SECTIONALISM AND THE CIVIL

WAR 11 Pages… SECTIONALISM

When people favor the interests of one region over the interests of the country as a whole Tariffs Slavery Industry Uses of land Political Parties North vs. South

A SPLITTING COUNTRY  Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country  Tariffs:  High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their prices cheaper against imports – made people buy American-made goods  The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs as a burden imposed by the North – their main trade partners were from Europe  The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc. This was funded by the tariffs.

NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832  A very high tariff had split the country  Vice President John Calhoun left office to go help his home state of South Carolina  South Carolina considered the tariff null and void, threatened military action, and threatened to secede from the Union

 Henry Clay helped reach a John C. Calhoun compromise tariff Claimed that state  Both sides backed down and conflict governments have the was avoided right to reject federal  States’ Rights -Revolved around the laws. ability of a state to declare federal laws unconstitutional MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820  Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state  Maine was admitted as a free state  Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would be free states  Maintain balance in the Senate A SPLITTING COUNTRY  Slavery:  North – illegal since the Revolution  Abolitionist societies and newspapers – Underground Railroad  Many didn’t know what was going on with African Americans  South – slaves viewed as property  Needed to maintain their way of life  Considered a state’s right issue  Many fugitive slaves  West – fight over whether to extend slavery into the new territories AFRICAN AMERICANS

Free African Americans could own property and had some rights Slaves had no rights at all Discrimination happened in all areas of the country HENRY DAVID THOREAU He disagreed with a country that had slavery and fought in wars His writing – Civil Disobedience – influenced many people to refuse to obey laws they considered unjust Martin Luther King Jr. would later use this philosophy DEBATE OVER SLAVERY Victory in the Mexican War in 1848 added more than 500,000 square miles to the U.S. This renewed the debate over the expansion of slavery Some northerners wanted to prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession

ELECTION OF 1848 Many candidates did not take a stance on slavery issues in the West This was in favor to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor – Mexican War hero Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849-1850 Whig COMPROMISE OF 1850 California gold rush caused a population spike that caused it to apply directly to be a state This raised the issue of whether to admit it as a free state or slave state – upset the balance Many Southerners were upset about it – Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi warned that they were about to permanently destroy the balance of power between the sections He and many others declared they would oppose the admission of California as a free state COMPROMISE OF 1850  Henry Clay, nicknamed “The Great Compromiser” and Daniel Webster stepped forward with another plan:  -Urged Congress to let California enter as a free state  -Called for the rest of the Mexican Cession to be organized as a federal territory – popular sovereignty should decide the status of slavery  -Addressed a border dispute between Texas and New Mexico – Texas gave up land – in exchange for US paying off their debt.  -Called for an end to slave trade – not slavery- in the country’s capital  -Called for a new, more effective fugitive slave law DANIEL WEBSTER

Known as the “Great Orator” Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War COMPROMISE OF 1850  This was the last time a compromise worked  (Henry Clay died in 1852.) THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners Made it a federal crime to help runaway slaves This pleased the South, but angered the North because they felt it was immoral

DEATH OF ANOTHER PRESIDENT

Zachary Taylor died suddenly after 16 months in office His successor was Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore 13th President Last Whig to be president 1850-1853 FRANKLIN PIERCE

14th President Democrat 1853-1857 TROUBLE IN KANSAS People wanted to build a railroad to the Pacific In order to do so, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase had to be organized into federal territories In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced what became the Kansas-Nebraska Act KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT This would divide the rest of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska In each territory popular sovereignty would decide the question of slavery This did away with the Missouri Compromise line Anti-slavery Northerners were outraged President Pierce was a supporter of this act and got it signed into law

 Many issues start popping up in Kansas as pro and anti- slavery groups rushed in to vote on the issue of slavery  Fights between different groups “Bleeding Kansas” REPUBLICAN PARTY One effect of this bill was to kill off the Whig party who was wishy- washy on the subject of slavery In its place came the Republican Party, which was strongly against the spread of slavery Supported the Union JAMES BUCHANAN

