COLONIAL REPORTS-ANNUAL
No. 1572
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE GAMBIA, 1931
(For Report for 1929 see No. 1506 (Price is.) and for Report for IQ$O see No. rjtj (Price is.))
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COLONIAL OFFICE CONFERENCE, 1930. Summary of Proceedings- [Cmd. 3628.1 2s. (2s. 2dX Appendices to the Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. 3629.J 3s. (3s. 3d.). COLONIAL OFFICE CONFERENCE, 1927. Summary of Proceedings. [Cmd. 2883.1 Is. 3d. (Is. id.). Appendices to the Sumninry of Proceedings. [Cmd. 2884.J 4s. 6d. (4s. lOd.). SYSTEM OF APPOINTMENT IN THE COLONIAL OFFICE AND IN THE COLONIAL SERVICES. Report of n Committee appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. [Cmd. 3664.] l*.(ls.ld.). REPORT OF THE SECOND IMPERIAL MYCOLOGICAL CONFERENCE, 1929. [Colonial No. 46.] 1*. 6d. (1*. 7d.). EMPIRE CONFERENCE OF SURVEY OFFICERS, 1928. Report of Proceedings. [Colonial No. 41.] 12s. (12s. 6d.). EAST AFRICA COMMISSION. Report. [Cmd. 2387.] 3s. 6d. (3s. 9d./. MALAYA, CEYLON, AND JAVA. Report by the Kt. Hon. W. 0. A. Ormsby Gore on his visit during the year 1928. [Cmd. 3235.] 4*. 6d. (4*. Od.). WEST AFRICA. Report by the Hon. W. G. A. Ormsby Gore, M.P., on his visit during the year 1026. [Cmd. 2744.] 3$. 6d. (3s. 9d.). PAPERS RELATING TO THE HEALTH AND PROGRESS OF NATIVE POPULATIONS IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE EMPIRE. [Colonial No. 66.] 3s. (3s. 3d.). HONG KONG CURRENCY. Report of a Commission appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, May, 1931. [Cmd. 3932.] Is. (Is. 2d.). CLOSER UNION IN EAST AFRICA, Joint Select Committee on. H.C. 166. Vol. I.—Report and Proceedings ... Is. 6d. (Is. 8d>. Vol. II.—Minutes of Evidence £110«. (£110s. 9d.). Vol. III.—Appendices 4s. Gd. (4s. lid.). REPORT AND PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE OF COLONIAL DIRECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, JULY, 1931. [Colonial No. 67.] Is. 3d. (Is. 6d.). CONSTITUTION OF CEYLON. [Cmd. 3862.1 Is. 6d. (U 8d.). INFORMATION AS TO THE CONDITION AND COST OF LIVING IN THE COLONIES, PROTECTORATES AND MANDATED TERRITORIES. [Colonial No. 66.] 3s. (3s. 3d.). FINANCIAL SITUATION OF BRITISH GUIANA. Report of a Commission appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. [Cmd. 3938.] 1*. (Is. 2d.). MALTA ROYAL COMMISSION, 1931. Report. [Cmd. 3993.] 3s. 6d. (3s. lid.). Minutes of Evidence. [Colonial No. 68.] 5s. (5s. 9d.). 'IRAQ. Special Report by H.B.M. Government to the Council of the League of Nations on the Progress of, during the period 1920-1931. [Colonial No. 68.] 6s. 6d. (6s. lid.).
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Obtainable from the Sale Offices of HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, At Addressee shown on the Front Cover, or through any Bookseller. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGB.
Chapter I. History, Geography and (Tunat* ... I.
do. II. Government ...... 0.
do. Ill* Population ...... 7.
do. IV. Health ...... 9.
do. V, Housing ...... 10.
do. VI. Production ...... IK
do. VII, Commurctf ...... 13,
do. VIII. \Vugo> Mini (NISI of Living ...... 17.
do. IX. Education mid Welfare Institution* ... 19.
do. X. Commiuiioatiou* and Transport ... .. 22.
do. XI. Ranking, Currency. Weights and Mea«§ur«* 25.
do. XII. Public-. Work, ...... 26.
do. XIII. •Ititfticc ami Pulitv ...... 30.
do, XIV. Legislation ...... 35.
do. XV. Public. Fiir.niw, mid Tnxation ... 37.
do. XVI. Land and Survf\ ...... 40.
Appendix ...... 42. Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Gamfcia 1931.
Cihptkk I. lhsioKY. (! i: In iin» .(Hit, I llli, 12th and rciiiures the A:\MU a'-ipund n.ai rccoi ded a good deal if illfofma• ft*p ah,a. tlie inlci 1 >r of \Ye*t A frica. l;ut I ho cartography of Senegambia remained >ii|l a Maid' s* ni;h « i ! e (ic/.ola or (ie data Tuareg of the Scguiei-el-i lam/a ( Wadi Tiwga j \s\\'\\ the (ienoese (iiovunni di Caringnano made h.V p!ani>pl in 1 in ill' I2i!i tvu\ Kith centuries, however, the mimerou* fb ••vish t nullity communities which Ira led mainly in gold from MIC'I cut ITS as Tuat and Nul I^amta (Wadi I/iaa) south to Melli ( Uambuk > and beyond, had acjiiird so much information about tin* Western Sudan and Sahara 111:if tin- map* of the cartographer* of Majorca ns, lor instauee. the pl;ui'«pliikiv of Angclino Duleert ( Majorca) l:\VJ and that of the converted Jew Mccia d<* Viladc 1 name XVelakaf hoth being derived from the Berber N'^ !, N'jfsir, or X'gir with Berber ending ~ek or -ik. Angrlico Duleert .^hows5 to the south of the coast region called A ba"h, a people called Felle who arc probubly identical with the Cde of Yilade>tes, i.e.. Fnlbo. Though IMionedaii sndors from (iadeira (('adiz; are said to h:ive traded down the West .Coast of Africa, the lirst recorded Kuropean exploratory expedition to the (iambia by sea was liia* of the (tcnooM* Anionic Uso liniaie, who, on tin* 1 2th December, 1 wrote to his relative;; that he had " gone 8(H) leagues further than any otln r Christian" and had navigated his 4 caravel* as far as the (ir.mba (Gambia). Csodimare had left Genoa about tin* time of tin* death of the King of Spain, John II of Castile in 1434* at a time when the Spaniards we're BUM' protesting to 1 lie* Pope against the 1'ortiigm^r. expeditions to tape Hogador and beyond, but U^odimaro's im civets or *ymputhtes led him to take back to Lisbon an envov from a (fambian el.ief, and agree to make1 a *ee?md voyage to the (tambia an an vtivuy of the King of PortngaK Alphon^o \\ ml In the letter above quoted, he remarks that he is to sail again in ten days from Lisbon. Ho also say8 that the envoy from the Gambian chief was a descendant of a Portuguese sailor who had been •uved from one of the ships of the Vivaldi Expedition whieh had been lo-? about 1 70 years before, i.e.. in 12*.**. {'sodiumre related his adventures "in the land of Badomcl " < i.e.. liii- land of the BMI* Dumeh to the Venetian CaMa Mosto. The latter, on the 22nd March, set out on board a Portuguese •caravel \ supplied by Prince Henry the Navigator, to make further explorations in Senegambia. (Vda Mosto records that the King of the tlolofs at this time %% was called Zuclioliii *\ CaMa Mosto disembarked at Cayor, ••the palm beach of Bur Dinner'. At the town of the * Bishoror\ the nephew of the king. CaMa Mosto was entertained. The Bur Dumel was a professing Muhanimedan at this time. The dolof kingdom is said by (Vda Mosto to have extended east as far as the country of the Fulbe and the Tueolor. South of the Kingdom of doal and north of the Gambia was the country of the Barbasines. Their King lived in the interior in a fortitied town called dagaon (Jago) in place of the former capital MM>is>el in Sine west of Kaolaek. CaMa Mosto also disembarked on an island in the estuary of the Gambia which he ••ailed the Me of St. Andrew* after the christian name of a sailor who was buried there. (hi proceeding further CaMa Mosto was told that tin* country belonged to King Furisangal ( Bur Senegal) a vassal of the Bur Melli. Twenty leagues south of the Gambia ( U>0 miles) CaMa Mosto met the Casa Mansa. but before1 making this journey he records that he went <>0 leagues (240 miles) *• to the south M in the kingdom of the •Battimansa\ The word •youth* however, here does not mean ••directly south*, but south east. The Batthnansa was the King of the •'Baddi-bff\ between the Bintang (reck and Kantora. Almost at 'ho same time as CaMa Mosto's visit to the Gambia, it was visited by Diago (bane/ who also mentions the k Farisangul ' (Bur Senegal). Guided by a certain Backer (BUIT) Gomez visited Kantora. It was believed by these travellers that the Senegal and Gambia were two months of one river enclosing the ••delta of the Nile of GaiV\ The two rivers are so shown on a Venetian map of that period. According to Paeheo Pereira, the chief commercial centre of Kantora at this time was called Sutuku. The whole of the right bank of the Cpper Hiver was subject to the King of Mellc (Bur Mclle;, tiie left bank presumably being the Kingdom of the Batti Mansa. The trade route from Ka.ikau t(iau) to Kantora a* this time passed Samanda (near Segu on the Cpper Niger), Comnuherta (Galatiii, and Cereeulle (Snrahullc), aeeordtng to an informant of Gomez. Gome/, made a second Expedition to the Gambia and visited Climausa (Mansa of Wnli) and then the* Bnltimansu on the left bank with whom he made some kind of treaty. 