Heritage Statement Former Quaker Chapel, Monyash, Derbyshire Dales

Heritage Statement

Former Quaker Chapel, Monyash, Derbyshire Dales

Client: Mr Neil Gould

Technical Report by: Dr Michael Nevell, Archaeology Consultant

Report No: 2020/02

Contents

Summary 1

1. Introduction 2

2. Method Statement 3

3. Setting and Historical Background 5

5. Assessment of Significance 18

6. Proposed Works and Impact Assessment 43

7. Conclusion 47

8. Sources 48

9. Acknowledgements 50

Summary

In April 2020 Dr Michael Nevell, archaeology consultant, was commissioned by Mr Neil Gould to produce a Heritage Statement for the Quaker Chapel, Monyash, Derbyshire Dales, an area that is part of the Peak District National Park (centred on NGR SK 14993 66703). The Quaker Meeting house was built in the period 1711 to 1717 and documentary and structural evidence indicates that it was adapted from an earlier cottage/farmhouse on this site. The building is a Grade II listed heritage asset and is situated on the northern side of the village of Monyash on Chapel Street, within the conservation area. This document has been produced to support a Planning Application for the conversion of the former community building into an open market priced house. This document aims to provide sufficient heritage information to allow the Peak District National Park Authority to determine the application. The relative significance of the building has been considered with reference to the four areas of heritage values outlined by Historic England (formerly English Heritage) in their Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance, and the Secretary of State’s criteria for assessing the importance of national monuments. However, this heritage appraisal should be read in conjunction with the plans and other technical reports which together comprise the application. The results of the heritage appraisal have concluded that the impact of the proposed works would be overall minor. It is considered that the proposed domestic conversion has an overall minor impact on the existing fabric of the former Quaker Chapel. Most of the external impact is negligible in terms of visual impact, and elsewhere is minor. The internal impact is regarded over all as minor to moderate, with a new internal staircase inserted, an earlier staircase removed, a leanto building rebuilt and the insertion of a first floor over most of the former meeting space in G1. The impact on the overall historic fabric is minor, affecting little of the significant decorative/vernacular features except for the insertion of the first floor in room G1 which is considered a moderate impact.

1. Introduction

1.1 Planning Background

The Quaker Chapel lies on Chapel Street in the village of Monyash (SK 14993 66703), Derbyshire Dales. It was originally built as a farmhouse/cottage and converted in the years 1711 to 1717. It is a Grade II listed and is situated on the northern side of the village of Monyash, within the conservation area (DHER 1498552). It lies within the Peak District National Park. This document has been produced to support a Planning Application for the conversion of the former community building into an open market priced house. The purpose of the Heritage Statement is to comply with the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF, February 2019) and the National Planning Practice Guidance (NPPG) in respect of heritage issues. This report sets out: • The relevant national and local heritage planning policies; • An historical background of the building, the site and surrounding area; • An appraisal of the historical significance of the building; • An assessment of the potential or actual impact of the proposed works on the significance of the building, surrounding heritage assets, including the nearby listed buildings.

2. Method Statement

The principal objective of the heritage appraisal was to examine the history, development and significance of the building and through this to assess the impact of the proposed works on that significance. This was achieved by carrying out desk-based documentary research based on primary and secondary sources, including maps, drawings and reports. In addition, a visual inspection survey of the building and its environs was undertaken on 30 April 2020. The visual inspection was intended to provide the minimum of information needed to identify the building’s age, type, broad chronological development, and, crucially, significance; it was not intended to provide a detailed survey of the building.

2.1 Government and Local Planning Policies

2.1.1 National Planning Policy Framework The significance of the heritage resource identified within this report has been assessed as recommended in the revised National Planning Policy Framework (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, February 2019). The NPPF sets out the Government’s planning policies and outlines the presumption in favour of sustainable development, which is defined by three principles: economic, social and environmental. Of the core planning principles underpinning decision making, conserving heritage assets ‘in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of existing and future generations’ is one. Section 16 specifically deals with this historic environment (paragraphs 184-202), and local planning authorities should consider: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; • the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits that conservation of the historic environment can bring; • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness; and • opportunities to draw on the contribution made by the historic environment to the character of a place. Paragraph 189 states that local planning authorities, when determining applications, should require the applicant to describe the significance of any affected heritage assets, including any contribution made by their setting. ‘The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes, or has the potential to include, heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require

developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation’. Paragraph 196 states that where a development proposal will lead to less that substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal including, where appropriate, securing its optimal viable use. Paragraph 199 states that local planning authorities should require developers to record and advance understanding of any heritage assets to be lost, in a manner appropriate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence publicly accessible.

