DOCSLIB.ORG

European University Institute

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European University Institute 1 Én Apor Péter, teljes felelősségem tudatában kijelentem, hogy a benyújtott értekezés a szerzői jog nemzetközi normáinak tiszteletbentartásával készült. Jelen értekezést korábban más intézményben nem nyújtottam be és azt nem utasították el. Apor Péter 2 Contents Introduction 1 Prefiguration 24 Resurrection 54 Lives 94 Funeral 121 Narration 160 1 Introduction 1 The subject of this work is the labyrinthyan history of the ways of evoking the First Hungarian Soviet Republic that subsisted precisely 133 days in the Spring and Summer of 1919. This particular historical event grew from a relatively isolated detail of the self-history of the Hungarian communist movement into the most highly praised national celebration between the years of the 30th and 40th anniversary, 1949 and 1959. These ten years, however, did not mark only the rapid accumulation of historical knowledge, but rather the radical break and re-formation of communist power in Hungary that was demanded by the challenge of the October revolution in 1956. The transformation of the historical appraisal of the first Hungarian commune was inseparable from the role 1919 played in the communist re-vision of 1956. The First Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on 21 March 1919. Although the leaders of the 1919 communist system were recruited from different groups, the dominant company consisted of those Hungarian communists who had been in captivity in Russia and had become acquainted with Bolshevik ideas there. Their major figures were Béla Kun and Tibor Szamuely who are still remembered as Lenin‘s close and personal colleagues. Kun occupied the position of the commissar of foreign affairs in the Hungarian Soviet government and virtually became the leader of the Hungarian proletarian state. The Bolshevik educated Hungarians founded the Communist Party of Hungary which was joined by the group of revolutionary socialists that consisted of young social democrat renegades. The government of the Hungarian Soviet regime consisted of the Hungarian communists and a group of social democrats. The left-wing social democrats supported the idea of the dictatorship, whereas the right- wing socialists did so only half-heartedly. In spite of this the two workers‘ parties were formally unified on 21 March. The proletarian state had to face inner enemies as well as outer attacks. The Hungarian Red Army was at war from April until its last days in July 1919. The Hungarian Soviet Government resigned on 31 July and after a short transitional period a counterrevolutionary regime came into existence. The general standard textbooks and historical reference works usually described how Admiral Miklós Horthy had become Regent of the country for the next 25 years. These works 2 also included an analysis of the way Hungary had gradually joined the German-Italian alliance. Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös appreciated Mussolini‘s ideas on the organization of society during the first half of the thirties. The country went into war against the USSR on the side of Germany, nevertheless the Wehrmacht occupied its territory on 19 March 1944. In October of the same year the Regent and his close followers attempted to sign an armistice, however the German army prevented the coup. Hitler appointed Ferenc Szálasi the leader of the Hungarian fascist party, the Arrow- Cross Party, to be Prime Minister. Szálasi, however, could not rule the country for long since the Red Army expelled the Germans by mid-April 1945. Standard interpretations called attention to the fact that after a short democratic period the communist party took over in 1948. Its First Secretary was Mátyás Rákosi, a well-known figure of the international communist movement who had been also a commissar in 1919. He returned from the Soviet Union together with other Hungarian communists in exile like Imre Nagy, later Prime Minister during the revolution in 1956. Other communists remained in the country and organized the party illegally during the war. Their leading personalities were – among others – János Kádár who became General Secretary after 1956 and László Rajk who was the most well-known victim of the purges in 1949.1 The history of 1919 became the crucial and decisive factor in transforming the anti-Stalinist insurrection in October 1956 into a genuine counter-revolution in communist terms. For communists the most shocking occurrence of 1956 was the siege of the Budapest party headquarters in Republic square where the insurgents mercilessly massacred the captured defenders. Communist interpreters found the essence of the event in this violence: for them the real purpose of the revolutionaries was to persecute 1 There is only one recent comprehensive volume on the years of 1918-1929: Konrád Salamon, Nemzeti önpusztitás 1918-1920 (Budapest, 2001). The book – in a somewhat apocalyptic manner –condemns contemporary politicians for not being able to found the democratic Hungarian republic. The history of the First Hungarian Soviet Republic appears an ephemeral episode, a