8 The King of Noun mans (Xiumi), who had hitherto been hostile. wa« also visited, and a treaty, ^sealed hy drinking the red and white wine of Portugal", was made. In 1460 (Jeot/niphif. Tin ( olonv. which comprises tin? towns of Bathurst and George* town and some adjoining land, has an area of only titi sip aire miles. The Protectorate i* a narrow strip of territory approximately ten kilometres wide on each bank extending tip the river for nearly three hundred miles from Bathurst, The Gambia Hiver has its source near the village of Labe on the Futa dallon plateau. It flows westward for about 7o0 miles. The river is navigable for ocean-going steamers as far as Kuntaur. ]o0 milts up river, and for vessels drawing less than 4 two fathoms as far as Koiiia—202 miles from Bathurst—the? easternmost village in the Protectorate, where there1 is a rise of two feet daily with the tide. During the rains the upper river rises sonic thirty The inhabitants of the Protectorate are mostly Jollofs, Mandingos, Kolas ami Johns nearly all of whom sire Mohammedans t xeept the hist named tribe who are pagan, though the Mohammedan religion U gaining ground -uuongst them and. as a result, they are gradually dropping their primitive customs. Ifprr Ithur /Ve/v/or. comprising the districts of Wuli. Kautora, Sawlu, Kuhtdu Fast and Fulauu Central has tin area < f V\I square miles and a population of ,'Ji«-IOO.. The greater number of the inhabitants are Mandingos and Surah id is with a rather smaller pioportiou of Fulas Tin1 Ilcadsj'iarter* of the Proriuce are situated at Basse*, which is hoih the larger! town in the Province and one of the most important, river-ports in the Protectorate, The districts of Saudu, Knoicra and Willi are all relic* of former name kingdoms, MnrCttrlhi/ Island Prjrhirt* consuls of the Districts of Sami, Xiani, Nianija. Cpper Saleenm Low it Salmon. Western Xiamiua Fia^tern Xiami-ua. Duukunku X lamina, Kuladtt West. Western Jurra, Central Jarra, l^'orern Jarra and MacCarlhy Island, The1 area of the Province is IJ.StJ s ,2o0. The ]fcadi|uaricrs are a* Georgetown. Th • hulk of the population are •follofs and Mandingos* S*wih f fault I*r\>rniv<> includes tie* Districts of Fasfern Kiang, Central Kiang, King We*t. Foni Jarrol, Foni Bcndali, Foni Kau-aln, Biutnug-Knmuni, Fold Brcfet. Socth Koiuho, Fast Kombei, Central Kombo, Xorth Komho ami Komho St. Mary. The1 area of the* Province |* lj).v,s miles and the population The Headquarters are at llakau. Cape Sr. Marv. The' majority of the inhabitants are Mandingos but tn iv are- a large IUUUIMV ed" Fnlas in the more1 enstcriv Districts while ;he Komho Districts am larijelv populated by Joins, Xorth Hank l^rvrhivfi has an a*#ia of 814 *rpiam mile* anil a population of 47*.M*h The* districts of the Province are Lower Xiumi, Cpper Nitimi, Jokadtu Lower Baddibu, Central Baddibu and Upper Ihieldibu. Of these the* three Baddibu districts arc predominantly Maudiuuo in populaiiMi; Jokaeiu has a mixed population <*f Mandingos, Jolotfs and Turankocs (Malinumiedaii Fnlas; whil1 the tw i Nitnms are mainly mixed Jolofl and Maiidtugo districts. The Headquarter* are at Kerewin, 4?tinutt<\ The climate1 of the* (iambia is not healthy though, with modern method* of Hinit itioo ami housing, condition* of living generally have greatly imp oved demur recent year*. The most trying j art of th*1 year is from .lime to October, which is the wet period, During the remaining months the climate compares favourably with that of other tropical countries. Afffruroiot/icttf s/'tfixtir,*, iff-U. Cum; St. Mai:v. Station. Mean Air . Vl.iti V<« Month. J einnera- . , Kaiiifn •I . ' f111 nit itin v. INRE. (inches .) Januarv• • . • • 7'A.'J 4/i February 72.J) .*>4 March • * • • 7»'f,7 •AS — April 7.3.0 iVJ Mav* 7-1.2 71 0.14 June • • •. 78.1 j <»7 4."> •F lily 7 October si). i ; !».» 1 • — No . UNBEL* • • • • 71). 1 !1 <;;) '• I )eceniber • ... 74.1 42 — Tola! • • •. • — Ins • in the Plot* ctoiati » the if.eoids of rainfall v/ere » South Bank i Vovince (Suktita > :».i.(M'i ill.-* North Hunk I Vovince ( Kercuan / l MaeCarihy Is !an Vrvtectorutt System.—This system was established in 1894 ami administration in the Protectorate hinges on the Chief (or Sefo) ami the Headman* or Alkali) the Alkali being responsible to the Sefo lor his town and the Sefo to the Commissioner of the Piovinee for his district. The Alkali is chosen by the people of the village ami his position is continued by the Cnmmissioiier. He acts a* the representative of his village in dealing with Government anil personifies the village community. This is exemplified by the fact that it is the Alkali who allots, to those who need it, unoccupied land belonging to the village as a ectnmunitv. He is hound bv tradition to seek and to listen to the advice of the elder men in the village. In the event of disputes arising, in the community, which cannot h<* composed by the friends or relatives of the partus the Alkali, although armed with no judicial powers is often able by virtue of his oftice to net successfully as arbitrator and prevent the matter from reaching the point of litigation. The Sefo holds a position partly established by legislation and partly inherited fiom the Kings of former times. The Mandiugo word tor King (Mansa) is now applied only to the Governor who b, in native phraseology, the ** King of Hathurst "\ and this limitation of the word reflects the passing of much of the old kingly powers. Yet a good deal of the standing and authority of the King* remain, especially in cases where it is possible to appoint as Chief one of an old ruling family. It is now the policy, therefore, to appoint such men as far as possible, since on tin* authority inherent in the ottice depends a great part of the Chiefs utility and prestige. The Sefo is appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the Commissioner, who ha* previously ascertained which of the candidates has the best claim or commands most the respect and obedience of the district. This district opinion is becoming an increasingly important factor in the choice of a Chief, Apart from general administrative duties ami supervision of his district the Seio is the President of the Native Tribunal of his district, he exercises powers which may be compared roughly to those of a Police Court, appeals lying from his Court to that of the Commissioner. Locai (iorenimfnt'—In 1031 the Hathurst Urban District Council and Hoard of Health was constituted iti place of the Hoard of Health for the purpose of advising Government upon matters relating to the welfare of the inhabitants of the Town, and is composed of represen tatives of the various Government Departments concerned, of six Members elected by the Town Wards and of four Members, nomin ated by the Governor, representing the Commercial and Shipping interests. Meetings of the Council were held in each quarter and the advice an> Mandingo N/>.(i40 doiioi 2o.S«4 Fula ««««i *# Jola I'.UlO Samhuli I2.:a« Tukulor ! 1. W'i'A Bambarra :\:>i\\ Aku 786 ()thers a,«47 Total People of all these races are included amongst the inhabitants of Bathurst, Vital statistics are recorded in the Island of St. Mary only as. owing to the illiteracy of the people, the collection of reliable data in the Protectorate is impossible. The statistics in respect of Bathurst for the past live year* are1 is follows :— Infantile Mortality Mirth* Deaths. (por ijhmi hirths KeipfticvtM!). 1i):>7 4o;i ;U7 4tB 3H5 in m 227 As regard* the above* figures it is necessary te> state that whereas all deaths taking place iti Bathurst are registered, since1 certificates of death and burial permits are requited in all eases, in some instances, births eif infants to parents, in particular te> illiterate1 parent?, are not registered. This would account feu* the comparatively large execs* of deaths over births which have been registered in previous year*. The1 statistics indicate, however, that more births are being registered from year to year anel this is undoubtedly due te> the fact that parents, including the illiterate*, are beginning to realize the value eif certifi cate* of birth to their children in adidt years. Em hj rut ion tM There is practically no emigration from the Gambia. A• ili** romoii*ii«*eoieiit of each ground-nut planting season a number of natives to*s tin* border into (In* Protectorate from l«Yeueh Territory for the* purpose of as-isting the local farmers iti ihc planting and harvesting of the erop. The?.e v-trauge farmers' return to their homes after the erop has hreii sua'kAcd. likewise a considerable number of foreign labourers and p*ttv traders eonie to Ilatbu:si at the beginning of eaeh t: ade se.i-on and lca*v auaiu when the reason ends, The number of •stranp* farmti>'. labourers and p**tty traders visiting the Gambia ttatm-allv lluchntcs recordinu to trade condition*. Immmration returns show the; during the }n\< three years the per-ons ent ring l>athui>t by -ea muuhcred as follow*:-—l.OK.Vin MWK H 10 m ltKJMa.al S/il in HKll: but it ma}* be assumed that the majority of these people returned, or will return, to their bona-. Immigration is com rolled by the Immigration Restriction Ordinance f Xo. 12 of 1924) under which no person is allowed to cuter lb • Gambia who ; — {) is not in possession of h passport valid under the law of the country of whieh he is a citizen. Any person who appears to the Imuugiatiou Officer to be without \ isiblc means of support is required to d< posit the sum of £t>0, •or to give sccmity by bond in that amount. At the expiration of eighteen months from the date of entering the Gambia* or sit any earlier period, if the depositor not having become d'rtitute or unable Jo Mippor: himself, departs from the Gambia, his deposit is returned to him. ClIAl'TKU IV. IIkAI'I'II, The health of t! 10 inhabitants of ill'1 (lamlaa ;s on th" wliulr satisfa?\orv. Complaints of the Respiratory ami Digestive Systems an* om^t prevalent: thus in MCI there were .'5jW2 <>f tip- former, with IS deaths, and V-!>° «d" the latter, with Ml de.ith-. It i< noticeable thai respiratory eoniplaints oeeur uio-i '-cnis11:»miy in the relatively eold reason January lo April md d:'.native system eoniplaints during the rains dune to ()clohcr. The (iatnhia is entirely an agricultural t'nloux. containing no mines or factories, and as a result no complaint* are met with which can he ascrihed to tl»e>e two factors. Malaria fever i- the mo.