Coloradoite Hgte C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic
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Calaverite Aute2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic
Calaverite AuTe2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m or 2. Bladed and short to slender prisms elongated k [010], striated k [010], to 1 cm; also massive, granular. Twinning: Common on {110}, less common on {031} and {111}. Physical Properties: Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5–3 VHN = 197–213 (100 g load). D(meas.) = 9.10–9.40 D(calc.) = 9.31 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Grass-yellow to silver-white; white in reflected light. Streak: Greenish to yellowish gray. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Weak. Anisotropism: Weak. R1–R2: (400) 45.7–54.4, (420) 48.4–57.1, (440) 51.1–59.6, (460) 53.6–61.8, (480) 56.0–63.6, (500) 57.9–65.2, (520) 59.4–66.4, (540) 60.6–67.3, (560) 61.3–68.0, (580) 61.8–68.3, (600) 62.2–68.4, (620) 62.5–68.6, (640) 62.7–68.5, (660) 62.8–68.4, (680) 62.9–68.2, (700) 63.0–68.1 Cell Data: Space Group: C2/m or C2. a = 7.1947(4) b = 4.4146(2) c = 5.0703(3) β =90.038(4)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Cripple Creek, Colorado, USA. 3.02 (10), 2.09 (8), 2.20 (4), 2.93 (3), 1.758 (3), 1.689 (3), 1.506 (3) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Au 41.66 42.15 43.59 Ag 0.77 0.60 Te 57.87 57.00 56.41 Total 100.30 99.75 100.00 (1) Cripple Creek, Colorado, USA. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
1 Revision 1 Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of Minerals and Related
Revision 1 Single-Crystal Elastic Properties of Minerals and Related Materials with Cubic Symmetry Thomas S. Duffy Department of Geosciences Princeton University Abstract The single-crystal elastic moduli of minerals and related materials with cubic symmetry have been collected and evaluated. The compiled dataset covers measurements made over an approximately seventy year period and consists of 206 compositions. More than 80% of the database is comprised of silicates, oxides, and halides, and approximately 90% of the entries correspond to one of six crystal structures (garnet, rocksalt, spinel, perovskite, sphalerite, and fluorite). Primary data recorded are the composition of each material, its crystal structure, density, and the three independent nonzero adiabatic elastic moduli (C11, C12, and C44). From these, a variety of additional elastic and acoustic properties are calculated and compiled, including polycrystalline aggregate elastic properties, sound velocities, and anisotropy factors. The database is used to evaluate trends in cubic mineral elasticity through consideration of normalized elastic moduli (Blackman diagrams) and the Cauchy pressure. The elastic anisotropy and auxetic behavior of these materials are also examined. Compilations of single-crystal elastic moduli provide a useful tool for investigation structure-property relationships of minerals. 1 Introduction The elastic moduli are among the most fundamental and important properties of minerals (Anderson et al. 1968). They are central to understanding mechanical behavior and have applications across many disciplines of the geosciences. They control the stress-strain relationship under elastic loading and are relevant to understanding strength, hardness, brittle/ductile behavior, damage tolerance, and mechanical stability. Elastic moduli govern the propagation of elastic waves and hence are essential to the interpretation of seismic data, including seismic anisotropy in the crust and mantle (Bass et al. -
Type of the Paper (Article
Conference Proceedings Paper Gold deposits in Greece: Hypogene ore mineralogy as a guide for precious and critical metal exploration Panagiotis Voudouris 1,*, Paul G. Spry 2, Vasilios Melfos 3, Karsten Haase 4, Reiner Klemd 4, Constantinos Mavrogonatos 1, Alexander Repstock 5 and Dimitrios Alfieris 6 Published: date Academic Editor: name 1 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Geology & Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames IA 50011-1027, USA ([email protected]); 3 Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] 4 GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; [email protected]; [email protected] 5 Institut für Geologie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany; [email protected] 6 Kairi str., 15126, Athens, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-210-7274129 Abstract: Gold deposits in Greece are spatially associated with back-arc/arc related volcanic, subvolcanic and plutonic rocks, which were controlled by extensional kinematic conditions when metamorphic core complexes in the Rhodope-Serbomacedonian- and Attico-Cycladic Massifs were uplifted to near surface levels over the south-westward retreating Hellenic subduction zone. Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au, high-intermediate sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag deposits and other intrusion-related proximal to distal systems (skarn, carbonate replacement, metamorphic rock-hosted quartz veins) are characterized by enrichment of trace metallic minerals like bismuth sulfosalts and Bi-sulfotellurides, precious- and base metal tellurides and Se-bearing phases, which can be considered as pathfinder minerals for gold as they are intimately associated with gold-bearing ores. -