futile, but bloody dictatorship that was supported incomprehensibly by leftist groups, but not the peasantry and the working class. There are numerous studies concerning these periods of modern Hungarian history. Primarily, I would call the attention to a recent book by a distinguished Hungarian historian: Ignác Romsics, Hungary in the 20th Century (Budapest, 1999). In English other readings in modern Hungarian history may be Rudolf L. Tőkés, Béla Kun and The Hungarian Soviet Republic (New York – Washington – London, 1967) György Borsányi, The Life of A Communist Revolutionary: Béla Kun (Boulder – New Jersey, 1993) György Péteri, The Effects of World War I: War Communism in Hungary (New York, 1984) Thomas Sakmyster, Hungary’s Admiral On Horseback: Miklós Horthy, 1918-1944 (Boulder, 1994) Ignác Romsics, Bethlen: A Great Conservative Statesman of Hungary, 1874-1946 (Boulder, 1995) The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression 1953-1963, ed.: György Litván (London – New York, 1996). Generally,the series of War and Society in Eastern Europe by Brooklyn College Press orientates the reader well in the history of these turbulent years. 3 and eliminate all the communists. For them the day of the siege, 30 October, stripped off the mask and showed the real face of counterrevolution: party leaders discovered that the radical right wing had directed the occurrences. Communists realized that these radicals had been present from the very beginning of the rebellion, in fact they had organized the movement and after the occupation of the party headquarters they openly called for the restoration of capitalist dictatorship and the extermination of the defenders of the communist regime.2 The conclusion that the massacre of communists had to be interpreted as a sign of counterrevolution was confirmed by the fall of the First Hungarian Soviet Republic. Officers‘ commandoes who called themselves counter- revolutionaries and aimed at the restoration of the pre-1914 social and political system, persecuted, tortured and executed communists, leftist persons and Jews. For party leaders the two events were strikingly similar. In the communist perspective the revolution in 1956 was none other than but the second edition of the white terror in 1919, and October 1956 experienced the second coming of the counterrevolutionaries of 1919. At least to the same extent as it could provide legitimacy for the communist rule, this historical construction aimed at the destruction of the party‘s adversaries: the participants and heirs of the revolution. The purpose of this particular narrative was to destroy the self-esteem and identity of the revolutionaries by proving that in reality they were not fighting for freedom, democracy, national pride or social justice, but only for the restoration of capitalist or fascist oppression and for killing communists and other decent people. Through this interpretation it was pronounced that the revolution was not the legacy of social democrats, liberals or national democrats, but exclusively that of the white terror. The practice of communist historians thereby adjusted itself to the long tradition of a peculiar historical genre: counterhistory writing. This mode of constructing histories has only one definite aim: to deprive the target group of its self-identity. The example of the ancient Egyptian author, Manetho elucidates well the practice. Manetho wrote the history of the Jewish people based upon its authentic source the Bible. Nonetheless, the author precisely inverted the statements of the Old Testament in order 2 The basic book of this representation is Ervin Hollós – Vera Lajtai, Köztársaság tér 1956 ( Budapest, 1974) A standard communist interpretation of 1956 is János Berecz, Ellenforradalom tollal es fegyverrel. 1956 (Budapest, 1969), although this book provides a somewhat different perspective and presents the revolution of 1956 as the manouever of Western imperialism. English translation is 1956 Counter-Revolution in Hungary: Words and Weapons (Budapest, 1986) 4 to prove that the Jews were not an ancient people with venerable institutions, but simply a herd of lepers who copied the institutions of Egypt.3 In these regards, the communist revision of 1956 was very similar to the practice that is called historical ‗revisionism‘. These ‗revisionists‘ intend to re-interpret the history of the Nazi genocide and claim the discovery that there was no extermination at all. Their arguments are regularly based upon two ways of denial. Firstly, that the extermination would have been senseless to carry out since no one could have obtained material profit from the executions. Secondly, since there are no witnesses who experienced the gas chambers from the inside (as all of them died), evidence is doubtful. Therefore, these authors deny the fact of the genocide and the existence of gas chambers. They claim that the final solution meant only the expulsion of Jews from the east, that death happened in ‗natural‘ ways in the camps and that the genocide was only the invention of Allied propaganda. These statements are definitely capable of the deprivation of a community of its memory.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 56 Stories Desire for Freedom and the Uncommon Courage with Which They Tried to Attain It in 56 Stories 1956
