DOCSLIB.ORG

All About Ukraine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
All About Ukraine ALL ABOUT UKRAINE Just a few facts ! Where is Ukraine? Ukraine is found in Europe. (Don't say the Ukraine) Its neighbors are: • Russia to the north and east • Belarus to the north • Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west • Romania and Moldova to the south. Map of UKRAINE • Ukraine declared independence on Aug. 24, 1991 • Population of Ukraine: 44,381,300 • Territory of Ukraine: 603,700 sq. km. • Capital of Ukraine: KYIV (population 2,894,900) pronounced KY (like in kick), I (like in yield), V (like in water) • Ukraine is divided into 24 Oblasts (like provinces) • Each oblast is named after its main city • Crimea was an autonomous region that was forcibly taken over by Russia in 2014. Many countries in the world do not acknowledge this takeover. Flag of Ukraine The flag is blue and yellow. The yellow symbolizes Ukraine’s wheat fields. The blue symbolizes the sky above and some say Ukraine’s rivers and mountains. Ukrainian State Coat of Arms - TRYZUB The Tryzub – meaning trident is an ancient sign. It was used by Prince Volodymyr the Great on gold and silver coins used in Kyivan Rus (Ukraine’s ancient name) Ukraine’s National Anthem • The words and music were written in the 1860’s and performed as a choral work. The song became very popular since it was a vocal protest against Ukraine’s occupation by other nations. • It was sung as the anthem in 1918, when Ukraine declared its independence, but was forbidden during Soviet times. Outside of Ukraine, ukrainians all over the world continued singing it as the anthem. • It was officially accepted in Ukraine in 1992. Approximate translation: Ukraine’s glory, nor her freedom, has not yet perished, Fate shall smile once again upon us, brothers, Our enemies will vanish, like dew in the sun, And we too shall rule, brothers, in a free land of our own. Refrain x 2 We’ll give our souls and bodies for our freedom, And we’ll show that we are brothers of the Cossack nation! National animals of Ukraine • The BEAR is wise, strong, and • The STORK is a symbol of parental independent. love, family welfare and patriotism. • His awakening in spring is a symbol of • Stork’s nests, built on rooftops of the renewal and a new life cycle. houses, are thought to bring fortune and happiness to the household. National plants • SUNFLOWER is the national flower. It • The Guelder-rose or KALYNA is the national symbolizes the warmth and power of the sun tree (shrub). It is a symbol of life, blood and and wellbeing. fire. It is also a symbol for the timeless unity • Painted and embroidered sunflowers are of the Ukrainian nation. very popular in folk art. • The leaves and red berries are used to decorate wedding breads. Religion in Ukraine • From the acceptance of Christianity in 988, • St. Sofia Church in Kyiv was built in religion flourished. 1017. It is part of a larger complex that • Many churches were built. includes a bell tower and residential • Under the Soviet rule, religion was banned, building for clergy, that were added many churches were burnt and priests were throughout the years. The church has persecuted. gone through many restorations, • Even before independence, religion however the exposed brick is part of resurfaced. the original building. • UNESCO world heritage site Nowadays, the largest denominations in Ukraine are: • Ukrainian Orthodox • Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox • Ukrainian Greek Catholic (Byzantine Catholic Church) • Roman Catholic There are also a number of Protestant, Judaic and Islamic denominations. Ukrainian Byzantine Catholic Church • Part of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church converted to Catholicism in 1596. • Ukrainian Catholic Church belongs to the group of Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches. • Other Churches belonging to this rite are Slovak, Greek, Melkite, Bulgarian – among others. • Ukrainian Catholic rite is similar to the Ukrainian Orthodox Rite. The language of the liturgy is Ukrainian. • Ukrainian churches are beautifully decorated with icons. A screen with icons called the ICONOSTASIS separates the Iconostasis in Ukrainian church in Lourdes, sanctuary from the