

Inlecypris auropurpureus (Annandale,1918) (p.51) S Longiculter siahi Fowler, 1937 CP in the Endemic Inlé Lake, Burma. Howes (I980b:171) Kottelat (1985b:263) reports genus from Kampu-

erected a new genus for this species originally de- chea, from a single specimen which might represent a scribed in Barilius. second, unnamed species.

Labeo angra (Hamilton,1822) S Luciosoma bleekeri Steindachner, 1879 CP, MK, ME Labeo calbasu(Hamilton,1822) S Luciosoma setigerum (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker,1850) ME, CP, MK, MA ciennes, 1842) MA, MK, CP

See Reid (1985:288) for discussion of the generic po- Luciosoma trinema (Bleeker,1852) MA sition. Rohita sima Sauvage, 1878, R. pectoralis Sau- Macrochirichthys macrochirus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

vage,1878 and R. barbatula Sauvage, 1878 are syno- Valenciennes, 1844) CP, ME, MK, MA ME nyms ( Kottelat, 1984c:806, 807). Mekongina erythrospila Fowler,1937

Labeo curchius (Hamilton,! 822) S Microrasbora erythromicron Annandale,1918 (p.51) S

Labeo dyocheilus (M'Clelland,lB39) S, ME, CP Endemic to Inlé Lake, Burma.

Osteochilus sondhii Hora & Mukerji,1934 (1934b:359) Microrasbora rubescens Annandale,1918 (p.50) S is its is L. based on two species; holotype dyocheilus Endemic to Inlé Lake, Burma. The genus is being re-

(Karnasuta, 1982:202). Osteochilus ochrus Fowl- vised. Two undescrlbed species are known, one from 9

Burma (Irrawaddy basin) and one from Peninsular Osteochilus brachynotopteroides Chevey,1934 (p.34) A

Thailand. The systematics of the genus follow Karnasuta Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson,1846) (MA, intro- (1982).

duced) Osteochilus enneaporos (Bleeker,1852) MA

Mystacoleucus argenteus (Day,1888) S Osteochilus hasselti (Valenciennes, in Cuvier& Valencien-

Mystacoleucus atridorsalis Fowler,1937 ME nes, 1842) S, CP, ME, MK, SE, A, MA Mystacoleucus chilopterus Fowler,1935 CP, MK, MA Karnasuta (1982:185) examined the holotype of Rohi- Redescribed by Zakaria-lsmail (1985:36). ta vittatus Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

Mystacoleucus greenwayi Pellegrin & Fang, 1940 (p.114) 1842. He found that it was not the species usually re-

ME corded under that name (here called O. microcephal-

1979 not about its He Mystacoleucus lepturus Huang, (p.419) is a syn- us), but was sure identity. considered in the of R. close to O. has- onym (Kottelat, prep.). holotype vittatus as possibly

Mystacoleucus marginatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Va- selti,O. harrisonior a still not formally named species. lenciennes, 1842) ME, CP, MK, SE, MA The type locality of R. vittatus is Java. Osteochilus har-

Puntius siamensis Sauvage, 1883 (p.152) is a syno- risoni and the unnamed species are restricted to west-

nym (Kottelat, 1984c:805; in prep.). ern Borneo and thus are unlikely to be vittatus, espe-

Neobarynotus microlepis (Bleeker,1851) MA, ME cially as its holotype was collected long before any

Neolissochilus blanci (Pellegrin & Fang,1940) (p.115) ME Borneo material became available to ichthyologists.

Rainboth for this for- in (1985) provided a name genus Osteochilus hasselti is common all South-East Asia, be merly known under the uncorrect names Lissochilus including Java, so that it is very likely to the same R. vittatus. or Acrossocheilus. He listed the included nominal spe- as

cies, but did not consider the alpha-taxonomy. A revi- Osteochilus hasselti is the commonest member of the and has been the sion of the genus is needed. genus it subject of various re- Neolissochilus blythi (Day, 1869) S searches in fisheries, ecology and toxicology. The

Neolissochilus dukai(Day,1878) S, CP?, MA?, ME? name O. vittatus has been used until recently for O.

Neolissochilus hendersoni (Herre,1940) (p.10) MA microcephalus, a species nearly as widely distributed

Neolissochilus hexastichus (M'Clelland,1 839) S and common as O. hasselti. The two names are avail-

Neolissochilus nigrovittatus (Boulenger,1893) (p.201) S able from the same publication. If O. hasselti and O.

Neolissochilus paucisquamatus (Smith,1945) MA vittatus are really the same species, then they are si-

Neolissochilus soroides (Duncker,1904) (p.178) MA multaneous synonyms and there is a potential risk of

Neolissochilus stevensonii (Day,1870) S confusion, depending of the choice of the first reviser:

Neolissochilus stracheyi (Day,1871 ) S the use of O. vittatus (which has been associated for

what call Neolissochilus sumatranus (Weber & de Beaufort,1916) more than 100 years with we now O. micro- MA cephalus) insteadof O. hasselti is certainly not desira-

Including Lissochilus hutchinsoni Fowler,1934 (Rain- ble. In order to definitively avoid that O. hasselti be re-

both, 1985:30). placed by O. vittatus, I formally consider them as infirmed Neolissochilus tweediei(Herre & Myers,1937) (p.61) MA synonyms (this can be confirmed or by sub- As simultaneous Neolissochilus vittatus (Smith,1945) S sequent researches). they are syno- A there first I has- Onychostoma gerlachi (Peters,1880) (p.1034) ME, nyms and as is no reviser, select O.

Nomenclature tentatively follows Banarescu (1971b: selti as the valid name and retain O. vittatus as

authors the in 243). Chinese usually place species synonym. this is of African obvi- Banarescu indicated that Varicorhinus; a genus cyprinids & Bianco (1984:65) speci- ously distinct. The Mekong basin record is by Taki men RMNH 23368 had already been designated as

(1975a:143). lectotype. Actually there is no published lectotype des- Opsarichthys bidens Günther,1873 (p.249) ME? ignation for this species prior to Banarescu & Bianco's

Record based on material from Xien Khouang, Laos action; they are thus authors of the lectotype designa-

(BMNH 1933.8.4:1-5). Xien Khouang is close to the tion. However this designation is not valid as the divide between Mekong and Red River basins and specimen RMNH 23368 has been collected in Banjer-

there are no precise informations alowing to decide in massin (Borneo) by J.Wolff in 1850 (or 8 years after

which basin these specimens have been collected. the publication of Valenciennes' description) and can- Oreichthys cosuatis (Hamilton,1822) S, CP, MA, SE not be part of the type series. Valenciennes apparent-

and his hol- Oreichthys parvus Smith,1933 Puntius roloffi ly based description on a single specimen, the Klausewitz, 1957 (I957a:193) have been considered otype, MNHN 3857. MA synonyms (Hora, 1937:321; Kottelat, 1982c:527). Con- Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker,lßs7) lini ME sidering the range of the species, additional material Osteochilus Fowler, 1935 SE, CP, needed in order confirm this Puntius is to synonymy. Osteochilus melanopleura (Bleeker,1852) MA, MK, CP, is ME masyai Smith, 1945 a tentative synonym. Osteobrama alfrediana(Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Osteochilus microcephalus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Va- cienes, 1844) S lenciennes,1842) A, ME, CP, MK, MA Osteobrama belange ri (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- This is the O. vittatus of most authors; O. vittatus is

ciennes, 1844) S considered here as a synonym of O. hasselti. Osteobrama feae Vinciguerra, 1890 (p.311) S Osteochilus pleurotaenia (Bleeker,1855) MA 10

ME Karnasuta (1982:72) pointed the fact that this species Puntioplites waandersi (Bleeker,1859) Puntius aurotaeniatus SE is type species of Diplocheilichthys, a name which is (Tirant, 1885) (1929:160) ME,

senior to Osteochilusbut has been used only twice by Puntius stigmatosomus Smith,1931 and Barbus pessu-

Bleeker (1860:423,1864:194). He wrote that he would liferus Fowler, 1937 are synonyms (Kottelat,1987a:8; is ask the International Commission on Zoological No- Taki,1974b:122). Puntius sametensis Smith,1945 a

has tentative menclature to suppress Diplocheilichthys. This synonym. in & not yet been done. Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes, Cuvier Valencien- MA Osteochilus schlegelii (Bleeker,1851) CP, MK nes, 1842) A, ME, CP, S, SE, MK, MA Osteochilus spilurus (Bleeker,1851) MA Puntius brevis (Bleeker,1850) ME, CP, SE, MK, Osteochilus triporos (Bleeker,1852) MA Including P. leiacanthusauct. (e.g. Smith,1945:172). Osteochilus waandersi (Bleeker,1852) ME, SE, CP, MK, Puntius burmanicus (Day,1878) S

MA Puntius chola(Hamilton,1822) S S Oxygaster anomaluravan Hasselt, 1829 MA Fundus compressiformis (Cockerell,1913) (p.133) Paracheia hypophthalmus (Bleeker, 1860) MA Endemic to Inlé Lake, Burma. Barbus compressiformis Parachela maculicauda (Smith, 1934) MA, ME is the oldest of three replacement names for B. com- 1893 The two others Parachela oxygastroides (Bleeker, 1852) ME, CP, MA pressa Boulenger, (p.202). are Parachela pointoni (Fowler, 1934) CP, ME? B. stedmanensis Boulenger, in Annandale.1918 (p. Exact generic position still needs examination (see 47) and B. liui Fowler,1958 (p.12). MA Howes, 1979:190). Puntius dunckeri Ahl,1929 (p.165) Parachela siamensis (Günther,1 868) ME, CP, MA The specimens reported as P. everetti (Boulen- Parachela williaminae Fowler,1934 ME ger,1894) (p.248) from the Malay Peninsula (Men- Paralaubuca barroni (Fowler,1934) ME on,1954:20; Cramphorn,1983:18) are P. dunckeri (Al- to Bor- Banarescu (1971c) revised the genus. fred, 1966a:24). Puntius everetti is restricted

Paralaubuca harmandi Sauvage, 1883 ME, CP neo. Puntius MA Paralaubuca riveroi ( Fowler,1935) ME, CP, MA eugrammus Silas,1956 (p.194) fasciatus Bleek- Paralaubuca stigmabrachium (Fowler, 1934) CP, ME A replacement name for Barbus of Paralaubuca typus Bleeker.1865 CP, ME, MA er,1853 (p. 190), a secondary homonym Cirrhinus

Poropuntius bantamensis (Rendahl,1920) CP, ME fasciatus Jerdon,1849 (p.305). Generic nomenclature follows Rainboth (1981). Puntius jacobusboehlkei (Fowler, 1958) ME Poropuntius beasleyi (Fowler, 1937) ME Puntius simus Smith,1945 is a secondary homonym of Poropuntius birtwistlei (Herre,1940) MA Barbus simus Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant,1874 Poropuntius chondrorhynchus ( Fowler, 1934) ME (p.8) [now an Onychostoma] when placed in Barbus Poropuntius deauratus(Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- and Fowler (1958:11) proposed Barbus jacobusboehl-

ciennes, 1842) A, SE, MA, ME? kei as replacement name. Neither Smith's nor Sauv- & Poropuntius faucis (Smith, 1945) CP age Dabry' species are now considered as Barbus,

Probably the juvenile of an other species. but Smith's B. simus having been replaced before Poropuntius hampaloides (Vinciguerra,1890) (p.298) S, 1961, it is permanently invalid. MK Puntius johorensis (Duncker,1904) (p.178) MA, ME

Poropuntius huguenini (Bleeker,1853) ME?, CP? Including Barbus hexazona Weber & de Beaufort,

Records of this Javanese species in Indochinese wa- 1912 (see also Alfred, 1963a:139). ters by Smith (1945:184) and Taki (1968:11; Puntius lateristriga (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien-

1974b:130) needs confirmation. nes, 1842) MA Poropuntius laoensis (Günther,1868) ME Puntius lineatus (Duncker,1904) (p.180) MA Poropuntius malcolmi (Smith,1945) CP Puntius orphoides (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Poropuntius shanensis (Hora & Mukerji,1934) (1934b:362) ciennes,1842) ME, CP, SE, MK, MA

ME? Puntius partipentazona (Fowler,1934) ME, SE, CP, MK,

A single record (Fowler,1936:510) needing confirma- MA tion. Puntius pierrei Sauvage, 1880 (p.232) ME, CP, MK, MA

Poropuntius smedleyi { de Beaufort, 1933) MA (p.34) Puntius daruphani Smith,1934 is considered as a

Poropuntius vernayi (Norman, 1925) (p.315) S, MK synonym by Kottelat (1984c:804). Poropuntius wetmorei (Smith,1931 ) CP Puntius puntio (Hamilton, 1822) ME? Probarbus jullieni Sauvage, 1880 ME, CP, MK, MA A single record by Hora & Mukerji (1934b: 369) need- is Barbus pahangensis Duncker,1904 (p.179) a syno- ing confirmation. S nym (Alfred, 1963b:165). Cyclocheilichthys jullieni Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822) B. Sauvage, 1880 (p.230) is probably a synonym (Kotte- Includes Barbus caudimarginatus Blyth, 1860, oate- lat, 1984c:800). sii Boulenger, 1893 (p. 201), B. sewelli Prashad & Mu- Puntioplites bulu (Bleeker,1851) ME, MA kerji, 1929 (p. 197), B. myitkyinae Prashad & Mukerji, Barbus carassioides Heckel,1843 (p.1019) from Bor- 1929 (p. 198) and Barbus binduchitra Hora, 1937 (p.

neo apparently is a member of this genus. Its correct 327) (Pillay, 1951). identification must await examination of the type(s) Puntius schanicus (Boulenger, 1893) S which cannotbe located at the momemt in NMW. Puntius semifasciolatus (Günther, 1868) A

Puntioplites proctozysron (Bleeker,1865) ME, CP, MK, MA Barbus aureus Tirant, 1883 (p. 96) and its replace- 11

ment name B. fernandezyepezi Fowler, 1958 (p. 12) A single record from Johore by Alfred (1970:110).

MA are apparently synonyms (Kottelat,1987a:7). Rasbora kalochroma (Bleeker,1851)

Puntius sophore (Hamilton,1822) ME? Rasbora maculataDuncker,1904 (p.182) MA

A single record (Hora & Mukerji,1934b:355) needing Rasbora pauciperforata Weber & de Beaufort.1916 MA,

confirmation. SE

Puntius sophoroides (Günther,1 868) CP? Rasbora paucisqualis Ahl, in Schreitmüller, 1935 (p.97) ME

A single doubtful record (Smith,1945:174). Ahl (1935:144) described this species as R. paucis-

Puntius spilopterus (Fowler,1934) CP quamis. The description appeared on 1st August. But

Puntius ticto (Hamilton,1822) S, CP, ME on 12 February, Schreitmüller (1935) had published a

‘Puntius’ ashmeadi (Fowler,1937) ME short report mentioning this species as R. paucisqualis and the four R. Ahl. This following species form a distinct ge- Ahl. This description antedates paucisquamis

nus according to Rainboth (1981). It is still not formal- As is clear from the text, the description and the name ly named. are based on data from Ahl who has to be considered

‘Puntius’ colemani (Fowler, 1937) CP, ME as author. Brittan (1954:101) used the spelling paucis-

Barbodes parva Wu & Lin, in Wu et al., 1977(p.243) is quamis. As paucisqualis is not an incorrect original

a tentative synonym. spelling (as defined by article 32 of the International ‘Puntius’ haleir (Duncker,1904) (p.178) MA Code of Zoological Nomenclature), it is the spelling to

‘Puntius’ schroederi (Smith,l94s) CP be retained; paucisquamis is an incorrect subsequent

‘Puntius’ somphongsi Benl & Klausewitz,1962 (p.21) MK spelling [Code, art.33 (a), (b)].

Raiamas guttatus (Day,1869) S, CP, ME, MK, MA Rasbora sumatrana (Bleeker,lBs2) ME, CP, SE, MK, MA See Howes (1980a:l94) for generic position. R.Synonyms: R. vulgaris Duncker.l9o4 (p. 181), cro-

Rasbora argyrotaenia (Bleeker,lßso) ME, CP, MK, MA miei Fowler,1937 and R. cheroni F0w1er,1937 (Brit-

Placed in Parluciosoma by Howes (1980a:194), to- tan,l9s4) and R. pawe/'Tirant, 1885 (1929:142) (Kotte-

gether with R. cephalotaenia, R. daniconius, R. duso- lat,l9B7a:ls).

nensis and R. volzi Popta,l9os. Rainboth & Kottelat Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton,1822) CP?