*! usual tropical eoiuplamt under Ireatuient: in Miol there were 1.1:77 eases with li deaths. There are one Hospital ant I two Dispensaries in he ProP-cNr/aie, in charge of a Medical Officer, and from tla^e centres j-rophylact ic work Is undertaken in the way of Vaccination against smaii-pov and the ! real men: an»l cart1 of yaws. etc. In liutimr-; there is an !vi;o;,e,n and African (ieueral Hospital (Victoria Hospital-, an lnf-c;ious Diseases Hospital, two Maternity and Children".- Welfare ('line's and a Hon;.' for Iniirm. Thes-- arc all in ih< charge of Medical Orricers aui iicreare Kuropeau Nur-iug Sisleis in (lie l\uropea:i and Af;i\:n 11 o> pit a I and a!-o in t he Clinic*. In audit v w tin re i.« a Public 1 Ira'! h 1 )epat! meul which attends to drainage and said'ary "rgmnzut :< • i. Duriuu' \KX\\ there was no outbreak of s.eioie itlue*s such as vllow fever, plague. .-mall-pox. The wo.,k a) the VIETM-ia Ho-pita! remum- ed much the same in volume: the genera! p»!'»hc SHEW-d an incr-va-'ing upprceiaiioii of the ^|>4M*i.i 1 nature of the he!*, -trainable at the Maternity and Children's Welfare Clinics. Two modern Wards wen1 constructed at the Victoria Ilospoal to replace two which were dilapidated and out-of-date. The-e new Wards are light, airy and cheerful and consequently ha\c a IMmiieial elleet on those who occupy them. Very welcome improvements in the drainage c *;reels were darted. S.oul idling of certain low areas and deep depression^ was uial*awaken as part of the constant warfare against insect pests. The treatment of such areas and depressions with chemicals is expensive wherea* once Kllcd with sand no further expense is entailed. The Health Department continued operations against mosquito breeding—this work is both difficult and expensive owing to the existence of large numbers of crab holes which provide ideal hatching- out place* for mosquitoes. 10 C IIAl'TRK V, IlolXXO There are no shuns in Hathurst and the houses and compounds are all well kepi. There is some overcrowding at times during the " Trade Season ' hut not of a serious nature. Amelioration of living conditions is provided for by moving people when possible from low lying to reclaimed areas. All houses and compounds are periodically inspected by the Public Health Authorities and the Sanitary Laws are rigidly enforced. Houses are constructed of different kinds of material : for instance, some are of wattle and daub, others of brick : others again arfi of concrete blocks, and the most usual roofing is of corrugated iron. The native houses in the Protectorate an* generally circular in shape and constructed of wattle and daub with conical grass roofs. These houses are well suited to local condition... There i- no overcrowding since ample space is available for expansion. The houses and village* generally are RERY well kept and satutation is satisfactory. Periodical inspect ions of villages are made by the Commissioners and officers of the Medical Staff, In the Protectorate the houses are almost invariably built ami » owned by the occupants and the *ame applies, though to a less extent, in Hathurst, Statistic*. Province. Population No. of Houses or Huts. North Bank Province 47,M» I South Hank Province •JX.88S | 21.194 MaeCarthy Island Province f»:i,2">4 i :V2M0 Upper Hiver Province IMI;J St. Mary's Island (Bathuret) 14,370 0,177 11 CHAPi in; VI. PKODIXIIOX. The Gambia is almost entirely dependent upon groundnut cultivation winch forms the staph1 export crop. The export crop, which varies from 40,000 to 70,000 tons, is raised entirely by African farmers, as the country is unsuitable for Kuropeau settlers. There are no permanent plantations or estates, tin* whole of the cultivation being carried out by what is usually described as "shifting cultivation*'. In addition to the cultivation of groundnuts a large quantity of foodstuffs is raised, including rice, maize, guineacorn, cassava, sweet potatoes etc.. for local consumption. Cotton is grown on a fairly extensive scale in some Provinces, particularly the North Hank, and the lint is used locally for the manufacture of long narrow strips of coloured cloth. The tonnage and value of groundnuts exported from the Colony durinu the last live veins were as follows :— Year 1 oils Valuo £ 1927 r..->,U)7 9KU91 74.442 1,092,790 102!) ofi, 7fi.>..5i»4 74.761 867,634 506,123 A small export trade is done in Palm Kernels, Hides and Wax. In 19111 the exports of these commodities were :— £ Palm Kernel 828 tons value 7,444 Hides 14.253 Ibsdo 1,95:1 Wax 11,004 lbs do 344. There i> no organized animal industry in the Gambia although it is estimated that there are usually about 35,000 head of cattle iu the Colony and Protectorate. As the (iambia consists nutiulv of a narrow strip of territory on either side of the Kiver ami much of the land adjacent to the river is more or less swampy and tsetse-ridden, the position is to some extent analogous to that existing in larger Colonics where cattle are compelled, at certain seasons of the year, to frequent river valleys in which, while grazing is good, casualties from disease amongst the herd* arc numerous. The extensive French territories surrounding the (iambia act as a cattle reservoir for the Colony. Tin re is conse quently a continual movement of cattle to and fro across the border and the herds are owned by individuals on both sides of the border. As the border is some fiOO miles in length the establishment of any effective control over the graziers and the movement of animals is impracticable. During 1931 some tJ.000 head of cattle are reported to have died in the (iambia of Rinderpest and Pleuro-pneumouia, but it is impossible to say how many of these were, in fact, animals which had recently crossed the border or were owned hv natives in French territory. The ownership of cattle iu the (iambia does not appear to differ in kind 12 from that which ohtaius amongst other agricultural communities in \Ve*l Africa. There is. strictly speaking, no communal ownership and Most cattle arc the property of individuals. The owner is. however, seldom (he person who grazes the herd and conversely the. grazier seldom owns more than a lew head of cattle in the herd which le- lends, hut lie i- usually given the milk and hotter and a certain p:epo:t!o?i of the calve* horn. The graziers in the (iainhct are p Chapter VII. Commkkck. I mparts and Kr/t< /•/.*, Imparl*. The impor lor tin* lasl five wars were as follows :— ! r.^7 r.rj'.i. 4* Morcii.'lhiise ,v.;;;;;<; i.OIIU;.sr .v.-.t.ki ,vi.v.^:> *ion,.;i ! , , :«:!.:;**o \ OJ; IN f T..lal t oiu7 11 I .:\'>.*>.oC* (»1 7..N.V.1 The following tahh shows the principal items of Imports from the British Umpire and Foreign Countries for 'ho year IHol. 1 rni!-i OLHLM* i-'i*uiic»\ j Vat** of o l A I. . | KiiiiM*»iii.| Atm-rica. « omit, it* AUTN'U'*. Vaiie Valih- VahH' Vahi<\ Value. ouantilv. V-.l'i« X X X X ! « Apparel ... *:>i ... i r>.7*>) lines A Sinks i bXo. I.7IM 8.7.1 22f» ... 712 1 iHI.fr \.\ ">(•'; lifter. Alo. Stow anil Porter... ('..'.4 * • t * •» •. • 0:U 7.4III galls. 1.2*S liiceuits. Htvid , * > • and Cakes ... 022 f 1.7-7 14* i.r*;r.* ewt. 2.41»7 lionts. Si I'M s 2.1S2 atnl Slippers 1.21!> 4."» • • * I'i.'o.l pair* Ci'in.'iit l.nTT ... ].">'.} tons Cotton Piece (iooils '.'1.717 O * M n .. • II.* ML I.:^l.:j7:isf|.yk Cal •I.-JH-; •2.0.VJ tons i'».UH7 Cotton Mann- lii'tuti' (other) 1 .K7SI •»• 7.M ..» i.nir. ^.••.7.1 Cotton Yarn ... 7rt'> ... 4..'{«<) «• • (Ml yj.iMu lbs. 5.774 rinur WluatcM 1 I7:» i. IT;? v.;w71'wt. fuiO Hats m: (iil«. IMihlo ...... 88;) . »» :J..VJV 41,601 Kall*. '».04'J Oil*, not l-Mible 72:i ur,i tf.siis i.:$'.»* 2II. The percentage* oi Imports from all Countries, exclusive of Specie, were as follows :— Country. 192*. 1929. lit.VX ' IIKH j o /o"• ' i At • /o°/ ! Tutted Kingdom :js.:r, 37.99 34.42 .»4..i.' 37.73 British Possession* 12.1C. 10.2:5 10.09 11.11 14.4ri Totals—British Empire 51.71 48.22 45.11 45.50 52.18 1 — Denmark 01.32 01.su _ France 30.05 . 34.0s 39.05 29.75 24.52 Tli.« following tal)l«' Mium* the comparative prices per unit of the principal items of Import!* for the last five year* J— Article 193U. 1931. . f1.£ *. (I'M ft. ft. Tlif Kxports f<.r the la^t five year.* including Specie wore ns follow* j 1927. 192«. 1029. 1930. 1931. X. £ £ £ Mfir'iiintliso ... 999.O0T .150,001) 840.929 898.807 527,111 Specie ... ; 887 1 22,400 3.831 7,830 2,701 Total ... | 999.887 |l,l 78.409 844,700 "900,043 529^872" 15 The following table shows the principal items of Export* to the British Empire and Foreign Countries for the year 1931. ! Groundnuts. lli.lcK. Palm Kernels. Country. ,...... 1 Value. No. Value. TollK. t Value. 1 Tow*. • i £ £ United Kingdom ... 12,370 3,405 390 4JS7 1 1,595 514 British Possessions 1 7 58 — — — — ! France ... ;Wf47ii 21)8.54:1 1,252 Germany il.V4ii 101.512 1,058 187 432 .Vi57 Holland... 10.291 80,100 — Other Countries ... 13,470 — Totals tWfHll ! 500,125 14,253 1,953 828 7,4 U i The percentages of Exports to all Countries exclusive of Speeie were as follows :— 1927. W2H. j 1M0. j 11*30. j 1031. ! <» /o 7o /o ! % i United Kingdom 08.20 33.80 15.18 | 19.35 ! 03.83 British Possessions 00.47 00.57 03.C4 01,90 00.82 Totals British Empire ... 08.U7 34.37 18.82 21.31 ! 