2.1.2 Local Development Framework

NPPF outlines the need for local planning authorities to create local plans and frameworks to implement NPPF at a local level. The Peak District National Park adopted supplementary planning guidance on agricultural developments within the park in 2003 (PDNP 2003). In October 2011 the PDNP adopted a Local Development Framework Core Strategy. This stated in para 13.16 that:

‘Businesses are encouraged to re-use existing traditional buildings of historic or vernacular merit wherever possible. However, in line with national policy statements, more modern agricultural buildings may be re-used if development management criteria are satisfied. It may be possible to replace an existing building with a smaller new building, if siting and design can achieve enhancement. However, business use in existing or new isolated buildings in more remote areas of the countryside will not be permitted. Decisions will take full account of factors including the character of the surrounding landscape, the degree of separation from other buildings or settlements, and the nature of road access. Proposals to redevelop a business site or building in the open countryside for other uses are not likely to be acceptable unless enhancement can be achieved.’

Further guidance was provided in May 2019 when revised Development Management Policies were adopted. Pages 29 to 42 deal with the conservation and enhancing of cultural heritage assets within the Park (paras 3.43 to 3.48), including a section dealing with the identification of heritage assets and assessing the impact of development on designated and non-designated heritage assets and their settings (paras 3.49 to 3.65). Policies DMC5, DMC6, DMC7, DMC8 and DCM9 deal with the impact, respectively, of development on non-designated heritage assets, scheduled ancient monuments, listed buildings, conservation areas and registered parks and gardens. Policy DMC10 deals with the conversion of a heritage asset (PDNP 2019, page 43).

3. Setting and Historical Background

3.1 Location

The Quaker Meeting house is a 17th to 20th century domestic and religious building located in Monyash village, Derbyshire Dales. It lies on the western side of Chapel Street centred on NGR SK 14993 66703 (Figs 1 & 2). The village sits in a valley at a height of around c.264m AOD.

Figure 1: Recent aerial view of the Quaker Chapel (arrowed) (© Google).

3.2 Statutory Designation The Quaker Chapel is a Grade II Listed heritage asset (list entry number 1334920) and listed on the Derbyshire HER (DHER 1498552). It lies within a conservation area and the Peak District National Park. The building was first protected in July 1984 and the listed building description for the chapel is as follows:

5 4 7

Figure 2: The location of listed building and possible burial mound with 300m of Dale House Farm (numbered) (OSD open source mapping)

‘Cottage, converted c1711 into Friends Meeting House, enlarged mid C19, now Sunday school. Coursed limestone. Limestone and gritstone dressings. Plain tile and stone slate roof. Brick gable end stack. Two storey with single storey additions. Plank door with large lintel to west. Recessed and chamfered 2-light mullion window to east with original iron bars. Leaded lights. Beyond, tall glazing bar sash in limestone surround, with original shutter hinges. Above mullioned window, a 2-light flush mullion window with C20 leaded lights. Single storey stone slate addition to east with no openings. To rear, stone slate addition open to south, supported by cast iron columns. Interior of building has gallery to west and south.’

There are seven listed buildings within c. 200m of the Quaker Chapel (see Table 1 and Figure 2). To the north lies Townend Farmhouse, Sheldon House and Shuttle Hill Cottage, both on Chapel Street. To the south lie the K6 telephone box on Chapel Street, the Bull’s Head Public House on Church Street, the Post Office on Tagg Lane, and the village cross on the green.

Number Name Designation Listing Entry Number 1 Townend Farmhouse II 1334921 2 Sheldon House II 1087821 3 Shuttle Hill Cottage II 1159049 4 K6 Telephone Box II 1392390 5 The Bull’s Head Public House II 1087824 6 Post Office, House and Dairy II 1334883 7 Village Cross II 1311183

Table 1: Listed Buildings within 200m of the Qaker Chapel, Monyash. For location of building see Fugure 2.

3.3 Historical Background The Quaker Chapel lies within in the parish of Monyash, part of the Derbyshire Dales district authority, and within the Peak District National Park. This is an upland limestone landscape within the High Peak of Derbyshire. The village of Monyash sits in a dip surrounded by moorland, 10km south-east of Buxton and 6km west of Bakewell, at roughly 265m above sea level. West and south of the village, the upland area of Flagg Moor rises to over 360m, whilst the valley of Lathkill Dale begins c. 1km to the east of the village (PDNP 2011b).

The parish contains widespread evidence for late prehistoric and Romano-British activity (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 12-24; PDNP 2011b), including the possible barrow site of Dars Low to the north-west of the farm complex.

The name Monyash, occurs in the Domesday book of 1066 when it was owned by the King. ‘Maneis’ as written in the Domesday Book, means ‘many springs or waters’. Beneath the centre of the village lies a band of clay, laid down during the last Ice Age, which enabled pools of water to form rather than disappear underground. Over time these pools were shaped into ponds, meres, which provided a source of water for the inhabitants and their livestock. At one time there were five meres, although now just one remains, Fere Mere (PDNP 2011b).