(1987:422) noted some problems concerning the Records from Central Thailand (Hora,1923a:152;

identification of Rasbora rasbora, type species of Ras- Smith,1945:114) are probably based on misidentifica- R. aurotaenia R. bora, and prefered not to use Parluciosoma as long as tions and might concern or argyro-

Rasbora is not properly defined. The large Rasbora taenia.

still present a number of taxonomie problems at the Rasbora somphongsi Meinken,1958 (p.1) MK species level. Rasbora spilocerca Rainboth & Kottelat,1987 (p.419) ME Rasbora aurotaenia Tirant, lBBs (1929:141) ME, CP, MA Rasbora taeniata Ahl,1922 (p.295) MA

Rasbora retrodorsalis Smith, 1945 is a synonym The specific limits of this species, R. agilis Ahl,1937

(Kottelat, 1987a: 15); this possibly also apply to R. (p.113) and R. chrysotaenia Ahl,1937 (p.114) are still myersi: Brittan, 1954 (p.17). not clear. Rasbora axelrodi Br¡ttan,1976 (p.92) ME?, CP? Rasbora trilineata Steindachner,1870 MA, MK, CP, SE, ME

The record (Rainboth & Kotteiat,1987:419) from Chao The type series is apparently polyspecific. A lectotype Phraya and Mekong basins of this species otherwise designation is needed.

known from Borneoand Sumatra seems doubtful. Rasbora urophthalma Ahl,1922 (p.295) MA, MK, CP, ME

Rasbora bankanensis (Bleeker,1853) MA Original description based on aquarium specimens.

Rasbora borapetensis Smith,1934 ME, CP, SE, MK, MA As long as a type locality is not restricted and as long

Rasbora brittani Axelrod,1976 (p.94) MA? as the nominal (sub-)species is not diagnosed and re-

Description based on aquarium material reportedly described, the practice to recognize local variants [e.g.

from Malaya. Type locality needs to be confirmed by R.u. brigittae Vogt,1978 (p.155)] seems questionable.

new collectionsin southern Malaysia. Rasborinus lineatusPellegrin,1907 (MA, introduced)

Rasbora caudimaculata Volz,1903 MA, ME Rhodeus rheinardti (Tirant, 1883) (p.97) A

Rasbora cephalotaenia (Bleeker,1852) MA R.Rhodeus spinalis Oshima,l926 (p. 16) and ocellatus

Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton,1822) S, CP, ME, MK, MA vietnamensis Yen, 1978 (p. 179) apparently are syno-

IncludesR. rasbora var. kobonensis Chaudhuri,l9l3 nyms (Kottelat,1987a:13). (p.251) and R. palustris Smith,l94s. Salmostoma sardinella (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen-

Rasbora dorsinotata Kottelat, in Kottelat & Chu, 1988 ciennes, 1844) S (1988a:315) CP Sawbwa resplendens Annandale,1918 (p.48) S Rasbora dorsiocellata Duncker,1904 (p. 182) MA Endemic to Inlé Lake, Burma. Rasbora dusonensis(Bleeker,1851 ) MA Scaphognathops bandanensis Boonyaratpalin & Srirun- Rasbora einthovenii(Bleeker,1851 ) MA groj,1971 (p.24) ME Rasbora elegans Volz,1903 MA Scaphognathops me/congens/sTaki,1974 (1974a:130) Rasbora SE espei Meinken,1967(p.15) is a synonym. Rasbora heteromorpha Duncker,1904 (p.182) MA Scaphognathops stejnegeri (Smith,1931) ME Rasbora hobelmani Kottelat, 1984 (1984a:718) ME Sikukia gudgeri (Smith, 1934) CP, ME

This is possibly the species described by Hora & Mu- See Kottelat (1985a:955) for discussion of generic

kerji 1934b:357) as R. taytayensis Herre,1924 (p.264). status. Rasbora jacobsoni Weber & de Beaufort,1916 MA Sikukia stejnegeri Smith,1931 CP, ME, MA 12

MA Xenocheilichthys loppei Durand, 1940 (p.8) is a syno- Nemacheilus selangoricus Duncker,1904 (p.75) 1939 N. nym (Kottelat,1985a355). Nemacheilus translineatus Fowler, and kuiperi

'Spinibarbus' macracanthus Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936 de Beaufort,1939 (p.190) are synonyms (Kotte- (1936c:376)A lal,1984b:254).

Balantiocheilos hekouensis Wu, in Wu et al.,1977 Nemacheilus troglocataractus Kottelat & Géry, 1989 (p.

is & (p.332) a synonym (Chu Kottelat.in press). 273) MK, cave Roberts & Thryssocypris tonlesapensis Kottelat,1984 Nemacheilus sp. MK, cave (p. 146) ME ‘Nemacheilus’ baenzigeri Kottelat,1983 (1983a:151) CP, Thynnichthys thynnoides (Bleeker,1852) ME, CP, MK, MA MA

Tor douronensis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- This and the following species belong to a new genus

nes, 1842) A, ME, CP, MK, MA to be named soon (Kottelat, ms.). Tor mosal (Hamilton, 1822) S ‘Nemacheilus’ cambodgiensis Kottelat, ms. ME

Tor soro (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1842) S, Neonoemacheilus labeosus (Kottelat, 1982) (1982b:l69) S of CP, MK,SE, MA Infundibulatus Menon.1987 (p.177) is a synonym

Tor tambra(Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1842) NeonoemacheilusZhu & Guo,1985 (p.321) (Kottelat, MA ms.). Tor tambroides(Bleeker,1854) S, CP, MA, ME Physoschistura brunneana (Annandale,1918) (p.44) S

Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822) S Physoschistura sp. 1. ME, CP Physoschistura raoi(Hora, 1929) (p.332) S

Family BALITORIDAE Physoschistura rivulicola (H0ra, 1929) (p.324) S

The family-group name Homalopterini Bleeker,1858 is a Physoschistura shanensis (Hora,1929) (p.322) S 1. junior synonym of Balitoridae Swainson,1839 (Kotte- Schistura sp. S lat,1988a). Schistura balteata (Rendahl,1948) (p.42) MA

Acanthocobitis zonalternans (Blyth,1860) S, MK, MA Schistura sp. 2.. ME Nemacheilus phuketensis Klausewitz,1957 (1957a: Schistura breviceps (Smith,1945) ME

ME 195) is a synonym (Kottelat, ms.). Schistura bucculenta (Smith,1945) Acanthocobitisbotia (Hamilton,1822) S, MK Schistura cincticauda (Blyth,l860) S

Annamia normani(Hora, 1930) (p.582) ME Schistura desmotes (Fowler,1934) CP, MK

Balitora annamitica Kottelat,1988 (1988a:498) ME Schistura sp. 3. CP MA Balitora burmanica Hora, 1932 (p.291) S Schistura sp. 4. CP,

Balitora meridionalis Kottelat,1988 (1988a:498) SE Schistura kengtungensis (Fowler, 1935) (p.509) ME MA Ellopostoma sp. Schistura kohchangensis (Smith,1933) SE 1945 is Hemimyzon sp. CP Nemacheilus deignani Smith, a synonym (Kot- An undescribed species mentioned by Kottelat & Chu telat, ms.).

(1988b). Schistura sp. 5. ME

Homaloptera bilineata Blyth,1860 S Schistura sp. 6. S

Homaloptera indochinensis Silas,1953 (p.192) A Schistura sp. 7. ME

Homaloptera johorensis Herre.1944 (p.51) MA Schistura sp. 8. S

Homaloptera leonardi Hora, 1941 (p.61) MA Schistura menanensis(Smith,1945) CP

Homaloptera maxinae Fowler,1937 CP Schistura sp. 9. S Homaloptera modesta (Vinciguerra, 1890) (p.202) S Schistura nasifilis (Pellegrin,1936) (p.247) A Homaloptera nebulosa Alfred, 1969 (p.227) MA Schistura nichoisi (Smith,1933) ME

Homaloptera nigra Alfred, 1969 (p.217) MA Schistura oedipus (Kottelat,1988) (1988b:225) S, cave

Homaloptera ogilviel Alfred, 1967 (p.587) MA Schistura sp. 10. S

Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaillant, 1902 M A, SE The Schistura pellegrini (Rendahl,1944) (p.26) A, ME

material from SE Thailandand Kampuchea might rep- Schistura poculi (Smith,1945) ME, S, CP, mon resent a distinct and unnamed species; it is presently Schistura reidi (Smith, 1945) S MA under study. Schistura sp. 11.

Homaloptera sexmaculata Fowler, 1934 CP Schistura schultzi (Smith, 1945) ME, CP, mon

Homaloptera smithi, Hora, 1932 ME, CP, SE, MK, MA Schistura sexcauda (Fowler, 1937) CP Nemacheilus Homaloptera lineata Smith,1945 is a tentative syno- fowlerianus Smith, 1945 is a synonym

nym. (Kottelat, ms.).

Homaloptera thamicola Kottelat,1988 (I988b:228) S, cave Schistura sp. 12. S Homaloptera tweediei Herre,1940 (p.7) MA Schistura spiloptera (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Homaloptera zollingeri Bleeker,1853 MA nes, 1846) (p.27) A?

Micronemacheilus cruciatus (Rendahl,1944) (p.37) A This species was described from Cochinchina without

Nemacheilusbinotatus Smith,1933 CP, MK detailed locality information. It has not been collected Nemacheilus fep. 1. ME again. Schistura CP Nemacheilus masyae Smith, 1933 MA, SE spilota (Fowler,1934) 2. Schistura S Nemacheilus osp. MA vinciguerrae (Hora, 1935) (p.62) MK Schistura waltoni CP Nemacheilus sp. 3. CP, ME, (Smith,1945) 4. Nemacheilusobscurus is Nemacheilus sp. ME Smith,1945 a synonym (Kot- 13

telat, ms.). Bleeker,lBs9, Apua Blyth,lB6o, Eucirrhichthys Peru-

Schistura sp. MK, cave gia,1892 and Cobitophis Myers, 1927 are Pangio ‘Schistura’ atriceps (Smith, 1945) CP (Kottelat,1987b:371). Cobitophis vermicularis Weber

A to be named & de and 1940 new genus soon (Kottelat, ms.). Beaufort,l9l6 C. perakensis Herre, Cuvier Sewellia lineolata (Valenciennes, in & Valencien- (p.B) are synonyms (H0ra, 1941:49). Eucirrhichthys A is nes, 1846) (p.99) doriae Perugia,1892 possibly a senior synonym. MA revised. Vaillantella maassi Weber & de Beaufort,1912 The genus is currently being

I have seen photographs of an unidentified species of Pangio mariarum (Inger & Chin, 1962) (p. 118) MA this genus from SE. Inger & Chin (1962) named the species mariae after Yunnanilus brevis (Boulenger,1893) (p.203) S their wives, both of them being named Mary. The See Kottelat & Chu (1988c:66) for generic status. Pe- name must be plural and emended as mariarum. MA truichthys Menon,1987 (p.181) is a synonym of Yun- Pangio muraeniformis (de Beaufort, 1933) (p.32) nanilus Nichols,1925 (1925a:1) (Kottelat, ms.). Pangio myersi (Harry, 1949) (p.69) SE, MA Pangio oblonga (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien-

Family COBITIDAE nes, 1846) MA, CP, ME Acanthopsoides gracilis F0w1er,1934 CP, ME Pangio pangia (Hamilton,1822) S

Acantopsis dialuzona van Hasselt, 1823 ME, CP, SE, MK, Pangio semicincta (Fraser-Brunner,1940) (p.172) MA

S, MA

Botia beauforti Smith,l93l ME, CP, MK, MA Family GYRINOCHEILIDAE

Including B. lucasbahi Fowler, 1937, B. beaufort var. Gyrinocheilus aymonieri (Tirant, 1884) ME, CP, MK, MA

& and B. Includes and formosaPellegrin Fang,l94o (p.1 19) yunna- G. /aznafowBerg,1906 Gyrinocheilops

nensis Chen,l9Bo (p.6) (Kottelat & Chu, 1987:394). pennocki Fowler,1937.1 cannot follow Hanel (1982)

Botiaberdmorei (Blyth,1 860) S who recognized both as distinct. He based his conclu-

Botia eos Taki, 1972(p.66) ME sions on littérature review, second hand information

Botia helodes Sauvage, 1876 (p.99) ME, CP and aquarium specimens (without locality data) of a

Material from Chao Phraya and Mekong basins usual- single species, a questionable procedure. A revision

in ly referred to as B. hymenophysa actually are B. he- of the family is progress. lodes (Kottelat,1984c: 807; Nalbant & Bianco, 1984: 78). Family BAGRIDAE Botia histrionica Blyth,1860 S Bagroides hypselopterus (Bleeker,1852) ME, MA Botia hymenophysa (Bleeker,lBs2) MA Bagroides macracanthus (Bleeker,1854) CP, ME Botia lecontei Fowler,1937:156 ME Bagroides macropterus Bleeker,1853 CP, ME Botia modesta Bleeker,lB6s CP, ME, MK Bagroides melapterus Bleeker,1851 CP? Botia morleti Tirant, 1885 (1929:133) ME, CP, MK, MA A doubtful report by Sauvage (1883:154). MA Botia horae Smith,1931 is a synonym (Taki,1974b: Batasio tengana (Hamilton, 1822) S, 168; Kottelat, 1987a:17). Including B. affinis Blyth,1860, Macrones blythii Botia rostrata Günther.1 868 S Day,1877, Leiocassis fluviatilis Day,1888 (p.805), Ma-

Kottelat & Chu (1987:397) recorded this species from crones dayi Vinciguerra,1890 (p.230), Macrones mari- the Salween and Irrawaddy basin in China, adjacent anensis Chaudhuri,1913 (p.253), Mystus havmolleri to the Burmese border. They noted that comparison Smith, 1931 and Mystus stigmaturus Fowler, 1934 with Indian topotypical specimens is needed. (Hora & Law, 1941:36).

Botia sidthimunki Klausewitz,1959 (p.51) ME, CP Heterobagrus bocourti Bleeker,1864 CP, ME Cobitis laoensis Sauvage, 1878 (1878b:241) ME Leiocassis baramensis Regan,1906 MA Cobitis misgurnoides Rendahl,l944 (p.21) A Leiocassis fuscus Popta,1904 MA Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei (Blyth,1860) S, CP, ME, Leiocassis leiacanthus Weber & de Beaufort,1912 MA

MA, mon Leiocassis micropogon (Bleeker,1852) MA

Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton,1822) S Leiocassis poecilopterus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen-

Lepidocephalichthys hasselti (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & ciennes, 1839) MA

Valenciennes, 1846) ME, SE, CP, S, MK, MA Leiocassis siamensis Regan, 1913 CP, SE, ME, MK, MA

Lepidocephalichthys micropogon (Blyth,1860) CP, S, MA Leiocassis stenomus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Including Lepidocephalus furcatus de Beaufort, 1933 ciernes, 1839) MA, SE, MK (p.32) and L. berdmorei of most authors (e.g. Smith, Mystus armatus (Day,1865) S, MA 1945:295; Banarescu & Na1bant,1968:347). Mystus atrifasciatus Fowler,1937 CP

MA Lepidocephalichthys sp. ME Mystus baramensis (Regan,1906) Lepidocephalus macrochir (Bleeker, 1854) MA Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1877) ME? Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor,1842) (p.485) A Record by Hora & Mukerji (1934b:355) needs confir-

I have examined a single specimen (MZC) from Koh mation.

Chang; the locality seems doubtful and I did not in- Mystus cavasius (Hamilton,1822) S, CP, ME, MA clude SE in the distribution. Specific limits of M. nigriceps and M. cavasius not

Neacanthopsis gracilentus Smith,1945 ME well understood now. Tentatively including M. rhegma Pangio anguillaris (Vaillant, 1892) ME, CP, MA Fowler,1935.

Species formerly placed in Acanthophtalmus sensu Mystus elongatus Günther,1864 MA? 14

Originally described from Singapore, this species has yaratpalin (1973:18) possibly represent the present not been collected again. The locality data is probably species.

erroneous. This name is used for a South Chinese Silurus burmanensis Thant,1966 (p.219) S

species (Anon, 1986:174). Silurus cochinchinensis Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822) CP, MA, ME, A, SE ciennes, 1839 S, MA, ME?

Mystus leucophasis (Blyth.1860) S Silurus sp. MK, cave S Mystus micracanthus (Bleeker,lB46) MA, CP, ME, SE Wallago attu (Schneider, 1801) ME, CP, MA, MK, Mystus nemurus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Wallago leerii Bleeker.1851 CP, MA, ME nes,lB39) A, ME, SE, CP, MK, S, MA Wallagonia tweediei Hora & Misra, in Hora & Gupta, Tentatively including M. johorensis Herre,l94o (p. 13), 1941 (p.18) is possibly a synonym (Roberts,1982b: M. pahangensis Herre,l94o (p.14) and Macrones fila- 891).

mentusChaux & Fang,1949 (1949a:200). The genus

is in need of revision. Family SCHILBIDAE Mystus nigriceps (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton,1822) S nes,1839) MA, CP, ME See M. cavasius above. Family PANGASIIDAE

Mystus planiceps (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Helicophagus hypophthalmus Sauvage, l B7B CP, ME

nes,1839 MA, ME, CP Helicophagus waandersii Bleeker.1858 CP, ME

Mystus rufescens (Vinciguerra,lß9o) (p.226) S Laides hexanema(Bleeker,lBs2) ME, CP, MA, MK Mystus vittatus (810ch,1797) S, CP, ME, MK, MA Pangasianodon gigas Chevey,l93o ME

The specific limits of this species are not clear. Meenakarn (1988) described juvenile stages of this Mystus wolffíi' (Bleeker,1851 ) MA, CP, ME species otherwise known only from large adults. Fu- researches show that be Mystus wyckii; (Bleeker,1858) CP, ME, MA ture might this genus cannot Mystus wyckoides Chaux & Fang,l949 (1949a:199) ME distinguished from Pangasius. Tentatively including M. aubentoni Desoutter,l97s Pangasianodon sutchi (Fowler.1937) CP, ME (p.449). Generic position follows Durand (1949:113).

