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Festival and the Making of an International Youth Culture in the East Berlin Cityscape During Late Socialism, 1970S-1990S

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Festival and the Making of an International Youth Culture in the East Berlin Cityscape During Late Socialism, 1970S-1990S The ‘Red Woodstock’ Festival and the Making of an International Youth Culture in the East Berlin Cityscape during Late Socialism, 1970s-1990s by Katharine Natalia White B.A. in History, May 2006, Boston University M.A. in History, November 2008, McGill University A Dissertation submitted to: The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 19, 2018 Dissertation directed by Andrew Zimmerman Professor of History and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Katharine Natalia White has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of October 19, 2017. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. The ‘Red Woodstock’ Festival and the Making of an International Youth Culture in the East Berlin Cityscape during Late Socialism, 1970s-1990s Katharine Natalia White Dissertation Research Committee: Andrew Zimmerman, Professor of History and International Affairs, Dissertation Director Katrin Schultheiss, Associate Professor of History, Committee Member Hugh Agnew, Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member ii Copyright 2018 by Katharine Natalia White All rights reserved iii Dedication The author wishes to dedicate this dissertation to her husband, Andy. You have pushed me to succeed and yet kept me grounded, given me the will to persevere and helped me during moments of seeming despair. Most importantly, you have been steadfast in your love, patience, and encouragement. I dedicate this dissertation to you. iv Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have happened without the support of my committee members—Andrew Zimmerman, Katrin Schultheiss, Hugh Agnew, Jonathan Zatlin, and Timothy Brown. I especially want to thank Katrin for providing me with support from the very beginning of my graduate studies at George Washington—I have appreciated your guidance in navigating the dissertation process as well as your commitment to providing critical feedback at every stage of the dissertation. Jonathan has also been a thorough commentator on various drafts of the dissertation—his questions, insights, and critiques helped make this a much better dissertation than it would have otherwise been. And, finally, Andrew has been a true mentor and an inspiration, pushing me to always read more broadly, think beyond the confines of the discipline, and find a love for the academic pursuit through his example as a scholar, his methods as a teacher, and his mentoring as an advisor. I am sincerely thankful for all that you have taught me during this process. There are a number of other scholars and fellow graduate students who have provided support and feedback at important junctures in the dissertation process. While I apologize to all those I forget to mention, I would especially like to thank Thomas Lindenberger, Dorothee Wierling, Lorenz Luethi, and Geoff Eley for providing me with key insights as well as feedback at critical points in the prospectus, research, and writing stages of the dissertation. I would also like to thank Kate Densford, Bob Isaacson, and Qingfei Yin, who have provided feedback on drafts of the project and been an important support system in the process. v In addition, I want to thank my friends in Berlin. Celia and Mark, you remain an inspiration in the way that you live by your ideals. All the people of the former Yorckland—especially Clemens, Kim, Tanja, Isa, Lizzy, and Fritze—you gave me the best home away from home with communal dinners, late night discussions, long Saturday morning breakfasts, coffee breaks, and of course the bouldering sessions. I cannot tell you how many times I have heard, “but it is the last nice day, we just have to go out…” Your warm personalities are infectious and your friendships mean the world to me. In Washington, DC, I want to thank my climbing friends who have provided me with a bit of sanity in this process. There are too many of you to name, but our shared love of the outdoors and pursuit of steep rock has helped me channel both a calmness and a strength into my life that has been important on so many levels. And I especially want to thank my family—including my husband, my mother, and my father as well as Sam and Julia—for your love and support in this endeavor. Your unwavering confidence in me has meant more than you could ever know. vi Abstract of Dissertation The ‘Red Woodstock’ Festival and the Making of an International Youth Culture in the East Berlin Cityscape during Late Socialism, 1970s-1990s This dissertation destabilizes the idea that the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students—the “Red Woodstock”—which took place in East Berlin in 1973, exemplified a subversion of everyday life under state socialism. It does so by tracing how East Berlin remained a space for the ebb and flow of transcultural interactions and exchanges with the world beyond the so-called “Iron Curtain” well after the 1973 festival ended. Such international connections occurred through officially sanctioned events, such as the Rock for Peace and Political Songs festivals that took place annually in East Berlin. They also emerged through subterranean channels, including the unofficial blues fairs of the Protestant churches that attracted society’s outcasts—or “asocial” youth—as well as activists who rejected or were ostracized by the state. By rendering the Red Woodstock festival as a reflection of everyday life, the dissertation sheds light on how state socialist rituals transcended the binary of the “carnivalesque” versus “normalcy.” This was apparent as music performances, films, late night discussions, and even anti-imperialist expressions of solidarity that the East German state interwove into the youth rituals during the 1973 festival proved to be neither momentary nor fleeting. Rather, they were reified in everyday life as a result of the Party’s attempt to fuse state ideology with youth culture trends through various activities during late socialism. More importantly, by examining continuities rather than ruptures through time as well as across space , the dissertation makes visible how East German youth channeled concepts from both state-sponsored programs as well as their own counter-culture agendas to alter the very fabric of East German socialism . International, anti-imperialist, and even revolutionary in its articulation, East Germany youth culture generated a momentum of its own, enabling young people to repurpose global expressions of resistance within local public spaces in ways that would transform East German socialism from the bottom up. vii Table of Contents Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Abstract of Dissertation .................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: The Red Woodstock Between the Carnivalesque and the Everyday ......... 37 Chapter Two: The Palace of the Republic and East German Spatial Imaginaries .......... 111 Chapter Three: The Protestant Church and East German Alternative Subjectivities ..... 176 Chapter Four: Reimagining the Streets: East German Performativity in the Late Eighties ........................................................................................................................... 237 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 305 Epilogue: Youth Heterotopias in the Postsocialist Period .............................................. 311 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 349 viii Introduction In the summer of 1973, East Germany hosted a much-anticipated socialist youth festival—the tenth World Festival of Youth and Students—that many referred to at the time as simply the “Red Woodstock.” Under the banner of “anti-imperialist solidarity, peace, and friendship,” the festival convened 25,000 international participants as well as hundreds of thousands of East German youth and guests in East Berlin to celebrate international socialism. The East German state presented the festival as the embodiment of its on-going commitment to socialism, solidarity, and international youth culture. Yet, in looking back at the events, participants and scholars alike would cast the festival as a “break” or momentary lapse from the everyday realities of really existing socialism. 1 As Ina Merkel, a young attendee would become a scholar of East Germany, later recalled: I think afterwards everything was as before …. I believe that for the young people who had taken part in it, it had been a very important experience in their lives. And for them a return to normality meant an awakening also back to the restrictive situation. So they woke up again; they became de-pathologized again, i.e., the pathos of the revolution was gone...2 In recognizing the Red Woodstock as a singular moment of socialist youth’s international revolutionary zeal, Merkel points to its significance as an aberration rather than a reflection
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