    For those who bore witness to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, it had a significant and lasting influence on their lives. The stories in this book tell of their universal 56 Stories desire for freedom and the uncommon courage with which they tried to attain it in 56 Stories 1956. Fifty years after the Revolution, the Hungar- ian American Coalition and Lauer Learning 56 Stories collected these inspiring memoirs from 1956 participants through the Freedom- Fighter56.com oral history website. The eyewitness accounts of this amazing mod- Edith K. Lauer ern-day David vs. Goliath struggle provide Edith Lauer serves as Chair Emerita of the Hun- a special Hungarian-American perspective garian American Coalition, the organization she and pass on the very spirit of the Revolu- helped found in 1991. She led the Coalition’s “56 Stories” is a fascinating collection of testimonies of heroism, efforts to promote NATO expansion, and has incredible courage and sacrifice made by Hungarians who later tion of 1956 to future generations. been a strong advocate for maintaining Hun- became Americans. On the 50th anniversary we must remem- “56 Stories” contains 56 personal testimo- garian education and culture as well as the hu- ber the historical significance of the 1956 Revolution that ex- nials from ’56-ers, nine stories from rela- man rights of 2.5 million Hungarians who live posed the brutality and inhumanity of the Soviets, and led, in due tives of ’56-ers, and a collection of archival in historic national communities in countries course, to freedom for Hungary and an untold number of others.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Studies Review
    Ilona Duczynska meets Ervin Szabo: The making of a revolutionary personality — from theory to terrorism, April-May 1917 Kenneth McRobbie "I'm not against bombs. Not all bombs are bad..." Ilona Duczynska (1969)1 The Unknown City Ilona Duczynska (1897-1978),2 born near Vienna and a resident of Cana- da after 1950, has been called one of Hungary's outstanding revolutionary personalities.3 In the first part of what was to have been an auto- biography,4 she describes, with no little satisfaction, how her "rebellious" nature developed in opposition to her mother's Hungarian gentry family, and then outlines how it became truly revolutionary under the impact of the momentous events of March 1917. Duczynska was just twenty in the late spring of 1917 when she was privileged to spend several weeks in the company of Ervin Szabo (1877-1918). Through Hungary's leading social- ist theoretician, she became exposed, as never before or since, to ques- tions of ideology, and the variety of the conflicting currents of socialist theory. These made little impression, however. What did leave a perma- nent mark were two things that spoke most directly to her nature: Szabo's emphasis upon the importance of the critically thinking individual, and the imperative of action. Duczynska considered herself a socialist, on the basis of her reading, since the age of fifteen. Certainly, she was not uncri- tical5 of the early betrayals of the principles of peace and proletarian internationalism after 1914 by social democratic parties, nor later of the infinitely greater betrayals of Marx's moral injunctions by national com- munist parties and the degenerate Soviet system.
    [Show full text]
  • A Monumental Debate in Budapest: the Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918
    A Monumental Debate in Budapest: The Hentzi Statue and the Limits of Austro-Hungarian Reconciliation, 1852–1918 MICHAEL LAURENCE MILLER WO OF THE MOST ICONIC PHOTOS of the 1956 Hungarian revolution involve a colossal statue of Stalin, erected in 1951 and toppled on the first day of the anti-Soviet uprising. TOne of these pictures shows Stalin’s decapitated head, abandoned in the street as curious pedestrians amble by. The other shows a tall stone pedestal with nothing on it but a lonely pair of bronze boots. Situated near Heroes’ Square, Hungary’s national pantheon, the Stalin statue had served as a symbol of Hungary’s subjugation to the Soviet Union; and its ceremonious and deliberate destruction provided a poignant symbol for the fall of Stalinism. Thirty-eight years before, at the beginning of an earlier Hungarian revolution, another despised statue was toppled in Budapest, also marking a break from foreign subjugation, albeit to a different power. Unlike the Stalin statue, which stood for only five years, this statue—the so-called Hentzi Monument—had been “a splinter in the eye of the [Hungarian] nation” for sixty-six years. Perceived by many Hungarians as a symbol of “national humiliation” at the hands of the Habsburgs, the Hentzi Monument remained mired in controversy from its unveiling in 1852 until its destruction in 1918. The object of street demonstrations and parliamentary disorder in 1886, 1892, 1898, and 1899, and the object of a failed “assassination” attempt in 1895, the Hentzi Monument was even implicated in the fall of a Hungarian prime minister.