In the later medieval and post-medieval periods the farm and village lay within the large parish of Bakewell. However, St Leonard’s church, on the eastern side of the village, was founded around 1198 as the chantry chapel of Monyash by Robert de Salocia and Matthew de Eston, and has fabric dating to the 13th century (Hartwell, Pevsner &

Williamson 2016, 524-5). It became an independent parish in the 1650s (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 59).

A charter for a market and fair was granted to the village in 1340 (Hartwell, Pevsner & Williamson 2016, 524). The village is surrounded by the extensive earthwork remains of later medieval strip fields, some outlined by drystone walls built in the post-medieval period when piecemeal enclosure began (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 70-72; PDNP 2011b).

Monyash was the centre of the lead mining industry in the north of the White Peak area from the 14th century, and was the home of a Barmote Court, that in later times sat in the Bull’s Head. This court dealt with disputes between lead miners in the High Peak. However, in 1814 its functions were moved to the court at Wirksworth, a few kilomters to the south-east (PDNK 2011b, 8). Magpie Mine was the last mine to be operated within the parish and it closed in 1958 (Hartwell, Pevsner & Williamson 2016, 525; Harris 1971, 30-31).

In the late medieval period the lands forming the manor of Monyash were variously held by the Crown and church, and individual land owners such as Robert de Salocia and Matthew de Eston, Around 1549-50 most of the manor were sold to Sir William Cavendish (whose descendants became the Dukes of Devonshire). The manor of Monyash was broken up in 1616 after the death of Gilbert, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, and split between his three daughters. In 1723 Edward Cheney purchased some of this land and the family remained the largest landowner in the manor until 1861 (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 35-36, 67; PDNP 2011b). By this date the village’s population had reached a peak of 460, having growing by nearly 50% since 1801 (when it was 330), and more than doubled since the 1660s (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 75).

The road from Ashbourne to Hurdlow (which runs through the western side of the parish) was turnpiked in 1720, whilst the remaining open fields were enclosed by an Act of Parliament in 1771 (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 70-72). In 1765 the Newcastle-under- Lyme to Hassop Road was turnpiked and this ran through the village (PDNP 2011b, 7). Enclosure marked a shift in farming towards cattle rearing and dairy production. This was a trend encouraged by the opening of the High Peak and Cromford Railway opened along the western edge of the parish in 1830 (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 88-89, 94). The area became a civil parish after 1866.

In 1861 the Cheney lands were sold and split into 27 lots. Livestock farming continued to be the mainstay of the village but the agricultural depression of the 1870s to the 1920s, coupled with the decline in lead mining, saw the population of the village fall, the population dwindling to 341 in 1911. This decline continued throughout the 20th century and in 1991 there were 283 people living in the village (Johnston & Johnston 2010, 75). In the second half of the 20th century the village became a focus for the growing industry of tourism, with an increasing number of agricultural buildings being converted for holiday lets and a growth in the population the village into the early 21st century (PDNP 2011b, 8).

3.4.1 Development of the Site: Map Evidence

The Quaker Chapel occurs unnamed on a map of the Manor of Monyash drawn in 1776 (Figure 3). This appears to be the earliest map record of the Chapel (PDNP 2011a). In the time available for the current survey it has not been possible to establish whether the earlier cottage that was converted in the chapel was part of the 1614 Chatsworth Survey.

The first map to show the Chapel in detail is the Monyash Tithe Award Map of 1848. This shows a rectangular range, aligned west to east, on the western side of Chapel Lane (Figure 4, arrowed).

The First Edition Ordnance Survey First Edition Six Inch map for Derbyshire (Sheet XXII.SE), surveyed in 1878 to 1879 shows a long linear range or three units, with two main units running from the street and small third unit forming a wing at the rear, or western end. This is described as the Friends’ Meeting House. The burial ground is indicated by the initials ‘B G’ (Figure 5, arrowed).

The Ordnance Survey First Edition 25 Inch map for Derbyshire from 1899 (Sheet XXII.16; Figure 6, arrowed), shows a similar three-unit linear plan. However, the greater detail also shows a small feature in the angle between the rear wing and the eastern two units. This is described as the Friends’ Meeting House. The burial ground is indicated by the initials ‘B G’.

The 1920 Ordnance Survey 25 Inch update (Figure 7) shows the same plan form, as does the 1970 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 edition. The 1920 map still names the site as the ‘Friends’ Meeting House’ with to the rear the burial ground marked as ‘B Gnd’.

3.4.2 Occupiers and Use

In the later 17th century Monyash became a centre for Derbyshire Quakers. John Gratton, a noted early Quaker (1641-1711), lived in the village for the 34 years, from 1668 to 1702, resident at a cottage that would later become the Quaker Chapel or Meeting House. On his death in 1711 he left his cottage and some ground on Chapel Street to the Society of Friends, who converted the cottage into a Friends’ Meeting House – now the Quaker Chapel – which opened in 1717 (Johnston and Johnston 2010, 62-3). This may have replaced an earlier venue in use as a meeting house in 1698 (DHER 1498552).