04.65 Denmark 01.50 00.38 00.83 1 04.29 France 42.10 30,92 33.03 39.95 S0.9O French W. A. Possessions OI.OC — _ Germany 19.72 20,00 28.01 ; 17.82 19.9L Holland 20.70 05.81 10.20 10.17 15.21 Other Countries 00.25 01.92 03.05 00.40 03.33 The following table shows the comparative prices per unit of the principal items of export for the last five years :~ 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. | 1931. i £ a, d. £ a. d. £ *. d. £ *. d, £ .v. d. Groundnuts per ton 13.19. 7 14. 12. 4 13. 10. 5 11.12. 1 i 7. 11. 0 Hides per lb. 0. 0. 0 j 0. 0. 10J 0. 0. 7i 0. 0. 4}1 0. 0.2* j Pahn Kernels per ton 13. 18. :>± 10. 17. 3 8. 19. 9' 10. 0. 2.1 j 15.12. 0 i Shipping. The percentages of Shipping of various Nationa itirv fur tlu« 1: five years were as follows :— 1 i I&J7. .' V.YM. i j 11/ *u /'> 1 " 1 British ... ti:t.i» G7.i» r.-.'.o French ... 11.4 1 V.4 13.1 1 -M Dutch »>.<> 2.S 1 :u> ! 1 •• 1 '•ei'tntUi •> •» 1 '.» O.I .">.? 1 N<>r\v<\i;ian .•5.7 Aincrieun o.n l.s l> Italian — — l.s Swedish — —- \:l 7.*i Danish — — — — < Mot ('oiintries 1.0 1.1 !.! -».S 1.:; 17 CIIAPTKI: VIII. WAOKS AND COST OK I. VINO. (icnerally speaking labour is HuK in lad during lite shirk season there is unemployment, in IlathurM. In 11n* 1 ratling > a -on a oonsidrrahlo number of nal ivcs, from French Territory, enter P»:it !iur>t to obtain f*111]»I<»\ I'H'iit: whilst in the Pro.cetointo innnliri's «•{ F:'"orh natives are employed by lie* local fanners in sowhsfjaud harw*! n^ the urouuduut crop. In both eases tin* uiajurity of those immi.jtauts return to their homes when the season is over. lu(f(< o/'//////• The rale of nay lor artisans siieii a^ (arpeni <•»>. Illae'^'ioth*. Fitter-, Masons ami Painters range from to a day (*l hour-;. l.'nskiilcd labourers may he classified as follows :— (") those on a monthly wage, (A) those on a daily wage, and v'e) farm labourers. (a) Labourers employed by nioreantile (iritis* on monthly rates of pay. receive from to .'Jli/- a month and, in som* eases, a monthly is«ue of 4o Ihs of rice in addition. Semi-skilled labourers (f.//. sanitary workers) pes inr.neutly employed hy (fovernment receive from 1/(5 to li/- a day and in some instances are provided with accommodation. I'nskillod lahourers employed hy Government reeeive from to a day. The normal day's work is H\ hour*. (/;) Daily wage lahourers receive from !)d to l/'J a day, depending on the type of work, hut the wage in Hathurst is seldom less than !/- a day. Piecework rates are sometimes paid when. c.g.* ships are being loaded or discharged. (c) Farm lahourers from French territories are fed and liou** d oy their employers and when the season's erop i« sold they receive a proportion of tin1 proceeds hefore returning to their homes. As regards the local native each family as a rule tends its own farm hut M'here outside lahour is employed the conditions of employment are similar to those obtaining in the case of the French stthjeet referred to ahove. t 'ost o/ tirhhj* In the Protectorate "corn" i» the staple diet of the labouring class, whilst a considerable atnoont of rice, bread and fish is consumed. More rice is consumed in Bathurst especially hy the foreign labourer. 18 The »lailv co*t of a tabouret*** food in Bathurst mnv he reckoned MM follows: — Kiee or corn ...... 3#/ Bread ...... 1*/ Fish ... • . I'/ Oil ...... ! TOTAL ...... Id Meat and groundnuts are sometime* substituted for fish and rice and the daily expenditure is then increased by about Id. The average labourer spends very little on house-rent and clothing— probably not more than 3/- a month on an average. The cost of living in the Protectorate for a labourer who provides for himself is rather less tlitm that in Bathurst. The prices of foodstuffs are generaly lower than those obtaining before the war. The following table gives some examples :— 1031 1913 Rice per bag of 21 fi lbs. 25/- 33/- Salt do. 66 lbs. 2/- 1/fi Flour do. 98 lbs. li/f> 16/fS Edible oil per Imp. Gallon 3/t> 4/- Sugar per lb. 3d! fyi. Cost 0/ lirhhj. European Government (tjjiciah. The cost of living varies according to the income and tastes of the individual, but the following is considered to be the annual minimum outlay of an unmarried junior Government Official living in Bathurst: — Servants ...... 70 Washing ...... 12 Fi it* wood ...... 9 Electric Light ...... Iu Market (meat, fish, bread, vegetables,egg, etc.) 40 Provisions & Wines ...... 125 Tobacco ...... 10 Widows and Orphans Pension contribution 24 Miscellaneous Expenditure including equipment 35 Total ...... £335 This amount does not include the cost of clothing which is purchase^ in England. 19 CHAI'TKU IX. EmcAiiux ANO WELFAKK INSTITUTIONS. Education in the Gambia is controlled hy the Hoard of Education of which the Governor is the President. The Members of the Hoard include all the members of the Legislative Council, the Superintendent of Education and such other members, not excelling six in number, as may be nominated bv the Governor. The nominated members hold otKce for a period of not more than three years and they include lepresentatives of the three Missions which operate in the Gambit, namely, the Wesley an Methodist, the Anglican and the Koman Catholic Missions. The powers of the Board are defined in the Education Ordinance (No. 14 of 1903). Briefly, the Board is empowered to dispose annually of such sum as the Legislative Council has. granted for the promotion of Education and to make regulations respecting grants-in-aid to assisted schools, the conduct of schools generally, the award of scholarships and other matters connected with the Kdueation Ordinance. Such Regulations, after approval by the (iovernor-iu-Council, come into operation as from the date on which they appear in the Gazette, but are subject to disallowance by His Majesty. The Head of the Education Department is the Superintendent «>f Education who, in addition to administering the Department, exercises a general supervision over all the schools and training institutions in the Gambia. Elemetary, Secondary and Vocational education are provided by the Government. There is no University education. There are six elementary schools in Hathurst which, in 1931, hr.d a total of 1,8**3 pupils on the registers(1,233 boys and (*20 girls) and an average attendance of 1,150. These schools provide education up to the seventh standard. Five of them are maintained by Missions (Anglican one. Roman Catholic two and Wesleyan two) and the Government maintain* a Mohammedan School at which Arabic is taught in addition to the English subjects. There are four Secondary Schools in Hathurst. two for bovs and « * two for girls, which are maintained by the Roman Catholic ami Wesleyan Missions, The total numbers on the register in 1931 were 87 boys and JJ2 girls with average attendances of 72 and 75 respectively. Scholarship* to these Secondary Schools are given each year by the Government A Manual Training Centre is maintained by Government, and boys from ail the Hathurst schools attend for instruction in carpentry. As regard* Vocational Training, a Teacher Training School was opened in Hathurst in 1930, under the Wesleyan and Roman Catholic Missions, at which some fifty Hathurst elementary school teacher* have completed a two years* course of instruction. There are also a number of students training for the teaching profession, The Government provides a number of scholarships to the Training School. 20 lit the Protectorate there is a (iovcn.mcnt hoarding school at < ioorirelowu in Mac( \arthy Island Province, at which there are sixty ho\ \11«wl ly the sons or relatives nf chiefs. There is aho a >niall vernacular school w i111 27 pupils at Itakau. near P»athm.»i. not! the We^'van Mission hav opened three vernacular school* in Komho. 1' ^ \\ esloyan Mission aoo maintain an elciuoiiiary >oheol at (i"i.!^i!.wi! ill which hoy-* an«! 2o jdrls at i« nd« d i:i wiih an a\• ihlil V ai tendance oi' U |, I > i;: : 111_ lSh'11 l!ic Su | n - r! i i i # *i it!' *ii! oi' 1 *f! •;«a:i l it •!» mi j«r\: -o I the ' • < <•!' !< ;ic!:< t> in conjunction witli the \\ i * hj \ o it ant Ionian \ 'si! !.'.• A short History of the (iamhin written by the Superintendent of Kdueation was published for the Department by the Government Press and copies were supplied on sale to all tie- schools. Welfare Institutions etc. Free medical tpatmenl is pro\ ided at the various Government Hospitals and Dispensaries for those unable to pav fee-. A»sta»ed in Chapter IV the Government maintain** two Materuitv and Child.« n** Welfare Clinic* and also a Home for the 1 niirn.. There a:** ia philant hropical in-* if nt HMIS nor i- ther • any insurance -chene |\..« precision of medical treatment etc. in the Co|on\. linn at ion rfi\ In Hathurst (iov rnnusit maintains a public ground < Mac( ar;!,v Sejirire; in which uatnc- art* | lave I by the inhabitant* iuchidini* the school I dlildl ell, OrgaHI/ed g'tmcs a V'' COU I i f • * t ed h\ the schools Wiio are allowed !o iinpnrt fre.: of duty all materials ivquirtd f»»r sports. Football and Cricket leagues have bem form d ov the native residence!" l>athur>t and Government has provided two roneieie tennis «,ourt> for their use. Sinking is fauuht in ail the s hool-% Free concerts are ClIAPTEIt X. CoMMI XMATIOKS AX!