‘Pelteobagrus’ ornatus (Duncker,1904) (p.173) MA Pangasius aequilabialis Fowler,1937 CP

An which cannot be 1881 unnamed genus described prop- Pangasius bocourti Sauvage, ME, CP

erly due to lack of material (see also Kottelat, 1982a: Tentatively including P. beani Smith,1931 (Kottelat, is in bad needof 434). 1984c: 812). The genus a a revision. Pangasius fowleri Smith, 1931 CP, MK

Family SILURIDAE Pangasius krempfi Chaux & Fang,1949 (1949b:343) ME,

Belodontichthys dinema (Bleeker,1 851 ) MA, MK, CP, ME eur Ceratoglanis scleronema (Bleeker,1863) MA, CP Pangasius larnaudii Bocourt,1866 CP, ME Hemisilurus heterorhynchus (B!eeker,1 853) ME Pangasius longibarbis Fowler,1934 ME

MA ME Kryptopterus apogon(Bleeker,1851 ) ME, CP, Pangasius macronema Bleeker,1851 CP, Kryptopterus bicirrhis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Pangasius micronemus Bleeker,1847 MA, CP

ciennes, 1839) MA, CP, ME Pangasius nasutus (Bleeker,l863) ME, CP

Kryptopterus bleekeri Günther,1864 CP, ME, MA, MK Tentatively including P. altifrons Durand, 1940 (p.23).

Kryptopterus cheveyi Durand, 1940 (p.19) ME, CP, MA Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton,1822) S, CP, MK, ME, MA

Tentatively including K. moorei Smith, 1945and K. ur- Pangasius paucidens Chaux & Fang,1949 (1949b:344) ME bainiChaux & Fang, 1949(1949a:197). Pangasius pleurotaenia Sauvage, 1878 ME, CP

Kryptopterus cryptopterus [ Bleeker,1851) ME, CP, MK, MA Pangasius polyuranodon Bleeker,1852 CP, ME Kryptopterus hexapterus (Bleeker,1851) MA, CP, ME Pangasius ponderosus Herre & Myers,1937 (p.67) MA Kryptopterus limpok (Bleeker, 1852) CP, ME, MK, MA Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith, 1931 CP, ME Kryptopterus macrocephalus (Bleeker,1858) MA Pangasius siamensis Steindachner,1879 CP, ME

Kryptopterus micronemus(Bleeker, 1846) CP, MA Possibly extinct (C. vidthayanon, pers. comm.) Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch,1797) S, MA, MK, CP, SE, ME Pangasius taeniurus Fowler,1935 CP, MA Including Wallago krattensis Fowler,1934 (1934b: Platytropius siamensis (Sauvage, 1883) CP 335). Pteropangasius cultratus(Smith, 1931) MA, MK, CP, ME ME Ompok hypophthalmus (Bleeker,1846) MA, CP, Pteropangasius sp. ME Ompok leiacanthus (Bleeker,1853) MA Silurichthys hasseltii Bleeker,1858 MA, SE Family AMBLYCIPITIDAE

The in of genus is need a revision. Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton,! 822) S, ME, SE, MA Silurichthys phaiosoma (Bleeker,1851) MA, SE Silurichthys schneideri Volz,1904 MA Family AKYSIDAE Silurus bokorensis (Pellegrin & Chevey,1937) (p.315) SE, Acrochordonichthys ischnosoma Bleeker,1858 MA MA? Acrochordonichthys melanogaster (Bleeker,1 854) MA

MK Erroneously considered as synonym of S. conchinchi- Acrochordonichthys rugosus (Bleeker,1847) MA, nensis by Kottelat (1985b:269). The genus is in need Akysis armatus Vaillant, 1902 MA? of revision. The specimen reported from Nakhon Si Record by Smith (1931:180) needs confirmation.

1966 MA Thammarat as Silurichthys sp. by Srirungroj & Boon- Akysis hendricksoni Alfred, (p.467) 15

Akysis leucorhynchus Fowler,1934 CP, MA? Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAE

Akysis macronemus Bleeker,1860 SE Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch,1 797) ME, CP S„ MA Record by Smith (1931:180) needs confirmation.

Akysis maculipinnis Fowier,1934 SE

MA? Akysis pictus Günther,1883 (p.138) S?, Family CHACIDAE

from 'Tenasserim'; precise locality un- Described Chaca bankanensis Bleeker,1852 MA known.

Parakysis verrucosus Herre,1940 (p.12) MA

Family OLYRIDAE Olyra longicauda M'Clelland.1 842 S Family SISORIDAE Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton,1822) MA, S, MK, CP?, ME The absence of record for the Chao Phraya is proba- Family ARIIDAE due to insufficient The has been bly collecting. genus Arius acutirostris Day, 1877 S

revised by Roberts in bad need revision. (1983). The genus is of a critical See Bagarius suchus Roberts,1983 (p.442) ME Wheeler & Baddokwaya (1981) for comments on the Sykes,184l ME, CP Bagarius yarrelli validity of Arius and Tachysurus. Erethistes maesotensis Kottelat,1983 (1983b:71) S Arius argyropieuron Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Erethistes pusillus Müller & Troschel,1845 S nes, 1840 MA, eur S Euchiloglanis feae(Vinciguerra,1890) (p.256) Ariusburmanicus Day,1869 S Exostoma berdmorei S Blyth,1860 Arius caelatus Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Exostoma labiatum S (M'Clelland.1842) 1840 MA, CP, ME, eur cenia S Gagata (Hamilton,1822) Arius cochinchinensis Günther,1864 eur? buchanani CP Glyptothorax Smith,1945 Not collected again since its original description. Indochinese species are badly in need of revision. Arius crossocheilos Bleeker,1846 eur Some treated Mo & Chu are marginally by (1986). Arius gagora (Hamilton,1822) S, eur callopterus Smith,1945 MA Glyptothorax Arius harmandi (Sauvage, 1880) eur Glyptothorax cavia (Hamilton,1822) S Doubtful validity (Smith,1945:414). dorsalis S Glyptothorax Vinciguerra,1890 Arius leiotetocephalus Bleeker,1846 MA, CP, SE, eur Tentatively G. minutus Hora, 1921 (p.180). including Arius leptonotacanthus Bleeker,1849 MA, eur? Glyptothorax fuscus Fowler,1934 SE, MA, CP, ME Arius macronotacanthus(Bleeker,1846) MA, eur Glyptothorax lampris Fowler,1934 CP, ME Arius maculatus(Thunberg,1792) MA, CP, SE, eur laoensis 1934 ME Glyptothorax Fowler, CP, Arius melanochir Bleeker,1852 CP? major (Boulenger, 1894) ME Glyptothorax A doubtful record by Fowler (1935:100; see Smith, in Cuvier & Valen- Glyptothorax platypogon (Valenciennes, 1945:414). ciennes, 1839) MA Arius microcephalus Bleeker,1855 ME, MA, eur Record by Herre & Myers (1937:68) needs confirma- Arius sagor (Hamilton, 1822) MA, CP, SE, eur tion. Arius sciurus Smith, 1931 MA, CP, eur platypogonoides (Bleeker,lBss) MA Glyptothorax Arius stormii(Bleeker,1858) ME, CP, eur G. siamensis 1923 and G. Tentatively including Hora, Arius truncatus Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, prashadi Mukerji,l932(p.2Bl). 1840 MA MK, CP, SE, ME, eur Glyptothorax trilineatus Blyth,lB6o S, MA? Arius venosus Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Including G. trilineatoidesLi, 1984 (p.80) & Chu, (Mo 1840 CP, MA, SE, eur 1986:340). Batrachocephalus mino(Hamilton,1822) ME, SE, CP, eur Hara hara (Hamilton.1822) S Hemipimelodus bicolor Fowler, 1935 CE, ME

Oreoglanis delacouri (Pellegrin,l936) (p.244)ME Including H. atripinnis Fowler,1937 (Desoutter,1977:

siamensisi Smith,1933 CP, mon Oreoglanis ME, 19). Pareuchiloglanis poilanei A íPellegrin,1936 (p.246) Hemipimelodus borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) CP, ME Pseudecheneis sulcatus ( M'Clelland, 1842) S Including H. siamensis Sauvage, 1878 (Desoutter, 1977: 21). Hemipimelodus daugueti Chevey,1932 (1932b:41) ME Family CLARIIDAE Hemipimelodus intermedius Vinciguerra,1880 CP Ciarias batrachus (Linnaeus,1758) S, CP, ME, A, SE, MK, Ketengus typus Bleeker,1847 CP, MA, eur MA Osteogeneiosus militaris ( Linnaeus, 1758) MA, MK, CP, Ciarias MA cataractus (Fowler,1939) SE, ME eur Ciarias leiacanthus 851 MA Bleeker,1 Osteogeneiosus stenocephalus Day,1877 S Ciarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864 ME, SE, CP, MK, MA Ciarias meladermaBleeker,1847 MA

Ciarias nieuhofii Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Family PLOTOSIDAE

nes, 1840MA Plotosus canius Hamilton,1822 S, MA, MK, CP, SE, ME,

Ciarias teijsmanniBleeker,1857 MA eur Encheloclarias tapeinopterus (Bleeker,1852) MA Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) MA, CP, eur 16

Family SUNDASALANGIDAE Family APLOCHEILIDAE

Sundasalanxpraecox Roberts, l9Bl (1981b:299) MA, ME? Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton,1822) S, MA, MK, CP, SE,

Roberts (1984:214) tentatively reported a Sundasa- ME lanx from the Mekong basin as S. praecox.

Family POECILIIDAE Gambusia Family BREGMACEROTIDAE holbrooki(Girard, 1859) (CP, introduced) Poecilia reticulata 1859 Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson, 1840 MA, SE, eur Peters, (CP, MA, introduced) Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien-

nes, 1846 (MA, introduced) Family BATRACHOIDIDAE

See Hutchins (1976,1981) for nomenclature of species Family ATHERINIDAE occuring in Indochinese waters. Hypoatherina valenciennei ( Bleeker,1853) CP, SE, MA, A, Batrichthys grunniens (Linnaeus,1758) CP, SE, eur eur Halophryne trispinosus (Günther,1 861 ) MA, eur Including Haplochilus argyrotaenia Tirant, 1883 (p.95) (Ivantsoff & Kottelat, 1988)

Family HEMIRHAMPHIDAE Prasenus pinguis (Lacepède,1803) MA, eur

Dermogenys pusillus van Hasselt, 1823 S, MA, MK, CP, SE, M Family PHALLOSTETHIDAE Including D. siamensis Fowler, 1934 and D. burmanen- Ceratostethus bicornis (Regan, 1916) (p. 14) MA, SE, eur sis Mukerji, 1935 (p.213)? The record of S. orientalis Neostethus lankesteri Regan, 1916 (p.2) MA, eur (Weber,1894) (p.427) by Herre & Myers (1937:17) Neostethus siamensis Myers,1937 SE, eur needs confirmation as this species is otherwise known Phallostethus dunckeri Regan, 1913 (p.550) MA, eur from Sulawesi only. The genus is in need of a revi- Phenacostethus posthon Roberts,1971 (p.12) MA, eur sion. Phenacostethus smithi Myers,1928 CP, SE, eur Hemirhamphodon phaiosoma (Bleeker,1852) MA? Presence in Singapore needs confirmation (Alfred, Family INDOSTOMIDAE 1966a: 61). Indostomus paradoxus Prashad & Mukerji,1929 (p.220) Hemirhamphodon pogonognathus (Bleeker,1853) MA MA CP, ME Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen-

ciernes, 1846) ME, eur Hyporhamphus quoyi (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Family SYNGNATHIDAE ciennes,1846) MA, eur See Dawson (1985) for a recent revision of the Indo-Pacific

Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani,1842) MA, eur members of the family.

Melapedalion breve (Seale,1909) MA, eur Doryichthys boaja (Bleeker,1851) ME, CP, MA

Zenarchopterus beauforti Mohr,1926 (p.259) MA, eur Doryichthys deokhatoides (Bleeker.1853) MA buffonis annandalei 1924 Zenarchopterus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Microphis Hora, (p.472) is a syno-

ciennes, 1846) MA, ME? nym (Dawson, 1981:4; 1985). Record from Kampuchea by Chevey (1932a:19) Doryichthys martensii (Peters,lB69) MA, SE

needs confirmation. Hippichthys cyanospilus (Bleeker.lBs4) MA, eur

Zenarchopterus clarus Mohr,1926 (p.241) CP Hippichthys heptagonus Bleeker,lB49 MA, CP, eur

Zenarchopterus dunckeri Mohr,1926 (p.257) SE, eur Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849) MA, eur

Zenarchopterus ectuntio (Hamilton,1822) MA, CP, ME Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell,1 838) ME, SE, CP, MA, eur Zenarchopterus gilli Smith, 1945 MA, CP Hippocampus arnei R0u1e,1916 (1916a:11) ME?

Zenarchopterus pappenheimi Mohr,1926 (p.258) CP This sea-horse, reportedly collected in the Mekong Zenarchopterus quadrimaculatus Mohr,1926 (p.257) MA where it forms the border between Laos and Thailand, has not been collected again since its description. The original spelling used by Route (1916a:11), aimei, isa Family BELONIDAE typographic error and has been emended in arneii by Strongylura leiura (Bleeker,1850) ME, MA, eur Roule (1916b:383). Strongylura strongylura (van Hasselt, 1823) ME, MA, CP, Ichthyocampus carce (Hamilton,1822) MA, MK, CP, ME, eur eur Xenentodon cancila(Hamilton,1822) S, MA, MK, CP, SE, Microphis argulus (Peters,1855) eur ME, A Microphis leiaspis (Bleeker,1853) eur Xenentodon canciloides (Bleeker,1853) CP, ME, MA Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker,1853) ME, eur The validity of this taxon and of the various records need confirmation. Family SYNBRANCHIDAE

Nomenclature follows Rosen & Greenwood (1976). ORYZIIDAE Family Macrotrema caligans (Cantor,lB49) CP, MA, eur

Oryzias javanicus {Bleeker,1854) MA, eur Monopterus albus Zuiew.1793 A, ME, SE, CP, MK, MA, S Oryzias mekongensis Uwa & Magtoon,1986 (p.474) ME Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822) S Oryzias minutillus Smith,1945 CP, MA Ophisternon bengalense M'Clelland,1845 CP, ME 17

Family SCORPAENIDAE Terapon jarbua (Fors[s]kal,1775) MA, CP, SE, eur

Vespicula trachinoides (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valencien- Terapon puta Cuvier,1829 MA, eur

nes, 1829) MA, eur Terapon theraps Cuvier,1829 MA CP, SE, eur

Family APOGONIDAE Family PLATYCEPHALIDAE Apogon amboinensis Bleeker,1853 MA, eur Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) MA, eur Apogon hyalosoma B leeker,1852 MA, eur

CENTROPOMIDAE Family Family SILLAGINIDAE

Lates calcarifer (Bloch,1790) eur See McKay (1985) for a revision of the family.