congregation. France. CURRENCY • HRYVNIA is the name of currency in Ukraine. It comes from an old word - name of a measure of silver in the X century. • After Ukraine proclaimed independence in 1991, they needed their own currency and Canadian Bank Note Company was chosen to create it. • Some of the first Ukrainian Hryvni were printed in Canada in 1992. New bills were kept in Canada until its circulation in 1996. • There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 Hryvnia bills/nominations. • Famous historical figures and poets are depicted on one side. Buildings and/or monuments associated with these figures are on the reverse side. 1 Ukrainian Coins • Coins are called “kopijky”. • They come in 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 denominations. • Just as Canada has gotten rid of the 1cent coin, the 1 and 2 “kopijky” coins are becoming obsolete. • Ukraine has issued some coins in addition to the bank notes. They come in 1, 2, 5 and 10 Hryvni denominations. Ukrainian Alphabet - history • Ukrainian language uses Cyrillic alphabet. • Cyrillic is based on the Glagolithic (Old Slavonic) and Greek alphabets. • The Glagolithic and Cyrillic alphabets were developed by the brothers St. Cyril and St. Methodius to use in translating the Bible into Slavic languages in the IX c. • The alphabet came into Kyivan Rus (Ukraine) around the time of the arrival of Christianity in 988. • Many Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian, Belorussian, Tatar, Montenegrin) use Cyrillic alphabet with some unique letters in each. • Ukrainian alphabet or ABETKA has 33 letters. Ukrainian Alphabet 1 - pronunciation Letter Name Pronounce as Letter Name Pronounce as Cyrillic CYrillic А а А a as in mama Ж ж Zhe zh as in measure Б б Be b as in bus З з Ze z as in zoo В в Ve v as in very І і I i as in Easter Г г He h as in hard Ї ї Yi yi as in yeast Ґ ґ Ge g as in gas Й й Yot y as in yoga Д д De d as in dog К к Ka k as in kite Е е E e as in pet Л л eL l as in like Є є Ye ye as in yet М м eM m as in mouse Ukrainian Alphabet 2 - pronunciation Letter Name Pronounced as Letter Name Pronounced as Cyrillic Cyrillic Н н eN n as in nose Х х Kha kh as in Bach О о O o as in got Ц ц Tse ts as in mitts П п Pe p as in pet Ч ч Che ch as in church Р р Re r as in trois (French) Ш ш She sh as in shoe С с eS s as in sun Щ щ Shche shch as in fish chowder Т т Te t as in tick Ь ь Softening Makes the consonant sound before softer У у Oo oo as in soon Ю ю Yu yu as in you Ф ф eF f as in fish Я я Ya ya as in Maya.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Origins and Beliefs of the Melkite Catholics
    in worship. Our style of worship in the Eastern continuing to observe them, we maintain a living Origins and Beliefs of the churches reflects the presence of the risen Christ connection with the early Church. We cherish our among us in glory and joy. All the senses take part tradition as a continuous stream flowing from the Melkite Catholics in our worship to express this glory. We see icons, first Christians to us under the guidance of the vestments and candles, we hear continual singing, Holy Spirit: truly “the old-time religion” in a new The doctrines of the Catholic Church were we taste blessed foods are use physical gestures land. established in the first seven Ecumenical Councils. such as bowing, prostrating and crossing ourselves These councils were Nicea (325 AD), to express our wonder at the glory of God. Another How holy is Tradition? Constantinople I (381 AD), Ephesus (431 AD), important aspect of our community life is our joy Not everything is helpful for salvation is Chalcedon (451 AD), Constantinople II (553 AD), in each other’s company, expressed in the frequent written in the Bible. John said he could have Constantinople (680 AD) and Nicea II (787 AD). meals and social times we share. Finally, we open written a lot more about Jesus (John 21:25). Surely Many churches denominations were formed ourselves to support one another in the trials of other accounts about Jesus and His teachings over these years because not all Christians agreed daily life. In this way the unity we celebrate at the would be helpful and life giving but the fullness of on points of doctrine, theology and church Eucharist is lived out day by day.