None of the 19th and early 20th century local directories mention the Quaker Chapel or meeting house (Glover 1829, 73); (Harrod & Co 1870, 239); (Kelly 1912, 350). This fits with the chapel’s closure in 1892 and its re-use in late 19th and early 20th century as a Sunday School. When the building was first listed in 1984 it was still in use as a Sunday School but shortly afterwards it was converted for social purposes (DHER 1498552) (RCHME 1986; Wakeling 2017).

3.5 Summary Level 1 Building Description

The Quaker Chapel comprises a rectangular, one- and two-storey, two bay, stone structure, aligned west to east, with a stable or cart house attached to the western gable, and a graveyard beyond that.

Externally, the northern elevation was largely obscured by the adjoining property. It was limestone built with late 20th century plastic guttering beneath the projecting eaves. The eastern gable fronted Chapel Street. This was a single storey built in random coursed limestone with a doorway with a softwood plank door at the eastern end. The only other opening in this elevation was a small square opening, c. 02.m by 0.2m vent to the roof void offset beneath the apex of the roof. The roof was covered with graduated stone slates, probably form the 19th century, but had been re-roofed on new softwood purlins. The main, southern elevation fronted the access road to the rear, of the property. A vertical building break marked the division between the single storey range to the east and the main two-storey chapel structure. There were four openings in this elevation, all in the chapel range. At the western ground floor end was a plank door with a large lintel. East of this also on the ground floor was a recessed and chamfered two-light sandstone mullion window with original iron bars and leaded lights, which was probably 17th or early 18th century in date. Beyond further to the east, was a tall glazing bar sash window, top hung in hardwood with double glazing, eight panes and a limestone surround and with original shutter hinges. A second mullioned window, with two-lights, no chamfering (suggesting an 18th century date) and 20th century replacement leaded lights, sat at first floor height above the ground floor mullioned window.

The western gable of the chapel was partially obscured by a 20th century outshut. There were no openings in this elevation and the gable was topped by a brick chimney. The pitched chapel roof was covered in Staffordshire Blue ceramic tiles with projecting eaves to the south and north. These tiles probably dated from the 19th century, suggesting that is has been re-roofed in this period.

The single-storey outshut abutting the western end of the chapel was built in limestone with gritstone dressings. The roof was covered in graduates stone slates and capped in Staffordshire Blue ceramic tiles.

The single-storey stable or cart house abutting the single-storey outshut at the western end of the chapel was also built in limestone with gritstone dressings. The roof covering was graduated stone slates capped by tiles.

Internally, in G1, the historic core of the building, a gallery covered the western half of the room space. There was no structural evidence for the gallery having extended along the eastern side of this room, despite a mention in the Listed Building description. The gallery was supported by two chamfered hardwood ceiling beams, each pit-sawn. The ends of these beams were supported by chamfered stone corbels. Redundant slots in the western ceiling beam suggested that part of the gallery had been re-floored and the beams re-used from an earlier structure. Hardwood and softwood joists, all sawn, supported the wooden floorboards of the gallery. A tall square-headed top hung window

lay at the eastern end of the room, in the southern wall, and provided light to the meeting space. A small two-light chamfered mullioned window in the southern wall by the doorway provided extra light beneath the gallery. The original limewashed walls have been re-plastered and a concrete floor added in the 20th century.

G2 lay at the eastern end of the building and was accessed from G1 through a stone- ached doorway in the south-eastern corner of that room. The ground floor height was raised c. 230mm higher than in G1. An exterior door with a wooden lintel lay at the southern-eastern end of the eastern wall and gave access to Chapel Street. The walls were limewashed and a concrete floor added in the 20th century. A late 20th century sink occupied the middle of the southern wall. The room space was open to the eaves, exposing four purlins, two either side of a ridge tree, aligned east-west and all made from machine-sawn hardwood. There were softwood machine-sawn rafters.

G3 and G4 were a small washroom and a separate toilet. They were accessed from a doorway in the middle of the western elevation of room G1. The fixtures and fittings in these two rooms were late 20th century.

A wooden staircase, made of machine-cut softwood and thus a later feature or replacement, in the north-western corner of G1 gave access to the upper floor (FF1). This was built partially into the roof space, exposing the lower parts of two principle rafters. This was occupied entirely by a deep gallery. The eastern wall of the gallery was formed by hardwood timber-framing with ten panels, probably dating from the 18th century. The central three upper panels had wooden shutters to allow viewing of the ground floor meeting space. A fireplace with a large stone surround occupied the middle of the western elevation of the gallery. A two-light mullioned window in the southern elevation provided light in to the space and may have been a feature retained from the earlier cottage/farmhouse.

The roof space was accessed via a trapdoor above the fireplace in FF1. Full access was not possible due to health and safety constraints, but a single open-truss supporting purlins was visible. The north purlin was 20th century in date. The principle rafters and some of the purlins had redundant slots showing that they had been re-used; they might have been re-used from the earlier cottage/farmhouse. The rafters were a mixture of hardwood and machine-sawn softwood indicating that the space had been re-roofed.