    [Show full text]
  • HSR Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018)
    Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018) In this volume: Jason Kovacs reviews the history of the birth of the first Hungarian settlements on the Canadian Prairies. Aliaksandr Piahanau tells the story of the Hungarian democrats’ relations with the Czechoslovak authorities during the interwar years. Agatha Schwartz writes about trauma and memory in the works of Vojvodina authors László Végel and Anna Friedrich. And Gábor Hollósi offers an overview of the doctrine of the Holy Crown of Hungary. Plus book reviews by Agatha Schwartz and Steven Jobbitt A note from the editor: After editing this journal for four-and-a-half decades, advanced age and the diagnosis of a progressive neurological disease prompt me to resign as editor and producer of this journal. The Hungarian Studies Review will continue in one form or another under the leadership of Professors Steven Jobbitt and Árpád von Klimo, the Presidents res- pectively of the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada and the Hungarian Studies Association (of the U.S.A.). Inquiries regarding the journal’s future volumes should be directed to them. The contact addresses are the Departments of History at (for Professor Jobbitt) Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, RB 3016, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, P7B 5E1. [email protected] (and for Prof. von Klimo) the Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave. NE, Washing- ton DC, USA, 20064. [email protected] . Nándor Dreisziger Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018) Contents Articles: The First Hungarian Settlements in Western Canada: Hun’s Valley, Esterhaz-Kaposvar, Otthon, and Bekevar JASON F.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarisn Studies Review
    Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018) In this volume: Jason Kovacs reviews the history of the birth of the first Hungarian settlements on the Canadian Prairies. Aliaksandr Piahanau tells the story of the Hungarian democrats’ relations with the Czechoslovak authorities during the interwar years. Agatha Schwartz writes about trauma and memory in the works of Vojvodina authors László Végel and Anna Friedrich. And Gábor Hollósi offers an overview of the doctrine of the Holy Crown of Hungary. Plus book reviews by Agatha Schwartz and Steven Jobbitt A note from the editor: After editing this journal for four-and-a-half decades, advanced age and the diagnosis of a progressive neurological disease prompt me to resign as editor and producer of this journal. The Hungarian Studies Review will continue in one form or another under the leadership of Professors Steven Jobbitt and Árpád von Klimo, the Presidents res- pectively of the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada and the Hungarian Studies Association (of the U.S.A.). Inquiries regarding the journal’s future volumes should be directed to them. The contact addresses are the Departments of History at (for Professor Jobbitt) Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, RB 3016, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada, P7B 5E1. [email protected] (and for Prof. von Klimo) the Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave. NE, Washing- ton DC, USA, 20064. [email protected] . Nándor Dreisziger Hungarian Studies Review, Vol. XLV, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 2018) Contents Articles: The First Hungarian Settlements in Western Canada: Hun’s Valley, Esterhaz-Kaposvar, Otthon, and Bekevar JASON F.
    [Show full text]
  • Geschichte Der Deutschen in Ungarn
    STUDIEN zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung 24/II Gerhard Seewann Geschichte der Deutschen in Ungarn Band 2: 1860 bis 2006 Gerhard Seewann, Geschichte der Deutschen in Ungarn Band 2: 1860 bis 2006 STUDIEN ZUR OSTMITTELEUROPAFORSCHUNG Herausgegeben vom Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft 24/II Gerhard Seewann Geschichte der Deutschen in Ungarn Band 2: 1860 bis 2006 VERLAG HERDER-INSTITUT MARBURG 2012 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Gefördert vom Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages © 2012 by Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 35037 Marburg, Gisonenweg 5-7 Printed in Germany Alle Rechte vorbehalten Satz: Herder-Institut für historische Ostmitteleuropaforschung – Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft Druck und Bindung: KN Digital Printforce GmbH, Stuttgart Umschlagbilder: rechts: Haus der Familie Jakob und Magdalena Sadorf, erbaut 1908, Lenauheim im Banat (Rumänien), aus dem Bestand des Donauschwäbischen Zentralmuseums, hergestellt von Jakob Breitkopf, Nürtingen links: Erster Schwabenball nach dem Weltkrieg in der Gemeinde Nagynyárad (Baranya) 1974, Familienalbum János Hábel, Pécs ISBN: 978-3-87969-374-0 Inhalt I Einleitung ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Print ED368613.TIF