Sillago sihama (Fors[s]kal,1775) MA, eur

Family AMBASSIDAE Family LEIOGNATHIDAE The generic classification of Fraser-Brunner (1954) is fol- Nomenclature follows Jones (1985). lowed here, taking into account Opinion 1121 of the Inter- Leiognathus decorusde Vis, 1884 M A, eur national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1979: Leiognathus equulus (Fors[s]kal,1 775) MA, CP, SE, eur 223). Chanda nama Hamilton.1822 being type-species of Secutorinsidiator(Bloch, 1787) CP, eur ChandaHamilton,1822 and Hamiltonia Swainson,1839 be- Secutorruconius (Hamilton, 1822) MA, eur ing on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in

Zoology, Hamiltonia sensu Fraser-Brunner (1954) has to Family LUTJANIDAE be called Chanda and Chanda sensu Fraser-Brunner See Allen & Talbot (1985) for a revision of Lutjanus. (1954) has to be called Parambassis Bleeker,1874. Lutjanus argentimaculatus>(Fors[s]kal,1775) MA, eur Ambassis buroensis Bleeker,1856 ME, SE, CP, MK, eur Lutjanus fulviflamma(Fors[s]kal,l77s) MA, CP, SE, eur Ambassis dussumieri Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valencien- Lutjanus johnii(810ch,1792) CP, eur nes, 1828CP, MA, eur Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker,1849) MA, eur Ambassis gymnocephala (Lacepède,1802) A, SE, MA, Lutjanus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard,1824) MA, eur eur

Ambassis kopsii Bleeker, 1858 MA, CP, SE, eur Family LOBOTIDAE Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822 MA Datnioides microlepis Bleeker.1853 MA, CP, ME Gymnochanda filamentosa Fraser-Brunner, 1954 (p.210) Datnioides quadrifasciatus (Sevastianov, 1809) MA, CP, MA ME Gymnochanda filamentosa Boeseman, 1957(p.75) is Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) MA, eur a synonym and homonym. Parambassis altus (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Family GERREIDAE 1828) MA, eur Gerres filamentosus Cuv¡er,1 829 A, SE, CP, MA, eur Parambassis baculis(Hamilton,1822) CP, ME

Parambassis notatus (Blyth,1860) S, MA, CP, ME Family HAEMULIDAE siamensis 1937 is accord- Chanda Fowler, a synonym Pomadasys argenteus (Fors[s]kal, 1775) MA, eur ing to Fraser-Brunner (1954:208). Guha & Talwar

(1983:19) disagree with this conclusion but did not Family SCIAENIDAE provide arguments. Most of the freshwater records of members of this family Parambassis punctulatus (Fraser-Brunner, 1954) (p.206) need to be checked. The list includes all the MA following spe-

cies likely to occur in freshwaters in area, based on distri- Parambassis ranga(Hamilton,1822) S bution and habitat data in Trewavas (1979). Parambassis thomassi (Day,1870) CP?, MA? Aspericorvina jubata (Bleeker,1855) eur The records from CP (Hora,1923a:176) and MA Bahaba polykladiskos (Bleeker,1852) ME, eur (Duncker,1904) seem doubtful. Other records of this Boesemania microlepis (Bleeker,1859) CP, ME species are restricted to South India (Fraser-Brunner, Dendrophysa russelli (Cuvier,1830) MA, eur 1954:204). Johnius carutta Bloch,1793 eur Parambassis wolffii(Bleeker.1851) CP, ME Johnius belangeri (Cuvier,1830) eur

Johnius coitor (Hamilton, 1822) eur Family SERRANIDAE Johnius sina (Cuvier,1830) eur Epinephelus malabaricus (Schneider, 1801 ) MA, eur Johnius trachycephalus (Bleeker,1850) MA, CP, eur “Promicrops itajara” ( Lichtenstein,1822) SE, eur Johnius vogleri (Bleeker,1853) eur Smith (1933:85) reports this species from the estuary Johnius weberiHardenberg, 1936 (p.251) eur of Chantabun River. This is obviously a misidentifica- Nibea soldado(Lacepède,lBo2) MA, eur tion as the species is known from West Atlantic and Nibea semifasciata Chu, Lo & Wu,1963 (pp.51,91) CP, eur eastern Pacific Oceans (Böhlke & Chaplin,1968:283). Otolithes ruber (Schneider, 1801 ) eur

Otolithoides biauritus(Cantor, 1850) eur

Family TERAPONIDAE Otolithoides pama (Hamilton,1822) eur

Nomenclature follows Van (1978). Pterotolithus maculatus Cuvier.1830 eur

Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch,1790) SE, MA, eur Pterotolithus lateoides (Bleeker,1850) MA, eur 18

Family MONODACTYLIDAE Polynemus multifilisSchlegel.1845 CP, eur

Monodactylus argenteus {Linnaeus,1758) MA, eur Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus,1758 MA, CP, ME, eur Polynemus plebejus Broussonet,1782 MA, CP, eur

Family TOXOTIDAE

See Allen (1978) for a revision of the family. Family BLENNIIDAE

Toxotes blythi Boulenger,1892 (p.143) S Istiblennius edentulus (Bloch, in Schneider,lBol) MA, eur

Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton,1822) S, MA, CP, ME Omobranchus elongatus (Peters,lBss) CP, eur Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas,1766) MA, CP Omobranchus ferox (Herre,1927) (p.277) MA, eur Toxotes microlepis Gunther,1860 CP, S, ME Omobranchus meniscus Springer & Gomon, 1975 (p.52)

SE, eur

Family SCATOPHAGIDAE Omobranchus punctatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen-

Scatophagus argus (Bloch,1788) MA, MK, CP, SE eur ciennes, 1836) SE, MA, eur Omobranchus zebra (Bleeker,1868) MA, CP, SE, eur

Family NANDIDAE Phenablennius heyligeri (Bleeker,1 859) MA, SE, eur? Pristolepis fasciata (Bleeker,1851 ) ME, SE, CP, MK, MA, See redescription by Springer & Smith-Vaniz (1972). S

Nandus nandus(Hamilton,! 822) S Family CALLIONYMIDAE

Nandus nebulosus(Gray,1835) MA, MK, CP, SE, ME Callionymus fluviatilisDay,1876 A, CP, eur

Family BADIDAE Family ELEOTRIDIDAE Badis badis (Hamilton, 1822) S, MA, MK Bostrichthys sinensis (Lacepède,1802) MA, CP, eur Tentatively including B. b. burmanicus Ahl,1937 Butis amboinensis (Bleeker,1853) SE, eur (p.118), B. b. assamensis Ahl,1937 (p.118) and B. b. Butis butis (Hamilton,1822) MA, MK, CP, SE, eur siamensis Klausewitz, 1957 (1957a:199). Eleotris fusca (Schneider,1801) CP, MA, eur

Eleotris insulindica (Bleeker,1875) MA, eur

Family CICHLIDAE Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker,1852 MA, eur See Trewavas (1983) for nomenclature of the following Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- species. ciennes, 1837) MA, CP, SE, ME, eur Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) introduced Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker,1852 MA, CP, ME

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) introduced Oxyeleotris siamensis (Günther,1 861 ) CP Sarotherodonmelanotheron heudelotiiDuméril,1 858 intro- Oxyeleotris urophthalmus (Bleeker,1851) CP, MA

duced Philypnus chalmersi Nichols & Pope,1927 (p.390) A Prionobutiskoilomatodon (Bleeker,1849) MA, CP, SE, eur Family POMACENTRIDAE

Pomacentrus Bleeker,1852 MA, eur melanopterus Family GOBIIDAE

Generic nomenclature follows in part Koumans (1953), Family MUGILIDAE Masuda et al. (1984) and Hoese (1986).

Several species of Mugilidae are known to occur in In- Acentrogobius caninus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen-

dochinese fresh waters. Their is con- systematics very ciennes, 1837) A, CP, MA, eur fused and most of the records need confirmation. See Acentrogobius chlorostigmatoides (Bleeker,1849) MA, CP, et al. (1984) for a review of the species occur- Wongratana SE, eur ing in Thailand. Acentrogobius cyanomos (Bleeker,1849) CP, eur Liza melinoptera (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Acentrogobius masoni(Day, 1873) CP, eur 1836) MA, CP, ME, eur Acentrogobius moloanus(Herre,1927) SE, eur Liza subviridis in Cuvier & Valenciennes, (Valenciennes, Acentrogobius viridipunctatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier &

1836) MA,CP, eur Valenciennes, 1837) MA, CP, SE, eur

Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) MA, A, eur Awaous grammepomus(Bleeker,1849) S, eur Valamugil cunesius (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Bathygobius fuscus (Rüppell,1828) MA, CP, SE, eur 1836) MA, eur nes, Boleophthalmus boddaerti (Pallas, 1770) MA, CP, SE, eur Boleophthalmus pectinirostris (Linnaeus,1758) CP, MA,

Family POLYNEMIDAE eur kabiliensis Several species of Polynemidae are known to occur in In- Brachygobius lnger,1958 (p.110) MA, SE, ME, eur? dochinese fresh waters. Their systematics is very con-

sua eur fused and most of the records needconfirmation. The no- Brachygobius (Smith,1931) CP, in Herre & 1937 menclature follows Myers (1936). Brachygobius xanthomelas Herre, Myers, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw,1804) A, ME, CP, (p.43) MA

moroana SE, eur MA, eur Callogobius (Seale.1909) Creisson eur Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker,1845) MA, eur janthinopterus (Bleeker,1852) MA, Creisson sealei Polynemus borneensis Bleeker,1857 ME, eur Smith,1931 CP, eur 1945 Potynemus indicusShaw,1804 MA, eur Cryptocentrus callopterus Smith, SE, MA, eur

Polynemus longipectoralis Weber & de Beaufort, 1922 ME, Cryptocentrus cyanotaenia (Bleeker,1853) CP, SE, eur

eur eur Cryptocentrus diproctotaenia Bieeker.1876 SE, 19

Yongeichthys nebulosus(Fors[s]kal,1775) MA, eur Cryptocentrus maudae Fowler,1937 CP, eur Eugnathogobius microps Smith, 1931 CP, eur GOBIOIDIDAE Glossogobius aureus Akihito & Meguro,1975 (p.128) ME, Family Brachyamblyopus brachysoma (Bleeker,lBs3) CP, eur CP, MA, eur eur the Brachyamblyopus urolepis (Bleeker,1852) CP, See Akihito & Meguro (1975) for a synopsis of ge- 1935) CP, eur nus. Caragobioides geomys (Fowler, Taenioidesanguillaris (Linnaeus, 1766) CP, eur Glossogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Va- Taenioidesbuchanani S, eur lenciennes, 1837) MA, eur (Day,1873) Taenioides cirratus (Blyth,1860) MK, eur Glossogobius circumspectus (Macleay.1884) MA, eur Taenioides gracilis (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valencien- Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton,1822) S, MA, CP, ME, A, nes, CP, eur eur 1837) Taeniodes nigrimarginatus Hora, 1924 MA, eur Glossogobius sparsipapillus Akihito & Meguro,1976 (p.9)

ME, eur Family TRYPAUCHENIDAE Gnathogobius aliceae Smith, 1945CP, eur microcephalus (Bleeker,l 860) MA, eur Gnatholepis calliurus Jordan & Seale,l9os MA, eur Ctenotrypauchen Trypauchen vagina (Bloch, in Schneider, 1801) MA, CP, Gobiopsis macrostomaSteindachner,lB6l CP, SE, eur SE, eur Gobiopterus brachypterus (Bleeker.lBss) MA?, eur Bleeker,1860 MA, eur Gobiopterus chuno(Hamilton,lB22) CP, MA, eur? Trypauchenichthys typus

Istigobius ornatus:(Rüppell,1828) MA, SE, eur Family MICRODESMIDAE Mahidolia mystacina (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Parioglossus (Herre,1945) (p.14) SE, eur ciennes,1837) SE, eur philippinus See Rennis & Hoese (1985) for revision of the genus. Mugilogobius avicennia (Herre,l940) (p.17) MA, eur Mugilogobius chulae(Smith,1932) MA, SE, eur Family SIGANIDAE Mugilogobius jurongensis (Herre, 1940) (p.18) MA, eur canaliculatus MA, eur Mugilogobius mawaia (Herre,1936) (p.19) MA, eur Siganus (Park,1797) Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766) MA, eur Mugilogobius perakensis (Herre.1940) (p.21) MA Mugilogobius rambaiae (Smith,1945) CP, eur Family SCOMBRIDAE Oligolepis cylindriceps (Hora, 1923) (1923b:745) MA, eur Scomberomorus sinensis (Lacepède,1800) ME, eur Oxuderces dentatus Eydoux & Souleyet,1850 MK, CP, eur 1940 is for and Bauchotet al. Cybium cambodgiense Durand, (p.37) a syno- See Springer (1978) synonymy (Blanc et al.,1965; d'Aubenton & Blanc,1965). (1982) for date of publication. nym

Oxyurichthys microlepis (Bleeker,lB49) MA, SE, eur ANABANTIDAE Oxyurichthys ophthalmonema (Bleeker.lBs7) MA, eur Family SE, CP, MK, MA, Parapocryptes serperaster (R¡chardson,1 846) SE, CP, MA, Anabas testudineus(Bloch,1792) A, ME, S eur

Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas,l77o) CP, eur Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus,l766) CP, MA, eur Family BELONTIIDAE Periophthalmus chrysospilos Bleeker,lBs3 MA, eur Belontia hasselti (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,1831) Periophthalmus malaccensis Eggert, 1935 MA, eur MA Periophthalmus tredecemradiatus (Hamilton,lB22) CP, Betta abbreviata Pellegrin,1925 (p.1 81 ) ME

The is in bad need of serious and MA, S?, eur whole genus very a became Periophthalmus variabilis Eggert, 1935 CP, eur critical revision. It the last years, belontiids a

Pseudapocryptes lanceolatus (Bloch, in Schneider,1801) 'battle-field' for aquarist-systematists. As was foresee-

MA, CP,ME, eur able, this resulted in an increased chaos. Feelings and

Pseudogobiopsis oligactis (Bleeker.1875) CP, eur pride are often hardly masked by pseudo-scientific ar-

Pseudogobiopsis siamensis (F0w1er,1934) CP, MA, eur guments.

Redigobius balteatus (Herre,l93s) MA, eur Betta anabatoides Bleeker,1850 MA? Rhinogobius chiengmaiensis Fowler,1934 CP Doubtful records; according to Vierke (1986:84) this Rhinogobius kranjiensis (Herre,1940) (p.22) MA, eur species would be restricted to Borneo. Rhinogobius mekongianus (Pellegrin & Fang,1940) (p.122) Betta bellica Sauvage, 1884 MA ME Betta coccina Vierke,1979 (p.288) MA

MA Ctenogobius cephalopardus Smith, 1945is a synonym Betta imbellis Ladiges,1975 (p.262) (Kottelat, 1982c:525). Betta macrophthalma Regan,1910 MA Rhinogobius ocellatus F0w1er,1937 ME Betta waseri Krummenacher,1986 (p.177), described be Rhinogobius paludosus (Herre,l94o) (p.23) MA, eur on the basis of a single specimen might a synonym

Rhinogobius vexillifer (Fowler,1937) CP, eur (Schm idt, 1988:341) Scarteleos viridis (Hamilton, 1822) CP, SE, eur Betta persephone Schalier, 1986 (p.298) MA Betta MA Stigmatogobius poecilosoma (Bleeker,lB49) MA, eur pugnax (Cantor,1849) is tentative Stigmatogobius sadanundio (Hamilton,lB22) MA, CP, SE Betta brederi Myers, 1935 (p.25) a syno- to Vierke eur nym according (1986:95). ME Yongeichthys criniger (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- Betta smaragdina Ladiges,1972 (p. 190)

ciennes, 1837) MA, eur Betta splendens Regan,1910 CP 20

Micracanthus marchei Sauvage, 1878 (1878c:95) is Doubtful validity. considered Channastriata A as a synonym (Roberts, 1981a:91). A revi- (Bloch,1797) S, MA, MK, CP, SE, ME, sion of the splendens-group is needed before taking MASTACEMBELIDAE any definitive action concerning this name. Family of Thailand and Burma have Betta tussyae Schaller,1985 (1985b:348) MA Species been revised by Rob- erts Vierke (1986:87) considered this taxon at most as a (1980,1986). MA subspecies of B. coccina. I have seen material of Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch,1787)

both and disagree with his conclusions. Both species Macrognathus caudiocellatus (Boulenger, 1893) (p.199) S Endemic Inlé Lake. occur, not sympatrically, in Malaysia. to Parosphromenus deissneri (Bleeker, 1859) MA Macrognathus circumcinctus (Hora,1924) MA, CP, SE, ME

Parosphromenus harveyi Brown,1987 (p.34) MA Macrognathus maculatus (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Va- MA Madeavailable in 40 words and one picture! Its validi- lenciennes, 1831)

ty still has to be demonstrated. Macrognathus meklongensis Roberts,1986 (p.99) MK Parosphromenus nagyi Schalier, 1985 (1985b:302)MA Macrognathus perakensis (Herre & Myers,1937) (p.74) MA Parosphromenus paludicola Tweedie,1952 (p.69) MA Macrognathus semiocellatus Roberts, 1986 (p.99) ME, CP, MK Sphaerichthys osphromenoides Canestrini,1860 MA siamensis Trichogaster leeri(Bleeker.1852) MA Macrognathus (Günther,1 861 ) CP, ME Trichogaster microlepis Günther,1 861 ME, CP Macrognathus zebrinus (Blyth.1858) S

Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan,1910) ME, SE, CP, MK Mastacembelus alboguttatus Boulenger,1893 (p.200) S

(MA, S introduced) Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède,1800) S, MA, MK, CP, ME Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas,1770) A, ME, SE, CP, SE, MK, MA (S introduced ?) Mastacembelus erythrotaenia Bleeker,1850 MA, CP, ME

Trichopsis pumila (Arnold, in Ahl,1937) (p.116) ME, CP, Mastacembelus favus Hora, 1923 MA, MK, CP, ME

MA Mastacembelus oaies/'Boulenger,1893 (p.199) S Endemic Inlé Lake. Trichopsis schalleri Ladiges,1962 (p.101) ME to Mastacembelus Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,1831) unicolor Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valen- ME, SE, CP, MK, MA ciennes, 1831 MA

Including T. harrisi Fowler, 1934. Family CHAUDHURIIDAE Chaudhuria caudata Annandale,1918 (p.41) S, MA, CP, Family HELOSTOMATIDAE ME Helostoma temminckii Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes,

1831 MA, CP Family SOLEIDAE

Achiroides leucorhynchos Bleeker,1851 MA

Family OSPHRONEMIDAE Achiroides melanorhynchus (Bleeker,lBso) MA, ME

achira Duncker,l9o4 was Osphronemus goramy Lacepède,1802 MA, MK, CP, SE, Synaptura (p. 168) proposed ME as a replacement name for both A. melanorhynchus

in and A. which Duncker considered Probably introduced a part of its range. leucorhynchos, con- specific and having inappropriate names. As first re-

viser, I restrict it as a (unnecessary) replacement Family LUCIOCEPHALIDAE name (thus an objective junior synonym) of A. leuco- Luciocephalus pulcher (Gray, 1830) MA rhynchos. The exact identity of the material listed by Duncker (ZMH 8642, Selangor Museum 642 and Raf- CHANNIDAE Family fles Museum uncat.) is irrelevant to this problem as in Channa lucius (Cuvier, Cuvier & Valenciennes,1831) they cannot be types. MK MA, CP, ME, SE, Euryglossa aenea (Smith,l93l) CP, MA Channa marulioides (Bleeker,1851) MA Euryglossa harmandi (Sauvage, 1878) (1878a:94) ME

Channa marulia CP, S and (Hamilton,1822) MA, euryglossa aenea E. harmandi might be syno- Channa MA melanoptera (Bleeker,1855) nyms. Channa melasoma (Bleeker,1851) ME, CP, MA Euryglossa orientalis (Schneider, 1801) ME, CP, MA, eur Channa in micropeltes (Cuvier, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Euryglossa siamensis (Sauvage, 1878) (1878a:94) ME, CP, 1831) ME, SE, CP, MK, MA, S MA

Channa orientalis in Bloch, Schneider,1801 A, ME, SE, Synaptura krempfi Durand,l94o (p.39) and Chabanau- CP, MK, MA, S detta smithi Joglekar,1971 (p.370) are synonyms A numberof records involve either C. orientalis or C. ( Kottelat, 1984c:817).