Intergrowth Texture in Au-Ag-Te Minerals from Sandaowanzi Gold Deposit, Heilongjiang Province: Implications for Ore-Forming Environment
Article Geology July 2012 Vol.57 No.21: 27782786 doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5170-7 SPECIAL TOPICS: Intergrowth texture in Au-Ag-Te minerals from Sandaowanzi gold deposit, Heilongjiang Province: Implications for ore-forming environment XU Hong*, YU YuXing, WU XiangKe, YANG LiJun, TIAN Zhu, GAO Shen & WANG QiuShu School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China Received January 16, 2012; accepted March 16, 2012; published online May 6, 2012 Sandaowanzi gold deposit, Heilongjiang Province, is the only single telluride type gold deposit so far documented in the world, in which 90% of gold is hosted in gold-silver telluride minerals. Optical microscope observation, scanning electron microscope, electron probe and X-ray diffraction analysis identified abundant intergrowth textures in the Au-Ag-Te minerals, typified by sylvanite-hosting hessite crystals and hessite-hosting petzite crystals. The intergrown minerals and their chemistry are consistent, and the hosted minerals are mostly worm-like or as oriented stripes, evenly distributed in the hosting minerals, with clear and smooth interfaces. These suggest an exsolution origin for the intergrowth texture. With reference to the phase-transformation temperature derived from synthesis experiments of tellurides, the exsolution texture of Au-Ag-Te minerals implies that the veined tellurides formed at 150–220°C. The early stage disseminated tellurides formed at log f(Te2) from 13.6 to 7.8, log f(S2) from 11.7 to 7.6, whereas the late stage veined tellurides formed at log f(Te2) ranging from 11.2 to 9.7 and log f(S2) from 16.8 to 12.2. -
Ore Mineralogy, Trace Element Geochemistry And
minerals Article Ore Mineralogy, Trace Element Geochemistry and Geochronological Constraints at the Mollehuaca and San Juan de Chorunga Au-Ag Vein Deposits in the Nazca-Ocoña Metallogenic Belt, Arequipa, Peru Jorge Crespo 1,*, Elizabeth Holley 1, Katharina Pfaff 2, Madeleine Guillen 3 and Roberto Huamani 4 1 Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; kpfaff@mines.edu 3 Department of Geology, Geophysics and Mining, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Av. Independencia and Paucarpata Street S/N, Arequipa 04001, Peru; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Process Engineering, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Av. Independencia S/N, Arequipa 04001, Peru; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: The Mollehuaca and San Juan de Chorunga deposits are hosted in the poorly explored gold and copper trends of the Nazca-Ocoña metallogenic belt in Arequipa, Perú, which extends from Trujillo (9 ◦S) to Nazca-Ocoña (14 ◦S). The aim of this study is to characterize the age, occurrence, and distribution of quartz vein-hosted Au-Ag mineralization and associated trace elements (e.g., Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Bi) in these deposits. Here, we present geological mapping, geochemical whole rock inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS data of the veins, petrographic observations, backscattered electron images, quantitative SEM-based automated mineralogy, and electron microprobe analyses (EMPA). Despite the fact that there are numerous small-scale gold mines in the Nazca-Ocoña metallogenic belt, there have been few studies that document the origin and geological evolution of these deposits or the implications for decision-making in exploration, metallurgical processing, and environmental management. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
Appendix F1 Distribution of Tellurides and Mercury in Fimiston Open