    [Show full text]
  • Saleh Poll Tax December 2011
    On the Road to Heaven: Poll tax, Religion, and Human Capital in Medieval and Modern Egypt Mohamed Saleh* University of Southern California (Preliminary and Incomplete: December 1, 2011) Abstract In the Middle East, non-Muslims are, on average, better off than the Muslim majority. I trace the origins of the phenomenon in Egypt to the imposition of the poll tax on non- Muslims upon the Islamic Conquest of the then-Coptic Christian Egypt in 640. The tax, which remained until 1855, led to the conversion of poor Copts to Islam to avoid paying the tax, and to the shrinking of Copts to a better off minority. Using new data sources that I digitized, including the 1848 and 1868 census manuscripts, I provide empirical evidence to support the hypothesis. I find that the spatial variation in poll tax enforcement and tax elasticity of conversion, measured by four historical factors, predicts the variation in the Coptic population share in the 19th century, which is, in turn, inversely related to the magnitude of the Coptic-Muslim gap, as predicted by the hypothesis. The four factors are: (i) the 8th and 9th centuries tax revolts, (ii) the Arab immigration waves to Egypt in the 7th to 9th centuries, (iii) the Coptic churches and monasteries in the 12th and 15th centuries, and (iv) the route of the Holy Family in Egypt. I draw on a wide range of qualitative evidence to support these findings. Keywords: Islamic poll tax; Copts, Islamic Conquest; Conversion; Middle East JEL Classification: N35 * The author is a PhD candidate at the Department of Economics, University of Southern California (E- mail: [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
    ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution of Ukraine
    Constitution of Ukraine Preamble The Verkhovna Rada (the Parliament) of Ukraine on behalf of the Ukrainian people - Ukrainian citizens of all nationalities, expressing the sovereign will of the people, relying on the centuries-old history of Ukrainian state-building and upon the right to self- determination realised by the Ukrainian nation, all the Ukrainian people, aspiring to ensure human rights and freedoms, and life conditions worthy of human dignity, supporting the strengthening of civil harmony on the Ukrainian soil, striving to develop and strengthen a democratic, social, law-based state, realizing the responsibility in the eyes of God, before our own conscience, past, present and future generations, guided by the Act of Declaration of the Independence of Ukraine of 24 August 1991, approved by the national vote on 1 December 1991, adopts this Constitution as the Fundamental Law of Ukraine. Title I General Principles Article 1. Ukraine shall be a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, law-based state. Article 2. The sovereignty of Ukraine shall extend throughout its entire territory. Ukraine shall be a unitary state. The territory of Ukraine within its present borders shall be indivisible and inviolable. Article 3. An individual, his life and health, honour and dignity, inviolability and security shall be recognised in Ukraine as the highest social value. Human rights and freedoms, and guarantees thereof shall determine the essence and course of activities of the State. The State shall be responsible to the individual for its activities. Affirming and ensuring human rights and freedoms shall be the main duty of the State. Article 4. There shall be a single form of citizenship in Ukraine.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Orthodox Question in the USSR
    The Ukrainian Orthodox Question in the USSR FRANK E. SYSYN In 1977 Father Vasyl' Romanyuk, a prisoner in the Soviet Gulag because of his struggle for religious and national rights, addressed a letter to Metropolitan Mstyslav, leader of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in the West:. Your Grace! First of all, I assure you of my devotion and humility. I declare that I consider and have always considered myself a member of the U[krainian] A[utocephalous] O[rthodox] C[hurch] in spite of the fact that I formally belonged to a different hierarchy, for it is well known that the Ukrainian Church, Orthodox as well as Catholic, is outlawed in Ukraine. Such are the barbaric ethics of the Bolsheviks. 1 The appeal was a remarkable testimony that almost fifty years after the destruction of the Ukrainian Orthodox Autocephalous Church formed in the 1920s and over thirty years after the eradication of the Church restored during the Second World War, loyalty to Ukrainian Orthodoxy still remains alive among Ukraine's believers. It also demonstrates how shared persecution has brought new ecumenical understanding between U,laainian Orthodox and Ukrainian Catholics. 'To discuss the position of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in the Soviet Union is a difficult task, for since the destruction of tens of its bishops, thousands of its priests, and tens of thousands of its lay activists in the early 1930s (and once again after the Second World War), and its forcible incorporation into the Russian Orthodox Church, it exists more as a loyalty and an Ull­ realised dream than as an active movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Are Christians in the Middle East?