1822. There is also list of gachua Hamilton, a long po- Synaptura pan (Hamilton,1822) S tential In recent the synonyms. times, tendency was to Synaptura panoides Bleeker,1851 MA, CP, eur recognize a single species. But morphological and Typhlachirus elongatus Pellegrin & Chevey,1940 (p.155) field observations by Deraniyagala (1963) and behavi- ME, eur our observations by Ettrich (1986:289) obviously indi-

cate that at least two species are involved. Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Channa siamensis (Günther,lB6l) CP? Cynoglossus borneensis (Bleeker, 1858) CP, SE, eur 21

Menon (1977:34) redescribed C. borneensis and listed DISCUSSION

trulla Cantor,1849, a senior in its Plagusia synonym, A. GENERALITIES synonymy, without explanation. The Indochinese inland fish fauna includes 930 native Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton,1822) S, MA, CP, eur

ME Cynoglossus feldmanni(Bleeker,lBs3) species in 316 genera and 87 families (Table 1). In is Cynoglossus aubentoniStauch,l966 (p. 126) a syn- addition, there are at least 15 introduced species. 583 onym (Menon, 1977:89). and 154 (49%) belong to 31 Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton,1822 MA, CP, SE, eur species (63%) genera CP, ME Cynoglossus microlepis (Bleeker,1851 ) primary or secondary division families and 347 spe-

cies (37%) and 162 genera (51%) belong to 56 peri- Family TRIACANTHIDAE

Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch,l 786) MA, eur pheral families.

Among primary and secondary division fishes, Cy- Family TETRAODONTIDAE priniformes (389 species or 67%, 91 genera or 59%) Carinotetraodonlorteti (Tirant, 1885) (p.75 [1929.-96]) MA,

CP, ME and Siluriformes (126 species or 22%, 40 genera or Tetraodonsomphongsi Klausewitz,1957 (1957b:205), 26%) rank first as in most Asia (Table 2). The follow- C. chlupatyi Benl,1957 (p.1) and Monotreta tiranti ing discussion will be restricted to primary and secon- d'Aubenton& Blanc, 1966(p.556) are synonyms (Dek- kers, 1975:97). Tyler (1980:312) recognizes Carinote- dary division families only.

traodon as a valid genus. 143 species are recorded from the Salween basin, Chelonodon patoca (Hamilton,1822) MA, eur 222 from the Chao 244 from the Chonerhinus modestus (Bleeker,1850) MA Phraya, Mekong, 34

Chonerhinus 1982 nefastus Roberts, (1982a:10) MA, CP, from Annam, 71 from coastal streams of the North- ME East coast of the Gulf of Thailand, 102 from the Mae Sphoeroides lunaris (Bloch, in Schneider, 1801) MA, CP, and 263 from the Peninsula. SE, eur Khlong, Malay

Takifugu oblongus (Bloch, in Schneider, 1801) MA, SE, eur Tetraodon bayleyi Sontirat,1 985 (p.47) ME This is apparently the T. hispidus (non Linnaeus, Salween 1758) of Smith (1945:575). Tetraodon biocellatus Tirant, lBBs (1929:95) MA, MK, CP, The Salween basin shares only 38 of its 143 species SE, ME with the Mekong (27% of the fauna of the first and Crayracion fluviatilis var. ocellata Steindachner,1870 16% of the and 37 with the Chao (p. 640) (preoccupied by Linnaeus,1758 in Tetraodon) second) Phraya (26,

and T. steindachneri l97s Dekkers, (p.132) are syno- respectively 17%). The boundary between the Sal- nyms (Kottelat, 1987a:20). ween on one side and the Chao Phraya/Mekong on Tetraodon cutcutia (Hamiiton.1822) S, MA?

The record from the Malay Peninsula is based on a the other is the sharpest in the area. 47 species

single juvenile collected near Ranong. (33%) are endemic to the basin and 28 species (20%) Tetraodon fangí Pellegrin & Chevey,1940 (p.157) MK?, are shared with the and basin. CP, ME only Irrawaddy Sittang

Tetraodon 1822 The fluviatilis Hamilton, S, MA, CP, eur? Salween counts 77 genera, 42 (55%) of which Tetraodon leiurus Bleeker,1851 MA, MK, CP, SE, ME are shared with the lower Mekong (which has 86 gen- This species has been recently redescribed by Dek- era), 46 (60%) with the Middle Mekong kers (1975:108). My own collections in Sumatra, Ma- (91 genera),

lay Peninsula and northern Thailand make me have 46 (60%) with the Chao Phraya (91 genera), 67

serious doubts that a single species is involved. This (87%) with the Irrawaddy (79 genera), 59 (77%) with group should be revised, taking into account also M. the and 55 with the fangi recognized as valid by Dekkers and T. cochin- Brahmaputra (73 genera) (71%)

chinensis Steindachner,lB66 (p.480) overlooked by Ganges (71 genera) (Table 3). Two genera are en- Dekkers. Tetraodon suvattii Sontirat & Soonthornsat- demic to the Salween and both are known only from it,l9Bs (p.49) is a very likely candidate for synonymy with T. cochinchinensis and/or T. cambodgiensis Cha- Inlé Lake (Inlecypris, Sawbwa). Neonoemacheilus, banaud, 1923 (1923b: 137). and Exostoma are shared only with the Irrawaddy and Tetraodon nigroviridis Procé,lB22 S, MA, CP, ME, eur Brahmaputra basins and and Pseudex- Tetraodonpalembangensis Bleeker,lBs2 MA, CP, SE, ME Glaridoglanis

Xenopterus naritus (Richardson,lB4B) MA, eur ostoma only with the Irrawaddy.

The divide between the Salween and the Mekong/

Chao is Phraya the eastern limit of the range of sev-

eral genera widely distributed in India (e.g. Amblypha- 22

Table 1. Fish families known to occur in Indochinese inland waters, with respective numbers of genera

and species; native taxa only.

genera species

Carchartiinidae 3 5

Pristidae 1 1

Dasyatidae 3 7 Osteoglossidae 1 1 Notopteridae 1 3

Megalopidae 1 1 Anguillidae 1 3 Ophichthidae 2 3

Congridae 1 1

Muraenidae 1 1

Chirocentridae 1 1

Clupeidae 11 18

Pristigasteridae 2 3 Engraulididae 5 21 Chanidae 1 1

Cyprinidae 65 280

Balitoridae 16 78

Cobitidae 9 30

Gyrinocheilidae 1 1 Bagridae 6 31 Siluridae 8 24

Schilbidae 1 1

Pangasiidae 6 25 Amblycipitidae 1 1 Akysidae 3 10

Sisoridae 10 25

Clariidae 2 8

Heteropneustidae 1 1

Chacidae 1 1

Olyridae 1 1

Ariidae 5 27

Plotosidae 1 2

Sundasalangidae 1 1

Bregmacerotidae 1 1

Batrachoididae 2 2

Hemirhamphidae 5 15 Belonidae 2 4

Oryziidae 1 3

Aplocheilidae 1 1

Atherinidae 2 2

Phallostethidae 4 6

Indoslomidae 1 1 Syngnathidae 5 12 Synbranchidae 3 4 Scorpaenidae 1 1 Platycephalidae 1 1 Centropomidae 1 1 Ambassidae 4 13

Serranidae 2 2

Teraponidae 2 4 Apogonidae 1 2

Sillaginidae 1 1

Leiognathidae 2 4 Lutjanidae 1 5 23

Table 1 (continued). Fish families known to occur In Indochlnes Inland waters, with respective numbers

of genera and species; native taxa only.

genera species

Lobotidae 2 3

Gerreidae 1 1

Haemulidae 1 1

Sciaenidae 18

Monodactylidae 1 1

Toxotidae 1 4

Scatophagidae 1 1

Nandidae 3

Badidae 1 1

Pomacentridae 1 1

Mugilidae 3 4 Polynemidae 2 8

Blenniidae 3 7

Callionymidae 1 1

Eleotrididae 7 12

Gobiidae 30 65

Gobioididae 3 8

Trypauchenidae 3 3 Microdesmidae 1 1

Siganidae 1 2

Scornbridae 1 1

Anabantidae 1 1

Belontiidae 23

Helostomatidae 1 1

Osphronemidae 1 1 Luciocephalidae 1 1

Channidae 1 9

Mastacembelidae 15

Chaudhuriidae 1 1

Soleidae 9

Cynoglossidae 1 5

Triacanthidae 1 1

Tetraodontidae 7 15

ryngodon, Aspidoparia, Chagunius, Osteobrama, Sal- Betta, Trichogaster, Tríchopsis, Osphronemus). The

Erethis- mostoma, Rita, Clupisoma, Eutropiichthys, genera crossing this border are either widely distrib- tes, Exostoma, Gagata, Hara, Olyra) as well as the uted in Asia (e.g. Notopterus, Bangana, Barílius, Bra- western limit of the range of many genera widely dis- chydanio, Chela, Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus, Danio, tributed in S.E. Asia (Albulichthys, Amblyrhynchich- Esomus, Labeo, Raiamas, Rasbora, Tor, Botia, Le- thys, Balantiocheilos, Barbichthys, Cosmocheilus, pidocephalichthys, Pangio, Schistura, Mystus, Om-

Cyclocheilichthys, Epalzeorhynchos, Hampala, Heni- pok, Silurus, Wallago, Pangasius, Amblyceps, Clari- cor-hynchus, Leptobarbus, Lobocheilos, Lucio-soma, as, Heteropneustes, Nandus, Pristolepis, Anabas,

Macrochirichthys, Parachela, Paralaubuca, Poropun- Channa, Macrognathus, Mastacembelus, Chaudhu- tius, Probarbus, Puntioplites, Sikukia, Thynnichthys, ria, Indostomus), montane fishes [at least in S.E.

Gyrinocheilus, Acanthopsoides, Bagroides, Hetero- Asia] (Cyprinion, Garra, Neolissochilus, Balitora, bagrus, Leiocassis, Belodontichthys, Hemisilurus, Homaloptera, Glyptothorax, Oreoglanis) large S.E. ,

Kryptopterus, Helicophagus, Laides, Pteropangasius, Asian genera represented only by one usually widely 24

distributed species across this border (Labiobarbus, ence of widely distributed taxa to indicate affinities.

Mystacoleucus, Osteochilus, Acantopsis, Akysis) or Thus, I consider the Salween and Irrawaddy fishes as

genera whose systematics are poorly known (Pun- almost typical of North Indian fauna.

tius).

Cyprinus, Physoschistura, Yunnanilus, Hemimy- Mekong and Chao Phraya

and the Chao zon, and Pseudecheneis are shared by the Salween The Indochinese part of the Mekong

and Mekong. Except for Physoschistura which is also Phraya basins have very similar fish fauna, compris-

recorded from the northernmost part of Thailand, In ing a total of 298 species. 244 species (82%) are

Indochinese waters they occur only in the upper Me- known from the Mekong and 222 (74%) from the

kong; Cyprinus, Physoschistura and Yunnanilus Chao Phraya, 168 of them being common to both ba-

in also have endemic species Inlé Lake. sins (56%, or 68% of the Mekong fauna, or 75% of

Oreichthys, Microrasbora, Acanthocobitis, Chaca, the Chao Phraya fauna). 142 species (48%) are en-

Batasio, and Badis are shared by the Salween/ demic to the Mekong/Chao Phraya basins; 62 spe-

Irrawaddy arid India (except Microrasbora) on the cies (21%, or 25% of Mekong fauna) are endemic to

one hand and the Malay Peninsula on the other the Mekong basin, 34 (11%, or 15% of Chao Phraya

( Oreichthys also occurs in S.E. Thailand and Acan- fauna) to the Chao Phraya and 46 (15%) are restrict-

thocobitis in the Mae Khlong); they will be discussed ed to these two basins.

with the faunaof the Malay Peninsula. Of the 103 genera occuring in the Mekong and

Taki (1975) considered the Irrawaddy-Salween fau- Chao Phraya basins, 98 have been reported from the

na as a "transitional and more or less intermediate Mekong and 91 from the Chao Phraya; 86 are com-

one between the Indian and the Indosinian faunas, mon to both basins. The Mekong genera unknown in

but closer to the Indian". Taki based his conclusions the Chao Phraya are endemic genera (Mekongina,

on a classification of the different genera into Indian, Scaphognathops, Neacanthopsis, Annamia), genera

Indo-lndosinian, Indosinian, and Chinese elements. restricted to montane areas and known from Upper

As these elements were first defined on the basis of Mekong, Red River or Upper Salween (Acanthorho-

their distribution, this is quite a circular reasoning. deus, Onychostoma, Cobitis, Balitora), genera known

To me, the Salween fauna does not seem to be in- from the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and/or Sumatra

termediatebetween Indian and Mekong/Chao Phraya (Neobarynotus, Thryssocypris, Hemisilurus) and the

faunae, as nearly all the genera shared between the widely distributed genus Amblyceps whose absence

Salween and the Chao Phraya and Mekong are also is possibly the result of lack of collections. The Chao

shared with the Brahmaputra and the Ganges and Phraya genera unknown in the Mekong are the en-

are widely distributed in South and South-East Asia demic Platytropius, two genera widely distributed in

and can have no value as zoogeographic indicators. the Malay Peninsula and Sunda Islands (Ceratogla-

To this category belong most of Taki's Indo- nis,Helostoma) i and two genera known only from Up-

Indosinian elements (but Catlocarpio, Schismatorhyn- per Nan River and shared with Upper Mekong (Hemi-

chus, Oxygaster and probably Thynnichthys which myzon, ‘Schistura’) (see below).

Taki classified as Indo-lndosinian are restricted to The Chao Phraya/Mekong fauna has strong affini-

S.E. Asia, among Osteochilus which is represented in ties with the Sundaic one. It has 69 genera (67%) in

S.E. Asia by about 20 species, only O. hasselti, its common with Borneo, Sumatra and Java (which have

member with the broadest distribution is recorded 98 genera), while it shares only 48 (47%) genera with from the Salween, and Sawbwa is endemic to Inlé the Salween, 21 (20%) with the Red River and 18

Lake in the Salween basin). (17%) with the Yangtze. Indochinese genera absent

The sharp boundary East of the Salween, the lack from Sundaic waters are the endemic Catlocarpio,

of such a boundary with the Irrawaddy to the West, Henicorhynchus, Longiculter, Mekongina, Scaphog-

and the distinctive genera shared with Brahmaputra nathops, Neacanthopsis, Annamia, Platytropius, Pan-

and Ganges are much more significant than the pres- gasianodon and Heterobagrus, genera shared with the 25

Table 2. Indochinese primary and secondary freshwater familles with their respective numbers of genera

and species.

genera species genera species genera species % of total % of total freshwater

Osteoglossidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Notopteridae 1 3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 Cyprinidae 65 280 20.6 30.1 42.2 48.0

Balitoridae 16 78 5.1 8.4 10.4 13.4

Cobitidae 9 30 2.8 3.2 5.8 5.1

Gyrinocheilidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Bagridae 6 31 1.9 3.3 3.9 5.3

Siluridae 8 24 2.5 2.6 5.2 4.1

Schilbidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Pangasiidae 6 25 1.9 2.7 3.9 4.3 Amblycipitidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Akysidae 3 10 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.7 Sisoridae 10 25 3.2 2.7 6.5 4.3

Clariidae 2 8 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.4

Heteroprieustidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Chacidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Olyridae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Sundasalangidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Aplocheilidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Oryziidae 1 3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5

Indostomidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Nandidae 2 3 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.5

Badidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Anabantidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Belontiidae 6 23 1.9 2.5 3.9 3.9

Helostomatidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Osphronemidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 Lucioœphalidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Channidae 1 9 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.5

Mastacembelidae 2 15 0.6 1.6 1.3 2.6

Chaudhuriidae 1 1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2

Malay Peninsula (Paralaubuca, Probarbus, ‘Puntius’, Rasborichthys, Rohteichthys, Ellopostoma,

Sikukia, Pteropangasius), genera shared with the Sal- ‘Elxis’, Gastromyzon, Glaniopsis, Parhomaloptera,

ween basin and India (Bangana, Cirrhinus, Cyprinion, Protomyzon, Vaillantella, Lepidocephalus,

Danio, Esomus, Raiamas, Balitora, Physoschistura, ‘Pelteobagrus’, Silurichthys Acrochordonichthys, ,