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 368 613 SO 023 661 TITLE Resource Guide to Teaching Aids in Russian and East European Studies. Revised. INSTITUTION Indiana Univ., Bloomington. Russian and East European Inst. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, DC. PUB DATE Aug 93 NOTE 66p. AVAILABLE FROMRussian and East European Institute, Indiana Univ., Ballantine Hall 565, Bloomington, IN 47405. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; Educational Media; Elementary Secondary Education; *European History; Foreign Countries; Global Approach; Higher Education; History Instruction; International Education; Multicultural Education; *World History IDENTIFIERS *Eastern European Studies; Europe (East); Global Education; Poland; Russia; *Russian Studies; USSR (Russia) ABSTRACT This document contains an annotated listing of instructional aids for Russian and East European studies that are available for loan or rent from Indiana University (Bloomington). The materials are divided into nine sections:(1) slide programs; (2) filmstrips available from the Indiana University (IU) Russian and East European Institute;(3) audio cassettes;(4) books, teaching aids, and video kits;(5) films and videotapes available through the IU Russian and East European Institute;(6) a Russian and East European Institute (REEI) order form for obtaining materials from the REEI; (7)film-, and videotapes from the IU Audio-Visual Center;(8) an IU order form for obtaining films from the IU Audio-Visual Center; and (9) films, videotapes, and slides that are available from the IU Polish Studies Center. The first section on slide programs includes 5 on Eastern Europe and 9 on Russia and the Soviet successor states. The second grouping, filmstrips from IU REEI, lists 9 sound filmstrips and an additional section of Russian captioned filmstrips produced in the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • A Celebrated, Disillusioned Hungarian Revolutionary's Visit to Pittsburgh in 1852
    A Celebrated, Disillusioned Hungarian Revolutionary’s Visit to Pittsburgh in 1852 By Steven B. Várdy, Ph.D. 18 WESTERNPENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 Louis Kossuth, 1802-1894. From Dedication of a Bust of Lajos (Louis) Kossuth, 1990. Courtesy of Hungarian Reformed Federation of America. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY | S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 19 n Hungary, there is hardly a city, University building. Here, Kossuth and his introduced a form of absolutism. Following town, or village without a Kossuth retinue lodged for nine days and nights.1 the Napoleonic Wars, rising nationalism of Street, a Kossuth Square, a Kossuth One of Kossuth’s great political the Empire’s more than a dozen nationalities Club, or some other institution or undertakings was his nearly eight-month- forced the Habsburg rulers to become more organization named after Louis long visit to the United States: December 4, conciliatory toward Hungary. In 1825 [Lajos]I Kossuth. Of all the prominent 1851-July 14, 1852. He came with the Emperor Francis I (r. 1792-1835) even agreed personalities in Hungarian history, no one is intention of securing American help for to call into session the Hungarian Feudal Diet. better known worldwide than this celebrated resuming his struggle against the Austrian This act initiated Hungary’s Age of Reform leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848- Habsburg dynasty, which had ruled Hungary (1825-1848), which ultimately led to the 1849. Even in the United States there are over a for over three centuries.2 In the early 16th Revolution of 1848.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartók Béla Életének Krónikája Translated by Márta Rubin
    BÉLA BARTÓK JNR. Chronicles of Béla Bartók’s Life BÉLA BARTÓK JNR. CHRONICLES OF BÉLA BARTÓK’S LIFE Magyarságkutató Intézet Budapest, 2021 Translation based on Béla Bartók Jnr.’s original Bartók Béla életének krónikája Translated by Márta Rubin Book Editor: Gábor Vásárhelyi Assistant: Ágnes Virághalmy The publication of this book was sponsored by EMMI. A kötet megjelenését az EMMI támogatta. Original edition © Béla Bartók Jnr., 1981 Revised edition © Béla Bartók Jnr.’s legal successor (Gábor Vásárhelyi), 2021 Translation © Márta Rubin, 2021 ISBN 978-615-6117-26-7 CONTENTS Foreword ......................................................7 Preface .......................................................11 Family, Infancy (1855–1889) ....................................15 School Years (1890–1903) .......................................21 Connecting to the Music Life of Europe (1904–1906) ...............71 Settling In Budapest. Systematic Collection of Folk Songs (1907–1913) ................99 War Years (1914–1919) ........................................149 After World War I (1920–1921) .................................189 Great Concert Tours on Two Continents (1922–1931) .............205 Economic Crisis (1932–1933) ..................................335 At The Academy of Sciences. Great Compositions (1934–1938) .....359 World War II. Second and Third American Tour (1939–1945) .......435 Last Journey Home, “… But For Good” (1988) ....................507 Identification List of Place Names ...............................517 FOREWORD FOREWORD I have the honour of being a family member of Béla Bartók Jnr., the author of this book. He was the husband of my paternal aunt and my Godfather. Of our yearly summer vacations spent together, I remember well that summer when one and a half rooms of the two-room-living-room cottage were occupied by the scraps of paper big and small, letters, notes, railway tickets, and other documents necessary for the compilation of this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS
    Admiral Nicholas Horthy: MEMOIRS Annotated by Andrew L. Simon Copyright © 2000 Andrew L. Simon Original manuscript copyright © 1957, Ilona Bowden Library of Congress Card Number: 00-101186 Copyright under International Copyright Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 0-9665734-9 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Admiral Horthy at age 75. Publication record of Horthy’s memoirs : • First Hungarian Edition: Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953. • German Edition: Munich, Germany, 1953. • Spanish Edition: AHR - Barcelona, Spain, 1955. • Finnish Edition: Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1955. • Italian Edition, Corso, Rome, Italy, 1956. • U. S. Edition: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, New York, NY, 1957. • British Edition: Hutchinson, London, 1957. • Second Hungarian Edition: Toronto, Canada: Vörösváry Publ., 1974. • Third Hungarian Edition: Budapest, Hungary:Europa Historia, 1993. Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION 5 PREFACE 9 1. Out into the World 11 2. New Appointments 33 3. Aide-de-Camp to Emperor Francis Joseph I at the Court of Vienna 1909-1914 49 4. Archduke Francis Ferdinand 69 5. Naval Warfare in the Adriatic. The Coronation of King Charles IV 79 6. The Naval Battle of Otranto 93 7. Appointment as Commander of the Fleet. The End 101 8. Revolution in Hungary: from Michael Károlyi to Béla Kun 109 9. Counter-Revolution. I am Appointed Minister of War And Commander-in-Chief 117 10.
    [Show full text]
  • The Curse of Russian "Exceptionalism"
    October 2013 THE CURSE OF RUSSIAN “EXCEPTIONALISM” By David Satter David Satter is an FPRI senior fellow and is also affiliated with the Hudson Institute and the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). His latest book, It Was a Long Time Ago and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past, is out in paperback from Yale. In his recent op-ed in The New York Times, Russian president Vladimir Putin’s objected to the idea of American “exceptionalism.” This is ironic because the nation whose state tradition is based on a claim to exceptionalism is not the U.S. but Russia. In his speech calling for a military strike against Syria, President Obama said that America was exceptional because it is not indifferent to human suffering. This is quite different from making a claim to inherent superiority. Under both tsars and communists, however, Russia insisted that it had a right to remake the world because of the monopoly on truth contained in its ruling doctrine. In the post-communist era, Russia no longer has an ideology. But it glorifies its past and frequently acts as if the rights of others do not exist. The key to Russia’s sense of exceptionalism is a belief in the quasi-divine status of the Russian state. It is this notion that is responsible for the absence of the rule of law in Russia and the low value that is attached to human life. The deification of the state in Russia has deep roots. The dominant religion in Russia is Orthodox Christianity.
    [Show full text]
  • Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies
    CHSP HUNGARIAN STUDIES SERIES NO. 7 EDITORS Peter Pastor Ivan Sanders A Joint Publication with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd Translated from the Hungarian by Alan Renwick Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Inc. Wayne, New Jersey Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York 2005 EAST EUROPEAN MONOGRAPHS NO. DCLXX Originally published as Az anarchizmus elmélete és magyarországi története © 1994 by András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd © 2005 by András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd © 2005 by the Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Inc. 47 Cecilia Drive, Wayne, New Jersey 07470–4649 E-mail: [email protected] This book is a joint publication with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest www.Habsburg.org.hu Library of Congress Control Number 2005930299 ISBN 9780880335683 Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: ANARCHIST SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 7 1. Types of Anarchism: an Analytical Framework 7 1.1. Individualism versus Collectivism 9 1.2. Moral versus Political Ways to Social Revolution 11 1.3. Religion versus Antireligion 12 1.4. Violence versus Nonviolence 13 1.5. Rationalism versus Romanticism 16 2. The Essential Features of Anarchism 19 2.1. Power: Social versus Political Order 19 2.2. From Anthropological Optimism to Revolution 21 2.3. Anarchy 22 2.4. Anarchist Mentality 24 3. Critiques of Anarchism 27 3.1. How Could Institutions of Just Rule Exist? 27 3.2. The Problem of Coercion 28 3.3. An Anarchist Economy? 30 3.4. How to Deal with Antisocial Behavior? 34 3.5.
    [Show full text]