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Caspian Sea Level Changes During the Last Millennium EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Open Access Open Access Clim. Past Discuss., 9, 1397–1448, 2013 Climate www.clim-past-discuss.net/9/1397/2013/ Climate CPD doi:10.5194/cpd-9-1397-2013 of the Past of the Past Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 9, 1397–1448, 2013 Open Access Open Access Earth System This discussion paper is/hasEarth been System under review for the journal Climate of the Past (CP). Caspian Sea level Please refer to the corresponding final paper in CP if available. Dynamics Dynamics changes during the Discussions last millennium Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific A. Naderi Beni et al. Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Caspian SeaData level Systems changes duringData Systems the last Title Page Discussions Open Access Open Access millennium: historical and geologicalGeoscientific Abstract Introduction Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Conclusions References evidences from the south CaspianDiscussions Sea Tables Figures Open Access 1 2 Open Access 1 3,4 4 A. Naderi Beni , H. LahijaniHydrology, R. and Mousavi Harami , K. ArpeHydrology, S. A. G. and Leroy , N. Marriner5, M. Berberian6, V. Andrieu-Ponel7, M. Djamali7, and A. Mahboubi1 Earth System Earth System J I 1Geology Department, Faculty ofSciences Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Sciences Mashhad, Iran J I 2Marine Geology Department, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography (INIO),Discussions Tehran, Iran Open Access 3 Open Access Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany Back Close 4 Ocean Science Institute for the Environment,Ocean Brunel Science University, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, London, UK 5Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CEREGE, UMR6635 – IRD, CEREGE, UMRDiscussions 161 – Full Screen / Esc Collège de France, CEREGE, 13545 Aix en Provence cedex 4, France 6 Open Access School of Mathematics, Science, and Technology,Open Access Ocean County College, Toms River, Printer-friendly Version NJ 08754-2001, USA Solid Earth 7 Solid Earth Interactive Discussion Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie UMR7263 CNRS/Aix-MarseilleDiscussions Université – Europôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois – Pavillon Villemin – BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, France Open Access 1397 Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Received: 13 February 2013 – Accepted: 28 February 2013 – Published: 12 March 2013 Correspondence to: A. Naderi Beni ([email protected]) CPD Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 9, 1397–1448, 2013 Caspian Sea level changes during the last millennium A. Naderi Beni et al. Title Page Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures J I J I Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 1398 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract CPD Historical literature may constitute a valuable source of information to reconstruct sea level changes. Here, historical documents and geological records have been combined 9, 1397–1448, 2013 to reconstruct Caspian sea-level (CSL) changes during the last millennium. In addition 5 to a literature survey, new data from two short sediment cores were obtained from the Caspian Sea level south-eastern Caspian coast to identify coastal change driven by water-level changes. changes during the Two articulated bivalve shells from the marine facies were radiocarbon dated and cal- last millennium ibrated to establish a chronology and to compare them with historical findings. The overall results indicate a high-stand during the Little Ice Age, up to −19 m, with a −28 m A. Naderi Beni et al. 10 low-stand during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, while presently the CSL stands at −26.5 m. A comparison of the CSL curve with other lake systems and proxy records suggests that the main sea-level oscillations are essentially paced by solar irradiance. Title Page Although the major controller of the long-term CSL changes is driven by climatological Abstract Introduction factors, the seismicity of the basin could create locally changes in base level. These 15 local base-level changes should be considered in any CSL reconstruction. Conclusions References Tables Figures 1 Introduction J I The Caspian Sea (CS) is characterized by substantial fluctuations during its geological life time (Varushchenko et al., 1987; Rychagov, 1997; Dolukhanov et al., 2010). It is J I believed that climate-induced changes are the main reason for the Caspian Sea Level Back Close 20 (CSL) fluctuations by influencing the hydrological budget of the sea (Arpe and Leroy, 2007; Arpe et al., 2012). According to the latitudinal extension of the CS and its wa- Full Screen / Esc tershed from dry low-latitude to temperate high-latitude climates (Fig. 1) and in view of the ongoing global warming, it provides a good opportunity to investigate the im- Printer-friendly Version pacts of global climate variations on sea level and their socio-economic consequences Interactive Discussion 25 (Gümilev, 1980; Dolukhanov et al., 2010). Historical and archaeological documents show that the CS has experienced frequent sea-level oscillations during the historical 1399 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | period. The CSL changes followed by huge socio-economic impacts on the surrounding societies such as coastal property destruction, major tribal migrations and rising/falling CPD of civilizations (Gümilev, 1964, 1980; Létolle, 2000; Rekavandi et al., 2007). 9, 1397–1448, 2013 Historical documents may provide valuable information on Late Holocene geological 5 events such as tsunamis (Dotsenko et al., 2002; Shah-hosseini et al., 2011), earth- quakes (Ambraseys and Melville, 1982; Berberian, 1994; Berberian and Yeats, 1999), Caspian Sea level climatic variability (Brown, 2001; Okhravi and Djamali, 2003), and sea-level changes changes during the (Brückner, 1890; Varushchenko et al., 1987; Karpychev, 2001). The cultural evolution last millennium of human societies has mainly occurred during the Holocene that has, in turn, under- A. Naderi Beni et al. 10 gone significant environmental changes (Mayewski et al., 2004). From this view, histor- ical and archaeological evidences are particularly pertinent in understanding human- environment interactions (Berberian et al., 2012). Title Page So far, the Holocene Caspian sea-level (CSL) change has been a key focus of geological research (Mamedov, 1997; Rychagov, 1997; Kroonenberg et al., 2000; Abstract Introduction 15 Karpychev, 2001; Kazancı et al., 2004; Hoogendoorn et al., 2005; Lahijani et al., 2009; Dolukhanov et al., 2010; Leroy et al., 2011; Kakroodi et al., 2012; Naderi Beni et al., Conclusions References 2013), mostly based on the indirect interpretation of a variety of proxy data. Tables Figures Direct instrumental measurements of the CSL fluctuations only began in the mid- nineteenth century (Leroy et al., 2006). Leroy et al. (2006) showed a good correlation J I 20 between proxy-based interpretations and instrumental observations since 1871 in the Kar¯ a-Bog¯ az¯ Gol in the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea (CS) (Fig. 1). Due to the rel- J I atively short timeframe of instrumental observations, palaeoenvironmental data con- Back Close tribute to extend the length of the sea-level records, which, in turn, may be accompa- nied with some uncertainties. One of the ways to decrease the uncertainties relating to Full Screen / Esc 25 the pre-instrumental geological data is to correlate the results with historical evidence recorded in ancient literature. Printer-friendly Version Although the history of civilization in the Caspian region dates back to more than 6000 yr (Gilbert, 1978), little literature pre-dating the last millennium is available to Interactive Discussion compare and contrast with geological interpretations. In light of this, we here focus 1400 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | on the last millennium (the tenth to twentieth centuries AD) to compare the histori- cal events with related geological findings and to independently test the accuracy of CPD palaeo-environmental data. 9, 1397–1448, 2013 2 Geographical setting Caspian Sea level changes during the 5 2.1 General view last millennium The CS has a surface area of 360 000 km2 and 3.5 millionkm2 of catchment area and A. Naderi Beni et al. is surrounded by five countries, i.e. Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turk- menistan (Fig. 1). Due to its vast area, the lake is referred to as a sea in the literature. The land-locked nature of the sea has been known since ancient times. Ibn Hawqal Title Page 10 (1988, page 129) stated that: “the Sea is not linked to any other sea and the Atil River (the Volga) discharges into the sea and only this river is connected to the Constantine Abstract Introduction Sea (Black Sea) through one of its branches
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