Distribution of Tellurides and Mercury in Fimiston Open Pit The Kalgoorlie gold field is characterised by rich gold-telluride lodes and gold quartz stockworks. In the Fimiston lodes gold occurs as free gold, in gold or gold-silver tellurides or locked up with pyrite. The presence of tellurides in the Golden Mile was first recognised by Holroyd in 1895 (Spencer-Compton, 1966) two years after the first discovery of gold. A number of workers have reviewed telluride mineralogy over the years but mineralogical studies have tended to be descriptive in nature and with the exception of Golding (1978), Clout (1989) and Shackleton et al (2003,) no attempt has been made to look at the distribution of the different tellurides laterally or at depth. Historically many of the very gold-rich lodes owed their richness to tellurides and hence much of the massive telluride has been removed. These high grade shoots are now only occasionally encountered and since underground exposures have been lost with the development of the Open Pit, occurrences of visible tellurides are now very rare. At Kalgoorlie, non-anthropogenic mercury occurs naturally in the mineral coloradoite (HgTe). This mineral is one of 17 telluride minerals identified within the Kalgoorlie Lodes. These can be broadly divided into Gold Tellurides - Calaverite (AuTe2) Montbrayite (Au2Te3) Nagyagite (Au(Pb,Sb,Fe) 8 (S, Te)11) Gold-Silver Tellurides - Krennerite (Au4AgTe10) Sylvanite (AuAgTe4) Petzite (Ag3AuTe2) Silver Tellurides Hessite(Ag2Te) Stuetzite (Ag5-xTe3) Others Coloradoite (HgTe) Cuprian Coloradoite ((Hg,Cu)Te) Altaite (PbTe) Tellurantimony (Sb2Te3) Melonite (NiTe2) Weissite (C2-xTe) Tetradymite (Bi2Te2S) Frohbergite (FeTe2) Mattagamite (CoTe2) Native mercury (Hg) has also been recorded at Kalgoorlie (by Rickards, 1900 referenced in Golding 1978) but only in oxidised ore although there is a passing reference in Clout (1989) to the presence of native Hg and amalgam deeper in the mine. -
Types of Tellurium Mineralization of Gold Deposits of the Aldan Shield (Southern Yakutia, Russia)
minerals Article Types of Tellurium Mineralization of Gold Deposits of the Aldan Shield (Southern Yakutia, Russia) Larisa A. Kondratieva *, Galina S. Anisimova and Veronika N. Kardashevskaia Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute, SB RAS, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; [email protected] (G.S.A.); [email protected] (V.N.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-4112-33-58-72 Abstract: The published and original data on the tellurium mineralization of gold ore deposits of the Aldan Shield are systematized and generalized. The gold content is related to hydrothermal- metasomatic processes caused by Mesozoic igneous activity of the region. The formation of tellurides occurred at the very late stages of the generation of gold mineralization of all existing types of meta- somatic formations. 29 tellurium minerals, including 16 tellurides, 5 sulfotellurides and 8 tellurates have been identified. Tellurium minerals of two systems predominate: Au-Bi-Te and Au-Ag-Te. Gold is not only in an invisible state in sulfides and in the form of native gold of different fineness, but also is part of a variety of compounds: montbrayite, calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite and petzite. In the gold deposits of the Aldan Shield, three mineral types are distinguished: Au-Ag-Te, Au-Bi-Te, and also a mixed one, which combines the mineralization of both systems. The decrease in the fineness of native gold is consistent with the sequence and temperatures of the formation of Te minerals and associated mineral paragenesis from the epithermal–mesothermal Au-Bi-Te to epithermal Au-Ag-Te. The conducted studies allowed us to determine a wide variety of mineral species and significantly ex- Citation: Kondratieva, L.A.; pand the area of distribution of Au-Te mineralization that indicates its large-scale regional occurrence Anisimova, G.S.; Kardashevskaia, in the Aldan Shield. -
Thn Auertcan Mrneralocrsr
THn AUERTcANMrNERALocrsr JOURNAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol.34 MAY-JUNE, 1949 Nos. 5 and 6 Contributions to CanadianMineralogy Volume 5, Part I 'Walker Sponsored.by The Mineralogical Club Edited by M. A. Peacock, Toronto Fonnwono In 192I, shortly after the organization of the Mineralogical Society of America (December 30, 1919), Professor T. L. Walker (1867-1942) and ProfessorA. L. Parsons(now emeritus)-both charter fellows and in later years presidents of the Society-founded Contribfitions to Canad,ian Min- eralogyfrom the Department of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Toronto. This annual publication was conducted by ProfessorsWalker and Parsonsand, since I94I,by ProfessorM. A. Peacock; and from l92l to 1948 it has appeared without interruption in the GeologicalSeries ol the Uniaersity of Toronto Studies. Since the founding of the Walker Min- eralogical Club in 1938, the periodical has been sponsoredby the Club as well as by the University; and after the u4ion of the Department of Mineralogy and Petrography and the Department of