A single storey stable or cart house built in coursed limestone blocks abutted the eastern gable of the chapel and the single-storey outshut formed by rooms G3 and G4. This was stone built but had an open southern side. The floor was stone-flagged, and this appeared to be original, and the roof comprised two crude strutted trusses, struts supporting two purlins, all in hardwood and showing evidence of re-use, and a narrow ridge tree. The rafters were machine-cut softwood as was the ridge tree suggesting that the building had been re-roofed. Two re-used circular-section cast-iron columns with spreader plates supported the southern open side of the stable/cart house. A blocked casement window occupied the middle of the eastern wall, and once gave light to room G4 (the WC), whilst a straight vertical joint in this elevation suggested that the southern end of the outshut, housing room G3, was a later addition.

A small burial ground lies to the rear, west, of the property. This contains roughly a dozen graves, manly to the Bowman family.

Figure 3: A map of the manor of Monyash, 1776. Derbyshire Record Office. The location of the Quaker Meeting house is arrowed.

Figure 4: Ordnance Survey One Inch First Edition showing the site (arrowed), 1833.

Figure 5: Extract from the Monyash Tithe Award Plan of 1848. Source: PDNP 2011.

Figure 6: Monyash as shown on the Ordnance Survey 25 Inch Derbyshire map of 1879, Sheet XXII.16.

Figure 7: Monyash as shown on the Ordnance Survey Second Edition 25 Inch Derbyshire map of 1898 Sheet XXII.16.

Figure 8: Monyash as shown on the Ordnance Survey Second Edition 25 Inch Derbyshire map of 1920, Sheet XXII.16.

4. Assessment of Significance

4.1 Introduction Significance is described by Historic England as “The sum of the cultural and natural heritage values of a place, often set out in a statement of significance”. Significance is determined on the basis of statutory designation, research, and professional judgement. The following approach for determining significance builds upon professional experience and the guidelines contained in two key documents: ‘Principles of Selection for Listed Buildings’ (DCMS 2010; updated November 2018) and in Historic England’s ‘Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance’ (2008). ‘Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings’ states that the special interest of a building is determined based on its ‘Architectural and Historic Interest’, assessed through the principles of Age and Rarity, Aesthetic Merits, Selectivity and National Interest. ‘Conservation Principles’ suggests that the significance is determined by identifying the values that people ascribe to a place, which include: Aesthetic value, Communal value, Evidential value, and Historical Value. Similarly, the NPPF suggests that the significance of a place can be assessed by identifying its ‘Aesthetic, Evidential, Historic and Communal values’.

4.2 The Significance of the Quaker Chapel, Monyash The criteria assessed to appraise the building’s significance, as a designated heritage asset, follow the selection criteria of ‘Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings’, and Historic England’s criteria outlined in ‘Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance’. The latter partially overlap with the Statutory Criteria. The following values have been studied:

• Evidential Value – relating to the potential of a place to yield primary evidence about past human activity;

• Historical Value – relating to ways in which the present can be connected through a place to past people, events and aspects of life;

• Aesthetic Value – relating to the ways in which people derive sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place;

• Communal Value – relating to the meanings of place for the people who relate to it, and whose collective experience or memory it holds.

4.2.1 Evidential Value “Evidential value derives from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity” (Historic England 2008, Conservation Principles, Para 35).

“Evidential value derives from the physical remains or the genetic lines that had been inherited from the past. The ability to understand and interpret evidence tends to be diminished in proportion to its removal or replacement” (op cit, Para 36). The former Quaker Chapel is a Grade II Listed 17th to 20th century stone-built religious and domestic building situated in the village of Monyash. It lies on the western side of Chapel Street (centred on NGR SK 14993 66703) within the Monyash Conservation Area (Figures 1 & 2). The building reflects the religious and domestic function and development of the Derbyshire Dales in the Peak District, where carboniferous sandstone and limestone is in frequent use as building materials. This upland area is characterised by small, nucleated villages, surrounded by their open fields (as at Monyash). Post-medieval enclosure has given the area its distinctive walled appearance. These changes also saw a shift from sheep farming to cattle rearing and milk production (Lake, Edwards, Went & Wade- Martins 2006, 35). Thus, the Derbyshire Dales contain a wide range of agricultural and domestic rural buildings with different architectural styles, reflecting the changes in farming practice from the 16th to the late 20th century. The vernacular building style of the former Quaker Chapel reflects the characteristics of the post-medieval rural domestic development of this area (PDNP 2017). The building’s recent use as a social hub reflects a continuation of the building’s raison d’etre. The original core of the building is formed by rooms G1 and FF1, which contain fabric from the use of the building as a Friends’ Meeting house. This includes the first floor galley and the tall sash window in the southern elevation that was used to light the meeting space. The single-storey unit formed by G2 was added to the east some time before the 1848 tithe map was drawn. The doorway between G1 and G2 passes through the former external wall of the chapel and is c. 0.6m deep. The rough segmental stone arch above the doorway is an unusual feature but might have been done to provide extra strength to the new opening. Access to the outshut, which contains rooms G3 and G4 and was added in the 19th century was through a doorway in the former western gable of the chapel. Therefore, the internal Evidential Value is High.