> IV VSPoNi. Jirfcrnal :— For mail services the Colony is almost entirely dependent upon the ships oi Messrs. FIder Dempster and Coy. Ltd. There i* a monthly sen iee hot other-wise the mail steamers are irregular. The intermediate ships eall outwards and homewards onee in ahoul every six weeks. Internal:— Hirer Transport :— As stated in Chapter 1 the (tamhia Kiver is navigable for ocean-going vessels as far as Kuntaur (150 miles from Hathurst) and for vessels drawing less than two fathoms as far as Koina (292 miles). During the tra g season, ground-nuts are brought down the river in ocean-going vt\ els, steamers and lighters and also in cutters and schooners, though the1 latter have now been almost entirely replaced hy steam craft. Marine /tr/mrtment :— A teg dar passenger and cargo service is maintained by the J'a?«ou«ri*rs cumt'd ... 21,119 11,980 Cargo (tons' 2,69o 2,409 !K«;vemH* from |»a>s«'iijfer traffic ... £4,7o,"> £4.232 KeveiiiH' from fivijflit ...... £4,<>K.3 £3.712 The decline in 19.11 was due to the trade depression. The Marine Department also maintain and run launches which are mainlv used for the convevaneo of Government Officials in the Protectorate ami for If arbour services at Huthursi. There toe four trunk roads; No. 1 :— Hathurst—Sukuta—Hrikama—Kafuta—N. Deinban— Hwiam—Hrumeti Ferrv. (87 miles )• No. 2 :— Harra—Hcrrending—Hantauding—Dasalami—Hauui Njakundu—Illiassa. f 62 miles). No. :# :— flliaisa—Katehang Ferry—Konkoba—Kwinella— Jatabba—Hritmen Ferry—f22[, miles) with branch eastwartls at Jatabba to Satidentt and the French boundary (2.\ miles) 23 No. 4 :—Bantaiiding (on Road 2) to the French boundary mi leg). In addition there is a Secondary road running from Illias*a via Ballatigliar, Han sang Ferry, Basse to Fattoto. There are also a nuinherof secondary feeder roads to the various river ports iu the Protectorate. The total mileages of Secondary roads in each Province are approximately as follows :— North Hank Province 116 miles South Hank Province 95 miles MacCarthj Island Province 280 miles I'ppcr River Province 200 miles. Fen it*:— Passenger and vehicular ferric* have been installed, and are main* taincd, by Government in connexion with the road system at the following points :— Kerewan ( Road No. 2 ) Katchang—Konkoha (Road No. 3? Bnimcn (connecting Roads Nos. 1 N; 3) Basse ; continuation of Road No. 2 There is also a small passenger ferry at Bali in the Jawarra (reek. Between Bathurst and Ban a a regular ferry service is maintained bv a private firm which received a subsidy of £200 from Government in 1931. Postal Swvio*:— Mails are conveyed by the Government river steamers. The General Post Office is in Bathurst and there are District Post Offices at Kuutaur, Georgetown, Basse and Fattoto, During 11)31 the number of letters and other Postal mutter, exclusive of parcels, amounted to 182,483 (including 11,008 registered articles) as compared with 271,050 (including 14,500 registered articles) in 1930. Some use was made of the air mini service from Dakar by which means 818 letters were despatched. Parcels dealt with during the year numbered 4.227 (including 271 insured packets) as against 6,093 (including488 insured packets; in 1930, Statistics of the Moncv and Postal Order traffic arc* as follows :— 1930 1931 £ X Money Orders issued and paid, value 34,730 27,430 Rtvi^hie derived from Money Orders 233 158 Postal Orders is«ueri & paid* 7,674 2,910 Revenue derived from Postal Orders 60 47 24 The total revenue derived from the Postal Service* in 1031 was IK 114 as compared with £2,19<> in 1930. T'!">*itntt*> Srrrire ( lluthttrs!):— The service was satisfactorily maintained. The total uiunher of subscriber* was til and the sen ice produced a revenue of £13!) as agaiiM £217 in l.KSO. Wit rlt>$s Strt •/''/•: — There are four Wireless stations situated at Hathurst, Kuntaiir, Georgetown and liaise, t!ie ratlins of the three last-naned being about, 2o0 miles. In I !*TJ 1 a new 2 Kilowatt valve transmitter was installed at the Hathurst Station giving n range of over 1,000 miles. Improve ments were also effected during the year itt the apparatus at the other stations. The revenue derived from this service in 1931 was 1'128 and £511 in 1930. There is no telegraph system in the Gambia. 25 ClIAI'Ttill XT. B.\XKIX /iff it ft. The only Hank iu this Colony is the Hank of BritUh West Africa which has a Savings Hank for small depositors. The (iovcrumcii,- has also a Post Office Savings Hank, the rate of interest being 2 A- p.a. Cttrre Hvy. The currency is British \Yo*t African alloy and nickel-bronze coins of denominations 2/-, 1/-. (id, 3d, Id, iK; £d: and British West African Currency Notes of 20/- & 10/- denominations (French five- franc pieces which were formerlv in circulation were demonetised iu 1«22). Stocks of Currency are held on behalf of the West African Currency Board and issues therefrom are made to the Bank, a* and when required, again*! payment in Loudon. Tin* value of the Notes iu circulation on the 31st December 1931 was £21 1,932 a> compared with £207,932 on the 31st December 1930 whilst Alloy Coins to tie* value of £210,149 were iu circulation at tin* end of 1931 as against £224.(599 at the cud of the previous year. Weights and Measures. Standard Weights and Measures (Avoirdupois, Troy. Imperial Measures of Capacity, Length & Surface) are prescribed by the Weights & Measures Ordinance* of 1902 and are kept by (lovermnciit. Tin1 Commissioner of Police is the Inspector of Weights and .Measures and assisted by a number of Deputy Inspectors amongst whom are included the Commissioners of tin* Provinces in the Protectorate. 27 In addition, the value of the water supplied to Government Depart ments amounted to £2,081. Expenditure. Excluding the emoluments of the permanent staff the expenditure during 1031 oti the maintenance of the water supply amounted to £U99L Electric Lit/hf Snpplt/, Hathurst. During the year a total o! 312*817 units was generated as compared with the 270.H03 units during the previous year. A number of new installations atid extensions wore carried out. the chief being the completion of the extension to buildings and quarters at Gape St. Mary and the supply of Power for the machinery in tin1 new Plater** Shop at the Marine Department Workshops representing a total of :J1 K.W. ,.\tra loath The earnings from the supplv of Kleetrieal energy during the v< a;* amounted to £fi,98|. whilst tie* cost of maintenance (exclusive • of permanent stall) was £2.4-14. The rates charged are ;—Lighting. Or/ per unit (minimum charge 10/* per month h Domestic. per unit (minimum charge 2/»i per inontlu. Power. t\rf per unit and a contract rate fixed by agreement. Free service* include the lighting of streets, the Hospital. Gowrn- t ii Wharf. Go\eminent olliees and the Wireless Station. Ice Ett'fut ff. Approximately SSj^ tons of ice were manufactured in the Govern ment lee Fa lory during 1031 and of this amount marly 81 tons were retailed to the public at the price of \d a lb. (ash ?ales realized £(>22. whilst the value of the ice supplied to Victoria Hospital and the Health Department was £125). The total cost to Government of producing the ice was £427. ({cin'rnl. The .Department .also undertook the usual maintenance and repair*" of public buildings, roads, and Hathurst Wharf. Tin- Motor Trans port Service was satislactorily maintained. 1} CnxsTUiTTlux KTr. (Expenditure £10.20!.} Tin* principal works carried out during tin' year included :— Victoria IfosftitaL A new Ward and Store were* built at a cost of £ 1.100, The Ward is of cement-block work and is situated on the sight of an old ward. Accommodation for 24 patients is provided. 27 In addition, the value of the water supplied to Government Depart* menta amounted to £2,081. Krpt'Hdituie. Excluding the emoluments of the permanent staff the expenditure during 1931 on the maintenance of the water supplv amounted to £L99L Kfrrtrir Liffhl Supph^ Hatlnusl. During the year a total ol 312.817 units was generated as compared with tin1 279.8(53 units during the previous year. A number of new installations and extensions were carried out. tin* chief being the completion of the extension to buildings and quarters at Cape St. Mary ami the supply of Power for the machinery iu tin1 new Plater** Shop at the Marine Department Workshops representing a total of 31 K.W. extra load. The earnings from the supplv of Electrical energy during the vear amounted to £<5,9NL whilst tie* cost of maintenance (exclusive • of permanent stall) was £2.444, The rates charged arc :—Lighting. 9*7 per unit (minimum charge It)/* per month h Domestic. 3*7 per unit (minimum charge 2/»i per month*. Power. Vul per met and a contract rate fixed by agreement. Free service- include the lighting of streets, the Hospital, Gowrn- t .1 Wharf. Goxcrmiiful olliecs and the Wireless Station. jet fS't'-hifff. Approximately ssj, tons of ice were manufactured in the Govern ment Ice Fa lory during 1931 and of this amount nearly 81 ton* were retailed to the public at the price of 1// a lb. (ash sales realized £(522. whilst the value of the ice supplied to Victoria Hospital and the Health Department was £129. The total cost to Government* of producing the ice was C427. ften* rttl. The Department also undertook the usual mainteuae.ee and repair*4* of public buildings, roads, and Bathurst Wharf. The Motor Trans port Service was satisfactorily maintained. 1M CoxsTnrcTiox ktc. (Expenditure 1*19.201.) The principal works carried out dining the year included :— Vielth'itt Ifos/iifn/, A new Ward and Store were built at a cost of £1.100, The Ward is of cement-block work and is situated on the sight of an old ward. Accommodation for 24 patients is provided. 