Heteropneustes, Amblyceps, Chaudhuria, Indosto- Breitensteinia, Parakysis, Encheloclarias, Blontia, Pa-

mus; some also present in the Malay Peninsula), and rosphromenus, Sphaerichthys, and Luciocephalus,

montane genera (Hemimyzon, ‘Schistura’, Oreogla- and two genera with members in India and Burma

nis, Acanthorhodeus, Onychostoma, Cobitis) often (Pseudeutropius, Chaca).

with affinities with East Asian species and occuring at

the northern margin of the basin. Malay Peninsula

Sundaic genera unknown in the Mekong/Chao 263 species are known from the Malay Peninsula, of

Phraya basins are the endemic Eirmotus, Nematab- which 40 species (15%) are shared with the Salween, ramis, Oxygaster, Paracrossochilus, Schismatorhyn- 123 (47%) with Chao Phraya, 116 (44%) with the Me- chus 26

kong and 174 (66%) with Borneo, Java, and Suma- Mae Khlong tra. 40 species (15%) are endemic. Of its 94 genera, The Mae Khlong and the Chao Phraya enter the

78 (83%) are shared with Borneo, Sumatra and Java, Gulf of Thailand almost side by side, the distance be-

74 (79%) with Mekong and Chao Phraya and 45 tween their mouths being about 70 km. As could be

(48%) with the Salween. The Malayan ichthyofauna is expected, their faunae are very similar. 102 species distincly Sundaic as it shares with Borneo, Sumatra have been reported from the Mae Khlong basin, 30 and Java many of the genera which distinguish this (29%) of them being shared with the Salween, 84 fauna from the Indochinese one ( Oxygaster, Ellopos- (82%) with the Chao Phraya and 79 (77%) with the toma, Vaillantella, Lepidocephalus, ‘Pelteobagrus’, Malay Peninsula. There are 7 (7%) endemic species

Silurichthys, Acrochordonichthys, Parakysis, Enchel- (‘Puntius ’ somphongsi, Rasbora somphongsi, , 'INema-

* *1 oclarias, Belontia, Parosphromenus, Sphaerichthys, cheilus troglocataractus, Nemacheilussp„ Schistu-

Lucioce-phalus). ra sp., Silurus sp., Macrognathus meklongensis); those

A distinctive feature of the Malayan ichthyofauna is marked by an asterisk have been collected in caves only. the presence of several genera which are elsewhere known only to occur in the Salween, Irrawaddy and Of its 64 genera, 38 (59%) only are shared with the

India but are unknown from the Chao Phraya basin Salween while all but three (Acanthocobitis, Acrochor-

(Microrasbora, Oreichthys [also known from S.E. donichthys, Badis) are shared with the Chao Phraya

Thailand], Batasio). A similar pattern is exhibited by and all but four (Albulichthys, Cirrhinus, Henicorhyn-

Acanthocobitis and Badis which in addition also oc- chus, Sikukia) are shared with the Malay Peninsula. cur in the Mae Khlong basin. According to Roberts Noteworthy is the distribution of Acrochordonichthys

(1985:oral presentation), these distribution patterns rugosus, a species elsewhere known from the Malay could be explained by Quaternary dispersal. As Rob- Peninsula and the Sunda Islands, which reaches its erts has not yet published his observations, it is diffi- nothermost distribution in the Mae Khlong basin. cult to argue on his conclusions. However the fact Also noteworthy is the distribution of Poropuntius that these 'lndian' known from the P. A. species are mostly hampaloides, vernayi, Acanthocobitis botia, zo- northern part of the Malay Peninsula and reached nalternans, and Badis badis. The two Poropuntius various distances southwards seems to support the have a distribution restricted to the Salween and Mae idea of dispersal from the North East as opposed to Khlong basins, A. botia is widely distributed in India vicariance; their absence from the islands of the Sun- and Burma, A. zonalternans and Badis badis also da Shelf could indicate dispersal posterior to the last have a wide distribution from Assam to the Malay Pe- glacial maximum when these islands were connected ninsula. None of them occur in the Chao Phraya. to Malaya. This theory could has well explain the dis- Their present distribution is probably best explained tribution of Indochinese taxa present in Malaysia and by river capture between the Salween and Mae unknown in the Sunda Shelf islands (Paralaubuca, Khlong, but considering the poor state of our knowl-

Probarbus, ‘Puntius’, Raiamas, Sikukia, Pteropanga- edge of the geomorphology of this area, it is not pos- sius, Chaudhuria, Indostomus, Amblyceps). Genera sible to identify which stream(s) or part of stream(s) is present in Sumatra but absent from Borneo (Brachy- involved. All these species are inhabitants of the up- danio, Neolissochilus, Poropuntius) occuring in the per reaches of the rivers.

Malay Peninsula, Indochina and the Salween and Ir- rawaddy basins could be viewed as the result of earli- er dispersal. The distribution of Chaca, which is South East Thailandand South West Kampuchea known from India, Burma, the southern extremity of The coastal streams of South East Thailand and

Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra, could be in- South West Kampuchea are very short and, as could

as the have a fish fauna. terpreted result of a larger range dispersal fol- be expected, quite poor 71 species lowed by extinction in intermediate areas (northern have been reported, 21 (30%) being shared with the

Malay Peninsula, Salween basin). Salween, 46 (65%) with the Mae Khlong, 53 (75%) 27

Table 3. Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera in South and South-East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

1. Ganges, 2. Brahmaputra, 3. Irrawaddy, 4. Salween, 5. Chao Phraya, 6. Mekong, 6A. Upper Mekong

(Lantsang-Jiang), 6B. Middle Mekong (from China - Burma border to Khone Falls), 6C. Lower Mekong

(below Khone Falls), 7. Red River, 8. Yangtze and Nanpan-Jiang, 9. Mae Khlong, 10. Malay Peninsula,

11. Sumatra, 12. Borneo, 13. Java, 14. South-East Thailand and South-West Kampuchea, 15. Annam.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B c

ACIPENSERIDAE

Acipenser X CATOSTOMIDAE

Myxocyprinus X POLYODONTIDAE

Psephurus X

OSTEOGLOSSIDAE

Scleropages X X X X X NOTOPTERIDAE

Notopterus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CYPRINIDAE

Abbottina X X

Acanthobrama X

Acanthorhodeus X X X X X X

Acheilognathus X

Acrossocheilus X X X X

Albulichthys X X X X X X X

Amblypharyngodon X X X X

Amblyrhynchichthys X X X X X X X X

Anabarilius X

Ancherythroculter X

Aphyocypris X

Aristichthys X

Aspidoparia X X X X

Atrilinea X

Balantiocheilos X X X X X X X

Bangana X X X X X X X X

Barbichthys X X X X X X X X X

Barilius X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Brachydanio X X X X X X X X X X X X

Carassioides X

Carassius X

Catla X

Catlocarpio X X X X

Chagunius X X X X

Chela X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Cirrhinus X X X X X X X X X X X

Coreius X

Cosmochilus X X X X X

Crossocheilus X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Ctenopharyngodon X

Culter X X

? Cyclocheilichthys X X X X X X X X X

Cyprinion X X X X X X X

Cyprinus X X X X X

Danio X X X X X X X X X

Danionella X

Diptychus X 28

Table 3 (continued). Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera In South and South- East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B c

Discogobio X

Distoechodon X

Eirmotus X

Elopichthys X X Epalzeortiynchos X X X X X X X

"Epalzeorhynchos" (1) X Erythroculter X X X

Esomus X X X X X X X X X X

Folifer X X

Garra X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Gnathopogon X X

Gobiobotia X X

Gymnocypris X Hampala X X X X X X X X X X

Hemibarbus X X

Hemiculter X X X

Hemiculterella X

Henicortiynchus X X X X X Huigobigo X Hypophthalmichthys X

Inlecypris X

Ischikauia X X

Labeo X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Labiobarbus X X X X X X X X X X X

Leptobarbus X X X X X X X X

Lobocheilos X X X X X X X X X

Longiculter X X X

Luciobrama X X

Luciocyprinus X X X X

Luciosoma X X X X X X X X X

Macrochirichthys X X X X X X X X X

Megabbrama X X

Mekongina X X X

Microphysogobio X X

Microrasbora X X X

Mylopharyngodon X X

Mystacoleucus X X X X X X X X X X X

Nematabramis X

Neobarynotus X X X X X

Neolissochitus X X X X X X X X X X X

Nicholsicypris X X

Ochetobius X X

Onychostoma X X X X X X

? Opsariichthys ? X X

Oreichthys X X X X X X

Osteobrama X X X X

Osteochilus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

? Oxygaster ? ? X X X X

Parabram ¡s X

Paracanthobrama X

Paracheilognathus X

Parachela X X X X X X X X X

Paracrossochilus X

Paralaubuca X X X X X X 29

Table 3 (continued). Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera in South and South- East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B C

Parapelecus X X

Pararhodeus X X

Parasinilabeo X

Parator X X

Parazacco X

Percocypris X X X X

Plagiognathops X X Platysmacheilus X Poropuntius X X X X X X X

Probarbus X X X X X X

Procypris X X Pseudogobio X

Pseudohemiculter X

Pseudolaubuca X

Pseudoperilampus X X

Pseudorasbora ? ? X X

Ptychidio X

Puntioplites X X X X X X X X

Puntius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

"Puntius" (2) X X X X X

Racoma X X X

Raiamas X X X X X X X X X X

Rasbora X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Rasborichthys X X

Rasborinus X X

Rectoris X X

Rhinogobio X

Rhodeus X X X

Rhynchocypris X Rohteichthys X X

Salmostoma X X X X

Sarcocheilichthys X X

Saurogobio X X

Sawbwa X

Scaphognathops X X X

Schismatorhynchus X X

Schizopygopsis X

Schizothorax X X X

Securicula X X

Semilabeo X X

Sikukia X X X X X

Sinibrama X X

Sinilabeo X X

Sinocrossocheilus X

Sinocyclocheilus X Spinibarbus X X "Spinibarbus" (2) X X

Squaliobarbus X X

Thryssocypris X X X

Thynnichthys X X X X X X X

? ? Tor X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Toxabramis X X

Typhlobarbus X

Xenocypris X X 30

Table 3 (continued). Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera in South and South- East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B C

Yaoshanicus X

Zaceo X X

GYRINOCHEILIDAE

Gyrinocheilus X X X X X X X COBITIDAE

Acanthopsoides X X X X X

Acantopsis X X X X X X X X X X X

Botia X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Cobitis X X X X X

Lepidocephalichthys X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Lepidocephalus X X X X

Leptobotia X X

Misgurnus X X X X ? X

Neacanthopsis X X

Neoeucirrhichthys X Pangio X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Somileptes X X BALITORIDAE

Aborichthys X X

Acanthocobitis X X X X X X

Annamia X X ?

Balítora X X X X X X X X X X X

Beaufortia X

Ellopostoma X X

"Elxis" (3) X

Gastromyzon X

Glaniopsis X

Hemimyzon X X X X X X

Heminoemacheilus X

Homaloptera X X X X X X X X X X X

Homatula X X X X

Jinshaia X

Lepturichthys X

Uniparhomaloptera X

Metahomaloptera X

Micronemacheilus X X X

Nemacheilus X X X X X X X X X X

? "Nemacheilus" (2) X X X X X

Neonoemacheius X X X

Oreias X

Oreonecles X

Paranemachilus X

Paraprotomyzon X

Parhomaloptera X

Physoschistura X X X X X X

Prolomyzon X

"Protomyzori" (4) X

Pseudogastromyzon X

Schistura X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

"Schistura" (2) X X X

Sewellia X

Sinogastromyzon X X

Triplophysa X X X

Vaillantella X X X X 31

Table 3 (continued). Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera in South and South- East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B c

Vanmaneráa X X X X

Yunnanilus X X X X X

PSILORHYNCHIDAE

Psilorhynchus X X X BAGRIDAE

Aorichthys X X X

Bagroides X X X X X X X

Batasio X X X X

Chandramara X

Heterobagrus X X X X

Leiocassis X X X X X X X X X

Mystus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Pelleobagrus X X "Pelteobagrus" (2) X X Pseudobagrus X X

Rita X X X X

SILURIDAE

Belodontichthys X X X X X X X

Ceratoglanis X X X X X

Hemisilurus X X X X X

Kryptopterus X X X X X X X X X

Ompok X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Silurichthys X X X X

Silurus X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Wallago X X X X X X X X X X X X X SCHILBIDAE

Ailia X X

Clupisoma X X X X

Eutropiichthys X X X X

Proeutropiichlhys X

Pseudeutropius X X X X X X

Silonia X

PANGASIIDAE

Helicophagus X X X X X

Laides X X X X X X X X

Pangasianodon X X X X

Pangasius X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Platytropius X

Pteropangasius X X X X X

AMBLYCIPITIDAE

Amblyceps X X X X X X X X X

Liobagrus X X AKYSIDAE

Acrochordonichthys X X X X X

Akysis X X X X X X X X X X

Breitensteinia X X

Parakysis X X X CRANOGLANIDIDAE

Cranoglanis X X SISORIDAE

Bagarius X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Conta X X

Coraglanis X X

Erethistes X X X X 32

Table 3 (continued). Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera in South and South- East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B c

Euchiloglanis X X X X X X

Exostoma X X X

Gagata X X X X Glaridoglanis X X

Glyptothorax X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Hara X X X X

Laguvia X ? X

Myersglanis X

Nangra X X X

Oreoglanis X X X X

Pareuchiloglanis ? ? X

Pseudecheneis X X X X X X X X

Pseudexostoma X X

Pseudolaguvia X

Sisor X

CLARIIDAE

Clarias X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Enchebclarias X X

HETEROPNEUSTIDAE

Heteropneustes X X X X X X X X

CHACIDAE

Chaca X X X X X X

OLYRIDAE

Olyra X X X X SERRANIDAE

Coreoperca X X

Siniperca X X

NANDIDAE

Nandus X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Pristolepis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

BADIDAE

Badis X X X X X X

ANABANTIDAE

Anabas X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

BELONTIIDAE

Belontia X X X X

Betta X X X X X X X X X X

Colisa X X X

Ctenops X X

Macropodus X X X

Parasphaerichthys X

Parosphromenus X X X

Sphaerichthys X X X

Trichogaster X X X X X X X X X X

Trichopsis X X X X X X X X X X HELOSTOMATIDAE

Helostoma X X X X X

OSPHRONEMIDAE

Osphronemus X X X X X X X X LUCIOCEPHALIDAE

Ludocephalus X X X CHANNIDAE

Charma X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 33

Table 3 (continued). Distribution of primary and secondary division freshwater fish genera in Southand South- East Asia, between the Ganges and the Yangtze basins.

Genera 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

A B C

MASTACEMBELIDAE

Macrognathus x X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Mastacembelus x X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Rhynchobdella X CHAUDHURIIDAE

Chaudhuria X X X X X X X

Pillaia X

INDOSTOMIDAE

Indostomus X X X X X

Foot-notes:

1 in Wu unnamed Epalzeorhynchos bicornis Wu, et al, 1977 (p.357) represents a new, genus. 2. mentioned in check-list. New, unnamedgenus 3. Elxis obesus (Vaillant, 1902), from Borneo, represents an unnamed genus (pers.obs.; Banarescu & Nalbant,1982; Rita, Banarescu & Nalbant, 1978:185). 4.1 doubt that Protomyzon pachychilus Chen, 1980 (p. 106) and P. sinensis Chen,1980 (p.106) from Guangxi, China, really

belong to the genus Protomyzon, originally described from Borneo (Hora & Jayaram,1950,1951). Direct comparison of

Chinese and Borneo material is needed.

with the Chao Phraya, 54 (76%) with the Mekong Pangio myersi, Leiocassis stenomus). This and 61 (86%) with the Malay Peninsula. There are 5 distribution pattern is probably best explained by the

(7%) endemic species (Rasbora espei, Balitora me- former drainage connections on the Sunda Shelf dur- ridionalis, Schistura kohchangensis, Silurus bokoren- ing Pleistocene glaciations (Molengraaff & Weber, sis, Akysis maculipinnis). 1919; Molengraaff, 1921; Krempf & Chevey,l933; de

Of the 38 genera of this area, 29 (76%) are Beaufort,l9sl). During one or several of the glacial shared with the Salween, 29 (76%) with the Mae maxima, these fishes probably had a continuous dis-

Khlong, 32 (84%) with the Chao Phraya, 34 (89%) tribution over the Sunda Shelf. This distribution has with the Mekong and 36 (95%) with the Malay Pe- been fragmented by the increasing sea level. Their ninsula. absence in the Mekong, Chao Phraya and Mae

The most striking feature is that this small area Khlong basins might be dueto unfavorable ecological bordered by the Gulf of Thailand, the Chao Phraya conditions. Available data on the ecology of single and the Mekong basins has a fish fauna which has species of S.E. Asian fishes are very limited, but all more affinities with the Malay Peninsula, sharing the above mentioned genera and species inhabit with it two genera otherwise known only from the small streams in evergreen forest, usually running

Sunda Islands Vaillantella, Silurichthys). This distri- blackwaters. Their distribution pattern correspond bution pattern is also met in several species or group more or less to the 25° C January isotherm, the 1500 of species (Puntius johorensis, the pair Rasbora mm annual isohyet (0gin0,1967; Geisler et a1. ,1979) hete-romorpha [Malay Peninsula, Sumatra] - R. and to annual temperature variations below 5°C hengeli [S.E. Thailand, S.W. Kampuchea], R. pauci- which are responsible for the presence of evergreen perforata, Homaloptera orthogoniata, Nemacheilus rain forest in S.E. Asia) sensu Lekagul & McNee- masyae, 34

1y,1977) [or tropical rain forest, sensu Whit- grouped in three distinct units, one of them divided

Annam, C.1. more,l9B4] which in turn is responsible for the pres- into two subunits: A. Salween basin, B.