    Who Are Christians in the Middle East? Seven Churches, each bearing a great and ancient history with Patriarch, who chose as his patriarchal seat the monastery at unique liturgical traditions and culture, comprise the Catho- Bzommar, Lebanon. After a brief relocation to Constantinople, lic Church in the Middle East. Each of these Churches is in the Patriarch of Cilicia of Armenian Catholics returned his seat full communion with Rome, but six with an Eastern tradition to Bzommar, with his residence and offices in Beirut, Lebanon. are sui iuris, or self-governing, and have their own Patriarchs. The Chaldean Catholic Church has almost 500,000 mem- All these Churches are Arabic-speaking and immersed in Ar- bers, with about 60 percent residing in the Middle East. The abic culture. Chaldeans are historically concentrated in Iraq as they came The Maronite Catholic Church is the largest of the East- from the Assyrian Church of the East. In 1552, a group of As- ern Catholic Churches in the Middle East at around 3 million syrian bishops decided to seek union with Rome. Although members. It has a strong presence in Lebanon, with smaller Pope Julius III proclaimed Patriarch Simon VIII Patriarch “of communities in Syria, Jordan, Cyprus, and the Holy Land. the Chaldeans,” pro- and anti-Catholic parties struggled with- However, slightly over half its members have emigrated from in the Assyrian Church of the East until 1830, when another the Middle East to countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Aus- Chaldean Patriarch was appointed. The Patriarch of Babylon of tralia, Mexico, Canada, and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine in Its Modern History, Has Experienced Two Historical Moments of Global Compromise
    The 1996 Constitution of Ukraine: A reflection of the values of the political elite. Ukraine in its modern history, has experienced two historical moments of global compromise. The first was the Declaration of Independence, when most Communists voted for the national ideals that we promoted, and the second was the adoption of the Constitution Ukrainian Parliamentary deputy (Interview #8) To Tato & Moko without whom my time in Cambridge would not have been The Illusion is not shattered Like a child it has grown. In a maturing reality, It became unrecognizable But it remains good. Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 3 Values 4 Political Culture 6 Plan of the Dissertation 8 Methods ............................................................................................................... 9 The Interview Sample 10 Overall Approach 13 Coding 14 A Note on Presentation 15 Historical Overview of the Constitutional Drafting Process ........................... 17 Early Drafts 17 The 1994 Elections 18 The June 1995 Constitutional Agreement 21 The Syrota Committee 21 Final Stages 24 Nationality ........................................................................................................ 28 Clash of Symbols and Myths 28 Language 35 Citizenship and Nationality 38 An Imperfectly Unified Elite 42 Political Culture and Institutional
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction. Religion in Ukraine: Political and Historical Entanglements
    Guest editor: BALTIC Yuliya Yurchuk WORLDS The role of religion in the Ukrainian political landscape special section Introduction. Religion in Ukraine: political and historical entanglements kraine usually becomes the — called the Tomos — was given by the Ecu- be tackled in the articles. On this note, I focus of the international menical Patriarch of Constantinople to should add an important disclaimer: it is media and lively scholarly the newly established Orthodox Church not spirituality and religious belief as such U interest when it undergoes of Ukraine. Thus, in 2019 the world wit- that are in the focus of this special section. some tremendous political and societal nessed the birth of one more Orthodox The purpose of this discussion is to put changes. Sufce to mention the year 2004 Church, a rare event in church history. the question of religion into the focus of when the Orange revolution was on front The whole discussion on religion in the studies which approach diferent as- pages all over the world, or 2013-2014 Ukraine, however, cannot be restricted pects of Ukrainian reality today and show when mass protests — now known as the how an analysis of an intricate interplay Euromaidan Revolution — followed by between religion, politics, and society can the Russian annexation of Crimea and “IN 2019 THE help us better understand this reality. the continuing war in Donbas came into WORLD WITNESSED 1 Religious affiliation the spotlight worldwide. What happened THE BIRTH OF ONE in Ukraine in the years 2018 and 2019 in numbers drew considerably less attention both in MORE ORTHODOX According to the sociological survey international media and among scholars, conducted in 2018, about 72% of respon- CHURCH, A RARE although historically these years are no dents declared themselves as believers.2 less remarkable than the years of mass EVENT IN CHURCH Compared with the number of believers unrests and regimes changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Religion and Political Power: Examining the Role of the Church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova
    Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova Edited by Adam Hug Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova Edited by Adam Hug First published in October 2015 by The Foreign Policy Centre (FPC) Unit 1.9, First Floor, The Foundry 17 Oval Way, Vauxhall, London SE11 5RR www.fpc.org.uk [email protected] © Foreign Policy Centre 2015 All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-905833-28-3 ISBN 1-905833-28-8 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not represent the views of The Foreign Policy Centre or the Open Society Foundations. Printing and cover art by Copyprint This project is kindly supported by the Open Society Foundations 1 Acknowledgements The editor would like to thank all of the authors who have kindly contributed to this collection and provided invaluable support in developing the project. In addition the editor is very grateful for the advice and guidance of a number of different experts including: John Anderson, Andrew Sorokowski, Angelina Zaporojan, Mamikon Hovsepyan, Beka Mindiashvili, Giorgi Gogia, Vitalie Sprinceana, Anastasia Danilova, Artyom Tonoyan, Dr. Katja Richters, Felix Corley, Giorgi Gogia, Bogdan Globa, James W. Warhola, Mamikon Hovsepyan, Natia Mestvirishvil, Tina Zurabishvili and Vladimir Shkolnikov. He would like to thank colleagues at the Open Society Foundations for all their help and support without which this project would not have been possible, most notably Viorel Ursu, Michael Hall, Anastasiya Hozyainova and Eleanor Kelly.