Geology and Palaeontologyin 1945,the Canadian journal was issuedby the combined Department of Geological Sciencesand the Walker Mineralogicat Club. At the November 1948 meeting of the Council of the Mineralogical Society of America, Professor(then President) Peacockreported that the University of Toronto had decided to terminate the Uniaersity oJ Toronto Stud.ieswhich, as a whole, had greatly declined, and that no practical way had been found to continue the publication of Contributions to Canadian Mineralogy in Canada. fn order to preservethe continuity and integrity of the Canadian Journal, the Council agreedto devote a regular issue of the American Mineralogist to a collection of papers by Canadian mineralogists,to be assembledand edited by Professor Peacockin consul- tation with the Editor oI the American Mineralogist. -
1 Mineralogical Characterization And
MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PARAGENESIS OF THE CRIPPLE CREEK DEPOSIT, COLORADO By Matthew D. Dye 1 A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geology). Golden, Colorado Date___________________ Signed: __________________________ Matthew D. Dye Signed: __________________________ Dr. Nigel Kelly Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date ___________________ Signed: __________________________ Dr. Paul Santi Professor and Department Head Department of Geology and Geological Engineering ii ABSTRACT The world-class Cripple Creek gold telluride deposit in central Colorado is centered on an Oligocene alkaline-magmatic system composed of diatremal Breccia that is intruded by dikes and sills that range in composition from phonolite to lamprophyre. The deposit has historic production of >24 Moz of gold, making it the third most productive gold deposit in the United States. Most of this production came from underground mining operations that started with the discovery of the deposit in 1891, and continued until the early 1960’s. The discovery of broad low-grade, bulk tonnage deposits in the 1980’s led to renewed mining in the form of open pit operations, which remain active on a large scale. Two styles of mineralization are therefore recognized within the deposit: high-grade gold telluride veins that were historically mined underground, and low-grade bulk tonnage “disseminated” gold that is targeted by current pit mining operations. Geological study of the deposit began shortly after its discovery, and has continued through the present day. Much of this research has focused on describing and analyzing the alkaline rock suite that hosts mineralized ore bodies, and describing the ore bodies themselves. -
Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold
Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold Gold in Minerals and the Composition of Native Gold By Robert S. Jones and Michael Fleischer GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 612 Washington 1969 United States Department of the Interior WAl.TfR J. HICKEL, Secretary Geological Survey William T. Pecora, Director Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242 CONTENTS Page Abstract -----------------------------------------------~----------------- 1 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 General geochenrlcal considerations ----------------------------------------- 1 Gold in minerals ------------------------------------------------------ _ 2 Composition and the fineness of gold ---------------------------- ___ 13 References cited --------·-------_____________________ ______________ ____ _ 15 TABLES Page 'fABLE 1. Major gold-bearing minerals ----------------------------------- __ 2 2. Analyses of precious metals in minerals made before 1955 _______ _ . _ 3 3. Analyses of gold in minerals made since 1954 --------------------- 10 4. Variation in fineness of gold with depth, Lily mine, Transvaal, South Jlfrica -------------------------------------------------------- 14 5. Fineness of mill bullion prior to 1882 at the Homestake nrlne, South Dakota -------------------------------------------------------- 15 Ill GOLD IN MINERALS AND THE COMPOSITION OF NATIVE GOLD By ROBERT S. JONES and MICHAEL FLEISCHER ABSTRACT much lower concentrations in the sulfiie phase, Gold occurs in nature mainly as the metal and as and occurs in much lesser amount~ in the various alloys. It forms complete series of solid solu silicate phase. Gold occurs in natur~ mainly tions with silver, copper, nickel, palladium, and as the metal and as various alloys, especially platinum. In association with the platinum metals, gold with silver, and as intermetallic co:'llpounds. occurs as free gold as well as in solid solution. Laboratory studies show that gold can form The native elements contain the most gold, followed by the sulfide minerals.