Externally, the elevations are little altered, the primary openings retaining their stone lintels and surrounds in the southern and eastern elevations (Figures 9 to 13). The survival of two mullion windows at ground and first floor level may represent a fragment of the original cottage that was converted into a chapel in the period 1711-1717. Stylistically, the ground floor window is 17th century in date, although the other chamfered window might be 18th century as is the tall sash window in this elevation. The outshut and stable or cart house, added to the west, are both shown on the 1879 map but it is not clear whether they appear on the 1848 tithe map. The roof structure above the chapel, FF1, was partially rebuilt in the 20th century, and the roof covering for G2 was also replaced in the 20th century. The survival of these features rates the external Evidential Value as High.

4.2.2 Historical Value “Historical value derives from the way in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. It tends to be illustrative or associative.” (Historic England 2008, Conservation Principles, Para 39). “The historical value of places depends upon both sound identification and direct experience of fabric or landscape that has survived from the past, but is not as easily diminished by change or partial replacement as evidential value. The authenticity of a place indeed often lies in visible evidence of change as a result of people responding to changing circumstances. Historical values are harmed only to the extent that adaptation has obliterated or concealed them, although completeness does tend to strengthen illustrative values.” (Historic England 2008, Conservation Principles, Para 44). The former Quaker Chapel began life as a cottage before conversion in 1717 to a chapel. Its development and style reflects the modest and discrete architecture of early nonconformist meeting houses, which often re-used existing domestic dwelling in the late 17th and early 18th century (Wakeling 2017). The building also retains much of its historical value as many of the architectural details around the doorways and windows have not been altered nor obscured, and the layout remains largely unaltered. There is also a continued relationship between design and function, and the building’s use as a chapel and later a community hub. Therefore, the Historical Value is considered to be High. 4.2.3 Aesthetic Value “Aesthetic value derives from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place” (Historic England 2008, Conservation Principles, Para 46). “Aesthetic values can be the result of conscious design of a place including artistic endeavour. Equally they can be the seemingly fortuitous outcome of the way in which a place has evolved and been used over time. Many places combine these two aspects. Aesthetic values tend to be specific to a time cultural context and appreciation of them is not culturally exclusive” (op cit, Para 47). “Design values relates primarily to the aesthetic qualities generated by the conscious design of the building, structure or landscape as a whole. This embraces composition (form, proportions, massing, silhouette, views and vistas, circulation) and usually materials or planting, decoration or detailing, and craftsmanship. (op cit, Para 48). The aesthetic value of the former Quaker Chapel derives from the architectural style as a vernacular agricultural building. Much of the building’s aesthetic value is drawn from the exterior (Plates 9 to 13) as much of it survives intact and unobscured, reflecting contemporary domestic design in the use of quoining and stone lintels. The exterior Aesthetic value is medium. The former chapel’s interior retains most of its 18th and early 19th century layout, although the ground floor surface has been replaced by concrete. The interior (Plates 14 to 16) is plane and utilitarian, apart from the first floor gallery, reflecting the nonconformist traditions of tis users. Therefore, the aesthetic value of the interior is considered to be High.

4.2.4 Communal Value “Communal value derives from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory. Communal values are closely bound up with historical value but tend to have additional and specific aspects.” (Conservation Principles, Para 54). The communal value is derived from the fact that the building was designed as a cottage and then converted to a chapel and was in use as a community hub until recently. The name of the road on which it sites, Chapel Lane, almost certainly derives from the presence of the former Quaker Meeting House on this street Therefore, its use as a chapel can be seen to survive in collective memory. A medium Communal Value can be attributed to the former Quaker Chapel based on its continued use as a community hub. 4.2.5 Conclusion The former Quaker Chapel is already recognised as a significant heritage asset though is listed building status. Coupled with the level of survival of interior and exterior features it has a high significance, reflecting both the vernacular domestic development of the village and the growth of non-conformist traditions in the wider area around Monyash during the 18th and 19th centuries. It offers a continuing relationship between design and function with regards to its current, and past, use as a chapel.

Figure 9: Former Quaker Chapel existing floor plans and elevations showing phasing of the building (ground floor only). Drawings courtesy of Andrew Humphries Chartered Architect.

Figure 10: Former Quaker Chapel proposed floor plans and elevations. Drawings courtesy of Andrew Humphries Chartered Architect.

Figure 11: Former Quaker Chapel looking south-east towards the stable or cart house and main chapel building in April 2020.

