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Evaluation of Knowledge Gained from the National Demonstration Test Catchment Final Report WT15115

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Evaluation of Knowledge Gained from the National Demonstration Test Catchment Final Report WT15115 Evaluation of knowledge gained from the National Demonstration Test Catchment Final report WT15115 June 2020 Joint Water Evidence Programme This is a report of research carried out by Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), on behalf of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Authors: Old, G., Hutchins, M., Miller, J., Acreman, M., Bowes, M., Redhead, J., Trill, E., Blackstock, K., and Kuhfuss, L. © Crown copyright 2019 This information is licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] www.gov.uk/Defra Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 1 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ 3 Supplementary materials.............................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 6 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Diffuse pollution from agriculture.............................................................................. 15 1.2 The policy context ..................................................................................................... 15 1.3 The Demonstration Catchment Initiative ................................................................... 16 1.4 The DTC catchments: Ecological status and pressures ................................................ 17 1.5 Aims and objectives of review ................................................................................... 18 1.6 Identifying end-users and the Steering Group ............................................................ 18 2 REA protocol development ................................................................................................. 19 2.1 Conceptual Model..................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Primary and Secondary Questions ............................................................................. 21 2.3 Scope of the work ..................................................................................................... 24 3 Establishing the Evidence Base ............................................................................................ 26 3.1 Screening the Evidence Base ..................................................................................... 27 3.2 Evidence Extraction................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Critical appraisal of Evidence ..................................................................................... 29 3.4 Synthesising information ........................................................................................... 31 3.5 Inclusion of non PICO and non SPICE documents........................................................ 32 3.6 Consulting, confirming and communicating findings .................................................. 32 4 Rapid Evidence Assessment: Intervention Effectiveness ....................................................... 34 4.1 Primary Physical: How effective were DTC agri-environment interventions in DTC catchments for improving and maintaining water quality?....................................................... 35 4.2 SP1: Have DTC monitoring methodologies resulted in robust evidence that enables the effectiveness of a variety of agri-environment interventions (in mitigating rural diffuse pollution) to be assessed at a range of scales from plot to catchment? .................................................... 37 4.3 SP2: Have DTC modelling methodologies resulted in robust evidence that enables the effectiveness of a variety of agri-environment interventions (in mitigating rural diffuse pollution) to be assessed at a range of scales from plot to catchment? .................................................... 39 4.4 SP3: Based on DTC evidence how effective are specific agri-environment interventions and combinations of measures in mitigating diffuse pollution and improving or maintaining ecology? Are these relevant to or assessed against regulatory standards? Does effectiveness change over time? .................................................................................................................. 40 4.5 SP4: What models were applied during the DTC programme? .................................... 43 4.6 SP5: Are models used to represent future scenarios (climatic conditions and landuse change) outside the bounds of the DTC dataset? ..................................................................... 43 4.7 SP6: What evidence is there from the DTC programme that the effectiveness of agri- environment interventions varied between DTC catchments and was this related to differences in the design and/or management of the interventions? ......................................................... 44 4.8 SP7: What evidence is there from DTC data that confounding factors (e.g. climate, non agricultural pollution) may be important in the interpretation of the results? .......................... 45 5 Rapid Evidence Assessment: Farmer engagement and implementation................................ 47 5.1 Primary Social Question: How effective were DTC engagement processes in fostering and retaining uptake of DTC agri-environmental interventions for improving and maintaining water quality? ................................................................................................... 48 5.2 SS1: What evidence is there that the DTC engagement methodologies appropriately informed, consulted and actively involved farmers and other stakeholders to maximise uptake of interventions? .................................................................................................................... 50 5.3 SS2: What evidence does the DTC data provide about non-participants and why they did not engage in the process?................................................................................................ 53 5.4 SS3: What evidence is there that the DTC considered behavioural factors when engaging farmers in implementing interventions? ................................................................... 55 5.5 SS4: What evidence is there of engagement and uptake of DTC interventions varying between catchments? ............................................................................................................ 58 5.6 SS5: What evidence is presented on the cost effectiveness and benefits of DTC interventions, during the initiative and for the five-year period beyond the end of the DTC initiative? ............................................................................................................................... 61 5.7 SS6: What evidence is provided that the confounding factors (e.g. existing non-DTC activities) were accounted for when reporting on engagement and uptake of DTC interventions? 64 6 Monitoring Methodologies ................................................................................................. 68 6.1 The DTC Monitoring network .................................................................................... 68 6.2 The monitoring equipment........................................................................................ 71 6.3 The choice of determinants ....................................................................................... 73 6.4 The sampling frequency ............................................................................................ 75 6.5 The presence of non-agricultural inputs..................................................................... 76 7 Modelling methodologies ................................................................................................... 80 7.1 Named models.......................................................................................................... 80 7.2 Other modelling tools developed in DTC .................................................................... 81 7.3 Summary of capability of model packages ................................................................. 81 8 General Insights regarding farmer engagement methodology .............................................. 83 8.1 Stakeholder analysis.................................................................................................. 84 8.2 Cross-sector networks............................................................................................... 85 8.3 Crafting the message................................................................................................. 85 8.4 Variety of approaches ............................................................................................... 86 8.5 Group Learning ......................................................................................................... 86 8.6 Working with
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