28 Public Health Line*. Two further blocks of 14 rooms, each with a? verandah biiMk ami front, were built for the Board of Health at a eost of £L7.*>0. /W/V," Lia*s. Work was complete d on a block consisting of 10 rooms, with a \erandah on one hide, to enable the Band personnel to be housed it! liar racks. Platers Sho/i. Murine Jteparlua nt. A temporary shelter wa* erected for the new radial-drilling, punch ing and plate-bending machinery. A/h»rt Mnrhet, Hathurst. A cooling chamber was provided and the refrigerating plant erected. Per tu* tif ffrufh/uurfers for (Una miss inner at Kercautu. Xortlt Jhtn! Produce. A two-storey building iti concrete blockwork was erected, the upper storey forming the living quarters, consisting of dining room, two lad- rooms, kiosk, front and hack verandahs, and the usual offices. Storage accommodation was provided in the lower storey, where there is also a garage. The ground floor is of concrete, and the first floor is of timber* The rot4* is covered with boarding and asbestos tiles, and ceiling- are panelled in Tento*t sheets. A large tank was provided for the storage of rain water. Jtof/al West African Frontier Force llarrniks. Cape St. Mary. A Spate Kit Store was built of cement blocks and a concrete block laundry building and a Small Anns Magazine were also erected. Fixed baths, with water supply, were installed in the British Non- Commissioned Officers' quarters. Office Accommodation. Several room* in the Secretariat compound were converted into offices for the Land and Audit Departments and the top storey of the Northern wing into transit c; mrters. Howl* in linthurst. The principal streets dealt with during the year were :— Clifton Jtoad—metalled and treated with Spravmex. Box Bar—embankment across the swamp made into a roadway. Lasso Wharf—Victoria Embankment, ballasted for vehicular traffic. Allen Street—surfaced with laterite. Spalding Street—surfaced with laterite. Telegraph Koad*—ballasted. Wellington Street—leading to the Barra Ferry Jetty surfaced with laterite. Protectorate Una* Is (Consul illation.) Trunk AW/ Xn. a. Work proceeded according to programme on the section Barra- IHiasMU AH tin* six eau>eways between Barra and Bantanding and the French Border were widened and Mirfaccd with lalerite ; the 2} mile causeway hot ween Da salami and the Suarrakunda Creek opposite Kerewan was laised and widened throughout it< length and stone was collected lor surfacing. The Ba Boloug Causeway, 1 \% miles in length, was also improved. Trunk ItiHul A*o. *. From Illiassa to Katehang* Tenda the washouts which occurred during the rain> were repaired or tin* road diverted. On the section Konkoha to the Ficuch Border ria Suiideuu, laterite Hon* was collected and work was conuneneed on all the ten short causeways when labour became available in December. Heehnnation Lasso Wharf Area. Ilathnrst. Approximately £3,000 was expended on reclamation, which work was earned on partly with the object of relieving local unemployment. Mud tilling in the Las>o Wharf Area was commenced in February when ninety-two men. selected in turn by the Ward Heads, were em ployed weekly. Some sand filling was also carried on. Sand was dumped from lorries in the Box Bar Area for tin* benefit of residents who quickly removed it to fill their yaid-s and compounds. A leading Hopper was erected on the North foreshore for the rapid filling of lorries employed on this work. 30 I'll APT Kit XIIL .Jrs'iuB A.VO POLICE. ADM IXI ST It ATI OX OF JU8TICK, The Courts in the Colony arc the Supreme Court, the Court, of Requests, the Bathurst Police Court and the Mohammedan Court. Tin* MvlmnOHetlihi t'nnrt was established lit 1 It is presided over bv a Cadi. It has jurisdiction in matters exclusively affecting Moham medan nitivcs and relating to civil status, marriage, succession, donations, testaments and guardianship. In practice1, its work \< niainW ronltiied to divorce and dowry among th.1 Mohammedan*. The proceedings are conducted in Mandingo or Jolloti IMII a summarised record i* made in Arabic, Appeal lies to the Supreme Court. 7%" /V/V i'**net is usually presided over by the Police Magistrate. His jurisdiction e\teii Is to the summary trial ot all oll/iices not assigned to the Suprein • ('our! and In* may als > bear aied determine summarily tic and connate silences where the \alue of the property docs no! e\c -d £i>o ;md th.* accused will he adequately punished by imprison- incc: not exceeding >i x months. Assaults and wounding and in'' • * i• >;i o; bodily barm, not amounting to I'elouy, may a'so be d«ali vidi MI umat ily and a like imprisonment imposed. A further extension of smmu-iry jut isdic:i«.n of the Police Magistrale is given bv Imperial Act* Adoption Ordinance 1031 (No. 2 of 15)31 ; which adopt -d ////"/• '//"• the ('luminal •! nstiee Ac! I I his Court mav also be presided over bv two or more Justices oi t!:e Peace. Several Kuropeatis and .\fricaus. both Chrislhuis and Mchamm'-duus. are on the I• >t oi du tiees of the Pca^e. Their uci.Mliction with respect to the thells an I cognate olh nee- mentioned abo\e \< limbed lo IV:M^ wlirr" the value of the proper! \' do--. no* exceed £o and they have no jurisdictinn in cases of aggravated assaults. The J usticcs generally sit in the absence of the Police Magistrate on l< avc or In ease of sickness. An appeal lies by wav of ca-e staled t':om the police Court to (he Supreme Court. 77.'' Co/'// i*t' fifrjHt'sfy is a civil court having jurisdiction iu a.l claims up to 1! id. excej>( malicious prosecution, libel, slander, criminal eouver.-ali'm. seduction, and breach of promise of marriage. The court may he constituted by the Police Magistrate or by two dun- m: —ioue:>. The procedure is summary auU the general object of tin4 courf is the collection of small debts speedily and cheaply. An appeal lies to she Supremo ('ottrt. 77'' Stifu'emi* Court is a superior Court of Record and has analogous jurisdiction to that of the High Court of Justice iu England. It is constituted by one Judge. In addition to receiving appeals from the subordinate courts, the Judge reviews, tinder the Summary Review Ordinance, rJI criminal cases tried by these1 courts in the1 Colony and the Protectorate. The Judge is also empowered to carry out the duties of the Police Magistrate if necessitv arises. 31 The Colonial Court* i.e. tlu* Supreme Court, the Police Court, the Court of Kcqucsts ami the Mohammedan Court have* jurisdiction in tlie Protectorate as well as in the Colony. 'Ihe 1'ratccUirate Courts properly MI called are tin1 Native Tribunals established in each elisirict by the Protectoi-ate Ordinance, Such Tribunal^ mav !»c couMit <<;<-d hv the ('ommissioncr < tin* politieal officer) sitting alone or w ith u.ci i\ c members, in which case the tribunal may try •ummavilv a!! •» ;i ilu» more serious criminal ollences and may impose hoprisomneh' :p io two years, When constituted hy native member.-, milv. the po-.^as of punishment and the jurisdiction arc restricted and ;hur decisions are subject to review and rehearing it necessary hv the < 'ommissioa The ei\ il juris diet ion of t he-c t \ i buna Is is t hat of ! he ("oiirt of I le« pa'str and the Mohammedan ('curt at Halhursl. except that when the t'.-m- mi—ioner sits the limit of amount of (hum is extended to i!if• • t». In practice4 this jurisdict ion is never used ; all cases of value are brought in the Supreme Court. No lawyers can appear before a native tribunal without the special leave of the Judge of the Supreme Court or the Commissioner of the Province. An appeal lies in all cases from a tribunal when presided over by the Commissioner to tlie Supreme* Court. ('aroncrs ('oitrt. A Coroner is appointed for the Colony and is paiel by fees. Inquests in the ProtectoVate are held by the* Commissioner. StafK 1 There are erne1 Judge, one Magistrate, twenty Justices of tlie Peace and Commissioners of the Court J area He Often dew* in Hathurst the Police Magistrate or the Justices of the1 Pence are1 empowered te> hold a Juvenile Court. The occasions are rare. The imposition of imprisonment is avoided as far as possible4 and, when imposed, special prison arrangements are1 made. Fines and Probation. Time is practically always given for the payment e>f lines. There? is no regular probation system with paiel probation officers, but since the* Imperial Acts Adoption Ordinance came into fence, early in 1931, it has been found possible to apply the principles of the Probation of Offenders Act 1907 to the weak of the Hathurst Police Court. In the Protectorate, native law and custom operate in the treatment of offenders. Most offences are punished by small tines. Corporal punishment is practically never imposed by any court, Colonial! or Protectorate. With regard to the Protectorate, nil sentences of more than 14 days inprisonment must be served in the Hathurst Gaol. 32 StutiHlieH for the near 1931. Criminal. COMM. Case*. DianibsaK Coaui.illuls ; Convictions. Supreme ('our! 12 1 ac I i Police Court Protectorate Courts :• > North Hank Province ... 202 11 Nil 101 Stmtli Bank Province ... 44.i :ji -H>!> Mac( arthy Is, Province 427 40 V pp r River Province . 211 IS Nil l !»:$ >//. Supreme Court ;;<; CilS-'S Mohammedan Com! loo ( \ilirt id' Requests •». 