    [Show full text]
  • The Peninsula of Fear: Chronicle of Occupation and Violation of Human Rights in Crimea
    THE PENINSULA OF FEAR: CHRONICLE OF OCCUPATION AND VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CRIMEA Kyiv 2016 УДК 341.223.1+342.7.03](477.75)’’2014/2016’’=111 ББК 67.9(4Укр-6Крм)412 Composite authors: Sergiy Zayets (Regional Center for Human Rights), Olexandra Matviychuk (Center for Civil Liberties), Tetiana Pechonchyk (Human Rights Information Center), Darya Svyrydova (Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union), Olga Skrypnyk (Crimean Human Rights Group). The publication contains photographs from public sources, o7 cial websites of the state authorities of Ukraine, the Russian Federation and the occupation authorities, Crimean Field Mission for Human Rights, Crimean Human Rights Group, the online edition Crimea.Realities / Radio Svoboda and other media, court cases materials. ‘The Peninsula of Fear : Chronicle of Occupation and Violation of Human Rights in Crimea’ / Under the general editorship of O. Skrypnyk and T. Pechonchyk. Second edition, revised and corrected. – Kyiv: KBC, 2016. – 136 p. ISBN 978-966-2403-11-4 This publication presents a summary of factual documentation of international law violation emanating from the occupation of the autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (Ukraine) by the Russian Federation military forces as well as of the human rights violations during February 2014 – February 2016. The publication is intended for the representatives of human rights organizations, civil activists, diplomatic missions, state authorities, as well as educational and research institutions. УДК 341.223.1+342.7.03](477.75)’’2014/2016’’=111 ББК 67.9(4Укр-6Крм)412 ISBN 978-966-2403-11-4 © S. Zayets, O. Matviychuk, T. Pechonchyk, D. Svyrydova, O. Skrypnyk, 2016 Contents Introduction.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES For map and other editors For international use Ukraine Kyiv “Kartographia” 2011 TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS, FOR INTERNATIONAL USE UKRAINE State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by Nina Syvak, Valerii Ponomarenko, Olha Khodzinska, Iryna Lakeichuk Scientific Consultant Iryna Rudenko Reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa Translated by Olha Khodzinska Editor Lesia Veklych ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ © Kartographia, 2011 ISBN 978-966-475-839-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................ 5 2 The Ukrainian Language............................................ 5 2.1 General Remarks.............................................. 5 2.2 The Ukrainian Alphabet and Romanization of the Ukrainian Alphabet ............................... 6 2.3 Pronunciation of Ukrainian Geographical Names............................................................... 9 2.4 Stress .............................................................. 11 3 Spelling Rules for the Ukrainian Geographical Names....................................................................... 11 4 Spelling of Generic Terms ....................................... 13 5 Place Names in Minority Languages
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1984, No.7
    www.ukrweekly.com -I Hfy І Published by the Ukrainian National Association Inc., a fraternal non-profit associationj Ukrainian mmУ Vol. Lli No. 7 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 12,1984 25 cents RFE/RL denied Rudenko, three others nominated for Nobel Peace Prize by Oleh Zwadiuk Institute can bestow: the 1984 Nobel the human-rights principles of the 1975 press credentials Peace Prize." Helsinki Final Act, Yuri Orlov, Anatoly The Helsinki Commission in the past Shcharansky, Mykola Rudenko and WASHINGTON - The U.S. Com­ has nominated several leading Soviet Viktoras Pefkus called on the Soviet at Olympics mission on Security and Cooperation in and East European human-rights acti­ government to observe its Helsinki Europe has nominated Ukrainian writer vists for the Nobel Peace Prize. Last human-rights commitments by publi­ WASHINGTON - Radio Free Eu­ Mykola Rudenko and three other rope/Radio Liberty was denied press year, one of the commission's nominees, cizing violations of political, national, Soviet human-rights activists for the civil, ethnic, economic and religious accreditation for the Winter Olympics 1984 Nobel Peace Prize. Polish Solidarity leader Lech Walesa, in Sarajevo by the executive board of won the prize. rights," the letter said. the International Olympic Committee Mr. Rudenko is a founding member The letter to the Nobel Institute was on Tuesday, February 7. of the Ukrainian Helsinki Monitoring signed by the congressional members of The commission noted that the first group to monitor the Soviet Helsinki The only reason given for the rejec­ Group and was its first leader. He was the commission, including Rep.
    [Show full text]