Pe- ence of black waters. Black waters are known as Mekong, Chao Phraya, Mae Khlong, C.2. Malay

factor in - an important ecological limiting South ninsula, South East Thailand South West Kampu-

America and Africa (Roberts,l972). chea.

in A few other patterns involving this area deserve If one wishes to divide the Asian fish fauna re-

this would mention. Scleropages also occurs on the Sunda Is- gions, subregions, districts, etc., corre- lands, the Malay Peninsula and S.E.Thailand, but it spond to the following hierarchy: is also known from Annam. Amblyceps is widely dis- Oriental Region tributed from India to the Mekong basin and the Ma- South Asian Subregion lay Peninsula but has not yet been recorded from Salween basin the Chao Phraya and the Mae Khlong. Oreichthys is [Irrawaddy, Brahmaputra, Ganges and In- recorded from India to the Salween and is also dus basins, Peninsular India] known from the Malay Peninsula. Balitora is record- South-East Asian Subregion ed from India to the Pearl River basin, including the Indochinese District lower Mekong. Mekong basin

Chao Phraya basin

Annam MaeKhbng basin

The fauna of the coastal streams of Annam is fish Sundaic District a depauperate one (and also a very poorly collected Malay Peninsula

includes 34 of which 10 (29%) are one). It species, S.EThalland -S.W.Kampuchea shared with the Salween, 15 (44%) with the Mae [Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulaw- Khlong, 16 with the Chao Phraya, 16 (47%) (47%) esi] with S.E. Thailand, 17 (50%) with the Malay Penin- East Asian Subregion sula and 18 with the 6 (53%) Mekong; species (18%) Annam

endemic Micronema- are (Homaloptera indochinensis, [Red River, Nanpang-Jiang, Yangtze, Tai- cheilus cruciatus, Schistura nasifilis, Sewellia lineol- wan] ata, Cobitis misgurnoides, Pareuchiloglanis poilanei) and all inhabitants of hill streams. Of its 24 are gen- The problem of the exact position of the East-Asian era, 14 (58%) are shared with the adjacent lower Subregion (Oriental Region, vs. Palaearctic Region) and middle 19 with the Red River Mekong, (79%) has not been adressed here and I arbitrarily follow

and 16 (67%) with the Yangtze and Nanpan-Jiang Banarescu (1972b) in assigning it to the Oriental Re- basins. Two are genera (Sewellia, Pareuchiloglanis) gen. endemic and have apparent relationships with Red

River Chinese and genera.

The Annamese fish fauna is essentially constitut- B. INTER-BASIN CONNECTIONS

ed of widely ranging genera, mostly East Asian. The The only large scale attempt to reconstruct the for- genera shared with South East Asia are also mer river courses in continental East Asia is by Gre- known from other basins in East Asia (Cyprinion, gory (1925; Gregory & Gregory, 1923). His conclu-

Garra, Osteochilus, Puntius, Tor, Balitora, Schistu- sions are shown on Fig. 2. According to his view, at

ra, Clarias, Anabas, Channa); the only exceptions a time between post-Oligocene and present, the Up-

connected Red being Scleropages and Chela. per Yangtze was formerly to the

River, the Upper Mekong to the Chao Phraya

(through the present Mae Nam Yom), the Upper Sal-

CONCLUSION ween to the Chao Phraya (through the present Mae

The fish fauna of the Indochinese Peninsula can be Nam Ping), the Upper Irrawaddy to the Sittang, the 35

would Tsangpo to the Chindwin arid lower Irrawaddy. earlier connections with another river, this

head- The present fish fauna supports some of his con- more likely be the Mekong. In the northernmost clusions and contradicts others. The Yangtze - Red waters of the Mae Nam Ping (Ban Na Hwai,

River, Mekong - Chao Phraya, Irrawaddy - Sittang 19°38'N 98°57'E), I collected Rasbora hobelmani and

hobelma- and Tsangpo - Chindwin connections are apparently Physoschistura pseudobrunneana. Rasbora supported by the great affinities of their fish fauna. ni is known only from Ban Na Hwai and possibly (as

This is absolutely not the case for the Salween - Rasbora taytayensis in Hora & Mukerji [1934])

Chao Phraya connection. from the Nam Mae Hsai, a Mekong tributary forming

As shown above, the Salween fish fauna has the border between Thailand and Burma. Physos-

affinities with the Brah- chistura also occurs in the Nam very strong Irrawaddy and pseudobrunneana

Chao Mae and Nam Mae both tributaries of the maputra fauna and no affinities with the Fang Lao,

20 Phraya - Mekong fauna. If the Salween, Chao Nam Mae Kok, a river entering the Mekong about

Ruak of which the Nam Phraya and Mekong had formed the single river sys- km downriver of the Nam tem hypothesized by Gregory (1925; Gregory & Gre- Mae Hsai is a tributary. A possible similar Upper

Mae Nam - Nam Mae Kok is exhibited gory, 1923), then we would expect the three rivers Ping pattern

the to have retain a common fauna (or at least a part by pair Rhinogobius chiengmaiensis-R. mekongia- of their common fauna). nus (Kottelat,l9B4:72l). The distribution of all these

to If the Salween had any connection with rivers sit- species is restricted upper reaches and is more uated East of it, this could be with the Mae Khlong probably due to capture of small order tributaries which has in common with the Sal- some species than to capture of large sections of the main

But ween (see above). this concerns only a small streams. portion of the fauna of both rivers and might be indi- The fish fauna of the upper Mae Nam Nan (one of cative of the of a smaller tributary. only capture the main branches of the Chao Phraya) is charac-

This is also supported by the distribution of two of terized by the presence of two genera (Hemimyzon the concerned and species (Poropuntius hampaloides and ‘Schistura’) which are otherwise unknown in the

P. vernayi) which are known only from the Mae Chao Phraya basin. Hemimyzon includes at least 10

and the Mae Nam Moei tributary of the Khlong (a species occuring from Taiwan to the Salween basin

Salween) basins. Interestingly, Homaloptera bilinea- in China (Kottelat & Chu, 1988b). These fishes inhab-

is known the Mae Nam Moei ta only from (Vinciguer- it mostly high-gradient streams and the undescribed

1890; Kottelat, and has af- ra, unpubl.) very strong species from Mae Nam Nan is the only one known to finities with H. a species known from orthogoniata, occur out of China. Its affinities with any precise the Sunda Islands and Malaya but which I also ex- species (or species group) are not known. ‘Schistura’

to occur in the Mae Khlong (Homaloptera biline- pect includes two species, ‘S.’ atriceps, restricted to the ata had originally and undescribed upper Mae Nam Nan, an species been described as from the "Tenasserim coming from a tributary of the Mekong in Xishuangbanna,

Provinces" which is not the present-day [Blyth,1860] Yunnan (Kottelat, ms.). These distribution patterns

most other species reported from Te- Tenasserim; indicate a former connection between the Mae Nam nasserim by Blyth have also been collected in the Nan and the adjacent Mekong.

Mae Nam Moei and another Schistura cinc- species, Gregory's (1925) hypothese also implies a much ticauda, is also restricted to this basin [Kotteiat, smaller Mekong which interestingly more or less cor- ms.]. responds with the distribution of three of its endemic

Gregory's hypothese of a former connection be- genera (Mekongina, Scaphognathops, Annamia). A tween the Mae Nam Ping and Salween is also con- smaller Mekong would have had a smaller discharge tradicted by an examination of maps and my field and this seems compatible with Workman's (1975:13) observations; there are no topographical indications observations in the present-day Mekong delta. Work- to this connection. If the Mae Nam Ping had support man observed that the shallow depth to bedrock (15 Fig. 2. a, Existing river system of South-East Asia; b, The post-Himalayan river system hypothesized by Gregory (1925).

The existing rivers are: a Ganges, b, Brahmaputra - Tsangpo, c, Chindwin, d, Irrawaddy, e, Sittang, f, Salween, g,

Chao Phraya, h, Mae Nam Ping, i, Mae Nam Yom, k, Mekong, I, Red River, m Nanpang-Jiang, n, Yangtse. 37

Phnom and oí bedrocks would have liked, decided to have them included m at Penh) many outcrops I I

here in older (including one at the point of the delta itself) shows as they bring some new insights discus- that over most of the delta there is only a thin cov- sions.

er of alluvium. Only in the plain below Phnom Penh is

South-East Asia of for fresh- there a great thickness of alluvium. One drill-hole a. as a center origin

fishes. near the mouth penetrated 563 m of unconsolidated water

Quaternary alluvia without reaching the bedrock. South-East Asia has traditionally been seen as the

of In- The Great Lake (Tonié Sap) basin has only a thin 'center of origin' of the freshwater fish fauna

manttle of alluvia and bedrock appears through dia (e.g. Banarescu & Nalbant,1982:26). Darlington

and considered that them in a number of places. (1957:100) Briggs (1979) Ostari-

This alluvium thickness shows that the present ophysi originated in tropical Asia and dispersed to

Mekong delta either has a young history or that a Africa, Europe, North and South America. major part of the Mekong discharge was not reach- Most of the authors who shared this concept of

ing the South China Sea through its present delta at South-East Asian center of origin did not provide evi-

dence references such evidences. For some time of its history. or to example,

For comparison, the Tertiary of Fang [the Mae Menon (1987:20) flatly states 'It is a well-known fact

Nam Fang is now a tributary of the Mae Nam Kok, that the centre of origin and dispersal of the cypri-

itself a tributary of the Mekong in northernmost noid fishes is in South-East Asia, most probably in

Hora Thailand] basin exceeds 1000 m in thickness, and in- South China' refering to a paper by (1949)

which does not exist [a with a different title cludes Oligocene and Miocene-Pliocene sediments. paper

2 but same numbers (Hora, 1949a) does not con- The Chao Phraya plain, about 60,200 km , consists page

tain mention to this 'well known fact']. of thick Cenozoic sediments. A drilling penetrated any A wide of zoogeographical hypothesis have about 2000 m without reaching the basement. The array

been based on this 'well-known fact'. As do not Gulf of Thailand extends about 800 km from the del- they

concern the evolution of the freshwater fish taic plain near Bangkok and has a shallow flat bot- directly

fauna of the Indochlnese peninsula, I shall not discuss tom, 86 m at the deepest. Sediment thickness proba-

them in detail. However, it seems useful to see which bly exceeds 6 km (Kobayashi, 1984:30).

incidence recent work on Indochinese fishes might

have on these theories.

There is no evidence that Asia, C. HEURISTIC COMMENTS ON SOME ICH- presently tropical

THYOGEOGRAPHICAL THEORIES INVOLVING South-East Asia or Yunnan would be the 'center of

of or other SOUTH - EAST ASIA origin' cyprinolds any Ostariophysi [if

'centers of origin' do exist at all, a rejected This chapter includes some brief comments (some- concept

by several authors, e.g. Croizat et al., 1974], This time quite subjective or provocative, I recognize)

seems to be based only on the axiom that the area which arose as I was working on zoogeography of In-

of taxonomie diversity of a of dochinese fishes. Most of them would deserve more greatest group organ-

isms is the area of origin of that of organisms detailed discussion. For various reasons, this is not group (Darlington,1957:31). Briggs (1979) also considers presently possible. These reasons are the lack of

the Oriental Region as the center of origin of ostari- basic data (especially in the fields of phytogeny, geo- ophysans by adopting Matthew's (1915) dispersal morphology and geology), the difficulty met in using theory that the most advanced species would be the available data on fish taxonomy and distribution

found at the center of origin with the more conserva- in some area (especially language problems with

tive or primitive species the farthest from it Chinese and Vietnamese literature), the secretive

(Briggs,1974) [Brundin (1975:20) defends a diametri- distribution of some works, the very low standards cally opposed concept]. This is not the place to dis- prevailing in some areas and, sorrily, the lack of

cuss the possible existence of 'centers of the time. Even if these comments are not as polished as origin', 38

(usually empirical) ways to recognize them or the contributed various pieces to this theory (Biswas & centrifuge vs centripede attribute of primitive vs. de- Sampatkumaran,1949; Jayaram,1949a-e; Men- rived taxa. I just want to comment that South-East on,1951 ; Roonwal & Nath, 1949; Silas,1952). Hora

Asia as understood by most of these authors is not also spoke ot 'waves of fish migration' from North- precisely defined but includes most of the Indochinese East India to the Peninsula, a 'concept' also used by area as well as South China. From the point of view Menon (1964,1987) to explain distribution of Garra of present ostariophysan faunae, this area consists and nemacheilines. There is no geological support for of three very distinct units with almost nothing in Hora's Satpura hypothesis (Auden,1949; Dey, 1949; common (grossly corresponding to the Salween, Me- Mani,1974). The theory is discussed and negated at kong and Red River basins), suggesting that the length by Kurup (1974) and Mani (1974 [Mani quali- three faunae evolved without contact for a long fied it as a 'flight of fancy']). time. Considering this trichotomy, the whole area I agree with de Beaufort (1951) and Mani (1974) cannot be accepted as a potential 'center of origin'. who consider that the disjunct pattern of distribution

Taken separately, these units no longer give this im- including North-East India on the one hand and South pression of great taxonomie diversity. If the mas- India on the other is better explained as the rem- sive dispersal events postulated by some authors nants of an older wider distribution and not of recent had happened, I would expect that there still would migration. The long list of taxa having disjunct rang- be some evidence of it and that the borders between es in Assam and Peninsular India provided by Silas these units would not be so sharp. (1952) and Menon (1973) all fall in this category. In

this context, Sarasin's (1910) theory that these dis- The diversity observed by earlier authors is prob-

junct are the result of extinction due to the ably better explained as three distinct but adjacent ranges Cretaceous to Eocene Deccan volcanism might still faunae; an additional factor, recent geological histo-

be very plausible. ry (especially Himalayan orogeny), played an impor- In addition to this general considerations, it is also tant role in the speciation and evolution of groups in-

worth having a closer look at the fishes which in- habiting mountain streams (Cobitidae, Balitoridae,

spired the theory. To support the 'Satpura hypothe- Sisoridae, various cyprinid genera like Garra, Cy- sis', Hora and his followers mentionedthe distribution prinion, Onychostoma, etc.). of various taxa of fishes which have discontinuous

in South-East Asia and Peninsular India and b. Satpura hypothesis ranges

which are restricted to To account for the discontinuous distribution of supposedly hill-streams: Mys-

tacoleucus, Osteochilus, Schismato- some hill-stream fishes between North-East India Thynnichthys,

rhynchus, Schizothoracinae, Balitorinae (as Homa- and Peninsular India, Hora (1944, 1948, 1949a-e,

1950,1951,1953) coined what he called the 'Satpura lopteridae), Silurus, Batasio, Gagata (H0ra,1949d). Among them, Schizothoracinae and Balitorinae only hypothesis'. Hora thought that these specialized fish-

are restricted to montane habitats and the other do es evolved in the mountainous area of Yunnan and

not provide support to the postulated existence of a Indochina and dispersed fully developed to Peninsular

former mountain India. According to Hora, these specialized animals range. Additionally, Mystacoleucus,

Osteochilus, Schismator- hynchus and Gagata as could only migrate along a mountain range. As the

understood by Hora are not natural units. The Indian lowlands between Garo Hills and Rajmahal Hills

species of ‘Mystacoleucus ' belongs to Rohtee and has (which Hora called the Garo-Rajmahal Gap) would

apparently no affinities with Mystacoleucus be an unsurmontable obstacle, Hora imagined a com-

(5mith,1945:127; Chu & Kottelat, in press); the same plex geological history involving the rising of a moun-

to the Indochinese ‘Rohtee’ of Silas tain range [at least 1500-1800 m with a mean annual applies

(1952:431) which are true Mystacoleucus. Indian rainfall of 2150 mm and tropical evergreen forest] in

‘Osteochilus’ to the unrelated the Miocene-Pleistocene which disappeared after the belong genera Osteoch-

ilichthys and Kantaka which Hora (1942) had fish had migrated from Yunnan. Hora's collaborators pro- 39

The Indian Nalbant considered that the Indian, In- posed as subgenera (Karnasuta, 1982:13). (1968,1982)

Asian to ‘Schismatorhynchus’ has been placed in the subge- dochinese and East Oreonectes belong

three each of them restricted to a nus Nukta by Hora (1942); at the moment, there is subgenera, single

data from Sawada and no evidence that they belong to the same genus; I area; available (1982:189)

of material of these three have examined material of both taxa and Schimato- my examination

that characters used to de- rhynchus heterorhynchus seems to be closely related 'subgenera' indicate the

fine them to Lobocheilos while Nukta seems to have affinities are either plesiomorphic or parallelisms.

which Banarescu & Nalbant with Labeo s.l. Their placement in the same genus is The affinities (1968,

character 'notched' observed between Indian nemacheilines and obviously based on a single (the 1982)

Nemacheilus binotatus from Thailand is not snout) which is found in several genera of Labeoinae support-

Indochinese nemachei- (Garra, Lobocheilos) and in Gyrinocheilus. The Indo- ed by my recent revision of

lines The Assamese Mesonoema- nesian Gagata actually is a Glyptothorax (Weber & (Kottelat, ms.).

de Beaufort, 1921:71; pers.obs.). I have not had the cheilus reticulofasciatus as described and illustrated

Banarescu et and Men- opportunity to examine the Indian species of Thyn- by Sing & (in Singh al., 1982)

has similarities with Schistura vinci- nichthys, but I suspect that it is not a true Thynnich- on (1987) great

illustrations in Hora, thys. guerrae (see description and

This is for For the strictly montane Balitorinae and Schizo- 1935 and Kottelat, ms.). especially true

which has no affinities with the thoracinae of South India, Hora (1955) propose a the colour pattern

of the Meso- radically other theory, but without any mention of remaining (South Indian) species genus his 'Satpura hypothesis'. This time, he concluded noemacheilus. Among the characters listed by Bana-

Menon that Lepidopygopsis (the only non-Hymalayan Schiz- rescu & Nalbant (in Singh et al., 1982) and

all othoracinae), Bhavania and Travancoria (the two (1987) as diagnostic for Mesonoemacheilus, are

the and endemic and monotypic genera of South Indian Bali- shared by other genera, except conspicuous

distinctive colour torinae) evolved about 120,000 years ago in South pattern.