15th President Democrat 1857-1861 DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD  Dred Scott was a slave owned by John Sanford  He traveled with John Sanford throughout the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase  When he returned he sued John Sanford for his freedom claiming he had been living in free lands  The Supreme Court decided Scott could not be heard in federal courts because he was not a citizen of the U.S. and therefore had no protection under the Constitution  Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories SCOTT V. SANFORD

This court case confirmed slaves as property and cannot bring cases to federal court Upon statehood each territory would determine whether or not it would be a slave state or a free state The South favored the decision, Roger Taney Supreme Court Justice but the North did not Appointed by Andrew Jackson This caused further tension between the North and the South SCOTT V. SANFORD

A Constitutional amendment would later be passed which completely outlawed slavery This could be considered a response from Congress to the ruling in the case ABRAHAM LINCOLN

16th President Republican 1861-1865 He did not win a single Southern state’s electoral vote. BREAKING THE UNION

Many southern states believed that once in power, Lincoln would move to abolish slavery Just four days after Lincoln’s election South Carolina’s legislature called a special convention They were considering secession After three days of speeches all delegates voted to secede LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS  Equality – promised to not interfere with the rights of states and the institution of slavery  The Union – argued that the Union could not be dissolved  The Government – stated it was against the law to secede from the Union  Liberty – “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA

 By February, 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had also seceded from the Union  They established a new nation – The Confederate States of America  They passed their own constitution, closely resembling the U.S. Constitution except that citizens could own slaves

JEFFERSON DAVIS

Elected president of the Confederate States of America – 1861 His inaugural address states that the secession of the Southern states was similar to the colonists’ revolution against Britain Claimed that secession was a “necessity, not a choice.”

JEFFERSON DAVIS

 Equality –  Slaves were not even viewed as an issue of equality  The Union –  Davis explained breaking away was a “necessity” if they were to continue to engage in commerce with the rest of the world  The Government –  Similar to the U.S. government  Liberty –  Contrasting Lincoln’s discussion of liberty for individual people  Rights of person and property have not been disturbed

Jefferson Davis’ inauguration Alabama State Capital THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

 Sectionalism:  Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns  Three different cultural and business practices were happening in our country – North – South – West  North – manufacturing and commerce, capital was invested in factories and transportation  South – cash-crop, capital was invested in slaves and overseas markets  West – depended on cheap land for expansion and good transportation networks to keep in touch with eastern businesses CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

 State’s Rights:  The political position advocating a strict interpretation of the Constitution  The South turned to a states’ rights argument to protect slavery  Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibiting their 10th Amendment right  Southerners also said the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states it already existed  Southern states thought they had the right to secede  Issues: Right to own slaves as property and federal tariffs CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR  Slavery:  First began in Virginia during the Colonial era  Throughout the first half of the 19th century Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government  The North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, experiencing high birth rates and large amounts of immigrants  This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government  They worried about the election of a Northern, anti-slavery president EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR

FIRING ON FORT SUMTER

 April, 1861  An important federal post was Fort Sumter, it controlled the entrance to the Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina  Running low on supplies, Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply them  South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort  Union troops refused – Confederate guns opened fire on Fort Sumter  The Civil War had begun FREDERICK DOUGLASS

 He persuaded the Union to permit African Americans to fight in the army  The number of African-Americans began to outnumber the white volunteers for the army.

Neither side was ready for a battle Both relied on volunteers – the North had a larger population, therefore more soldiers General Winfield Scott developed the Union’s two-part strategy He wanted to destroy the South’s economy through a naval blockade of southern seaports and gain control of the Mississippi river. It would take time to succeed The strategies of the North and South led to a war fought on land and sea HABEAS CORPUS: Chief Justice Taney

 Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment  On April 27, 1861 Abraham Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus.  He did this in response to riots, local militia actions and the threat that the border state of Maryland would secede from the Union, leaving the nation’s capital surrounded by hostile territory.  Lincoln acted without congressional approval.