1,008 CilM'St roLKi;. The Police* Force is an armed body under the charge of the Com missioner of Police. The other European Officers are the Assistant Commissioner of Police, the Superintendent of Police and the Band master. The A fricau personnel consists of an Inspector of Police, four Sun-Inspectors and 131 other ranks, including 20 Band personnel. In addition to the maintenance id* law and order in the Island of St. Mary, the Force U also responsible for the issue of licence*;, the control of immigration, the supervision of Weights and Measures, trathe control, tire-tight ing. court duties, the escort of convicted prisoners from the Protectorate to Hathurst Prison and other miscellaneous duties. In the Protectorate, police duties are normally undertaken by the Commissioners with the assistant* of Court, Messengers (known locally as Badge Messengers'*). Mainlnwnre of Lair and (*rttta\ 1031 StatfHtics. Court cases dealt with filiO Prosecutions conducted ">40 Convictions obtained .501 Inquest summonses served 19 Warrants executed Hi Summonses and Subpoena* sertcd 30o .>«) / ssue of Licences, lU-lh Motor Vehicle ...... 2!H Dog ...... |"4 Firearms ...... Uii> Domestic Servant ...... o()4 Motor Driver ...... 1'NH Liquor ...... \(\ Entertainment ...... 'J4 Traffic dm trot. Control \< maintained on weekdays in Hathurst from t! a.m. to <> p.m. Fitnjrr Print l>"i>a rlnunt. This Department, which was organized in 19ol, is administered by tlie Bandmaster in addition to Ins other duties ami satisfactory progress was made during the year. HY///Ids awl Measures, are dealt with in Chapter XI. Relations icith the Public. (iood relations were maintained throughout tin* year. Training. Being an armed force, instruction based on military principles is included in the syllabus of training. The following subjects are included in tin* regular courses of instruction :— Law and general police duties. Fire drill. Physical training. M uskctry. Health. The1 health ol tin* Force during l!h*>l was good. Itund. The public concerts given twice weekly were greatly appreciated by the inhabitants of Hathurst. FltlSOX, In the (iainbia there is only one prison which is situated on St, Mary's Island in a good position. The buildings, which were former ly used as an isolation hospital, were converted into a prison in 1920. They are of solid construction, well ventilated and are provided with electric light and pipe-borne water supply. Accommodation is available for lot) prisoners and consists of three Association Wards, five solitarv confinement cells, an iufirmarv, cook-house, stores and out-houses. The Warders are accommodated (dose to the Prison. StUp. .... ; The start consists of the Inspector of Prison* (whoso duties are performed hv the Commissioner of Police), an African Chief Warder and nineteen other African warders. Health. The Prison is visited daily by a Medical Officer. The health of the prisoners during 1931 was good, the daily average number of sick being 1.22, or 1.57 per cent of the average daily number in the prison. Yisitimj Committee. The Prison is visited regularly by a committee appointed by the Governor. The present Committee consists of the Senior Medical Officer, the senior African Unofficial Member of Legislative Council and the Laud Officer. In addition, all the Justices of the Peace having jurisdiction in Hathurst may, when they so desire, inspect tin1 Prison and examine the condition of the prisoners durante Offenders. On tin? very rare occasions that juveniles are committed to Prison they a.o given separate accommodation and are not allowed to associate with adult criminals. Female Prisotters. Very few females are committed to prison. Separate accommoda tion is provided for such prisoners and they arc placed in charge of the Prison Matron. limfdof/tnent of Prisoner*. in addition to the ordinary routine work of cleaning, cooking, etc., the prisoners tire also employed on minor public; works tinder the super vision of Warders. A garden is maintained by prison labour and, during 1931, 7,422 lbs. of vegetables were raised for consumption by the prisoners. Prison Offences. The discipline during 11)31 was good, only seven offences being recorded. Seven prisoner* escaped and of these three prisoners art* still at large. Admissions and Discharges. During the year 1931 the admissions totalled 698 and the discharges (>28. The average daily number of prisoners was 77,5. ClIAl'TKK XIV. IJKUIHLATION. Dining 1931 the following Legislation win* enacted;— Ordinance*;— 1. Tito European Officers' Pension (Amendment) Ordinance. 2. The Imperial Acts Adoption Ordinance. 3. The Intestate Estates ( Aniendmeiit) Ordinance. 4. The Urban District and Public Health (Amendment; < )rdinaucc. o. The Cinematograph Ordinance. t>. The Supplementary Appropriation Ordinance. 7. The Public Officers" Pension (Amendment) Ordinance. 5. The Reghtration and Licensing of Domestic Servants ( Amendment ) ()rdinancc. 9. The Town of Hatluust ( Amendmcnt ) Ordinance. 10, The Protectorate ( Amendment ) Ordinance. 1 I. The Public* Holidays (Amendment ) Ordinance. 1 2. The Stamp < hdiuanoe, 13. The Appropriation Ordinance. H. The Passports (Amendment) Ordinance. 15. The Interpretation (Amendment) Ordinance. Pi. The Customs Tarill (Amendment) Ordinance. The OUIN Ordinances which call for any comment arc : — (1) The Stamp Ordinance, which imposed Slam)) duties on various instruments and which follows the lines of Stamp Ordinances in force elsewhere. Hitherto then* have been no stamp duties in tlie Colony. ( 2 » The Customs Tariff ( Amendment) ()rdinaiicc providing for the levying of export duty on all goods etc., exported from the Colony irrespective of whelher those goods are or are not the produce or manufactures of the Colony. The subsidiary legislation was as follows:— Hule* and Heijnlntions:— 1. The Immigration Restriction Regulation*. 2. The Education (Amendment) Rules. 3. The Police Regulations. 4. Tin? European Officers' Pensions Regulations. 5t The Public Officers* Pensions Regulations. fi. The Amending Rules of the Supremo Court. 7. The European Officers' Pensions (No. 2) Regulations. 8. The Postal Regulations. !>. The Hathurst Market Regulations. 10. The Weights and Measures Regulations. 11. The Quarantine Regulations. 12. The Public Health Regulations, 13. The Klectrie Light Regulations, 14. The Public Health (No. 2) Regulations. lo. The Town of Bathurst (Building) Regulations. Orders :— No. 1, made under section 12 of the Customs TarilV Ordinance 1 !>24 exempting wireless receiving sets and wireless com ponent parts other than electric batteries from import duty. Nos. (J and 12, made under section 12 of the* Ds.ugerous Drugs Ordinance 192S declaring I)i-liydro-nior phinouc and its salts and any preparation, admixture etc. containing any pro portion of it and also the salts of I)i-hydro-codcinonc to he dangerous drugs. No- h, made under section 12 of tin* Customs Tariff Ordinance 1!)24 imposing import duties on various imported goods etc. ami ainenc'ing and otherwise altering the existing rales of duty on imported goods. No, J), made under section of the Customs (Consolidation) Ordinance l!Mti, prohibiting- tin; importation of ''Kiev 'Rocket1 Shotgun Cartridges". No. 1U, made under section 12 tof the Customs Tariff' Ordinance, 1 !>24 reducing the export dwty on groundnuts from £ I to 10/- per ton. No. 14, made under section 3!> of the Customs (Consolidation) Ordinance It) Hi. allowing the importation of left-hand drive motor vehicles. No, B>. made under section 12 of the Customs Tariff* Ordinance, 1!)24. exempting ''Book*, stationery ami apparatus generally for the use of educational establishments, and arti'do requir ed for outdoor games intended exclusively for the use of such establishments" from im] nil duty. Jlj/e fjnrs:— Nos. 1 \- 2 of IJW1, made by the Navigation and Pilotsoe Hoard, There is no legislating in the (iambia dealing with factories com pensation for accidents or provision for sicknos>. old age etc. 37 ClIAl'TKIt XV. l'l IU.IC FlN'AXCK AND TAXATION'. lie renin tux I K.r/tmttiftfre. The Revenue nml Expenditure during the. hist ten venr> were :— Ykaij. HR.vKxn.. Kxim:xih hi: 1922 £243,003 £252.419 l 923 229,0*8 211.317 1924 2n8,oi3 2O3.035 1 S«|JIK«i 27I.K30 1920 214,1*1 213.643 1927 252.419 277.025 1 92>» 255,3*5 25O.590 1929 235,205 2SJ»..'>ihi l wo 210.739 253.22* 193 1 1 84.825 227.4*7 The only Drill outstanding is the small balance of tlie- Loan to the Colony from the West African Cturcney Hoard in connexion with thr demonetization of the French live-franc pieces. Of the loan ol 4'lN7,s0:. which was made iu 1 £1S2JM has now hecti repaid. Assets. (ft) Surplus of Assets over Liabilities on ;51st Deeemher 10,11 ... £ Outstanding Currency Hoard Loan and Interest nS'O;) Total Assets ... £120.*7S Tin* main sources of Revenue from Taxation with the yield for the last five vears were as follows :— ltflil. lO.'JO. 1020. 1028. 1027. Custom* Jm/iorf Ad-Valorem :— £7,522 £12.509 £14.510 £33,700 £20,797 Speeih'e : — Kola Nut* 22.319 24.471 24,1)73 31,210 44.795 K T,,l'li ,'"x'Ws £121,987 £139,927 XI24,396 XI77.308 £.72.887 Port Due* 2,959 4,042 4,.".53 5,049 4,608 Yard Tax 10,179 11,073 11,005 7,005 7,039 3H LlmL./ 2'36° 3'4l:* 3'602 4'664 4'7*7 Other Licence* Liquor & Motor 1,011 2,.>94 2,»54 2,7.