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Study of Space-Based Applications in the Pacific Region to Enhance ICT Connectivity for Disaster Risk Management and Socio-Economic Development

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Study of Space-Based Applications in the Pacific Region to Enhance ICT Connectivity for Disaster Risk Management and Socio-Economic Development April 2011 Study of Space-Based Applications in the Pacific region to Enhance ICT connectivity for Disaster Risk Management and Socio-Economic Development by Hon David Butcher BA (Hons) FNZIM, CMC Hugh Railton – B.Sc., C.Eng. MIET, MIPENZ, ARE April 2011 Contents CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. II ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................ IV TABLES ..................................................................................................................... V FIGURES .................................................................................................................. V APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. I 1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 ICT and Development ................................................................................ 1 1.2 Digital Divide ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Poverty Reduction ...................................................................................... 3 1.4 Satellites ................................................................................................... 4 1.5 ITU in Satellite Regulation .......................................................................... 8 1.6 Communications for Disasters ..................................................................... 8 1.7 Tampere Convention ................................................................................ 10 2. PACIFIC REGION - CABLES.......................................................................... 11 2.1 Pacific Options ......................................................................................... 11 2.2 Cable Facilities ......................................................................................... 11 2.3 High Demand Countries ........................................................................... 12 2.4 Medium Demand Countries ....................................................................... 13 3. PACIFIC REGION - PMSC ............................................................................. 16 3.1 Personal Mobile Satellite Communications .................................................. 16 3.2 Iridium ................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Global Star .............................................................................................. 17 3.4 Thuraya .................................................................................................. 17 3.5 Inmarsat ................................................................................................. 18 3.6 Frequency Band ....................................................................................... 20 4. PACIFIC REGION PNT (RNSS) ..................................................................... 22 4.1 Global Navigation Satellite Services ........................................................... 22 4.2 GPS Constellation .................................................................................... 22 4.3 GLONASS ................................................................................................ 23 4.4 COMPASS Network................................................................................... 24 4.5 Galileo .................................................................................................... 25 4.6 Application - Tsunami Warning ................................................................. 26 4.7 Application - Radio occultation .................................................................. 27 4.8 Application – Forest Fire and Steep Slope Degradation ................................ 28 4.9 Application - Weather Forecasting ............................................................. 28 4.10 Application – Web-GIS .......................................................................... 29 5. PACIFIC - INTERNET VIA SATELLITE .......................................................... 30 5.1 BGAN ..................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Asia Sat .................................................................................................. 30 David Butcher and Associates ii 5.3 Thaicom - IPSTAR .................................................................................... 31 5.4 PacRICS .................................................................................................. 33 6. PACIFIC - CONNECTIVITY ........................................................................... 35 6.1 Current Satellite Coverage ........................................................................ 35 6.2 APRSAF .................................................................................................. 36 6.3 Sentinel Asia ........................................................................................... 36 7. PACIFIC - HUMAN - INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ......................................... 38 7.1 Training and Capacity Building .................................................................. 38 7.2 Benefit of Familiarity ................................................................................ 38 7.3 Economising ............................................................................................ 38 7.4 Ending the Digital Divide .......................................................................... 39 7.5 User Focus .............................................................................................. 40 7.6 Regulation .............................................................................................. 41 8. PACIFIC - DRM - INFRASTRUCTURE, POLICIES AND REGULATIONS ......... 43 8.1 Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 43 8.2 Policies ................................................................................................... 44 8.3 Internet Access ....................................................................................... 46 8.4 Further Work ........................................................................................... 46 9. POTENTIAL OF WINDS AND QZSS ............................................................... 47 9.1 KIZUNA - WINDS ..................................................................................... 47 9.2 QZSS – Watching Japan ........................................................................... 49 9.3 Potential ................................................................................................. 52 10. PACIFIC - REGIONAL COOPERATION .......................................................... 54 10.1 PIFS .................................................................................................... 54 10.2 International Agreements ...................................................................... 54 11. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 56 11.1 Possible Contribution ............................................................................ 56 11.2 Sustainable Solutions ............................................................................ 56 11.3 UNESCAP’s role .................................................................................... 57 11.4 Recognise DRM .................................................................................... 58 12. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 59 12.1 Summary of Recommendations ............................................................. 59 13. APPENDIXES ................................................................................................ 62 David Butcher and Associates iii Acronyms and Abbreviations APAA Active Phased Array Antenna ALOS Advanced Land Observing Satellite APRSAF Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum AusAID Australian Agency for International Development Beidou Chinese word for "Big Dipper" BGAN Broadband Global Area Network C Band Is a pair of satellite radio frequency bands with the up-link at 6 GHz and the down-link at 4 GHz BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service CITIC Formerly the China International Trust and Investment Company dbw logarithmic ration of power referenced to 1 watt DMSS Disaster Management Satellite System DRM Disaster Risk Management DTH “Direct to Home” the signal is strong enough for a receiving station on the Earth to communicate directly using a relatively small antenna. eirp Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power EESS Earth Exploration Satellite Service FSS Fixed Service Satellite GPRS General Packet Radio Service GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety Services GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System (generic name for GPS type services) GPS Global Positioning System GSPS Global Satellite Phone Service Inmarsat International Maritime Satellite Organization IP Internet Protocol ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ITU The International Telecommunication Union ITU-R ITU-Radiocommunications Sector JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ka Band Satellite
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