Figure 12: Former Quaker Chapel looking east showing the stable or cart house range and outshut, April 2020.

Figure 13: Former Quaker Chapel, southern elevation looking west towards the burial ground in April 2020.

Figure 14: Former Quaker Chapel southern elevation in April 2020 showing the chamfered 17th century ground window.

Figure 15: Former Quaker Chapel eastern elevation showing the tall sash window lighting the meeting space in April 2020.

Figure 16: Former Quaker Chapel eastern gable front Chapel Street, April 2020.

Figure 17: Former Quaker Chapel, eastern gable doorway, April 2020.

Figure 18: Former Quaker Chapel graveyard to the west of the main buildings in April 2020.

Figure 19: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing room G1 and the gallery looking west.

Figure 20: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the gallery in more detail in G1..

Figure 21: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the staircase to FF1.

Figure 22: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 G1 looking east.

Figure 23: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020, G1 looking east from the gallery

Figure 24 (above): Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 looking west at the beams supporting the gallery in G1.

Figure 25 (right): Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the stone corbel at the northern end of the west ceiling beam in G1.

Figure 26: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the doorway between G1 and G2.

Figure 27: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing G2 looking west.

Figure 28: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing G2 looking east..

Figure 29: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the external doorway in G2.

Figure 30: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the roof structure above G2.

Figure 31: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing G3.

Figure 32: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing FF1 looking south- east.

Figure 33: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the Gallery sliding shutters in FF1.

Figure 34: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the fireplace in FF1.

Figure 35: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the roof space above FF1 and G1.

Figure 36: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the interior of the stable or cart house looking east o towards the outshut.

Figure 37: Former Quaker Chapel, in April 2020 showing the interior of the stable or cart house looking west. Note the truss.

5. Proposed Works and Impact Assessment

5.1 Introduction Drawings of the proposals have been completed by Andrew Humphries, Chartered Architect, in May and June 2020. The impact assessment below details the proposed works involved, with the conversion of the field barn into a local needs dwelling, on the historic fabric and character.

5.2 Impact Assessment Criteria For the purposes of assessing the likely impact resulting from the proposed conversion to holiday lets, established criteria have been employed. The impact of the proposals can be placed into three categories: neutral, beneficial, or adverse. Within the three categories there are four different levels that can be given to identify the intensity of impact: • negligible – impacts considered to cause no material change. • minor – impacts considered to make a small difference to one’s ability to understand and appreciate the heritage value of an asset. A minor impact may also be defined as involving receptors of low sensitivity exposed to intrusion, obstruction or change of low to medium magnitudes for short periods of time. • moderate – impacts considered to make an appreciable difference to the ability to understand or appreciate the heritage value of an asset. • substantial – impacts considered to cause a fundamental change in the appreciation of the heritage resource.

5.3 Impact Assessment The following table presents the proposals and their impact upon the historic fabric.

Ext/Int Proposal Significance of the Impact/Mitigation affected fabric and appearance Exterior Repair existing Repair window Negligible (neutral) windows on openings. No Although the fabric of the ground and first vernacular features building will be affected by the floor. will be disturbed. replacement of the doorway and window fabrics and conversion of one doorway into a window, the intrusion will be minimal, with no new openings and there will be no impact on any of the significant (i.e. vernacular) features of the exterior. Exterior Insertion of new Roof fabric above Minor roof lights to roofs G1 and the outshut There will be impact on the above G2, FF1 and is 20th century. The roofing fabric of the chapel, the outshut. Staffordshire Blue although he two roof light roof tiles above the proposed are small and flush main chapel range with the roofline so that the are late 19th impact will be minor. The roof century. areas above the outshut and G1 were replaced in the 20th century and therefore the impact will be negligible Exterior Insertion of new The existing door Minor doorway opening fabric is 20th There will be impact on the and replacement century, whilst this fabric of the chapel by the of existing door in extension was insertion of a new external the eastern gable added in the earlier doorway, though this will be of G1. 19th century. not impact on significant vernacular or chapel-related features. The replacement of the existing door fabric which is 20th, will be negligible. Exterior Glazing of the The fabric of this Negligible (neutral) eastern open part of the site is Although the fabric of the elevation of the 19th century, building will be affected by the stable or cart although the open glazing of this open elevation, house wing and aspect will be the intrusion will be minimal, insertion of a retained by the with no new openings and sliding door. glazing. there will be no impact on any of the significant (i.e.