India after the Indian continent had tilted, elevating

distribution in the Western Ghats, creating heavy rainfalls and c. Plate tectonics and fish South,

torrential conditions. He did not provide any geologi- South-East and East Asia

cal evidence and did not discuss the potential ances- Novacek & Marshall (1976) proposed an alternative

and of tors of these genera. This theory has apparently theory for the origin biogeographic history os-

model. never been discussed and as it is apparently not tariophysans based on a plate tectonic They

substantiated by the slightest evidence, I merely suggested that Ostariophysi originated in what is

into mention it. Lepidopygopsis is known only from Peri- now South America where they diverged primi-

and is tive and Siluriformes which then dis- yar Lake in Kerala (Raj,1941 ; Jayaram,1981) Cypriniformes

there apparently not relevant for a discussion of adapta- persed to western Africa; from they diverged

tion to torrential life. and dispersed to Europe and Asia. Using this model,

Recently, Banarescu & Nalbant (1982) added South-East Asian ostariophysan would have arrived

Pristole- West Asia. and Marshal some taxa to the list of Satpura migrants: through Europe or Novacek

the pis, Botia, Nemacheilus, Oreonectes and Mesonoe- based they discussion on phylogeny proposed by

macheilus. Pristolepis and Botia also fall into the Rosen & Greenwood (1970):

category of the lowland fishes which would not need Superorder Ostariophysi

a mountain range to migrate. Pristolepis belongs to Series Anotophysi

the family Nandidae which has a disjunct range in- Order Gonorhynchiformes

cluding South America (Monocirrhus, Polycentrus), Suborder Chanoidei

West Africa (Afronandus, Polycentropsis), India and Suborder Gonorhynchoidei

South-East Asia (Nandus), thus strongly indicative Series Otophysi

of an older Gondwanan distribution. Banarescu & Order Cypriniformes 40

Suborder Characoidei take into account recent trends and developments in

Superfamily Characoidea geology, like plate tectonics. Most of the available

Superfamily Gymnotoidea works are merely descriptive stratigraphy and

Suborder Cyprinoidei structural morphology and hardly provide useful

Order Siluriformes data for biogeographic studies. Extensive geological

An other phytogeny, proposed by Roberts (1973) surveys have been conducted in several areas, but

differs slightly: the results are difficult or impossible to obtain as

Superorder Ostariophysi they are classified data, be it for political or com-

Order Gonorhynchiformes mercial reasons. Some national geographic treat-

Suborder Chanoidei ments are available (e.g. Kobayashi, 1984 for Thai-

Suborder Gonorhynchoidei land; Burton, 1970 and Gobbett & Hutchison,1973 for

Order Cypriniformes Malaya; Workman, 1972,1975 for eastern Thailand,

Suborder Characoidei Laos, Kampuchea and southern Viet Nam; Bend-

Superfamily Characoidea er,1983 for Burma; Baum et al., 1970 for northern

Superfamily Gymnotoidea Thailand, Hamilton,1979 for Indonesia) but no one

Suborder Cyprinoidei deals with the area as a whole. Additionally, a great

Superfamily Cyprinoidea number of data and informations are not concordant

Cobitoidea Superfamily for adjacent areas. A summary of the available

Suborder Siluroidei data relevant to the present discussion follows:

More recently, Fink & Fink (1985) proposed a phy- At about 180 Ma [Ma: mega-year or 1.000.000 in from earlier togeny differing some major points hy- years], Pangea broke up into Laurasia (Eurasia,

potheses: Greenland and North America) and Gondwana

Superorder Ostariophysi (South America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Aus-

Series Anotophysi tralia, Antarctica, etc.). Laurasia then broke up by

Order Gonorhynchiformes the separation of North America from Greenland

Series Otophysi and of both from Eurasia. This resulted in closing the

Subseries Cypriniphysi Tethys Ocean that had lain between Gondwana and

Order Cypriniformes Laurasia in Triassic time. This closure resulted in a

Subseries Characiphysi series of collisions between the northern edge of Af-

Order Characiformes rica, Arabia, Iran and India with the southern edges

Order Siluriformes of Eurasia (Audley-Charles et al., 1981:22).

Siluroidei Suborder Audley-Charles et al. (1981) present a series of

Suborder Gymnotoidei maps drawn at 20 Ma intervals from late Triassic

Plate tectonics and fish phytogeny are two fields (200 Ma) to the present showing the fragmentation of very active researches in which major new hy- and dispersal of Gondwana into the fragments potheses can still be expected at any time. We are known today: Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, India, only beginning to understand the complexity of the Australia/New Guinea, New Zealand, Antarctica evolution of the continents and all proposed phyto- and South America. They show the whole Indochi-

suffer modifications. How- genies are likely to major nese area as part of Laurasia, a point of view no

the ever, comments on biogeography of some groups longer followed by Audley-Charles (1987 [see be- and areas seem justified. low]). Africa, Arabia, India, Australia/New Guinea

New moved and Zealand northwards and India sep- c.1. Geological background arated from Antarctica-Australia and Africa and

There are few publications giving an idea of the geo- South America at about 140 Ma. The northward

of logical history and palaeogeography Indochina and movement of India was slow until about 80 Ma then surrounding areas. Several are outdated and do not increased until its contact with Laurasia about 55 41

Ma. Australia/New Guinea collided Asia between 15 the middle Eocene (52 Ma). It resulted in about 2000 and 5 Ma (Audley-Charles.1981:27). km of N-S crustal shortening within continental Eura-

Africa started to break from South America at sia. India drifted northwards with a mean velocity of

1 52-56 the about 120 Ma (Audley-Charles et al., 1981:14), but 15-20 cm y" until 52 Ma, then between Ma

and northwards the Atlantic Ocean was not entirely opened until motion became erratic the velocity

1 middle Turanian (about 89 Ma). But in lower Turani- was reduced to <10 cm y' . Finally, from 36 Ma to

connection be- the stable northward direc- an (about 91-90 Ma), there was a present, India resumed a

1 and Atlantic. At that West Af- tion at rate of <5 The 52 Ma tween Tethys time, a cm y" . velocity drop rica was still connected with South America but and the erratic behaviour of India are interpreted as

separated from the rest of Africa (Rey- the onset of collision (Patriat & Achache,1984).

ment,1975:15-16, figs.5-6). In eastern Indochina, according to Workman (1975:

The NW continental margin of Australia/New 8), in middle Carboniferous, an enlarged stable block

Guinea was block-faulted about 150-130 Ma to form (called Annamia) came into existence; it covered

much a new continental margin. The continental block that central and southern Viet Nam, of eastern

is believed to have separated from Australia/New and central Laos and possibly most of NE Thailand

Guinea had not been identified by Audley-Charles et and northern and eastern Kampuchea. It is believed

incursion of al. (1981). Audley-Charles (1983:49) proposed a dif- to have remained a land-mass with shelf

ferent reconstruction of eastern Gondwana, taking and lagoonal seas, from the middle of Carboniferous

into account geological and palaeontological data onwards. Around this land-mass, intermittent marine

and the limited available palaeomagnetic data for sedimentation continued in the upper Palaeozoic and

South-East Asia. This interpretation differs from Triassic. By the middle of the Jurassic, there was a

former ones in that Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Ti- large land mass (called Indosinia) extending over

Viet eastern bet, Indochina, Turkey and Iran were parts of Gond- what is now Kampuchea, Laos, Nam,

wana instead of Laurasia. Thailand as well as over parts of the present day

In late Triassic, Iran/North Tibet/Indochina had shelf seas to the South and East. This land has re-

moved northwards and collided with Asia (Mitch- mained essentially unchanged as a structural unit

ell,1981; Audley-Charles, 1987) and an ocean (Teth- until now. There were no major marine incursions

ys II) had opened between them and South Tibet/ from the Liassic to the Tertiary and no major folding

Burma/Malaya. South Tibet/Burma/Malaya/ since lower Jurassic. Large areas of Indosinia were

Sumatra/Borneo rifted from Australia/New Guinea covered by an inland sea during upper Mesozoic.

in mid to late Jurassic [180-150 Ma] (Audley- Workman's figures 3 shows four consolidated land-

Charles, 1987: fig. 2.2) and reached their approxi- masses resulting from Pre-Cambrian to Hercynian

mate present position by 40-30 Ma (Audley- foldings: Annamia, "Red River" (occupying the part

Charles,1987: figs.2.7-2.8). They were apparently of Viet Nam North of Red River), Sichuan and Indian above sea level. subcontinent.

According to Buffetaut & Martin (1985), a latest The Cenozoic palaeogeography of the Philippines

possible date for the establishment of a land connec- remains uncertain and can only be described in spe-

tion between the Indochina fragment and Laurasia is culative terms. Audley-Charles (1981:34) favoured

late Triassic as supported by the discovery in Thai- a model regarding the western parts as fragments

land (Martin & Ingavat, 1982) of the fossil lungfish rifted away from the continental margin of South

Ptychoceratodus cf. szechuanensis, closely related China during late Mesozoic while the eastern parts

be to a form from South China. This supports the re- are considered to an intraoceanic arc that collided

construction by Liu et al (1985) which shows the In- with the rifted fragments during the Oligocene. The

dochina block attached to South China as early as best available evidence seems to suggest that some

the Permian. Philippine volcanoes might have been above sea level

The collision of India with Eurasia began before for about 140 Ma (about late Jurassic), when they 42

were close to the Asian continent; other volcanoes Antarctica, Madagascar). As already noted by and associated islands may have been above sea Briggs (1979), 'if Gondwanaland did exist, Madagas- level for 70 Ma (late Mesozoic). car and Australia must have been isolated by epi-

continental seas [...] to prevent invasion by freshwa- c.2. An alternative hypothesis for ostariophysan bio- ter fishes'. Alternative and/or complementary geographic history explanations could include marine transgressions and

It is not possible to postulate an hypothesis to ex- climatic factors (e.g. ice sheets) which prevent dis- plain the evolution and distribution of the Ostario- persal or eradicate the existing fauna. physi which is at the same time congruent with the If marine transgressions similar to the one report- available geological information and any of the phy- ed by Reyment (1975 [see above]) for the middle Tu-

data South logenetical reconstruction. My on and ranian existed earlier (or any other important barrier

East Asian Ostariophysi show that there are three to ostariophysan dispersal), there would be a simple distinct fish faunae: an Indian (India, Irrawaddy, Sal- explanation to the absence of Characiformes in ween) one, a South-East Asian (Chao Phraya, Me- Asia and the absence of Cypriniformes in South kong, Sunda Islands) one and a Chinese (China and America. Such a barrier would allow Cypriniformes

also These Red River) one (see Chu, 1986). three to differentiate in a part of present-day Africa in faunae correspond to three plates with very distinct contact with India and Laurasia while Characi- histories: China (as palaeocontinent Qingzangindia) formes would differentiate in a part of present-day has been part of Laurasia since at least Trias (i.e. Africa in contact with South America. If the two before the break up of Pangea) (Wang, 1984), India parts came into contact after the drift of India and and South-East Asia of South are adjacent fragments America, the two orders would have the pos-

Gondwana which rifted at different times. This could sibility to disperse through the whole Africa. indicate that some families were already present To accomodate with this scenario, Siluriformes and differentiated on the three plates at the time of would need to be about as old as Cypriniformes, or the Gondwana. break up of These families are those to be able to disperse through marine environment. which now occur in Africa and South and/or East A Gondwanian origin has already been proposed

Asia: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Bagridae, Schilbidae for the freshwater snails of the family Pomatiopsi- and Clariidae among ostariophysans and Notopteri- dae. Davis (1979, 1982) explains their distribution dae, Aplocheilidae, Cichlidae, Nandidae, Anabanti- and history as a succession of vicariance and dis- dae, Channidae and Mastacembelidae among non- persal, vicariance accounting for their presence in ostariophysans. The isolation of the different ele- South America, South Africa, Australia and India, ments could also the existence explain of many dispersal accounting for their presence in South-East small families restricted to an area more or less cor- and East Asia, and from there in North America.

to of Davis' scenario differs from responding one or more the fragments hypothe- my ostariophysan scen- sized by Audley-Charles (1987): Gyrinocheilidae, ario in two main points:

Amblycipitidae, Akysidae, Heteropneustidae, Chaci- - South-East Asia did not play a role in 'carrying' dae and Olyridae among ostariophysans and Indos- some Gondwanian elements. Information on the tomidae, Badidae, Helostomatidae, Osphronemidae, Gondwanian origin of South-East Asia became

and Chaudhuriidae Luciocephaiidae among non- available only recently and Davis (1982) could ostariophysans. only include a comment on Ridd's (1980) paper in a

The major possible objection to such an hypothesis foot note, commenting that the early accretion of is that it postulates that some families and genera South-East Asia with mainland Asia does not alter were already present in Africa when South-East his scenario for the introduction of Pomatiopsidae

Asia began to drift northwards (180-150 Ma) while to Asia from the Indian plate. they are not present in the other parts of Gondwa- - Dispersal, and especially passive dispersal, played

which rifted na later (South America, Australia, a very important role in the history of the aquatic 43

Rasbo- in Rasbora instead of other snails, while its role seems less important for ra guangzhouensis any

with 7 branched dorsal most ostariophysans. genus of small cyprinid rays

and 5 branched anal rays. Mystus dalungshanensis d. Fossils and M. spinipectoralis are compared with Pseudoba-

et al. The few known ostariophysan fossils are of almost grus virgatus only but placed in Mystus. Wang

discussed at no use in a discussion of ostariophysan biogeogra- (1981) apparently length ostariophysan

but their has not been phy. The oldest fossil Siluriformes has been found in biogeography, argument

that the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of Bolivia (de translated. In the English summary, they state

the first 'in Laurasia Land in the Muizon et al., 1983; see Grande,1987), the oldest Cy- cyprinids appeared

south-east Asia in Tertiary.' They priniformes in the lower Eocene of Europe (Patter- of the early

fact that son,1975) and Sumatra (Sanders, 1934) and Paleo- based their conclusion on the the Guang-

and the oldest the oldest known fossils, cene of China (Wang et al., 1981) dong fossils are cyprinid cy-

Characiformes in the Upper Cretaceous of Bolivia prinids are the most primitive lineage among Cyprini-

the statement 'in the early (Gayet, 1982a). Gayet (1981) described Lusitanich- formes and by enigmatic

in the Laurasia land of Asia, thys characiformis as a Characiformes from the Tertiary, south-east

condition for Cenomanian (97-91 Ma) of Portugal; in 1982, she de- the existed desirable paleozoographical

of There scribed Ramallichthys orientalis as a Gonorhynchi- the growth Cyprinidae'. are obviously lingu-

the Cenomanian of Is- istic and think that it would be unfair to formes or Cypriniformes from problems I

discussion the of this ab- rael (Gayet,1982b) and Mollinichthys inopinatus as discuss their on basis poor

state a primitive cyprinid from the Cretaceous of Bolivia stract only. I just wish to my disagreement

(Gay et, 1982c). Fink et al. (1984) considered that with one at least of their statements: the presence

is of the oldest known fossils in South-East Mollinichthys is not a teleost, Ramallichthys not a cyprinid is member of the Otophysi and Lusitanichthys prob- Asia does not demonstrate that this is the area of

not ably a Cypriniformes. origin of the group. Asia does not demonstrate that

et al. (1981) described several fossils from Wang this is the area of origin of the group. the Paleocene of Sanshui, Guangdong Province, Chi-

Ras- na. Three of them belong to Osteochilus, one to bora and two to Mystus. These genera are known

have mainly from South-East or South Asia but all BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Maurice Kottelat,

Zoologische Staatssammlung,

Münchhausenstr. 21,

D-8000 München 60, Received: 12 January 1989.

Deutschland. Distributed: 26-V-1989