HABEAS CORPUS U.S. Supreme Court case challenged the president’s rights to suspend habeas corpus. Ex parte Merryman – John Merryman Taney ruled that President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional. Lincoln ignored the ruling. Lincoln defended his authorization for the suspension of habeas corpus primarily because the nation was at war. Congress authorized the Habeas Corpus Act in 1863 to relieve the president from being held liable for acting without congressional approval ROBERT E. LEE Chief General of Confederacy When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces He refused, resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces In 1862 Lee was appointed command of the Army of North Virginia His battle strategies are admired to this day STONEWALL JACKSON

Confederate General Considered to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history His death was a severe blow to the Confederacy and his men’s morale BATTLE OF ANTIETAM  Maryland - 1862  Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil might break Union spirits and convince Europe to help  Both sides began drafting soldiers to meet the demand of troops  The battle lasted for hours  It was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war  Union casualties – more than12,000  Confederate casualties – more than 13,000  Union victory EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (JANUARY 1,1863) Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people in Confederate lands to be forever free The proclamation could not be enforced in rebel areas, but as the Union took over rebel lands, slaves were set free instead of returned to their masters This was not a law passed by Congress This changes the nature of the war from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves WEST VIRGINIA

West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions, in which 50 northwestern counties of Virginia whose landowners owned few to no slaves decided to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Pennsylvania – 1863 92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops The Union won This turned back the Confederate invasion of the North Considered the turning point of the Civil War ULYSSES S. GRANT

Chief General of the Union Army He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (FOUR MONTHS AFTER THE BATTLE)  Lincoln’s speech: “Four score and seven years ago”  Equality – “all men are created equal”  The Union – Restore peace and keep the nation united  The Government – “The government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.”  Liberty – Principles of liberty and equality based on the Declaration of Independence SIEGE OF VICKSBURG The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern States

ABRAHAM LINCOLN – SECOND TERM

1865 LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS March 4, 1865 Equality – Denounces slavery The Union – Restoration and peace for the Union The Government – Lincoln stated that there were people trying to destroy the government with or without war Liberty – War will continue until slavery ceases to exist

LEE’S SURRENDER April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House Brings the Civil War to a close Lee surrenders the Confederate forces of Virginia to Grant UNITED STATES WAR CASUALTIES American Revolution: 25,000 Civil War: 625,000 World War I: 116,000 World War II: 405,000 Korean War: 36,000 Vietnam War: 58,000 Afghanistan: 2,000 Iraq War: 4,000 War on Terror: 6,700 These are approximate counts. The numbers are generally a bit higher. ORIGINAL TARGETS – APRIL 14, 1865

 A

Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson William Seward President Vice President Secretary of State FORD’S THEATRE ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth Southern Sympathizer April 14, 1865

CONSPIRATORS Lewis Powell

George Atzerodt

David Herold Mary Surratt

LINCOLN/KENNEDY COINCIDENCES  Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846  John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946  Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860  John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960  The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters  Both were particularly concerned with civil rights  Both wives lost children while living in the White House.  Both presidents were shot on a Friday  Both were shot in the head  Both were assassinated by Southerners  Both were succeeded by Southerners  Both successors were named Johnson  Andrew Johnson was born in 1808  Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908  Both assassins were known by their three names – John Wilkes Booth, Lee Harvey Oswald  Both names have 15 letters  Both assassins were assassinated before their trials

QUALITIES OF LEADERS Last photograph of Abraham Lincoln. March 6, 1865 Abraham Lincoln Led the U.S. as president during the Civil War Through his leadership the Union was preserved and slavery eventually abolished after his assassination in 1865 MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS

PHILIP BAZAAR  Born in Chile  In the Union Navy  On board the USS Santiago de Cuba  During the assault on Fort Fisher  He bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle  He was one of the six men who entered the fort from the fleet WILLIAM CARNEY  54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union)  Battle of Fort Wagner  He was the first black soldier to receive the award  When his regiment’s sergeant was shot down, Carney grabbed the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors  When troops fell back he brought off the flag, under fierce fire – he was severely wounded twice  Maroon - States that seceded before April 15, 1861  Red - States that seceded after April 15, 1861  Yellow - Union states that permitted slavery  Blue - Union states that forbade slavery  Gray - Territories, unaffiliated