*>8 2,22* fur etc. TOTAL CI39,306 £161,041) £146,532 £196.003 £102,149 During the yenr si New Turin* Ordinance WHS enacted imposing * • ing the rates on certain other articles. The present Tariff levies an Je*)*itlomH duty of 10 per cent on all articles not otherwise exempt or subject to a speeilie rate of duty, with the except ion that an .?f-ritlnrvm dutv of 2i percent is levied on Aircraft and accessories and on manufactured Cotton (Joods of 15 per cent. The principal articles on which a Specific duty is levied tit the ratts shew-: against them, areas follows : — Hags and sacks (empty) 5/- per 100; Heads (other than Coral) r lb: Lime 2/- per ton: Motor Cars £5 each; Motor Cycles 1* 1 each: Hicyclcs Kb-each: Matches 2/- per gross: Oils. Kerosene 4'/ p«i- Imperial < iallon: Motor Spir.l 4/- per Imperial (Jallon: Twine 1/- per Imperial (iallon, still, in hulk in packages of not less than 20 Imperial (iallons per (iallon. in bottles or other packages less than 20 Imperial (iallons .)/- per (iallon; Wood and Timber, undressed £1 per 1.000 sup. ft., dieted £1:1:0 per L000 sup. ft. /Orisr uad Stamp duties. There arc no Excise Duties. Up to the end of 1931 no Stamp Duties have been imposed but under the Stamp Ordinance, No. 12 of 1931, which came into operation on the I4th January 1932, provision is made for charging Stamp Duties in respect of certain instruments, the principal items being:— Admission as a Barrister, Solicitor or Notary Public £10 0 0 Agreement or Memorandum of Agreement not otherwise charged 0 0 (i Award—Over £l() to £50 0 0 6 „ £50 to £100 0 1 0 Every additional £50 or part thereof 0 0 •o> Hill of Exchange—Payable on demand etc. 0 0 2 Others not exceeding £10 0 0 2 Over £10 to £25 0 0 <) Every additional £25 or part thereof 0 0 (i Hills of Lading or Receipt for goods Bonds for payment of any sum not exceeding £100 0 5 0 Every additional £25 or part thereof 0 1 0 Bonds of Indemnity etc. not for a specified sum 0 5 0 Conveyances and other Assignments of Property For every £25 or part thereof ... 0 I 0 Leases and Agreements for leases for tenancy or occupancy of any lauds or buildings annual rental not exceeding £10 ' ...... 0 0 ti Over £10 to £20 ... 0 1 0 £20 ., £50 ... 0 2 0 „ £50 £ioo ... o :\ o Kvery additional £50 or part thereof 0 2 0 Notarial Act of anv kind whatever ... 0 10 Powers of Attornev ...... 0 5 0 Receipt for payment of £2 or upwards ... 0 0 2 (loverument is exempt in eases where a private* concern would he liable for payment of duty; cither exemptions include receipts for salaries and allowances and certain hanking transactions. Yard 7W,r. Under the Protectorate Ordinance the following scab; of Ya.d Tax is imposed :— (a) For every yard containing not more than 4 Huts or Houses ...... 4/- (b) For every additional lint or House in the Yard 1/- (c) For every person residing iu a yard other than a member of the family of owner or occupier ... 2/- (d) For every person residing in a yard who is not a member of the family of the owner or occupier and who cultivates public land ...... 6/- The Revenue from which during the last five years has been as follows:— £ 1927 ...... 7,639 1928 ...... 7,065 1929 ...... 11,666 1930 ...... 11,073 1631 ...... 10,179 This tax is collected by the Commissioners with the a distance of Chiefs, the latter receiving a percentage of the tax. 10 ('liAi*rXVI LAXO AXO SIKYKY. The Land and Sunev Department carries nut surveys of the townships in tlie Protectorate were plots are leased for trading pur poses. Individual plots in tlie Protectorate and Bathurst are also surveyed when applied for and the necessary plans and deeds are prepared. Various other surveys are made a* required by < io\ eminent and miscellaneous duties are carried out in regard to lands already leased, the revision and preparation of plans, valuation* nl properties and the assessment of rates for the Town of Bathurst ete. Grants and Leases of land in the Colony and Protectorate are regulated by the terms of the Public Lauds (Grants and Dispositions) Ordinance No. .j of li>02. Freehold grants are now seldom made and then only in excep tional circumstances. The present practice is to grant leases either from year to year or for periods not exceeding 21 years. Plots at the various trading centres, or Wharf Towns as they an* called, where ground-nuts arc collected for export, are leased at a rental varying from £2 to £4 per 1,000 square yards according to situation. The area of these plots is limited in ordinary circumstances to 6,000 are vards. Tin4 whole of the town of Hathurst as now laid out has been granted cither in fee simple or under lease*. Rents of plots leased by Govern ment in Hathurst vary from 10/- per 1,000 square feet for plots in residental areas to £2. 10. 0. per 1,000 square feet for plots along the river front leased for commercial purposes. No concessions of lands for the exploration of minerals or other purposes are in existence, Renls collected by Government on public lands in Hathurst and the Protectorate and rates on properties in Hathurst amounted to £8,212 for the year 1931, \yhilst £299 were received in respect of fees for subletting and surveys, fn 1930 the rents and rates amounted to £8,204 and the fees for subletting and surveys to £207. Expen diture amounted to £2,KM in 1931 as compared with £2,L28 in 1930. Activities duriihj 1031:— The, principal activities of the Department were: Surreys.' In addition to the survey of plots required lor trading purposes at various wharf towns in tin1 Protectorate the following surveys were also made :— The aeroplane landing-ground at ('ape St. Mary. The town of dawarra. Wuli Agricultural Station, 41 Maps and P/ans. Over 300 plains were prepared in audition to the revision and *ut» printing of existing plans. A map was made showing roads in the (Jamhia and adjacent territories and another of the Komho roads system, The map of the (Jamhia wa> revised in narr for printing in England. t.irants and Leases. Ninety-three grants and leaner were prepared. Hates Assessment ; liathnrsi < The Hating Eist for 1931 was completed early *n the year and that for 1932 was prepared. In connexion with the hitter some o.50 properties were visited and assessed, 42 APPENDIX. Tli" f«»1lmvin«r n'o tlio niheip'e firms cur.yinjj on a grin in 1 import and export trade in tlm Gambia:— AM?c K ro Name. AdW ;*r " P° United Africa Co. Ltd. Wellington Street Africa House, Kingsway, London. W.C. 2. Le Commerce Afrieain do. ^ Cours de (iouojue, Bordeaux. Cooipagnic Francaise dc do. ;J2, (/ours Pierre 1/ Vfriqiie < Jccid'Mitalc Pugei, MAI *«-ille?%. Etabl IS>EIN.*nt> MAUIE.i & dot jBue Porte Pr.IM Dijeaiix, Bordeaux. Kiabliss m ni< Vezia do. ( MaM-cl Freres fc. A • do. fi, QMai Louis X VI11, lordeaux. V . Q. Petersen do. Sarfcis Madi Russel Street JO T wksT AFRICA GAMBIA |and portion oJfSENECAL Scales "* ^ ^ IR^IIWOM* t I f I JOfK MftlbylSont EM PI RE MARKETING BOARD PUBLICATIONS. Note on the work of tho Board and Statement of Research and other Grunts unproved by the Secretary of Statu from July, 1926, to March, 1931. Cmd. 3914. '.Hi. (10d.). The Growing Dependence of British Industry upon Empire Markets. December, 1929. (E.M.B. 23.) la. (1*. Id.). Insect Infestation of Stored Cacao. December, 1929. (E.M.B. 21) is. oU (Is. 8d.). British Industries and Empire Markets. March, 1930. (E.M.B. 20.) Is. ils. 2d.). Canadian Fruit Shipments. Report of an investigation into tho Deterioration in Transit of Imported Canadian Fruit, 1927-29. June, 1930. (E.M.B. 30.) 1*. (Is. 2d.). The Production of Tung Oil in tho Empire. June, 1930. (E.M.B. 31.) l.s.ds. Id.). Report on the Cultivation, Treatment and Prospects of R ice in British Guiana. (E.M.B. 32.) U. (la. 3d.). The Dissemination of Research Results among Agricultural Producers. (E.M.B. 33.) Is. (Is. 4d.). The Demand for Empire Butter. (E.M.B. 34.) Is. (Is. 2d.). The Relative Values of Cod Liver Oils from various sources. (E.M.B. 35.) Is. (Is. id.). The Behaviour and Diseases of the Banana in Storage and Trans port. (E.M.B.36.) Is. (Is. 3d.), The Demand for Canned Fruits. (E.M.B. 37.) Is. (Is. 2d.)! Report of Proceedings of the Imperial Wool Research Conference, 1930. Is. (Is. 3d.). Fruit Supplies in lQ30. (E.M.B. 38.) Is. (Is. 3d.). Changes in the Demand for Butter. (E.M.B. 39.) Is. (Is. Id.). Report on Development of Agriculture in the Bahamas. (E.M.B. 10.) Is. (Is. 2d.). Empire Marketing Board. May, 1930, to May, 1931. (E.M.B. 41.) Is. (Is. 3d.). A Preliminary Report on an investigation into the Control of West Indian Insect Pests. (E.M.B. 42.) Is. (Is. 5d.). Recent Advances in Pasture Management (E.M.B. 43.) Is. (Is. 2d.). Dairy Research. (E.M.B. 44.) Is. (Is. 2d.). Transport and Storage of Bananas with special reference to Chilling. (E.M.B.46.) Is. (Is 2d.). British Empire Hardwoods from the point of view of Turnery. 2». (2s. 2d.). Wool Quality: A Study of the Influence of various contributory factors, their significance and the technique of their measurement. Cloth. £1 U(£l is. 9d.). Australian and New Zealand Fruit Shipments. Report of an inves tigation into the deterioration in transit of Imported Australian and New Zeuland Fruit, 1927-30. (E.M.B 46.) Is. (Is. 2d.). Banana Breeding at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture. (E.M.B. 47.) Is. (Is. 2d.). Imperial Sugar Cane Research Conference, 1931. Report of Pro ceedings. 2s. 6d. (2s. lid.). All Prices are net. Those in parentheses include Postage. OBTAINABLE FKOM THE SALE OFFICES OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, AT THE ADDRESSES SHOWN ON THE FRONT COVER OF THIS REPORT, OR THROUGH ANY BOOKSELLER.