vernacular) features of the exterior such as the cast-iron columns. Exterior Rebuild leanto The existing fabric Minor containing G3 and of the G3 and G4 Although the fabric of the G4 with an oak leanto is 19th and building will be affected by timber clad two- 20th century, with rebuilding of this leanto, the storey structure of the roof being existing massing, roof shape the same height covered in late 20th and covering will be retained, but retaining the century slates. reducing the visual impact. No stone plinth. Roof significant vernacular features to be Staffordshire will be lost. Blue ceramic tiles. Interior Ground and first Insertion of new Minor to Moderate floor insertion of staircase to the east There will be impact on the new staircase, of the gallery, ceiling fabric in this area of the removal of old removal of existing main Chapel structure where staircase to the late 19th/20th the staircase is removed, and west, and century staircase on the gallery panelling, the insertion of a first (FF1), insertion of a northern end of which will over of most of first floor above the need to be removed to all the the meeting space meeting space (G1). new staircase access to FF1 (Minor). The insertion of a first floor above most of the meeting space is a moderate change to this central feature of the former chapel. Interior Rebuilding of Removal of internal Minor leanto containing 20th century fabric There will be impact on the G1 and G2 to and insertion of a fabric of the building but this create a shower new opening will have a minor impact of room on the between the 19th the floor area and historic ground floor and a century fabric of fabric in this area of the bathroom on the the leanto and the building and will not comprise first floor. stable/cart house the main chapel area. Insertion of an area. new doorway between leanto and stable/cart house. Interior Insertion of a Creation of loft Negligible (neutral) ceiling and loft space in 19th Although the fabric of the area in the G1 century range and building will be affected by the single-storey beneath a 19th and insertion of the loft area with range. 20th century roof access, the intrusion will be fabric. minimal, with no new openings and there will be no

impact on any of the significant vernacular features of the chapel.

6. Conclusion

It is considered that the proposed domestic conversion has an overall minor impact on the existing fabric of the former Quaker Chapel. Most of the external impact is negligible in terms of visual impact. The internal impact is regarded over all as minor to moderate, with a new internal staircase inserted, an earlier staircase removed, a leanto building rebuilt and the insertion of a first floor over most of the former meeting space in G1. The impact on the overall historic fabric is minor, affecting little of the significant decorative/vernacular features except for the insertion of the first floor in room G1 which is considered a moderate impact. There will be no impact on the character and appearance of the neighbouring listed buildings in the village to the south and north. The conversion of the former chapel into a dwelling is a result of the evolving economic needs of the village and conservation area. The conversion will secure the medium to long term future and use of this Listed Building, thus helping to sustain the property’s significance as a heritage asset whilst retaining its historical character. This evolution is in line with Historic England’s “Conservation Principles” and the NPPF, which define conservation as “managing change”. Buildings are dynamic environments that are subject to change and in order to remain a sustainable and desirable space, they will continue to change.

7. Sources

Map of the manor of Monyash, 1776. Ordnance Survey First Edition One Inch Series, Sheet 81 (1842). Ordnance Survey First Edition Six Inch Series, Sheet XXII.SE (1878-79). Ordnance Survey First Edition 25 Inch Series, Sheet XXII.16 (1899). Ordnance Survey First Edition 25 Inch Series, Sheet XXII.16 (1920). Ordnance Survey National Grid Tile SK 14 60, 1:2500 (1970).

7.2 Trade Directories Stephen Glover’s Directory of Derbyshire 1829. London: Henry Mozley & Son. Kelly’s Directory of Derbyshire 1912. London, Kelly’s Directories Limited.

7.3 Secondary Sources

Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2010 Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings.

Hartwell, C, Pevsner N & Williamson E, 2016, The Buildings of England. Derbyshire. Third Edition. London & New York. Yale University Press.

Historic England, 2008, Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance, London.

Johnson R & Johnsons S, 2010, Monyash. The Making of a Derbyshire Village. Ashbourne: Horizons Press.

Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government 2018. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF).

PDNP, 2003, Supplementary Planning Guidance. Agricultural Developments in the Peak District National Park. Peak District National Park Authority.

PDNP, 2011a, Peak District National Park Local Development Framework. Peak District National Park Authority.

PDNP, 2011b, Monyash. Conservation Area Appraisal. December 2011. Peak District National Park Authority.

PDNP, 2017, Peak District National Park. Farmsteads Assessment Framework. Peak District National Park Authority.

PDNP, 2019, Development Management Policies. Part 2 of the Local Plan for the Peak District National Park. Peak District National Park Authority.

RCHME 1986, Inventory of Nonconformist Chapels and Meeting Houses in Central England: Derbyshire. London: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England.

Wakeling C, 2017, Chapels of England. Buildings of Protestant Nonconformity. Swindon: Historic England.

8. Acknowledgements

The Centre for Applied Archaeology would like to thank Mr Gould for commissioning the heritage appraisal, and Andrew Humphries of Andrew Humphries Architects, Bakewell, for access to the architectural plans of the property and for a guided tour of the property during the site visit. The archive comprises a historical map regression, photographs and historical research notes. This archive is currently held by archaeology consultant and a copy of this report will be forwarded to the client and deposited with the Peak District National Park Authority. Contact details:

Dr Michael Nevell, BA (Hons), MPhil, DPhil, FSA, MCIfA [email protected] www.archaeologytea.wordpress.com @archaeology_tea