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GRADE EIGHT  TEACHER NOTES REVISED 10/16/2012  Page 32 of 144 Copyright 2012 © All Rights Reserved One Stop Shop For Educators The National Park Service “Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plans: The Trail of Tears and the Force Relocation of the Cherokee” http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm Sample Question for H5b (OAS Database) Sample Question for H5c Which methods did Georgia use to distribute land in the late Why did Georgia invest heavily in railroads before the Civil War? 1700s and early 1800s? A. to transport slaves A. collective bargaining and issuing bonds B. as a preparation for war B. speculation and sharecropping C. to attract Northern industry C. the headright system and the land lottery* D. to transport agricultural products* D. the land−use plan and the embargo system a. Explain the establishment of the University of Georgia, The University of Georgia and The University of North Carolina both claim to be the first state sponsored public university in the United States. In a persuasive paragraph, explain Louisville, and the spread of why the University of Georgia should be the only school recognized for this Baptist and Methodist churches accomplishment. Make sure to use specific details and facts to support you argument. Sample Question for H5d What is the name of the long, hard journey made by the Cherokees when they were forced to leave their lands in Georgia? A. Oregon Trail B. Trail of Tears* C. Wilderness Road D. Indian Removal Act SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. The Civil War period is probably the most written about, researched, and discussed era in America’s history. The war’s causes and outcomes still affect Americans today. Georgia played an important role in the events that led up to the Civil War, during the war itself, and following the war during the Reconstruction period. Though Georgia was an ardent slave holding state, it was relatively slow in demanding secession. During the Compromise of 1850, the state’s most important politicians developed the Georgia Platform which accepted the compromise and remained loyal to the union. Even after Abraham Lincoln was elected, the state had a heated debate between those legislators who were for and those who were against leaving the Union. One of the most well known opponents of secession was Alexander Stephens. Interestingly, Stephens became vice-president of the Confederate States after Georgia decided to leave the union with the rest of the Deep South. During the war, Georgia produced much of the manufactured equipment for the CSA. For a large portion of the war, Georgia remained relatively untouched by US forces. However, once Grant and Sherman set their sights on the state, it suffered tremendously during Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea. After the war, Georgia’s economy was devastated and there was much suffering throughout the state. Early during Reconstruction, the freedmen received more liberties than they could have imagined during slavery. Organizations like the Freedmen’s’ Bureau assisted former slaves with food, education, and voting. In addition, some African Americans were elected into political office. Unfortunately, as Reconstruction continued, Southern whites began to reclaim power and took away many of the rights that the freedmen had gained. It would take almost 100 years for African Americans in Georgia, and the rest of the South, to regain the same rights. The intent of this standard is for students to be able to explain the importance of the key issues and events that led to the Civil War. They should be able to discuss some of the important events and key battles that happened during the Civil War. Finally, students should be able to analyze the impact that Reconstruction had on Georgia and the other Southern states. Slavery a. Explain the importance of key Due to the rules of the Trustees, slavery was not allowed in Georgia until the early 1750’s. Once it was issues and events that led to the legalized, slavery grew quickly due to Georgia’s agriculture based economy. However, slavery grew Civil War; include slavery, states’ exponentially with the invention of the cotton gin. The South’s dependence on cotton led to a change of rights, nullification, Missouri attitude about the evils of slavery. While many of the nation’s founding fathers disliked slavery and Georgia Department of Education Dr. John D. Barge, State School Superintendent SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE EIGHT TEACHER NOTES REVISED 10/16/2012 Page 32 of 144 Copyright 2012 © All Rights Reserved One Stop Shop For Educators Compromise, Compromise of hoped that later generations would find a way to end it, their sons and grandson’s began to defend 1850 and the Georgia Platform, slavery as a necessary good and began infringing on the rights of those who spoke out against it in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott South. case, election of 1860, the debate In turn, many in the North, led by the writings of abolitionist such as Fredrick Douglass, William Lloyd over secession in Georgia, and Garrison, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, began to despise slavery and call for its end. While others simply the role of Alexander Stephens. became uncomfortable with its existence in the nation’s borders and disagreed with its expansion. The gap between the two sections widened every time the U.S. gained more territory. The South hoped for slavery to expand into the new territories while many in the North wanted it, at the very least, to be contained to where it already existed. As with the other slave states, Georgia wanted slavery to expand and was distrustful of the abolitionist movement taking place in the North. For more information about slavery in Georgia see: The New Georgia Encyclopedia: “Slavery in Antebellum Georgia” http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1019&sug=y, GPS Georgia Stories: “The Growth of Slavery” http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/growth_of_slavery States’ Rights One of the major conflicts in the history of the United States, from its creation to the present, is the issue of states’ rights. Basically, states’ rights are the amount of power a state government has in relation to the amount of power held by the federal government in making decisions. Early in the United States’ history, the Articles of Confederation gave the individual states too much power and the nation could not even tax the states for revenue (see Teacher Note H4). All of the signers of the U.S. Constitution knew that the federal government needed to have more power than it did during the Articles of Confederation to run the country effectively. However, once the Constitution was ratified, Pandora’s box was opened and there were several instances before the Civil War that caused the country to almost break apart due to the issue of states’ rights. While the argument for states’ rights during the Civil War was often based on a state’s right to have slavery, there were other times in the nation’s history that issues tied to states rights became major concerns. For example, during the War of 1812 there was talk in New England about secession. This was due to the fact that the New England states were losing money with their inability to trade with Britain. Nullification Another states’ rights issue, the nullification crisis in the early 1830s, was a dispute over tariffs. The North supported high tariffs to subsidize their fledgling manufacturing industry against the cheaper products that could be sent to the United States by Great Britain. The South was opposed to this tariff because it took away profits from cotton farmers based on Great Britain’s retaliatory tariff on cotton. When the Northern states, who dominated the House of Representatives, voted to renew the tariff, South Carolina threaten to nullify the tariff and even possibly to secede. However, Andrew Jackson’s threat to attack South Carolina if they attempted to leave the union worked well enough to keep the state in the fold. The last states’ rights issue was in Georgia. Georgia lost the Worcester v. Georgia (see Teacher Note: H5) case but refused to release the missionaries or stop pushing for Cherokee removal. This test of states’ rights proved that a state could do as it pleased if there was not a unified attempt to by the federal government or other states to stop them. However, it should be understood that most of the issues separating the North and South were due to slavery. Even issues like the tariff and the Indian Removal indirectly concerned slavery as it was based on the major economic differences between the two sections. In summary, the issues always involved the slave based agriculture system of the South and the manufacturing based economy of the North. Georgia Department of Education Dr. John D. Barge, State School Superintendent SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE EIGHT TEACHER NOTES REVISED 10/16/2012 Page 33 of 144 Copyright 2012 © All Rights Reserved One Stop Shop For Educators Acts and Compromises The issues of slavery tied with the concept of states’ right left a huge rift on the country. Controversy after controversy widened this gap, and for almost 40 years, members of the U.S. Congress tried to close this wound with compromises and acts that amounted to band-aids. Though these acts and compromises kept the country together in the short term, as Abraham Lincoln said “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Over time, a war between the North and South appeared to be almost inevitable. The Missouri Compromise The first compromise was called the Missouri Compromise. This compromise was an agreement between the northern and southern states about allowing Missouri to enter the Union.
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